WO2023058499A1 - 炭素質材料、蓄電デバイス用負極、蓄電デバイス、及び炭素質材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
炭素質材料、蓄電デバイス用負極、蓄電デバイス、及び炭素質材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbonaceous material, a negative electrode for an electricity storage device, an electricity storage device, and a method for producing the carbonaceous material.
- Electricity storage devices are devices such as secondary batteries and capacitors that utilize electrochemical phenomena, and are widely used.
- a lithium ion secondary battery which is one of power storage devices, is widely used in small portable devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
- a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries a non-graphitizable carbon capable of doping (charging) and dedoping (discharging) lithium in an amount exceeding the theoretical capacity of graphite, 372 mAh/g, has been developed (for example, Patent Document 1 ), has been used.
- Non-graphitizable carbon can be obtained, for example, from petroleum pitch, coal pitch, phenolic resin, and plants as carbon sources.
- plant-derived raw materials such as sugar compounds, for example, are attracting attention because they are raw materials that can be continuously and stably supplied by cultivation and are available at low cost.
- a carbonaceous material obtained by sintering a plant-derived carbon raw material is expected to have a good charge/discharge capacity because it has many pores (for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Patent Document 3 a carbonaceous material adjusted to contain a specific amount of various elements other than the carbon element.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a carbonaceous material capable of providing an electricity storage device having high discharge capacity per weight and high current efficiency when applied as a negative electrode layer.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an electricity storage device negative electrode containing such a carbonaceous material, and an electricity storage device including such an electricity storage device negative electrode.
- the present invention includes the following preferred aspects.
- the carbonaceous material according to [1] which has a carbon interplanar spacing (d 002 ) of 3.65 ⁇ or more as measured by X-ray diffraction.
- the carbonaceous material according to [1] or [2] which has an elemental oxygen content of less than 1.5% by mass as determined by elemental analysis.
- a negative electrode for an electricity storage device comprising the carbonaceous material according to any one of [1] to [6].
- An electricity storage device comprising the electricity storage device negative electrode of [7]. [9] the following steps: (1) a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton and a nitrogen-containing compound to obtain a mixture; (2) a step of heat-treating the mixture at 500 to 900° C. under an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a carbide; (3) pulverizing and/or classifying the carbide, and (4) heat-treating the pulverized and/or classified carbide at 800 to 1600° C. in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- the term "electricity storage device” refers to any device that includes a negative electrode containing a carbonaceous material and utilizes an electrochemical phenomenon.
- the electric storage device is, for example, a secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery, a nickel hydrogen secondary battery, a nickel cadmium secondary battery, etc., and a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor, which can be used repeatedly by charging. etc.
- the electric storage device is a secondary battery, particularly a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (eg, lithium ion secondary battery, sodium ion battery, lithium sulfur battery, lithium air battery, all-solid battery, organic radical battery, etc.). It may be a lithium ion secondary battery among others.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention is a carbonaceous material suitable for providing an electricity storage device having a high discharge capacity per weight and excellent current efficiency, and has a nitrogen element content of 1.0% by mass or more by elemental analysis. and the elemental phosphorus content determined by fluorescent X-ray analysis is 0.5% by mass or more.
- the phosphorus element content of the carbonaceous material of the present invention is 0.5% by mass or more by fluorescent X-ray analysis.
- the elemental phosphorus content is an analytical value obtained by fluorescent X-ray analysis of the carbonaceous material. If the elemental phosphorus content is less than 0.5% by mass, the number of sites for lithium ion adsorption/desorption during charge/discharge decreases, so that the discharge capacity and current efficiency per weight cannot be sufficiently increased.
- the phosphorus element content is preferably 0.6% by mass or more, more preferably 0.7% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.9% by mass or more, and even more preferably, from the viewpoint of easily increasing discharge capacity and current efficiency. is 1.2% by mass or more.
- the elemental phosphorus content may be 1.4% by mass or more, 1.6% by mass or more, 1.7% by mass or more, or the like, from the viewpoint of further increasing the discharge capacity.
- the upper limit of the phosphorus element content is preferably 4.0% by mass or less, more preferably 3.0% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the generation of sites that irreversibly adsorb lithium ions and easily increasing the current efficiency. , more preferably 2.7% by mass or less, still more preferably 2.5% by mass or less, particularly preferably 2.3% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2.0% by mass or less.
- the elemental phosphorus content of the carbonaceous material by fluorescent X-ray analysis can be determined by adjusting the amount of the elemental phosphorus-containing compound that can be added during the production of the carbonaceous material, and by adjusting the temperature and time of heat treatment. , can be adjusted to the above range.
- the elemental nitrogen content of the carbonaceous material of the present invention by elemental analysis is 1.0% by mass or more.
- the nitrogen element content is an analytical value obtained by elemental analysis of the carbonaceous material. It has been found that the carbonaceous material containing 1.0% by mass or more of the nitrogen element can further increase the discharge capacity and the current efficiency as compared with the carbonaceous material containing only the phosphorus element.
- a carbonaceous material containing only elemental phosphorus tends to have a large content of elemental oxygen due to the fact that the elemental phosphorus is easily oxidized, and the current efficiency tends to decrease.
- the nitrogen element content is less than 1.0% by mass, the carbon surfaces are close to each other, so that the number of sites for lithium ion adsorption and desorption decreases during charging and discharging. cannot be sufficiently enhanced.
- the nitrogen element content is preferably 1.2% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, still more preferably 1.9% by mass or more, and even more preferably from the viewpoint of easily increasing the discharge capacity and current efficiency.
- the upper limit of the nitrogen element content is preferably 8.0% by mass or less, more preferably 6.0% by mass or less, and still more preferably 5.0% by mass, from the viewpoint of suppressing a decrease in discharge capacity when charging and discharging are repeated. Below, more preferably 4.0% by mass or less.
- the nitrogen element content by elemental analysis of the carbonaceous material can be adjusted to the above range by adjusting the addition amount of the nitrogen-containing compound that can be added when producing the carbonaceous material, adjusting the temperature and time for heat treatment, etc. can be adjusted to
- the carbon plane spacing (d 002 ) obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement of the carbonaceous material of the present invention is determined by widening the spacing of the carbon planes, facilitating the efficient movement of lithium ions, and sufficiently developing micropores to form clusters. It is preferably 3.65 ⁇ or more, more preferably 3.68 ⁇ or more, still more preferably 3.70 ⁇ or more, still more preferably from the viewpoint of increasing the lithium ion absorption site and easily increasing the discharge capacity and current efficiency per weight. 3.71 ⁇ or more, particularly preferably 3.73 ⁇ or more.
