WO2023128578A1 - 양극 활물질, 양극 활물질 슬러리, 양극, 리튬 이온 이차전지 및 양극 활물질의 제조 방법 - Google Patents
양극 활물질, 양극 활물질 슬러리, 양극, 리튬 이온 이차전지 및 양극 활물질의 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
- H01M4/1315—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx containing halogen atoms, e.g. LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode active material slurry, a positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery, and a method for manufacturing the positive electrode active material.
- lithium ion secondary batteries having high energy density and voltage, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate are commercially available and widely used.
- research to promote high capacity of such a lithium ion secondary battery is being actively conducted.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2018-063835
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a cathode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery with excellent capacity characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics, a cathode active material slurry, a cathode, a lithium ion secondary battery, and a manufacturing method of the cathode active material.
- a positive electrode active material includes a core containing lithium transition metal oxide, and a coating portion at least partially covering a surface of the core, wherein the coating portion contains magnesium and fluorine, and is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
- 'lithium transition metal oxide' refers to a compound containing lithium and a transition metal and having a transition metal-oxygen bond, and includes a typical metal element such as aluminum or a non-metal element other than oxygen such as iodine. do.
- "Coating" means at least partially covering the surface of an object, and includes the case where the particle surface is chemically bonded and the case where the particle surface is physically covered without chemical bonding. For example, when peaks derived from magnesium and fluorine are detected in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on the surface of active material particles, it can be said that 'a coating portion containing magnesium and fluorine is formed'. there is.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the F1s spectrum observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy may have a peak at 683 eV or more and 685 eV or less.
- the content of magnesium may be 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the content of fluorine may be 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the coating portion may contain iodine.
- the coating portion may contain iodine having an oxidation number of +5 or more and +7 or less.
- the content of iodine may be 0.001 parts by mass to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- a positive electrode active material slurry for a lithium ion secondary battery containing the positive electrode active material according to the above aspect is provided.
- a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery in which a positive electrode active material layer containing the positive electrode active material according to the above aspect is formed on a current collector.
- a lithium ion secondary battery having a positive electrode according to the above aspect is provided.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material comprising preparing a mixture containing lithium transition metal oxide, magnesium and fluorine, and calcining the mixture, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the obtained positive electrode active material
- a method in which the spectrum of Mg2p observed by analysis has a peak at 48 eV or more and 50 eV or less is provided.
- the manufacturing method of the cathode active material according to the above embodiment may include firing the mixture at a firing temperature of 150° C. or more and 400° C. or less.
- the manufacturing method of the cathode active material according to the above aspect may include adding a material containing magnesium and fluorine as a raw material of the mixture.
- the material containing magnesium and fluorine may be magnesium fluoride.
- the manufacturing method of the cathode active material according to the above aspect may include adding an iodine material containing iodine as a raw material of the mixture.
- the mixture may contain lithium transition metal oxide, fluorine, magnesium and iodine.
- 'iodine material' means any material containing iodine.
- a cathode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery with excellent capacity characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics, a cathode active material slurry, a cathode, a lithium ion secondary battery, and a manufacturing method of the cathode active material.
- Example 2 shows a part of XPS spectra of the cathode active materials of Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2.
- Example 3 shows a portion of XPS spectra of the cathode active materials of Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 7 shows a change in battery capacity during the first to 250th cycle of charging and discharging in the monocell batteries of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- FIG. 7 shows a change in battery capacity during the first to 250th cycle of charging and discharging in the monocell batteries of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- FIG. 8 shows the change in DC resistance in the monocell batteries of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 during the first to 300th cycle of charging and discharging.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a lithium transition metal oxide having a high nickel content as a cathode material will be described as an example.
- lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary positive electrode active material such as Li a Ni x Co y Mn z O 2 as a positive electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery
- higher capacity can be achieved by increasing the amount of nickel in the composition.
- Ni-rich positive electrode active materials with high capacity per unit mass in the operating voltage range of 3.0V to 4.2V is actively promoted instead of LiCoO 2 that has been used conventionally. It is becoming.
- problems such as gas generation at high temperatures and reduced stability in a charged state occur, which has become a major problem in actual battery application.
- Patent Document 1 discloses forming a fluoride-based film on the surface of a Li-rich layered rock salt type positive electrode active material.
- a Ni-rich cathode material with a large amount of Ni is easily affected by surface ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity.
- the positive electrode active material containing a large amount of Ni is greatly affected by the increase in the resistance component due to the coating treatment as described above. In this way, in active materials currently in use or under development, coating technology that achieves both excellent capacitance characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics is very limited in reality.
- the inventors of the present invention in a lithium ion secondary battery, when using a positive electrode active material containing a lithium transition metal oxide, on the surface of a core containing a lithium transition metal oxide, a coating containing magnesium and fluorine in a predetermined electronic state By forming, it was found that a lithium ion secondary battery having both excellent capacity characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics could be obtained, and the present invention was completed.
- the positive electrode active material includes a core containing lithium transition metal oxide, and a coating portion at least partially covering a surface of the core, the coating portion containing magnesium and fluorine, and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
- a cathode active material having a peak at 48 eV or more and 50 eV or less in an observed spectrum of Mg2p is provided.
- the cathode active material is a cathode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the cathode active material may be in the form of particles having a core-shell structure formed of a core and a covering part.
- the coating portion may cover the entire core or may cover only a part of the outer surface of the core.
- the covering part may be connected as a whole, or may have a plurality of island-shaped parts separated from each other.
- the covering portion may cover a single core or may cover two or more cores.
- the core of the cathode active material includes lithium transition metal oxide.
- the core is a particle of lithium transition metal oxide.
- the core may contain materials other than lithium transition metal oxide.
- the shape of the core is not particularly limited, and may be any shape such as a sphere, a rectangular parallelepiped, or a polygon, and the shape of the particles is not limited.
- the core may be formed of single particles or may be formed of aggregates such as secondary particles in which primary particles are aggregated.
- the size of the core is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, or 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the core of the cathode active material includes, for example, a lithium transition metal oxide containing nickel, and preferably may include a lithium transition metal oxide having a high nickel content.
- 'a high nickel content' means containing 50 mol% or more of nickel based on the total amount of transition metals.
- a lithium transition metal oxide having a high nickel content such as containing 50 mol% or more of nickel is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing an increase in electrode resistance. Therefore, by improving the electrode resistance characteristics using the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment (ie, by suppressing the increase in resistance due to the coating portion), it is possible to achieve both high capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery and improvement of the electrode resistance characteristics.
