WO2024155129A1 - 양극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
양극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024155129A1 WO2024155129A1 PCT/KR2024/000912 KR2024000912W WO2024155129A1 WO 2024155129 A1 WO2024155129 A1 WO 2024155129A1 KR 2024000912 W KR2024000912 W KR 2024000912W WO 2024155129 A1 WO2024155129 A1 WO 2024155129A1
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
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- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C01P2004/32—Spheres
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- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode containing the same, and a lithium secondary battery.
- a lithium secondary battery consists of four major components: anode, cathode, separator, and electrolyte.
- the positive electrode active material included in the positive electrode is a material that plays a major role in determining the capacity, output, and lifespan of the battery.
- it is essential to improve the performance of cathode active materials, and for this reason, much research has been conducted recently to develop high-performance cathode active materials.
- the lithium excess oxide has problems arising from its structural characteristic of mixing two phases. Specifically, when the battery containing the lithium excess oxide is driven under high voltage, there is a problem of reduced efficiency due to irreversible capacity loss occurring in the first formation process, and charge and discharge cycles are performed. During this process, there are problems such as voltage fading and O 2 gas generation as it changes from a layered structure to a spinel structure to a rock salt structure.
- Patent Document 1 Chinese Patent Publication No. 109921007
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to improve the performance and stability of lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide and, as a result, to improve the performance of batteries containing it.
- the present invention aims to provide a positive electrode and a lithium secondary battery containing the positive electrode active material.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode, and a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material containing lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide having a composition represented by the following formula (1).
- M is a metal with an oxidation number of +5 or +6.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to (1) above, wherein x1 is 0.55 or more.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to (1) or (2) above, wherein z1 is 0.002 to 0.009.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein x1/y1 is 1.80 or more.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (4) above, wherein the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide is cobalt-free.
- the present invention provides the positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (5) above, wherein M is at least one selected from Mo, Nb, Ti, V, W, Ta, and Ru.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (6) above, wherein the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide has an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- M is a metal with an oxidation number of +5 or +6.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (8) above.
- the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode according to (9) above.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention includes a lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide having a composition represented by Formula 1 described herein, and improves the performance of a lithium secondary battery containing the same, such as charge/discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and discharge capacity maintenance rate, etc. can be improved.
- Example 1 is an SEM image of the positive electrode active material prepared in Example 1.
- Figure 2 shows XRD data for each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Examples 1, 4, 5, and 8.
- Figure 3 shows XRD data for each of the positive electrode active materials prepared in Example 5 and Comparative Example 5.
- 'average particle diameter (D 50 )' refers to the particle size at the 50% point of the cumulative volume distribution according to particle size.
- the average particle size is determined by dispersing the powder to be measured in a dispersion medium and then introducing it into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device (for example, Microtrac's S3500) to measure the difference in diffraction patterns depending on the particle size when the particles pass through the laser beam.
- D 50 can be measured by calculating the particle size distribution and calculating the particle diameter at a point that is 50% of the cumulative volume distribution according to the particle size in the measuring device.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is characterized in that it contains lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide having a composition represented by the following formula (1).
- M is a metal with an oxidation number of +5 or +6.
- the inventors of the present invention found that when lithium-excess manganese-based oxide among lithium-excess oxides has the composition represented by Formula 1, the charge/discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and discharge capacity maintenance rate of a battery containing the positive electrode active material can be improved. This was discovered and the present invention was completed.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide containing lithium, nickel, and manganese is doped with one or more doping elements with an oxidation number of +5 or +6, and the manganese content is 50 mol% or more based on the total metal content excluding lithium.
- the molar ratio of manganese to nickel satisfies 1.5 or more, so the stability of the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide itself is improved, and as a result, the performance of the battery can be improved.
- the amount of lithium that can be added in excess increases, which not only increases the charge and discharge capacity of the positive electrode, but also improves structural stability during the detachment of doped elements. Contributing to this, the conduction of lithium ions increases as the cycle progresses.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide is not doped with one or more doping elements with an oxidation number of +5 or +6, the manganese content is less than 50 mol% based on the total metal content excluding lithium, or the manganese to nickel content is less than 50 mol%.