- the upper limit of the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is from the viewpoint that by appropriately reducing d 002 , the volume of the carbonaceous material can be appropriately reduced, the effective capacity per volume can be increased, and the discharge capacity per volume can be easily increased. is preferably 4.00 ⁇ or less, more preferably 3.95 ⁇ or less, still more preferably 3.90 ⁇ or less, and even more preferably 3.85 ⁇ or less.
- the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is measured by X-ray diffraction using the Bragg formula, specifically by the method described in Examples.
- the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is adjusted to the above range by adjusting the amount of nitrogen-containing compound that can be added when producing the carbonaceous material, adjusting the temperature and time of heat treatment, etc. be able to.
- the half width value of the peak near 1360 cm -1 is the value of the electrode produced using the carbonaceous material. It is preferably 230 cm ⁇ 1 or more, more preferably 240 cm ⁇ 1 or more, still more preferably 250 cm ⁇ 1 or more, still more preferably 260 cm ⁇ 1 or more, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the discharge capacity.
- the peak near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 is a Raman peak generally called the D band, which is caused by disorder/defects in the graphite structure.
- the peak around 1360 cm -1 is usually observed in the range of 1345 cm -1 to 1375 cm -1 , preferably 1350 cm -1 to 1370 cm -1 .
- the Raman spectrum is measured using a Raman spectroscope, for example, under the conditions described in Examples.
- the value of the half width of the peak near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 can be adjusted by adjusting the addition amount of the nitrogen-containing compound that can be added when producing the carbonaceous material, by adjusting the temperature and time of heat treatment, etc. Range can be adjusted.
- the half width value of the peak near 1650 cm -1 is the value of the electrode produced using the carbonaceous material. It is preferably 98 cm ⁇ 1 or more, more preferably 100 cm ⁇ 1 or more, still more preferably 101 cm ⁇ 1 or more, still more preferably 102 cm ⁇ 1 or more, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the discharge capacity per weight.
- the peak around 1650 cm ⁇ 1 is a Raman peak generally called G band, and is a peak caused by disorder/defect of graphite structure.
- the peak around 1650 cm -1 is usually observed in the range of 90 cm -1 to 120 cm -1 , preferably in the range of 100 cm -1 to 110 cm -1 .
- the Raman spectrum is measured using a Raman spectroscope, for example, under the conditions described in Examples.
- the value of the half width of the peak near 1650 cm ⁇ 1 can be adjusted by adjusting the addition amount of the nitrogen-containing compound that can be added when producing the carbonaceous material, by adjusting the temperature and time of heat treatment, etc. Range can be adjusted.
- the elemental oxygen content of the carbonaceous material of the present invention determined by elemental analysis is preferably less than 1.5% by mass, more preferably 1.3% by mass or less, and still more preferably 1.5% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the current efficiency. It is 2% by mass or less, and more preferably 1.1% by mass or less.
- the lower limit of the oxygen element content is preferably as small as possible, and is 0% by mass or more.
- the elemental oxygen content of the carbonaceous material obtained by elemental analysis can be reduced by increasing the amount of nitrogen-containing compounds and phosphorus-containing compounds that can be added during the production of the carbonaceous material. can also be adjusted to the above range by adjusting the .
- the electrode density of the negative electrode obtained by using the carbonaceous material can be easily increased, and as a result, the discharge capacity per volume as well as the discharge capacity per weight can be easily increased.
- the tapped bulk density of the carbonaceous material is preferably 0.70 g/cc or more, more preferably 0.72 g/cc or more, and still more preferably 0.72 g/cc or more, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the electrode density.
- the tap bulk density is preferably 1.0 g/cc or less, more preferably 0.97 g/cc or less, still more preferably 0.95 g/cc, from the viewpoint of the liquid absorption of the electrolyte when producing the electrode.
- the tapped bulk density of the carbonaceous material is obtained by repeating the process of free-falling a cylindrical glass container with a diameter of 1.8 cm filled with the carbonaceous material through a sieve with an opening of 300 ⁇ m from a height of 5 cm 100 times. As a set, measurements are repeated until the rate of change in density obtained from the volume and mass of the carbonaceous material is 2% or less before and after one set of operations.
- the ratio D 80 /D 20 of D 80 to D 20 in the volume-based particle size distribution of the carbonaceous material measured by the laser diffraction scattering particle size distribution measurement method is preferable. is 3.5 or more, more preferably 4.0 or more, still more preferably 4.5 or more, even more preferably 5.0 or more, especially preferably 5.5 or more, and especially more preferably 6.0 or more, From the same point of view, it is preferably 18 or less, more preferably 16 or less, and even more preferably 15 or less.
- D 80 /D 20 is a volume-based particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measurement method. In the particle size distribution, the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume is 80% is D 80 , and the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume is 20% is D 20 .
- the circularity measured for particles having a circle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or more corresponding to the projected area by a flow type particle image analyzer of the carbonaceous material is preferably 0.70 or more, more preferably 0.71 or more, still more preferably 0.72 or more, still more preferably 0.73 or more, and from the same viewpoint, preferably 0.99 or less, more preferably 0.98 0.96 or less, more preferably 0.96 or less.
- the circularity is measured by using a dispersion liquid of a carbonaceous material as a measurement sample, obtaining a projection image of particles using a flow-type particle image analyzer, and measuring one particle in the projection image of an equivalent circle having the same projected area.
- Circularity (D/M) 2 , It is the average circularity obtained by measuring, for example, 5,000 or more, preferably 10,000 or more, particles having a D of 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the method for producing the carbonaceous material of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the carbonaceous material having the properties as described above can be obtained. C. to 900.degree. C. in an inert gas atmosphere, then pulverized and/or classified, and the obtained carbide is further heat treated at 800 to 1600.degree.
- the foregoing includes methods that include the step of mixing with a phosphorus-containing compound.
- the carbon source compound used as a raw material is not particularly limited as long as a carbonaceous material that satisfies the above properties can be obtained. It is a compound having Therefore, the carbonaceous material of the present invention is preferably a sugar-derived carbonaceous material.
- a production method using a compound having a saccharide skeleton as a carbon source will be described below.