- the core may include a lithium transition metal oxide containing 60 mol% or more, 70 mol% or more, 80 mol% or more, or 90 mol% or more of nickel based on the total amount of transition metal.
- lithium transition metal oxides examples include lithium-manganese oxides (eg, LiMnO 2 , LiMnO 3 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiMn 2 O 4 , etc.); lithium-cobalt-based oxides (eg, LiCoO 2 , etc.); lithium-nickel-based oxides (eg, LiNiO 2 , etc.); lithium-copper oxides (eg, Li 2 CuO 2 , etc.); lithium-vanadium-based oxides (eg, LiV 3 O 8 , etc.); lithium-nickel-manganese oxides (eg, LiNi 1-z Mn z O 2 (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1), LiMn 2-z Ni z O 4 (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2), etc.); lithium-nickel-cobalt-based oxides (eg, LiNi 1-y Co y O 2 (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), etc.); lithium-manganese-cobalt-based oxides (eg, LiCo
- the lithium transition metal oxide is Li a Ni x M y O 2
- the value of x is, for example, 0.3 or more, 0.4 or more, 0.5 or more, 0.6 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, and 0.9 or more, for example, 1 or less, 0.9 or less, 0.8 or less, 0.7 or less, 0.6 or less, or 0.5 or less.
- the cathode active material may include one or two or more of these, but is not limited thereto.
- LiNiO 2 Li(Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.7 Mn 0.15 Co 0.15 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.05 Al 0.05 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.85 Co 0.10 Mn 0.05 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.85 Co 0.10 Mn 0.03 Al 0.02 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.9 Co 0.05 Al 0.05 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 )O 2 , Li(Ni 0.95 Co 0.03 Al 0.02 )O 2 and the like are preferable.
- the coating portion of the positive electrode active material covers part or all of the surface of the core.
- the clad portion contains magnesium and fluorine.
- the coating is obtained by firing a mixture containing lithium transition metal oxide, magnesium and fluorine.
- the coating portion can be obtained by mixing and firing a first material containing lithium transition metal oxide and a second material containing magnesium and fluorine.
- the coating portion in the positive electrode active material may exist independently of the core containing the lithium transition metal oxide, or may be chemically or physically bonded to the particle surface of the lithium transition metal oxide forming the core at least partially.
- the enclosing portion is at least partially in contact with the particles of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the clad portion may be included at least partially in the structure of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the material of the coating portion is not limited to an independent chemical species as a compound, but may be any chemical species such as ion, atom, or atomic group.
- the thickness of the coating portion is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, and 3 nm or more and 5 nm or less, because electrical conductivity of the core surface is impaired when completely covered or when the coating layer is thick. is more preferable.
- a conductive material for example, carbon nanotubes, etc.
- the content of the coating portion in the positive electrode active material is, for example, 0.001 mass% or more and 10.0 mass% or less, preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 1.0 mass% or less, more preferably 0.02 mass% or more and 0.5 mass% or less, still more preferably. It is 0.05 mass % or more and 0.2 mass % or less. If the content of the coating portion is 0.001% by mass or more, improvement in cycle characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics of the battery is expected.
- the coated portion in the positive electrode active material after firing contains magnesium.
- Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium iodide, etc. are mentioned as a magnesium compound contained in a coating part.
- Magnesium contained in the coating portion may be bonded to constituent elements (lithium, transition metal, oxygen, etc.) of lithium transition metal oxide or iodine.
- the content of magnesium relative to 100 parts by mass of the lithium transition metal oxide is, for example, 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less.
- the content of magnesium is 0.02 parts by mass or more, the coating of the core is sufficiently performed, and improvement of electrode resistance characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery is expected. If the content of magnesium is 0.5 part by mass or less, it is considered that the increase in electrode resistance due to excessive coating is suppressed.
- the content of magnesium relative to 100 parts by mass of lithium transition metal oxide is preferably 0.03 parts by mass or more and 0.4 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.04 parts by mass or more and 0.3 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more and 0.2 parts by mass or less. below the mass part.
- the coated portion in the positive electrode active material after firing contains fluorine.
- fluorine contained in the coating portion may be bonded to constituent elements (lithium, transition metal, oxygen, etc.) of lithium transition metal oxide or iodine.
- the coating portion may contain fluoride ions bonded to metal ions of lithium transition metal oxide.
- the coating portion may include a combination of metal cations and fluoride ions included in the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the content of fluorine relative to 100 parts by mass of the lithium transition metal oxide is, for example, 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less.
- the content of fluorine is 0.02 parts by mass or more, the coating of the core is sufficiently performed, and improvement of electrode resistance characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery is expected. If the content of fluorine is 0.5 part by mass or less, it is considered that the increase in electrode resistance due to excessive coating is suppressed.
- the content of fluorine relative to 100 parts by mass of lithium transition metal oxide is preferably 0.03 parts by mass or more and 0.4 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.04 parts by mass or more and 0.3 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more and 0.2 parts by mass or less. below the mass part.
- the coating may contain iodine.
- the coated portion of the positive electrode active material after firing contains iodine having a positive oxidation number.
- the coated portion contains, for example, iodine having an oxidation number of +1 or more and +7 or less, preferably iodine having an oxidation number of +2 or more and +7 or less, more preferably +5 or more and +7 or less. It contains iodine having an oxidation number, more preferably iodine having an oxidation number of +7. Iodine having a positive oxidation number often has strong oxidizing power.
- Examples of the iodine compound having a positive oxidation number include oxo acids of iodine such as iodic acid (HIO 3 ), meta-periodic acid (HIO 4 ), and ortho-periodic acid (H 5 IO 6 ); Lithium iodate (LiIO 3 ), Sodium iodate (NaIO 3 ), Potassium iodate (KIO 3 ), Ammonium iodate (NH 4 IO 3 ), Lithium periodate (LiIO 4 ), Sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ), oxoates of iodine such as potassium periodate (KIO 4 ); and iodine oxides such as iodine (IV) oxide (I 2 O 4 ), iodine (V) oxide (I 2 O 5 ), and iodine (IV, V) oxide (I 4 O 9 ).
- iodine oxides such as iodine (IV) oxide (I 2 O
- the coating portion may contain periodate ions or hydrogen periodate ions.
- periodate ions include metaperiodate IO 4 - , ortho periodate ion IO 6 5- , etc.
- hydrogen periodate ions include HIO 6 4- , H 2 IO 6 3- , H 3 IO 6 2- , H 4 IO 6 - and the like.
- iodine contained in the coating portion may be bonded to constituent elements (lithium, transition metal, oxygen, etc.) of lithium transition metal oxide or iodine.
- the coating portion may contain iodate ions IO 3 - or periodate ions bonded to metal ions of lithium transition metal oxide.
- the coating portion may include a bond between a metal cation such as lithium transition metal oxide and a periodate ion, and may include, for example, a bond between a metal cation and a periodate ion IO 4 - .
- the content of iodine relative to 100 parts by mass of the lithium transition metal oxide is, for example, 0.001 part by mass to 5 parts by mass. If the content of iodine is 0.001 parts by mass or more, improvement in the electrode resistance characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery is expected. If the content of iodine is 5 parts by mass or less, it is thought that side reactions due to excessive coating will be suppressed.
- the content of iodine relative to 100 parts by mass of lithium transition metal oxide is preferably 0.005 parts by mass or more and 2 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more and 1 part by mass or less, still more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less. below the mass part.
- a spectrum observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the positive electrode active material has a peak derived from Mg2p electrons of magnesium.
- the Mg2p spectrum has a peak at 48 eV or more and 50 eV or less.
- the position of the peak is preferably 48.5 eV or more and 49.8 eV or less, more preferably 49.0 eV or more and 49.5 eV or less.
- the 'peak position' means the position (energy) of the maximum value of the peak.
- a spectrum observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the positive electrode active material has a peak derived from F1s electrons of fluorine.
- the F1s electron spectrum of fluorine has a peak at, for example, 683 eV or more and 685 eV or less.
- the position of the peak is preferably 683.5 eV or more and 684.8 eV or less, more preferably 684 eV or more and 684.5 eV or less.
- a spectrum observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the positive electrode active material has a peak derived from I3d 5/2 electrons of iodine.
- the I3d 5/2 spectrum has a peak at, for example, 622 eV or more and 626 eV or less.
- the position of the peak is preferably 623 eV or more and 625 eV or less, more preferably 623.5 eV or more and 624.5 eV or less. This peak originates from iodine having a positive oxidation number.
- This peak is derived, for example, from iodine having an oxidation number of +1 or more and +7 or less, preferably iodine having an oxidation number of +3 or more and +7 or less, more preferably +5 or more +7 or less. It is derived from iodine having an oxidation number of +7, more preferably from iodine having an oxidation number of +7.
- measurement equipment such as Quantera SXM (Ulvac-PHI) may be used for the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
- the coating portion can improve the capacity characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics of the battery and suppress cycle deterioration by the following mechanism.
- the following is merely illustrative speculation to aid understanding of the present invention, and does not limit the present invention.
- magnesium and fluorine When lithium transition metal oxide, magnesium and fluorine are mixed and fired, although details are not clear, it is believed that magnesium and fluorine cause a chemical reaction on the lithium transition metal oxide, either individually or in concert, to form a coating containing magnesium and/or fluorine. I think.
- the resulting coating is believed to at least partially cover the surface of the core comprising the lithium transition metal oxide. Since this coating can suppress the formation of side reaction products by suppressing the chemical reaction between the lithium transition metal oxide and the electrolyte, side reaction products are formed on the positive electrode active material as charging and discharging are repeated, thereby inhibiting the battery reaction or reducing the electrical resistance of the battery. It is estimated that adverse effects such as rising can be suppressed.
- lithium transition metal oxide when oxygen in the lithium transition metal oxide is substituted with fluorine by the addition of fluorine, a decrease in reactivity between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte is expected.
- fluorine reacts with lithium to form lithium fluoride (known as a component that forms an SEI film)
- a decrease in reactivity with an electrolyte solution is expected due to the action of protecting the particle surface.
- lithium fluoride coatings are less likely to inhibit lithium insertion and detachment than oxide coatings and the like. Oxygen substitution by fluorine or formation of lithium fluoride may occur as the charge/discharge cycle is repeated. It is thought that the generation of gas can also be suppressed by suppressing the side reaction with the electrolyte in this way.
- the positive electrode active material obtained by adding magnesium and fluorine and firing was found to suppress an increase in electrode resistance. Due to the action of such magnesium and fluorine, an increase in electrode resistance due to the coating portion can be suppressed while the effect of improving and stabilizing battery performance by the coating portion is realized. On the other hand, it is not clear whether the film containing magnesium and the film containing fluorine are formed separately and function independently, or whether there is any interaction between magnesium and fluorine.
- a lithium transition metal oxide having a high nickel content tends to be greatly affected by an increase in electrode resistance.
- fluoride-based coatings which have been reported to function effectively with lithium cobalt oxide or the like, sometimes fail to obtain sufficient battery performance with high-nickel-based lithium transition metal oxides due to an increase in electrode resistance.
- by forming the coating portion containing magnesium and fluorine as described above it is possible to achieve both capacity characteristics and electrode resistance characteristics even when a high-nickel lithium transition metal oxide that is easily affected by electrode resistance is used.
- a battery using a high nickel lithium transition metal oxide tends to have a large capacity, it is also advantageous in terms of high capacity of the battery.
- the coating portion formed when iodine is added may contain iodine having a positive oxidation number and strong electron attraction.
- LiI LiI
- Li ion conductivity Li conductivity is improved by the coating part during the charging process, and thus the oxidation-reduction reaction of the positive electrode active material is promoted.
- side reactions such as decomposition of the electrolyte solution occurring in the charging process are suppressed, and the increase in electrode resistance on the anode side is suppressed, resulting in a stable long-term cycle.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material comprising preparing a mixture containing lithium transition metal oxide, magnesium, and fluorine, and firing the mixture is provided.
- the spectrum of Mg2p observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the obtained positive electrode active material has a peak at 48 eV or more and 50 eV or less.
- a mixture containing at least one lithium transition metal oxide, magnesium, and fluorine is prepared.
- the obtained mixture is also referred to as a 'pre-firing mixture'.
- a lithium transition metal oxide, a magnesium source, and a fluorine source can all be mixed in a solid state.
- a powdery mixture can be obtained by mixing a powdery lithium transition metal oxide, a magnesium source, and a fluorine source.
- the magnesium source and the fluorine source may be a common material.
- a specific mixing method is not particularly limited, and any known method can be used.