- the compound which has a saccharide skeleton is also called a saccharide compound.
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material of the present invention comprises the following steps: (1) a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton and a nitrogen-containing compound to obtain a mixture; (2) a step of heat-treating the mixture at 500 to 900° C. under an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a carbide; (3) pulverizing and/or classifying the carbide, and (4) heat-treating the pulverized and/or classified carbide at 800 to 1600° C. in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing the above carbonaceous material.
- Step (1) is a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton and a nitrogen-containing compound to obtain a mixture.
- compounds having a saccharide skeleton that can be used as raw materials include monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose and glucosamine, and disaccharides such as sucrose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, maltitol, lactobionic acid and lactosamine. , starch, glycogen, agarose, pectin, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides, xylitol and other polysaccharides.
- starch As the compound having a saccharide skeleton, one of these compounds may be used, or two or more of them may be used in combination. Among these compounds having a saccharide skeleton, starch is preferred because it is readily available in large quantities. Examples of starch include corn starch, potato starch, wheat starch, rice starch, tapioca starch, sago starch, sweet potato starch, mylostarch, arrowroot starch, bracken starch, lotus root starch, mung bean starch, and potato starch.
- starches may be subjected to physical, enzymatic or chemical processing, and are starches processed into pregelatinized starch, phosphate cross-linked starch, acetate starch, hydroxypropyl starch, oxidized starch, dextrin, etc. good too.
- Corn and wheat starches and their pregelatinized starches are preferred as starches due to their availability as well as their low cost.
- the cross section of the particles of the compound was observed with a secondary electron microscope.
- the number of particles having a void of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more is preferably 3 or less, more preferably 2 or less, and still more preferably It is preferred to use compounds that are one or less.
- the nitrogen-containing compound that can be used in step (1) is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having a nitrogen atom in the molecule.
- Organic ammonium salts such as ammonium, ammonium oxalate, and diammonium hydrogen citrate, aromatic amine hydrochlorides such as aniline hydrochloride and aminonaphthalene hydrochloride, melamine, pyrimidine, pyridine, pyrrole, imidazole, indole, urea, cyanuric acid, nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as benzoguanamine;
- the nitrogen-containing compound one of these nitrogen-containing compounds may be used, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- the nitrogen-containing compound is preferably a compound having a volatilization temperature of preferably 100° C. or higher, more preferably 150° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of reaction with the saccharide compound during the heat treatment process.
- the mixing ratio of the compound having a saccharide skeleton and the nitrogen-containing compound is not particularly limited, and may be adjusted as appropriate so as to obtain a carbonaceous material having desired properties. For example, increasing the amount of the nitrogen-containing compound tends to increase the elemental nitrogen content in the carbonaceous material.
- the amount of the compound having a saccharide skeleton contained in the mixture obtained in step (1) is preferably 50 to 99, based on the total amount of the compound having a saccharide skeleton and the nitrogen-containing compound. % by mass, more preferably 80 to 95% by mass.
- the amount of the nitrogen-containing compound contained in the mixture is preferably 1-30% by mass, more preferably 3-15% by mass, based on the total amount of the compound having a saccharide skeleton and the nitrogen-containing compound.
- the amount of the nitrogen-containing compound to be mixed in step (1) is preferably 0.03 to 0.30 mol, more preferably 1 mol of starch monosaccharide units in the compound having a saccharide skeleton used as a raw material. It is 0.05 to 0.20 mol, more preferably 0.07 to 0.15 mol.
- step (1) when the carbon precursor and the nitrogen-containing compound are mixed to obtain a mixture, at least one cross-linking agent may be further mixed.
- the cross-linking agent is a compound capable of cross-linking a compound having a saccharide skeleton used as a raw material, and the interchain bond formation reaction of the saccharide compound and/or It acts as a catalyst to promote the reaction of nitrogen-containing compounds, or itself cross-links saccharide compounds and/or nitrogen-containing compounds.
- Compounds having a saccharide skeleton are often melted, fused, foamed, etc. in the firing process, and as a result, the resulting carbonaceous material often has a flat shape instead of a spherical shape.
- firing is performed using a cross-linking agent, it is easy to suppress fusion and foaming between raw materials, and as a result, it is easy to improve the density of an electrode obtained using the obtained carbonaceous material.
- acids aliphatic monovalent carboxylic acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid; aromatic monovalent carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and toluic acid; oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, Polyvalent carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, phthalic acid and terephthalic acid; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid; carboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid such as sulfonic acid; amino acids such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine,
- cross-linking agent When using a cross-linking agent, one of these cross-linking agents may be used, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
- these cross-linking agents polyvalent carboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acids are preferred, and succinic acid, adipic acid, and citric acid are more preferred from the viewpoint of melting of raw materials and suppression of foaming in the step of obtaining a carbide by heat treatment. preferable.
- a cross-linking agent when used, its amount is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 3 to 10% by mass.
- increasing the amount of the cross-linking agent tends to increase the true density of the carbonaceous material.
- step (2) the mixture obtained in step (1) is heat-treated at 500-900°C in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain carbide.
- the heat treatment temperature in step (2) is preferably 550-850°C, more preferably 600-800°C.
- the rate of temperature increase until reaching the above heat treatment temperature (ultimate temperature) is 50° C./hour or more, preferably 50° C./hour to 200° C./hour.
- the holding time at the reached temperature is usually 5 minutes or more, preferably 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour, and still more preferably 30 minutes to 1 hour.
- the heat treatment temperature and time are within the above ranges, it is easy to control the carbonization of the compound having a saccharide skeleton, and it is easy to adjust the above characteristic values of the carbonaceous material within the desired range.
- the heat treatment temperature may be a constant temperature, but is not particularly limited as long as it is within the above range.
- the step (2) is performed under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas may or may not be actively supplied.
- inert gas include argon gas, helium gas and nitrogen gas, preferably nitrogen gas.
- step (3) the obtained carbide is pulverized and/or classified.
- the pulverization and classification methods are not particularly limited, and conventional methods such as methods using a ball mill or jet mill may be used.
- aggregates generated by the heat treatment in step (2) can be crushed or removed.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention can be obtained by heat-treating the pulverized and/or classified carbide at 800 to 1600°C in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the heat treatment temperature in step (4) is preferably 900 to 1400°C, more preferably 1000 to 1400°C, still more preferably 1100 to 1200°C.