- the mixing method include manual mixing, mortar (manual or automatic), ball mill, planetary mill, vibration mill, rotor mill, hammer mill, disper mill, mixer, homogenizer, and the like.
- the mixing step may be performed in the air or may be performed in an atmosphere other than that, such as an inert atmosphere.
- an arbitrary material may be added other than the lithium transition metal oxide, the magnesium source, and the fluorine source.
- the magnesium material is a raw material for introducing magnesium into the positive electrode active material.
- the magnesium material is preferably a solid at room temperature in view of easy mixing with the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the magnesium material is from the group consisting of elemental magnesium, magnesium fluoride, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium nitrite and magnesium phosphate. Including one or more selected.
- any magnesium material can be used as long as it does not adversely affect battery characteristics.
- the valence of magnesium in the magnesium material is not particularly limited.
- the fluorine material is a raw material for introducing fluorine into the positive electrode active material.
- the fluorine material is preferably a solid at room temperature in that mixing with the lithium transition metal oxide is easy.
- the fluorine material includes at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, cesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride and barium fluoride.
- any fluorine material can be used as long as it does not adversely affect battery characteristics.
- the valence of fluorine in the fluorine material is not particularly limited.
- a common material may be sufficient as a magnesium material and a fluorine material.
- a material containing magnesium and fluorine may be added as a raw material of the mixture, and the material containing magnesium and fluorine may be magnesium fluoride.
- the following (a) and (b) may be mixed, the following (a), (b) and (c-1) may be mixed, and the following (a), (b) and (c-2) may be mixed, the following (a), (c-1) and (c-2) may be mixed, and the following (a), (b), (c-1) and (c-2) may be mixed ) may be mixed.
- (c-1) at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental magnesium, magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium nitrite and magnesium phosphate
- (c-2) at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, cesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride and barium fluoride
- an iodine material containing iodine may be added as a raw material for the mixture.
- the pre-firing mixture may contain lithium transition metal oxide, fluorine, magnesium and iodine.
- the iodine material is a raw material for introducing iodine into the positive electrode active material.
- the iodine material is preferably a solid at room temperature in view of easy mixing with the lithium transition metal oxide.
- iodine materials include simple iodine (I 2 ), lithium iodide (LiI), sodium iodide (NaI), potassium iodide (KI), iodoform (CHI 3 ), carbon tetraiodide (CI 4 ), ammonium iodide ( NH 4 I), iodic acid (HIO 3 ), lithium iodide (LiIO 3 ), sodium iodide (NaIO 3 ), potassium iodate (KIO 3 ), ammonium iodate (NH 4 IO 3 ), metaperiodic acid (HIO 4 ), orthoperiodic acid (H 5 IO 6 ), lithium periodate (LiIO 4 ), sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ), potassium periodate (KIO 4 ), iodine (IV) oxide (I 2 O 4 ) , Iodine (V) oxide (I 2 O 5 ) and iodine oxide (IV, V) (I 4 )
- any iodine material can be used as long as it does not adversely affect battery characteristics, such as metal iodide or organic compounds containing iodine.
- the valence of iodine in the iodine material is not particularly limited.
- the addition amount of the lithium transition metal oxide in the mixing process is, for example, 85 parts by mass or more and 99.98 parts by mass or less, preferably 90 parts by mass or more and 99.9 parts by mass or less, based on the total mass of the mixture before firing being 100 parts by mass. , More preferably, they are 95 parts by mass or more and 99.5 parts by mass or less.
- the addition amount of the magnesium material is, for example, 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less, preferably 0.03 parts by mass or more and 0.4 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.04 parts by mass or more and 0.3 parts by mass or less, and still more preferably It is 0.05 mass part or more and 0.2 mass part or less.
- the added amount of the magnesium material is 0.02 parts by mass or more, the coating of the core is sufficiently performed, and improvement in electrode resistance characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery is expected. If the addition amount of the magnesium material is 0.5 parts by mass or less, it is considered that the increase in electrode resistance due to excessive coating is suppressed.
- the addition amount of the fluorine material is, for example, 0.02 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less, preferably 0.03 parts by mass or more and 0.4 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.04 parts by mass or more and 0.3 parts by mass or less, and still more preferably It is 0.05 mass part or more and 0.2 mass part or less. If the addition amount of the fluorine material is 0.02 parts by mass or more, the coating of the core is sufficiently performed, and improvement of electrode resistance characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery is expected. If the addition amount of the fluorine material is 0.5 parts by mass or less, it is considered that the increase in electrode resistance due to excessive coating is suppressed.
- the addition amount of the iodine material is, for example, 0.001 part by mass or more and 5 parts by mass or less, preferably 0.01 part by mass or more and 4 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.05 part by mass or more and 3 parts by mass or less, and still more preferably It is 0.1 mass part or more and 2 mass parts or less. If the added amount of the iodine material is 0.001 parts by mass or more, improvement in electrode resistance characteristics and cycle characteristics of the battery is expected. If the addition amount of the iodine material is 5 parts by mass or less, excessive side reactions are considered to be suppressed.
- the pre-firing mixture obtained in the mixing process is fired to obtain a positive electrode active material.
- Baking is preferably performed in the presence of oxygen, more preferably in the atmosphere, but may be performed in an atmosphere other than that.
- firing may be performed under an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere such as argon. If the firing is carried out in the air, the firing step can be carried out easily, the cost is also reduced, and it is suitable for mass production.
- the firing temperature at which the mixture is fired is, for example, 150°C or more and 400°C or less, preferably 200°C or more and 390°C or less, more preferably 250°C or more and 380°C or less, and still more preferably 300°C or more and 375°C. below °C. If the firing temperature is 150°C or higher, it is thought that the reaction of the magnesium material, the fluorine material, and the iodine material will be accelerated. Further, when the firing temperature is 400° C. or less, it is thought that side reactions of the magnesium material or fluorine material, excessive formation of side reaction products, and the like will be suppressed.
- the firing temperature at which the mixture is fired is preferably equal to or higher than the melting point of the magnesium material, fluorine material, and iodine material, and more preferably equal to or higher than the boiling point of the magnesium material, the fluorine material, and the iodine material.
- the firing time during which the mixture is maintained at the firing temperature is, for example, 1 hour or more and 12 hours or less, preferably 1 hour or more and 9 hours or less, more preferably 1.5 hours or more and 6 hours or less, and still more preferably 2 hours or more and 5 hours or less. If the firing time is 1 hour or more, it is thought that the magnesium material and the fluorine material can be reacted within a required range. In addition, if the firing time is 12 hours or less, the cost can be held down by not performing the firing for an excessively long time.