- the rate of temperature increase until reaching the above heat treatment temperature (ultimate temperature) is 50° C./hour or more, preferably 50° C./hour to 200° C./hour.
- the holding time at the reached temperature is usually 1 minute or more, preferably 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour, and still more preferably 10 minutes to 30 minutes.
- the heat treatment temperature and time are within the above ranges, it is easy to adjust the above characteristic values of the finally obtained carbonaceous material to the desired range.
- the heat treatment temperature may be a constant temperature, but is not particularly limited as long as it is within the above range.
- a compound having a saccharide skeleton, a mixture containing the compound, or a carbonized product of the mixture, and a phosphorus-containing compound and step (a) of mixing before heat treatment at 800 to 1600 ° C. in step (4), a compound having a saccharide skeleton, a mixture containing the compound, or a carbonized product of the mixture, and a phosphorus-containing compound and step (a) of mixing.
- elemental phosphorus can be included in the carbonaceous material. Due to the presence of predetermined amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the carbonaceous material, the carbonaceous material suitable for electricity storage devices with high discharge capacity per weight and excellent current efficiency is provided, although the reason is not clear. can do.
- Step (a) may be performed by mixing the compound having a saccharide skeleton and the phosphorus-containing compound used in step (1), or mixing the compound having a saccharide skeleton and the nitrogen-containing compound in step (1). may be performed by mixing the phosphorus-containing compound together when obtaining a mixture, or by mixing the mixture obtained in step (1) with the phosphorus-containing compound, or step (2) may be performed by mixing the carbide obtained in step (3) with the phosphorus-containing compound, or by mixing the pulverized and/or classified carbide obtained in step (3) with the phosphorus-containing compound.
- the phosphorus-containing compound that can be used in step (a) is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having a phosphorus atom in the molecule. can be used.
- As the phosphorus-containing compound one type of phosphorus-containing compound may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- inorganic phosphoric acid examples include phosphoric acid, dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, primary phosphate, secondary phosphate, tertiary phosphate, pyrophosphate, pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, tripolyphosphate, phosphorous acid, phosphite, hypophosphorous acid, hypophosphite, diphosphorus pentoxide and the like.
- organic phosphoric acids include phosphonic acids (phosphonic acid compounds).
- Examples of phosphonic acids include nitrilotrismethylene phosphonic acid, phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid, methyldiphosphonic acid, methylenephosphonic acid, ethylidene diphosphonic acid, and triphenyl phosphate.
- the salts may be, for example, alkali metal salts and/or alkaline earth metal salts, or ammonium salts.
- Examples of organic phosphorus include triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide, tricyclohexylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine oxide, trialkylphosphine, and trialkylphosphine oxide.
- Phosphonium salts include, for example, tetraalkylphosphonium salts and tetraphenylphosphonium salts. These salts may be, for example, halides, sulfates, phosphates, and acetates.
- phosphorus-containing compounds phosphoric acid and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, which have a high intramolecular phosphorus content, are preferable from the viewpoint that a large amount of elemental phosphorus is easily incorporated into the carbonaceous material.
- the phosphorus-containing compound is preferably a compound having a volatilization temperature of preferably 100° C. or higher, more preferably 150° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of reaction with the saccharide compound during the heat treatment process.
- the method of mixing the phosphorus-containing compound in step (a) is also not particularly limited, and when the phosphorus-containing compound is solid, a solid phosphorus-containing compound and a compound having a saccharide skeleton may be mixed. Moreover, when the phosphorus-containing compound is water-soluble, for example, an aqueous solution of the phosphorus-containing compound and a compound having a saccharide skeleton may be mixed.
- the amount of the phosphorus-containing compound to be mixed in step (a) is not particularly limited as long as a carbonaceous material having a phosphorus element content within the above range is finally obtained.
- a compound having a sugar skeleton and a nitrogen-containing compound or based on the amount of carbide obtained in step (2) preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.6 to 8% by mass.
- the amount of the phosphorus-containing compound to be mixed in step (a) is preferably 0.001 to 0.20 mol, more preferably 1 mol of the starch monosaccharide unit in the compound having a saccharide skeleton used as a raw material. 0.005 to 0.15 mol, more preferably 0.01 to 0.10 mol.
- a volatile organic substance may be added to the pulverized and/or classified charcoal obtained from step (3) and subjected to step (4).
- Volatile organic substances are hardly carbonized (e.g., 80% or more, preferably 90% or more) when heat treated with an inert gas such as nitrogen (e.g., 500 ° C. or higher), and volatilize (vaporize or thermally decompose into gas. ) refers to organic compounds. Volatile organic substances are not particularly limited, but include, for example, thermoplastic resins and low-molecular-weight organic compounds.
- thermoplastic resins include polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(meth)acrylic acid, and poly(meth)acrylic acid esters.
- (meth)acryl is a generic term for methacryl and acryl.
- Low-molecular-weight organic compounds include ethylene, propane, hexane, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, styrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and the like.
- thermoplastic resin because those which volatilize at the baking temperature and do not oxidize the surface of the carbon precursor when thermally decomposed are preferable.
- the low-molecular-weight organic compound preferably has low volatility at room temperature (for example, 20° C.), and naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and the like are preferable. Addition of such a volatile organic substance is preferable in that the elemental oxygen content and the specific surface area can be further reduced while maintaining the characteristic structure of the present invention.
- the volatile organic matter may be gasified, mixed with an inert gas such as nitrogen, and subjected to step (4).
- Volatile organic substances include, but are not particularly limited to, low-molecular-weight organic compounds.
- Low-molecular-weight organic compounds include ethylene, propane, hexane, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, styrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and the like.
- the low-molecular-weight organic compound preferably has high volatility, and ethylene, propane, hexane, toluene, and the like are preferable. Addition of such a volatile organic substance is preferable in that the elemental oxygen content and the specific surface area can be further reduced while maintaining the characteristic structure of the present invention.
- the production method further includes a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton and a nitrogen-containing compound to obtain a mixture.
- a step (b) of gelatinizing the compound having a saccharide skeleton may be further included.
- the step (b) is further performed, the cavities contained in the compound having a saccharide skeleton used as the raw material are closed, and as a result, the density of the finally obtained electrode formed from the carbonaceous material is easily increased, and the volume per unit It becomes easy to increase the discharge capacity of the battery.