- a positive electrode active material slurry for a lithium ion secondary battery including the positive electrode active material described above is provided.
- the cathode active material slurry includes, for example, the above-described cathode active material, conductive material, binder, and solvent.
- the content of the positive electrode active material included in the positive electrode active material layer may be 80 mass % or more and 99.5 mass % or less with respect to the total mass of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the content of the positive electrode active material may be preferably 85% by mass or more and 98.5% by mass or less. When the content of the positive electrode active material is within the above range, it is possible to realize excellent capacity characteristics.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is less than the above range, the coating amount of the positive electrode increases and the thickness increases, so there is a possibility that a sufficient volume energy density cannot be achieved, and when the content exceeds the above range, the binder and the conductive material As a result, there is a possibility that the performance of the battery is lowered due to insufficient conductivity and adhesive strength of the electrode.
- the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it is an electrically conductive material that does not cause chemical change.
- the conductive material include carbon-based materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, denka black, thermal black, channel black, farnes black, lamp black, carbon nanotube, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metals such as aluminum, tin, bismuth, silicon, antimony, nickel, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, gold, lanthanum, ruthenium, platinum, and iridium fiber; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; and conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyphenylene derivatives. One or a mixture of two or more of these may be used, but is not limited thereto.
- the content of the conductive material may be 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less based on the total mass of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the content of the conductive material is preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the binder is added as a component that promotes bonding between the active material and the conductive material or the bonding with the current collector.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetra fluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, various copolymers thereof, and the like, among which one or A mixture of two or more types may be used, but is not limited thereto.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- SBR styren
- the content of the binder may be 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less based on the total mass of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the content of the binder is preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the solvent used in the positive electrode active material slurry is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used for producing a positive electrode.
- the solvent include amine solvents such as N,N-dimethylaminopropyl amine, diethylene triamine, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, and ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone. solvents, ester solvents such as methyl acetate, amide solvents such as dimethylacetamide and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), water, and the like, among which one A species or a mixture of two or more species may be used, but is not limited thereto.
- amine solvents such as N,N-dimethylaminopropyl amine, diethylene triamine, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)
- ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran
- ketones such as
- the amount of the solvent used is sufficient if it has a viscosity capable of exhibiting excellent thickness uniformity when applied to the cathode current collector while dissolving or dispersing the cathode active material, the conductive material and the binder in consideration of the coating thickness and production yield of the slurry.
- the positive electrode active material slurry is obtained by adding and mixing the above-mentioned positive electrode active material with a conductive material, a binder, a solvent, and the like. You may add other additives, such as a dispersing agent and a thickener, as needed.
- a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery in which a positive electrode active material layer including the positive electrode active material described above is formed on a current collector is provided. That is, the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on one or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer may be formed on the entire surface of the positive electrode current collector, or may be formed only on a portion thereof.
- the positive electrode is a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery containing an electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode current collector used for the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it can be used electrochemically stably and has conductivity.
- stainless steel as a positive electrode current collector; aluminum; nickel; titanium; Alternatively, these alloys may be used, or one type or a mixture of two or more types of combinations thereof may be used.
- what surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc. may be sufficient as the surface of calcined carbon, aluminum, or stainless steel.
- the positive electrode current collector may have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. Adhesion with the positive electrode active material may be increased by forming fine irregularities on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector may have various forms such as, for example, a film, sheet, foil, net, porous material, foam, or nonwoven fabric.
- the cathode active material layer includes the above-described cathode active material, a conductive material, and a binder.
- the cathode active material layer may have a thickness of, for example, 1 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, 10 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, or 100 nm or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode active material layer may be formed directly on the positive electrode current collector or may be formed with another layer interposed therebetween. In addition, another layer such as a protective film may be further formed on the positive electrode active material layer.
- the cathode active material layer may include a conductive material including carbon nanotubes. Accordingly, since the electrode resistance can be greatly reduced, the electrode resistance characteristics can be improved.
- a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material layer is formed on a positive electrode current collector may be manufactured by applying the positive electrode active material slurry to a positive electrode current collector, drying, and rolling.
- the positive electrode may be produced by, for example, casting the positive electrode active material slurry onto another support and then laminating a film obtained by peeling from the support on a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer may be formed on the positive electrode current collector using any other method.
- a lithium ion secondary battery including the positive electrode is provided.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes the positive electrode, the negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the separator may be omitted.
- a lithium ion secondary battery may optionally include a battery case accommodating an electrode assembly including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, and a sealing member sealing the battery case.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on one or both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed on the entire surface of the negative electrode current collector or only on a portion thereof.
- the negative electrode current collector used for the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as it can be used electrochemically stably and has conductivity.
- copper as a negative electrode current collector; stainless steel; aluminum; nickel; titanium; calcined carbon; surface treatment of copper or stainless steel with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc.; An aluminum-cadmium alloy or the like may be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. Adhesion with the negative electrode active material may be increased by forming fine irregularities on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector may have various forms such as, for example, a film, sheet, foil, net, porous material, foam, or nonwoven fabric.
- the negative active material layer includes a negative active material, a binder, and a conductive material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may have a thickness of, for example, 1 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, 10 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, or 100 nm or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed directly on the negative electrode current collector or may be formed with another layer interposed therebetween. In addition, another layer such as a protective film may be further formed on the negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative active material layer may be formed, for example, by applying a negative active material slurry in which a mixture of a negative active material, a binder, and a conductive material is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent to a negative electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling.
- the mixture may further contain a dispersant, a filler, or other optional additives, if necessary.
- the negative electrode active material a compound capable of reversibly intercalating (intercalation) and deintercalating (deintercalation) of lithium may be used.
- the negative electrode active material include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon; silicon materials such as silicon powder, amorphous silicon, silicon nanofibers, and silicon nanowires; silicon compounds such as silicon alloys, silicon oxides, and silicon oxides doped with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals (such as lithium and magnesium); metallic materials capable of being alloyed with lithium, such as Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Sn alloys, and Al alloys; metal oxides capable of being doped and undoped with lithium, such as SnO 2 , vanadium oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide;
- a composite of a silicon material and a carbonaceous material, a composite such as a Sn-C composite, and the like may be
- the carbonaceous material either low crystalline carbon or high crystalline carbon may be used.
- Soft carbon and hard carbon are representative examples of low crystalline carbon
- examples of high crystalline carbon include amorphous, plate-like, scaly (flake), spherical or fibrous natural graphite or artificial graphite, kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, and mesophase pitch.
- Typical examples include high-temperature calcined carbon such as mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, mesocarbon microbeads, mesophase pitch, and petroleum/coal-based coke.
- the negative active material may be included in an amount of 80% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less based on the total mass of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the types and contents of the binder and the conductive material used in the negative electrode active material slurry are the same as those described for the positive electrode.
- the solvent used in the negative electrode active material slurry is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used for producing negative electrodes.
- the solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, acetone, water, and the like, and one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used. It can, but is not limited to these.
- a method for manufacturing a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery includes the steps of dissolving or dispersing a negative electrode active material in a solvent together with a binder and a conductive material, if necessary, to obtain a negative electrode active material slurry, and, like the method for manufacturing a positive electrode, a negative electrode A step of obtaining a negative electrode by forming a negative electrode active material layer on the negative electrode current collector by applying the active material slurry on the negative electrode current collector or the like may be included.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move
- any separator commonly used as a separator in a lithium ion secondary battery may be used without particular limitation.
- the resistance of the electrolyte to ion migration is small and the electrolyte has excellent moisture content.
- a porous polymer film made from polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or a laminate of two or more layers thereof A structure can be used as a separator.
- a conventional porous nonwoven fabric for example, a nonwoven fabric made of high melting point glass fiber or polyethylene terephthalate fiber, may also be used.
- a separator coated with a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes organic liquid electrolytes and inorganic liquid electrolytes that can be used for manufacturing lithium ion secondary batteries, but are not limited thereto.
- a solid electrolyte may also be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain an organic solvent and a lithium salt, and may further contain an electrolyte additive if necessary.
- the liquid electrolyte is also referred to as 'electrolyte solution'.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium in which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- organic solvents include ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; ether solvents such as dibutyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; ketone solvents such as cyclohexanone; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; carbonate solvents such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC); alcohol solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; Nitrile solvents, such as R-CN (R is a C2-C20 linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group,
- carbonate-based solvents are preferred, and cyclic carbonates (eg, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) having high ionic conductivity and high permittivity capable of improving the charge / discharge performance of batteries, and low-viscosity straight-chain carbonates Mixtures of compounds (eg, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.) are more preferred. In this case, when the cyclic carbonate and the linear carbonate are mixed in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to 1:9, excellent electrolyte performance can be exhibited.
- cyclic carbonates eg, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- Mixtures of compounds eg, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.
- a lithium salt may be used without particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiCl, LiI or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 , and the like, and one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used. However, it is not limited to these.
- the lithium salt may be included in the electrolyte at a concentration of 0.1 mol/L or more and 2 mol/L or less, for example.
- concentration of the lithium salt is within the above range, since the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, excellent electrolyte performance can be exhibited, and lithium ions can move effectively.
- Electrolyte additives can be used as needed for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity decrease, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- Examples of electrolyte additives include vinylene carbonate (VC), haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as fluoro ethylene carbonate (FEC) and difluoro ethylene carbonate (DFEC), pyridine, triethyl phosphite, triethanol amine, and cyclic ethers.
- the electrolyte additive may be contained, for example, in an amount of 0.1% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less based on the total mass of the electrolyte.
- a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment may be manufactured by interposing a separator (eg, a separator) and an electrolyte solution between the positive electrode manufactured as described above and the negative electrode manufactured as described above. More specifically, an electrode assembly is formed by disposing a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the electrode assembly is placed in a battery case such as a cylindrical battery case or a prismatic battery case, and then an electrolyte is injected. Alternatively, after stacking the electrode assemblies, it may be manufactured by impregnating the electrode assembly with an electrolyte and sealing the resulting product into a battery case.
- a separator eg, a separator
- the shape of the battery case may be, for example, a cylindrical shape using a can, a prismatic shape, a pouch shape, or a coin shape.
- a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment can be used not only as a power source for a small-sized device, but also as a unit battery of a medium- or large-sized battery module including a plurality of battery cells.
- Preferred examples of such medium- or large-sized devices include, but are not limited to, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and power storage systems.
- LiNi 0.90 Co 0.07 Mn 0.03 O 2 (hereinafter also referred to as 'lithium transition metal oxide') powder
- 0.2 parts by mass of magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ; manufactured by Stella Chemifa) powder was added to isopropyl alcohol. dispersed After the obtained dispersion was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, it was filtered and dried at 80°C to obtain a powder containing MgF 2 .
- the obtained pre-firing mixture was heated up to 350°C in the air, held at 350°C for 5 hours, fired, and cooled to room temperature to obtain a positive electrode active material.
- the cathode active material 1.5 parts by mass of carbon black as a conductive material, 2.0 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent, and They were added together and mixed to obtain a positive electrode active material slurry.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the obtained positive electrode active material slurry was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m to a thickness of about 70 ⁇ m, and dried at 130° C. to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
- Ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:2:1, and LiPF 6 was dissolved therein at a concentration of 1 mol/L while 2.0% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) was added to form an electrolyte. got
- the obtained positive electrode sheet was punched into a circle having a diameter of 13 mm to obtain a positive electrode for a coin cell.
- a CR2016 type coin cell battery was produced using the obtained positive electrode, the negative electrode of metallic lithium having a thickness of 0.3 mm, and the electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode sheet obtained as described above was punched into a square shape to form a positive electrode for a monocell, and a monocell battery was fabricated using the electrolyte solution using graphite of a corresponding size as a negative electrode.
- a coin cell battery and a mono cell battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the step of adding iodine was omitted.
- a coin cell battery and a monocell battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the step of adding magnesium fluoride, the step of adding iodine, and the firing step were omitted. That is, LiNi 0.90 Co 0.07 Mn 0.03 O 2 was used as a positive electrode active material without adding magnesium fluoride and iodine.
- a coin cell battery and a monocell battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the step of adding iodine and the step of firing were omitted. That is, only magnesium fluoride was added without adding iodine, and the firing step was omitted.
- a coin cell battery and a monocell battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the step of adding magnesium fluoride was omitted. That is, firing was performed by adding only iodine without adding magnesium fluoride.
- Table 1 summarizes the manufacturing conditions of the above Examples and Comparative Examples. In the column 'Cathode Active Material Slurry', parts by mass of each component were described.