- the gelatinization method is not particularly limited, and the compound having a saccharide skeleton is heated in the presence of water, either alone or in any mixture with a nitrogen-containing compound or the like. and a method of subjecting a compound having a saccharide skeleton, alone or in any mixture with a nitrogen-containing compound, etc., to a mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction, and/or shearing effects. be done. The application of such heat and external force closes the cavities contained in the compound having a saccharide skeleton.
- the gelatinization in the above step (b) is, for example, a particle having a cross-sectional area of 3 ⁇ m 2 or more and 100 ⁇ m 2 or less in an image obtained by observing the cross section of the particle of the compound having a saccharide skeleton after gelatinization with a secondary electron microscope.
- the number of particles having a gap of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more is a predetermined amount or less, preferably 3 or less, more preferably 2 or less, further preferably 1 or less.
- the above microscopic observation may be performed after removing aggregates contained in the compound after gelatinization by pulverization or classification.
- the production method of the present invention may include the following steps as step (b): Before the step (1), a compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water based on the mass of the compound, and the step of heating at a temperature of 50 to 200 ° C.
- step (b1) before step (1), a compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water relative to the mass of the compound, and heated at a temperature of 50 to 200° C. for 1 to 5 minutes. It is a process of heating for a time. Although a certain amount or more of water is necessary when mixing water with a compound having a saccharide skeleton, the energy required to distill off the mixed water is suppressed in the process of producing the carbonaceous material. From the point of view, the smaller the better, and the amount is 5 to 50% by mass, preferably 10 to 50% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass based on the mass of the compound. Also, the heating temperature is 50 to 200°C, preferably 60 to 180°C, more preferably 80 to 180°C. Further, the heating time is 1 minute to 5 hours, preferably 3 minutes to 1 hour, more preferably 10 minutes to 30 minutes.
- Step (c1) is a step in which, prior to step (1), the compound having a saccharide skeleton is subjected to mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction, and/or shearing effects.
- Apparatuses used in mechanical processes having impact, crushing, frictional and/or shearing action include, for example, grinders, extruders, mills, grinders, kneaders.
- the treatment conditions such as treatment time are not particularly limited. For example, when using a ball vibration mill, the treatment conditions include 20 Hz and 10 minutes.
- step (b2) simultaneously with step (1) or after step (1), the mixture containing the compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water relative to the mass of the compound having a saccharide skeleton. and heating at a temperature of 50 to 200° C. for 1 minute to 5 hours.
- step (c2) simultaneously with step (1) or after step (1), the mixture containing the compound having a saccharide skeleton is subjected to mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction, and/or shearing action. It is a step, and the descriptions such as the preferred embodiments described with respect to the step (c1) apply similarly.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention or the carbonaceous material obtained by the production method of the present invention can be suitably used as a negative electrode active material for electric storage devices.
- a method for producing a negative electrode for an electricity storage device using the carbonaceous material of the present invention will be specifically described below.
- an electrode mixture is prepared by adding a binder to a carbonaceous material, adding an appropriate amount of an appropriate solvent, and kneading them.
- the resulting electrode mixture is applied to a current collecting plate made of a metal plate or the like, dried, and then pressure-molded to form a negative electrode for an electric storage device, such as a lithium ion secondary battery, a sodium ion battery, a lithium sulfur battery,
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium air battery can be produced.
- an electrode (negative electrode) having high discharge capacity per weight and excellent current efficiency can be produced.
- a conductive aid may be added during the preparation of the electrode mixture, if desired.
- Conductive carbon black, vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), nanotube, etc. can be used as the conductive aid.
- the amount of the conductive aid added varies depending on the type of conductive aid used, but if the amount added is too small, the expected conductivity may not be obtained, and if the amount added is too large, the dispersion in the electrode mixture will be poor. can be.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it does not react with the electrolytic solution, but examples include PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), polytetrafluoroethylene, and a mixture of SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose). etc.
- a mixture of SBR and CMC is preferable because the SBR and CMC adhering to the surface of the active material hardly hinder the movement of lithium ions, and good input/output characteristics can be obtained.
- a polar solvent such as water is preferably used to dissolve an aqueous emulsion such as SBR or CMC to form a slurry, but a solvent emulsion such as PVDF can also be used by dissolving it in N-methylpyrrolidone or the like. If the amount of the binder added is too large, the resistance of the resulting electrode increases, which may increase the internal resistance of the battery and degrade the battery characteristics.
- the preferred amount of binder to be added varies depending on the type of binder used.
- the total amount of all binders is preferably 0.5 to 5% by mass, more preferably 1 to 4% by mass.
- the PVDF binder is preferably 3 to 13% by mass, more preferably 3 to 10% by mass.
- the amount of the carbonaceous material in the electrode mixture is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- the amount of the carbonaceous material in the electrode mixture is preferably 100% by mass or less, more preferably 97% by mass or less.
- the electrode active material layer is basically formed on both sides of the current collector plate, but may be formed on one side if necessary.
- the thicker the electrode active material layer the smaller the number of collector plates, separators, and the like, which is preferable for increasing the capacity.
- the thickness (per side) of the active material layer is preferably 10 to 80 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 75 ⁇ m, still more preferably 30 to 75 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of output during battery discharge.
- the electricity storage device using the carbonaceous material of the present invention has high discharge capacity per weight and excellent current efficiency.
- the other materials constituting the battery such as the positive electrode material, the separator, and the electrolytic solution are not particularly limited, and are conventionally used as an electricity storage device. , or various proposed materials can be used.
- the positive electrode material may be a layered oxide system (denoted as LiMO2 , where M is a metal ; , z represents the composition ratio)), olivine (represented by LiMPO4 , M is a metal, such as LiFePO4 ), spinel (represented by LiM2O4 , M is a metal , such as LiMn2O4 ) ) is preferred, and these chalcogen compounds may be mixed and used if necessary.
- a positive electrode is formed by molding these positive electrode materials together with an appropriate binder and a carbon material for imparting electrical conductivity to the electrode and forming a layer on a conductive collector.
- the non-aqueous solvent type electrolytic solution is generally formed by dissolving the electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent.
- non-aqueous solvents include organic solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, and 1,3-dioxolane. , can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiCl, LiBr, LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiN(SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 or the like is used as the electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery when the electricity storage device is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally has the positive electrode and the negative electrode formed as described above facing each other with a liquid-permeable separator interposed as necessary, It is formed by immersion in an electrolytic solution.
- a permeable or liquid-permeable separator made of a non-woven fabric or other porous material commonly used in secondary batteries can be used.
- a solid electrolyte made of a polymer gel impregnated with an electrolytic solution can be used instead of the separator or together with the separator.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention is suitable, for example, as a carbonaceous material for a power storage device mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile (typically a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery for driving a vehicle).
- the vehicle is not particularly limited, and can be a vehicle commonly known as an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle with a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine, etc., but at least a power supply device equipped with the above battery. , an electric drive mechanism driven by power supply from the power supply device, and a control device for controlling the same.
- the vehicle may further include a power generating brake or a regenerative brake, and a mechanism for converting braking energy into electricity to charge the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- NDIR inert gas fusion-non-dispersive infrared absorption method
- TCD inert gas fusion-thermal conduction method
- NDIR inert gas fusion-non-dispersive infrared absorption method
- calibration is performed with (oxygen/nitrogen) Ni capsule, TiH 2 (H standard sample), SS-3 (O standard sample), SiN (N standard sample), pretreatment at 250 ° C.
- the X-ray source was set at 30 kV and 100 mA.
- Ge (111) was used as the analyzing crystal, and a gas-flow proportionality coefficient tube was used as the detector. Measured in minutes.
- the average particle size (particle size distribution) of carbide was measured by the following method. 5 mg of the sample was added to a 2 mL aqueous solution containing 5% by mass of a surfactant (“Toriton X100” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), treated with an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes or more, and dispersed in the aqueous solution. The particle size distribution was measured using this dispersion. The particle size distribution was measured using a particle size/particle size distribution analyzer (“Microtrac MT3300EXII” manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.). D50 is the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume is 50%, and this value was used as the average particle diameter.
- the particles to be measured which are carbonaceous materials, are set on the observation stage, the magnification of the objective lens is set to 20 times, and the focus is adjusted, and the argon ion Measurement was performed while irradiating laser light. Details of the measurement conditions are as follows.
- Argon ion laser light wavelength 532 nm
- Laser power on sample 100-300 W/cm 2
- Resolution 5-7 cm -1
- Measurement range 150-4000 cm -1
- Measurement mode XY Averaging Exposure time: 20 seconds
- Accumulation times 2 times Peak intensity measurement: Baseline correction Polynom-3rd order automatic correction Peak search & fitting processing GaussLoren
- Example 1 10 g of starch (cornstarch) and 0.54 g of melamine (0.07 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), 0.38 g of adipic acid (0.04 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), diphosphate
- a mixture was obtained by putting 0.2 g of ammonium hydrogen (0.03 mol with respect to 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) into a sample bottle and shaking it (step 1 and step a). The resulting mixture was heated to 600° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 600° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- a carbonization treatment was performed by heat-treating at 600° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide (step 2).
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 0.5 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m (Step 3).
- the obtained pulverized carbide was heated to 1200° C. and subjected to a high-temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1200° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (Step 4).
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- Example 2 10 g of starch (cornstarch) and 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.08 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), diphosphate 0.4 g of ammonium hydrogen (0.06 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) was put into a sample bottle and shaken to obtain a mixture (step 1 and step a). After that, the same treatments as in Steps 2, 3, and 4 of Example 1 were performed to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- Example 3 The same treatments as Steps 1 and a, Steps 2 and 3 of Example 2 were carried out to obtain pulverized carbide.
- the obtained pulverized carbide was heated to 1100° C. and subjected to a high-temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1100° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (step 4).
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1100° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- Example 4 10 g of starch (cornstarch) and 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.08 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), diphosphate A mixture was obtained by putting 0.2 g of ammonium hydrogen (0.03 mol with respect to 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) into a sample bottle and shaking it (step 1 and step a). After that, the same treatments as in Steps 2, 3, and 4 of Example 3 were performed to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- Example 5 10 g of starch (cornstarch) and 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.08 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), diphosphate 0.1 g of ammonium hydrogen (0.01 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) was put into a sample bottle and shaken to obtain a mixture (step 1 and step a). After that, the same treatments as in Steps 2, 3, and 4 of Example 3 were performed to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- Example 6 10 g of starch (cornstarch) and 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.08 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), diphosphate A mixture was obtained by putting 0.6 g of ammonium hydrogen (0.08 mol with respect to 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) into a sample bottle and shaking it (step 1 and step a). After that, the same treatments as in Steps 2, 3, and 4 of Example 3 were performed to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- Example 7 10 g of starch (cornstarch), 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.08 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) were added to a sample bottle. A mixture was obtained by adding and shaking (Step 1). The resulting mixture was heated to 600° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 600° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min). Then, a carbonization treatment was performed by heat-treating at 600° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide (step 2).
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 0.5 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m (Step 3).
- 0.5 g of an 85% by mass phosphoric acid aqueous solution was added to 5 g of the pulverized charcoal, and mixed in a mortar to obtain mixed charcoal of phosphorus-containing compounds (step a).
- the resulting carbide was heated to 1100° C. and subjected to a high-temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1100° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (Step 4).
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1100° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- a carbonaceous material was obtained by performing a high-temperature firing treatment in which the temperature of the obtained pulverized and mixed carbide was raised to 1200° C. and heat treatment was performed at 1200° C. for 60 minutes. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream. The amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m.
- the obtained pulverized carbide was heated to 1200° C. and subjected to a high temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1200° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 0.5 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m.
- the obtained pulverized carbide was heated to 1200° C. and subjected to a high temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1200° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- a carbonization treatment was performed by heat-treating at 600° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide (step 2).
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 0.5 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m (Step 3).
- the obtained pulverized carbide was heated to 1200° C. and subjected to a high-temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1200° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (Step 4).
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 0.5 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m.
- the resulting pulverized carbide was heated to 1100° C. and subjected to a high-temperature firing treatment of heat treatment at 1100° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1100° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- a negative electrode was produced according to the following procedure. 95 parts by mass of carbonaceous material, 2 parts by mass of conductive carbon black (“Super-P (registered trademark)” manufactured by TIMCAL), 1 part by mass of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 2 parts by mass of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and water 90 parts by mass were mixed to obtain a slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, dried and then pressed to obtain an electrode having a diameter of 14 mm and a thickness of 45 ⁇ m.
- conductive carbon black (“Super-P (registered trademark)” manufactured by TIMCAL)
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- the electrode prepared above was used as a working electrode, and metallic lithium was used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
- ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed and used at a volume ratio of 1:1:1.