- Elemental analysis by fluorescence X-ray analysis was performed on the positive electrode active materials obtained in each Example and each Comparative Example.
- XRF fluorescence X-ray analysis
- a scanning type fluorescence X-ray analyzer ZSX Primus II manufactured by Rigaku
- the sample to be subjected to fluorescence X-ray analysis is a positive electrode active material in a solid state before preparing a positive electrode active material slurry.
- the value obtained by subtracting the value of Example 1 and Example 2 from the value of Example 1 and Example 2 using the value of Comparative Example 1 without coating treatment as a baseline is shown in Table 2 below as the content of magnesium, fluorine and iodine in each sample.
- Table 2 the value of the content described in Table 2 is a reference value.
- the positive electrode active materials obtained in each example and each comparative example were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the XPS was performed using an Al K-alpha beam, the voltage was set to 1486.68 eV, and the beam size was set to 650 ⁇ m.
- the sample to be analyzed is a positive electrode active material in a solid state after firing and before preparing a positive electrode active material slurry. Charge correction was performed by setting the energy of the C1s peak top derived from -(CH 2 ) n - to 284.6 eV.
- 1 to 4 are part of XPS spectra of the cathode active materials of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- This peak position corresponds to sodium iodate (NaIO 3 ) or lithium iodate (LiIO 3 ) containing iodine with an oxidation number of +5, and sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ) or periodic acid containing iodine with an oxidation number of +7. It is close to the peak position of lithium (LiIO 4 ) and the like. Therefore, it is presumed that the positive electrode active material obtained by firing with the addition of iodine at least partially contains iodine having a positive oxidation number. More specifically, it is assumed that iodine in the positive electrode active material is at least partially in the form of iodate ions and/or periodate ions. On the other hand, in Example 1 and Comparative Example 3, peaks around 618 eV to 620 eV derived from iodine having an oxidation number of 0 or -1 were not observed.
- magnesium fluoride as a raw material is decomposed and a magnesium compound different from magnesium fluoride (e.g., hydroxide formed by the reaction between OH groups on the particle surface of lithium transition metal oxide and magnesium) Magnesium, etc.) is presumed to be formed.
- a magnesium compound different from magnesium fluoride e.g., hydroxide formed by the reaction between OH groups on the particle surface of lithium transition metal oxide and magnesium
- the peak top was in the range of 683 eV to 685 eV and was derived from 1s electrons of fluorine having a peak top near 684.3 eV. peak was observed.
- the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 2 in which magnesium fluoride was added but not fired, a peak derived from 1s electrons of fluorine having a peak top near 685.5 eV was observed.
- no peak derived from the 1s electron of fluorine was observed.
- the peak position near 685.5 eV observed in Comparative Example 2 corresponds to the peak position of magnesium fluoride MgF 2 as a raw material.
- the peak positions near 684.3 eV observed in Examples 1 and 2 are close to those of other compounds such as sodium fluoride NaF. Therefore, even from the XPS spectrum of fluorine, it is estimated that magnesium fluoride as a raw material is decomposed in the positive electrode active material obtained by adding magnesium fluoride and firing it.
- the upper charge limit voltage was 4.25 V and the discharge lower limit voltage was 3 V.
- Current rate of charging 0.3 C and discharging 0.3 C was repeated.
- a value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity in the first charge/discharge process by the mass of the positive electrode active material powder is defined as 'initial discharge capacity'. From the measured discharge capacity, the initial charge capacity at 25°C was calculated.
- Table 3 shows the initial discharge capacity of each Example and each Comparative Example.
- the values of the initial discharge capacity shown in Table 3 are standardized by dividing the measured values of each Example and each comparative example by the measured value of the initial discharge capacity of Comparative Example 1 for comparison.
- the initial discharge capacity of the coated positive electrode active material tends to be lower than that of the uncoated positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1, 2, and Comparative Example 3 obtained by adding magnesium fluoride or iodine and firing them showed initial discharge capacities equivalent to those of Comparative Example 1 in which no coating raw material was added.
- magnesium fluoride or iodine was added to the positive electrode active material and fired under the above conditions, it was confirmed that the adverse effect on the initial discharge capacity was suppressed.
- Example 1 For each positive electrode active material powder obtained in Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 3, conductivity (electrical conductivity) and volume resistivity were measured under various sizes of loads. Specifically, the electrical conductivity and volume resistivity when pressed to 5 g of the powder were calculated using a 4-terminal probe having an electrode radius of 0.7 mm. The sample radius was 10 mm.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram plotting conductivity versus load in coin cell batteries obtained in Examples 1, 2, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 3; However, in FIG. 5 , relative values obtained by dividing (normalized) the measured values by the values of the electrical conductivity under a load of 4 kN in Comparative Example 1 were used as the values of the conductivity to be plotted.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram plotting volume resistivity versus load for coin cell batteries obtained in Examples 1, 2, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 3; However, in FIG. 6 , relative values obtained by dividing the measured values by the volume resistivity values under a load of 4 kN in Comparative Example 1 (normalized) were used as volume resistivity values to be plotted.
- Example 2 when comparing Example 2 in which magnesium fluoride was added and fired and Comparative Example 1 in which magnesium fluoride was not added, the coin cell battery of Example 2 was compared regardless of the magnitude of the load. It exhibited higher electrical conductivity than Example 1.
- Example 1 in which magnesium fluoride and iodine were added and fired and Comparative Example 3 in which only iodine was added and fired the coin cell battery of Example 1 exhibited higher electrical conductivity than Comparative Example 3. Therefore, it was confirmed that the electrical conductivity of the entire cell was increased by adding magnesium fluoride.
- Example 7 is a plot of the capacity retention rate defined above with respect to the number of charge/discharge cycles for the monocell batteries of each Example and each Comparative Example, and the change in battery capacity in the 1st to 250th charge/discharge process. is a drawing showing For each Example and each Comparative Example, the discharge capacity of the first cycle was 100%. The degradation of battery capacity was relatively large in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and relatively small in Examples 1 and 2. In Comparative Example 1, especially in the initial cycle, vibration in which the capacity retention rate fluctuates greatly compared to the number of cycles was observed. In this way, in Examples 1 and 2 in which magnesium fluoride was added and fired, it was confirmed that the capacity retention rate when charging and discharging were repeated was improved compared to the comparative example in which magnesium fluoride was not added. Further, in Example 1 in which iodine was added and fired together with magnesium fluoride, it was confirmed that the discharge capacity was maintained longer when charging and discharging were repeated, compared to Example 2 in which iodine was not added.