- 1 mol/L of LiPF 6 was dissolved in this solvent and used as an electrolyte.
- a polypropylene film was used as the separator.
- a coin cell was fabricated in a glove box under an argon atmosphere.
- a charging/discharging test was performed on the lithium secondary battery having the above configuration using a charging/discharging test apparatus (manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd., "TOSCAT").
- Doping with lithium was performed at a rate of 70 mA/g with respect to the mass of the active material, and doping was performed to 1 mV with respect to the potential of lithium. Further, a constant voltage of 1 mV was applied against the lithium potential, and doping was terminated when the rate reached 2 mA/g with respect to the mass of the active material. The capacity at this time was defined as the charge capacity. Next, dedoping is performed at a rate of 70 mA / g with respect to the mass of the active material until the potential of lithium is 1.5 V. At this time, the charged capacity is the charged capacity (mAh), and the discharged capacity is the discharged capacity (mAh). ).
- the obtained charge capacity and discharge capacity were respectively divided by the weight of the negative electrode, and the obtained values were defined as the charge capacity per weight (mAh/g) and the discharge capacity per weight (mAh/g). Also, the percentage of the value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity by the charge capacity was taken as the current efficiency (%).
- the nitrogen element content, the phosphorus element content, the carbon interplanar spacing (d 002 ), the oxygen element content, the half of the peak near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 Table 1 shows the measurement results of the value width and the half width of the peak near 1650 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Table 1 also shows the discharge capacity per unit weight and the current efficiency measured for the obtained battery.
- the batteries produced using the carbonaceous material of each example had a high discharge capacity per weight and exhibited excellent current efficiency.
- the discharge capacity per weight may be sufficiently high, and the current efficiency was not high enough.
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Abstract
Description
〔1〕元素分析による窒素元素含有量が1.0質量%以上であり、蛍光X線分析によるリン元素含有量が0.5質量%以上である、炭素質材料。
〔2〕X線回折測定による炭素面間隔(d002)が3.65Å以上である、〔1〕に記載の炭素質材料。
〔3〕元素分析による酸素元素含有量が1.5質量%未満である、〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の炭素質材料。
〔4〕レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1360cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が230cm-1以上である、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
〔5〕レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1650cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が98cm-1以上である、〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
〔6〕蓄電デバイスの負極用炭素質材料である、〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
〔7〕〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料を含む、蓄電デバイス用負極。
〔8〕〔7〕に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極を含む、蓄電デバイス。
〔9〕以下の工程:
(1)糖類骨格を有する化合物、及び窒素含有化合物を混合して混合物を得る工程、
(2)前記混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、500~900℃で熱処理して炭化物を得る工程、
(3)前記炭化物を粉砕及び/又は分級する工程、及び
(4)粉砕及び/又は分級された前記炭化物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、800~1600℃で熱処理して炭素質材料を得る工程
を少なくとも含み、
(a)上記工程(4)における熱処理よりも前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物、該化合物を含む混合物、又は、該混合物の炭化物と、リン含有化合物とを混合する工程
を含む、〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
(1)糖類骨格を有する化合物、及び窒素含有化合物を混合して混合物を得る工程、
(2)前記混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、500~900℃で熱処理して炭化物を得る工程、
(3)前記炭化物を粉砕及び/又は分級する工程、及び
(4)粉砕及び/又は分級された前記炭化物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、800~1600℃で熱処理して炭素質材料を得る工程
を少なくとも含み、
(a)上記工程(4)における熱処理よりも前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物、該化合物を含む混合物、又は、該混合物の炭化物と、リン含有化合物とを混合する工程
を含む。本発明は、上記の炭素質材料の製造方法も提供する。
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、該化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(b1)、
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(c1)、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、糖類骨格を有する化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(b2)、及び/又は、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(c2)。
株式会社堀場製作所製、酸素・窒素・水素分析装置EMGA-930を用いて、不活性ガス溶解法に基づいて元素分析を行った。
当該装置の検出方法は、酸素:不活性ガス融解-非分散型赤外線吸収法(NDIR)、窒素:不活性ガス融解-熱伝導法(TCD)、水素:不活性ガス融解-非分散型赤外線吸収法(NDIR)であり、校正は、(酸素・窒素)Niカプセル、TiH2(H標準試料)、SS-3(O標準試料)、SiN(N標準試料)で行い、前処理として250℃、約10分で水分量を測定した試料20mgをNiカプセルに取り、元素分析装置内で30秒脱ガスした後に測定した。試験は3検体で分析し、平均値を分析値とした。上記のようにして、試料中の酸素及び窒素元素含有量を得た。
株式会社リガク製。ZSX Primus-μを用いて、蛍光X線分析法に基づいて分析を行った。
上部照射方式用ホルダーを用い、試料測定面積を直径30mmの円周内とした。被測定試料2.0gとポリマーバインダ2.0g(Chemplex社製 Spectro Blend44μ Powder)とを乳鉢で混合し、成形機に入れた。成形機に15tonの荷重を1分間かけて、直径40mmのペレットを作製した。作製したペレットをポリプロピレン製のフィルムで包み、試料ホルダーに設置して測定を行った。X線源は30kV、100mAに設定した。リンKα線の強度からリン元素含有量を求めるため、分光結晶にGe(111)、検出器にガスフロー型比例係数管を使用し、2θが137~144°の範囲を、走査速度4°/分で測定した。
「株式会社リガク製MiniFlexII」を用い、後述する実施例および比較例で調製した炭素質材料の粉体を試料ホルダーに充填し、Niフィルターにより単色化したCuKα線を線源とし、X線回折図形を得た。回折図形のピーク位置は重心法(回折線の重心位置を求め、これに対応する2θ値でピーク位置を求める方法)により求め、標準物質用高純度シリコン粉末の(111)面の回折ピークを用いて補正した。CuKα線の波長λを0.15418nmとし、以下に記すBraggの公式によりd002を算出した。
炭化物の平均粒子径(粒度分布)は、以下の方法により測定した。試料5mgを界面活性剤(和光純薬工業株式会社製「ToritonX100」)が5質量%含まれた2mL水溶液に投入し、超音波洗浄器で10分以上処理し、水溶液中に分散させた。この分散液を用いて粒度分布を測定した。粒度分布測定は、粒子径・粒度分布測定装置(マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社製「マイクロトラックMT3300EXII」)を用いて行った。D50は、累積体積が50%となる粒子径であり、この値を平均粒子径として用いた。
ラマン分光器(ナノフォトン社製「レーザーラマン顕微鏡Ramanforce」)を用い、炭素質材料である測定対象粒子を観測台ステージ上にセットし、対物レンズの倍率を20倍とし、ピントを合わせ、アルゴンイオンレーザ光を照射しながら測定した。測定条件の詳細は以下のとおりである。
アルゴンイオンレーザ光の波長:532nm
試料上のレーザーパワー:100-300W/cm2
分解能:5-7cm-1
測定範囲:150-4000cm-1
測定モード:XY Averaging
露光時間:20秒
積算回数:2回
ピーク強度測定:ベースライン補正 Polynom-3次で自動補正
ピークサーチ&フィッテイング処理 GaussLoren