- the direct current resistance (DCR) value of the monocell battery was measured. Specifically, the value of DC resistance was calculated from the slope of a straight line obtained by linear approximation of the discharge curve obtained by acquiring voltage values at predetermined intervals for 60 seconds immediately after the start of discharge after the full charge state after the charging process was completed. From the value of the direct current resistance of each cycle, the linear resistance increase rate in the repeated charging and discharging process of n times defined by the following formula was calculated for each of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. In order to easily compare the change in linear resistance of each Example and each Comparative Example, standardization was performed based on the linear resistance increase rate of 299 cycles in Comparative Example 1.
- Example 8 is a plot of the value of linear resistance increase rate defined above with respect to the number of charge and discharge cycles for Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and the battery in the first to 300th charge and discharge process. It is a diagram showing the transition of linear resistance change. In all Examples and Comparative Examples, the value of linear resistance increased as the charge/discharge process was repeated. Comparing the increase rate of linear resistance, Example 1 showed the smallest linear resistance increase rate, and Example 2 showed the next smallest linear resistance increase rate. On the other hand, Comparative Example 1 showed the largest linear resistance increase rate.
- Example 1 in which magnesium fluoride was added and fired, it was confirmed that the increase in DC resistance value when charging and discharging were repeated was suppressed compared to the comparative example in which magnesium fluoride was not added. Further, in Example 1 in which iodine was added together with magnesium fluoride and fired, it was confirmed that the increase in DC resistance value when charging and discharging were repeated was further suppressed compared to Example 2 in which iodine was not added.
- Example 9 is a plot of the cell volume change rate defined above with respect to the number of charge and discharge cycles for Examples 1, 2, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and shows the battery performance in the charge and discharge process of 50 to 300 cycles. It is a diagram showing the transition of linear resistance change. About Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 3, the results of two experiments are shown (in each case, it was confirmed that the results of the experiments of two times are generally consistent). In all Examples and Comparative Examples, the value of linear resistance increased as the charge/discharge process was repeated. Example 1 showed the smallest cell volume change rate, and Example 2 showed the next smallest cell volume change rate. On the other hand, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 exhibited significantly larger cell volume change rates than Examples 1 and 2.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
- 양극 활물질로서,리튬 전이금속 산화물을 포함하는 코어와,상기 코어의 표면을 적어도 부분적으로 피복하는 피복부를 포함하고,상기 피복부는 마그네슘 및 불소를 함유하고,X선 광전자 분광 분석에 의해 관측되는 Mg2p의 스펙트럼이 48 eV 이상 50 eV 이하에 피크를 갖는, 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,X선 광전자 분광 분석에 의해 관측되는 F1s의 스펙트럼이 683 eV 이상 685 eV 이하에 피크를 갖는, 양극 활물질.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,100 질량부의 상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물에 대해, 상기 마그네슘의 함유량이 0.02 질량부 이상 0.5 질량부 이하인, 양극 활물질.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서,100 질량부의 상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물에 대해, 상기 불소의 함유량이 0.02 질량부 이상 0.5 질량부 이하인, 양극 활물질.
- 제1항 내지 제4항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서,상기 피복부가 요오드를 함유하는, 양극 활물질.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 피복부가 산화수 +5 이상 +7 이하의 요오드를 함유하는, 양극 활물질.
- 제5항 또는 제6항에 있어서,100 질량부의 상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물에 대해, 상기 요오드의 함유량이 0.001 질량부∼5 질량부인, 양극 활물질.
- 제1항 내지 제7항에 있어서,상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물이 LiaNixMyO2(0<a≤1.05, x+y=1, 0.4≤x≤1, M은 Ni 이외의 1종 이상의 금속 원소이다)로 표시되는, 양극 활물질.
- 제1항 내지 제8항 중 어느 한 항에 기재된 양극 활물질을 포함하는, 리튬 이온 이차전지용 양극 활물질 슬러리.
- 제1항 내지 제8항 중 어느 한 항에 기재된 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극 활물질층이 집전체상에 형성된, 리튬 이온 이차전지용 양극.
- 제10항에 기재된 양극을 구비하는, 리튬 이온 이차전지.
- 양극 활물질의 제조 방법으로서,리튬 전이금속 산화물, 마그네슘 및 불소를 함유하는 혼합물을 조제하는 단계와,상기 혼합물을 소성하는 단계를 포함하고,얻어진 양극 활물질의 X선 광전자 분광 분석에 의해 관측되는 Mg2p의 스펙트럼이 48 eV 이상 50 eV 이하에 피크를 갖는, 방법.
- 제12항에 있어서,상기 혼합물을 150℃ 이상 400℃ 이하의 소성 온도에서 소성하는 단계를 포함하는, 방법.
- 제12항 또는 제13항에 있어서,상기 혼합물의 원료로서 마그네슘 및 불소를 함유하는 재료를 첨가하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 마그네슘 및 불소를 함유하는 재료가 불화 마그네슘인, 방법.
- 제12항 내지 제14항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서,상기 혼합물의 원료로서 요오드를 함유하는 요오드 재료를 첨가하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 혼합물이 리튬 전이금속 산화물, 불소, 마그네슘 및 요오드를 함유하는, 방법.
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| KR1020247006902A KR20240038791A (ko) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-27 | 양극 활물질, 양극 활물질 슬러리, 양극, 리튬 이온 이차전지 및 양극 활물질의 제조 방법 |
| US18/289,279 US20250300168A1 (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-27 | Positive Electrode Active Material, Positive Electrode Active Material Slurry, Positive Electrode, Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery and Method for Preparing Positive Electrode Active Material |
| EP22916719.2A EP4329005A4 (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-27 | Cathode active material, cathode active material slurry, cathode, lithium ion secondary battery, and method for preparing cathode active material |
| CN202280030187.2A CN117203790A (zh) | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-27 | 正极活性材料、正极活性材料浆料、正极、锂离子二次电池和制备正极活性材料的方法 |
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| WO2026059293A1 (ko) * | 2024-09-11 | 2026-03-19 | 주식회사 에코프로비엠 | 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
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| EP4329005A1 (en) | 2024-02-28 |
| CN117203790A (zh) | 2023-12-08 |
| JP2023096786A (ja) | 2023-07-07 |
| EP4329005A4 (en) | 2025-06-25 |
| JP7781634B2 (ja) | 2025-12-08 |
| KR20240038791A (ko) | 2024-03-25 |
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