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン0.54g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.07モル)、アジピン酸0.38g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.04モル)、リン酸二水素アンモニウム0.2g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.03モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1及び工程a)。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理する炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり0.5L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た(工程3)。得られた粉砕した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)、リン酸二水素アンモニウム0.4g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.06モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1及び工程a)。その後、実施例1の工程2、工程3、及び工程4と同様の処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
実施例2の工程1及び工程aと工程2、工程3と同様の処理を行い、粉砕した炭化物を得た。得られた粉砕した炭化物を、1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1100℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)、リン酸二水素アンモニウム0.2g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.03モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1及び工程a)。その後、実施例3の工程2、工程3、及び工程4と同様の処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)、リン酸二水素アンモニウム0.1g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.01モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1及び工程a)。その後、実施例3の工程2、工程3、及び工程4と同様の処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)、リン酸二水素アンモニウム0.6g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1及び工程a)。その後、実施例3の工程2、工程3、及び工程4と同様の処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1)。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理する炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり0.5L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た(工程3)。得られた粉砕した炭化物5gに対して、85質量%のリン酸水溶液0.5gを加え、乳鉢にて混合することでリン含有化合物の混合炭化物を得た(工程a)。得られた炭化物を、1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1100℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gを、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で60分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり1L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た。得られた粉砕後に混合した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gと85質量%のリン酸水溶液0.2gを加え、乳鉢にて混合することで混合物を得た。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理する炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり0.5L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た。得られた粉砕した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン0.58g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)、アジピン酸0.38g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.04モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理する炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり0.5L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た。得られた粉砕した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン0.2g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.026モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)、リン酸二水素アンモニウム0.4g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.06モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た(工程1及び工程a)。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理する炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり0.5L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た(工程3)。得られた粉砕した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.08モル)をサンプル瓶に入れ振り混ぜることで混合物を得た。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理する炭化処理を行うことにより炭化物を得た。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり0.5L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が5.5μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た。得られた粉砕した炭化物を、1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た。この際、1100℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
各実施例および各比較例で得た炭素質材料をそれぞれ用いて、以下の手順に従って負極を作製した。
炭素質材料95質量部、導電性カーボンブラック(TIMCAL製「Super-P(登録商標)」)2質量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)1質量部、スチレン・ブタジエン・ラバー(SBR)2質量部および水90質量部を混合し、スラリーを得た。得られたスラリーを厚さ15μmの銅箔に塗布し、乾燥後プレスして、直径14mmで打ち抜き厚さ45μmの電極を得た。
上記で作製した電極を作用極とし、金属リチウムを対極および参照極として使用した。溶媒として、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートを、体積比で1:1:1となるように混合して用いた。この溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/L溶解し、電解質として用いた。セパレータにはポリプロピレン膜を使用した。アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内でコインセルを作製した。
上記構成のリチウム二次電池について、充放電試験装置(東洋システム株式会社製、「TOSCAT」)を用いて、充放電試験を行った。リチウムのドーピングは、活物質質量に対し70mA/gの速度で行い、リチウム電位に対して1mVになるまでドーピングした。さらにリチウム電位に対して1mVの定電圧を印加して、活物質質量に対し2mA/gの速度になった段階でドーピングを終了した。このときの容量を充電容量とした。次いで、活物質質量に対し70mA/gの速度で、リチウム電位に対して1.5Vになるまで脱ドーピングを行い、このとき充電した容量を充電容量(mAh)、放電した容量を放電容量(mAh)とした。得られた充電容量と放電容量を、それぞれ負極の重量で除して、得られた値を重量あたりの充電容量(mAh/g)と重量あたりの放電容量(mAh/g)とした。また、放電容量を、充電容量で除して、得られた値の百分率を電流効率(%)とした。
Claims (9)
- 元素分析による窒素元素含有量が1.0質量%以上であり、蛍光X線分析によるリン元素含有量が0.5質量%以上である、炭素質材料。
- X線回折測定による炭素面間隔(d002)が3.65Å以上である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- 元素分析による酸素元素含有量が1.5質量%未満である、請求項1又は2に記載の炭素質材料。
- レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1360cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が230cm-1以上である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
- レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1650cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が98cm-1以上である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
- 蓄電デバイスの負極用炭素質材料である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料を含む、蓄電デバイス用負極。
- 請求項7に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極を含む、蓄電デバイス。
- 以下の工程:
(1)糖類骨格を有する化合物、及び窒素含有化合物を混合して混合物を得る工程、
(2)前記混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、500~900℃で熱処理して炭化物を得る工程、
(3)前記炭化物を粉砕及び/又は分級する工程、及び
(4)粉砕及び/又は分級された前記炭化物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、800~1600℃で熱処理して炭素質材料を得る工程
を少なくとも含み、
(a)上記工程(4)における熱処理よりも前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物、該化合物を含む混合物、又は、該混合物の炭化物と、リン含有化合物とを混合する工程
を含む、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
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| KR1020247011369A KR20240072175A (ko) | 2021-10-05 | 2022-09-27 | 탄소질 재료, 축전 디바이스용 부극, 축전 디바이스, 및 탄소질 재료의 제조 방법 |
| EP22878369.2A EP4414325A4 (en) | 2021-10-05 | 2022-09-27 | CARBONATED MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURED THEREOF, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE, AND ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE |
| CN202280066446.7A CN118055902A (zh) | 2021-10-05 | 2022-09-27 | 碳质材料、蓄电设备用负极、蓄电设备和碳质材料的制造方法 |
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