- the molar ratio is more than 1.5, when a battery containing lithium excess oxide is operated under high voltage, irreversible capacity loss occurs in the first formation process, resulting in a decrease in efficiency or a charge/discharge cycle.
- there are problems such as voltage fading and O 2 gas generation as it changes from a layered structure to a spinel structure to a rock salt structure.
- a1 is 0.100 to 0.400.
- a1 may be 0.100, 0.105, 0.110, 0.115, 0.120, 0.125, 0.128 or more, 0.135, 0.140, 0.150, 0.200, 0.250, 0.300, 0.350, or 0.400 or less.
- lithium exists in excess, enabling activation and driving at a high operating voltage.
- b1 is 0 or more and less than 1.0. Specifically, b1 may be 0 or more, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90 or less, and less than 1.0.
- x1 is the ratio of the number of moles of manganese to the total number of moles of metals excluding lithium contained in the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide and is 0.50 or more and less than 1.0. Specifically, x1 may be 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55 or more, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90 or less, and less than 1.0.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide according to the present invention has a high manganese content, so more lithium can be added, and as a result, more lithium is released, thereby increasing charge and discharge capacity.
- y1 is the ratio of the number of moles of nickel to the total number of moles of metals excluding lithium contained in the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide and is greater than 0 and less than 0.50.
- the y1 may specifically be greater than 0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 or more, 0.35, 0.40 or less, and less than 0.50.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide according to the present invention includes nickel, the content satisfies the above-mentioned range. In this case, the initial efficiency and discharge capacity maintenance rate of the battery can be further improved.
- z1 is the ratio of the number of moles of M (metal with an oxidation number of +5 or +6) to the total number of moles of metals excluding lithium contained in the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide, and is 0.001 or more and 0.01 or less.
- the z1 may be 0.0010, 0.0015, 0.0020, 0.0021, 0.0022 or more, 0.0090, 0.0095, or 0.010 or less.
- the charge/discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and discharge capacity maintenance rate of the battery can be further improved.
- z1 may be more specifically 0.0020 to 0.0090.
- stability can be increased in case of structural changes that may occur during the process of lithium desorption.
- x1/y1 is the ratio of the number of moles of manganese to the number of moles of nickel contained in the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide and is 1.50 or more.
- the x1/y1 may be 1.50, 1.60, 1.70, 1.80 or more, 1.90, 2.00, 2.10, 2.20, 2.30, 2.40, 2.50, 2.60, 2.70, 2.80, 2.90, 3.00, or 3.10 or less.
- the manganese content is high, so more lithium can be added, and as a result, more lithium is desorbed, thereby increasing the charge and discharge capacity.
- x1/y1 may be more specifically 1.80 or more.
- the manganese content is high, so more lithium can be added, and as a result, more lithium is desorbed, thereby increasing the charge and discharge capacity.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide may be cobalt-free (Co-Free). That is, the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide may not contain expensive cobalt. When the lithium-excess manganese-based oxide does not contain cobalt, there is an advantage in economic terms.
- M may be one or more selected from Mo, Nb, Ti, V, W, Ta, and Ru.
- M when M is Mo, structural stability is improved during the delithiation process, and the conductivity of lithium ions increases during the cycle due to the long bond length of Mo-O.
- M when M is Nb, it helps accelerate lithium ion diffusion and contributes to structural stabilization through a strong Nb-O bond.
- Ni 2+ ions decrease and Ni 3+ ions increase, Li + /Ni 2+ mixing is lowered, helping to stabilize the structure.
- the lithium-excessed manganese-based oxide may have an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 1.00 ⁇ m to 15.0 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide is specifically 1.00 ⁇ m, 2.00 ⁇ m, 3.00 ⁇ m, 4.00 ⁇ m, 5.00 ⁇ m, 6.00 ⁇ m or more, 7.00 ⁇ m, 8.00 ⁇ m, 9.00 ⁇ m, 10.0 ⁇ m, 11.0 ⁇ m, It may be 12.0 ⁇ m, 13.0 ⁇ m, 14.0 ⁇ m, 15.0 ⁇ m or less. In this case, there is an advantage in that an electrode with excellent tap density can be made and fairness can be secured.
- the ratio of x:(1-x) is 1:9 to 5:5, specifically 1:9, 2:8 or more, 4:6, 5 :5 or less.
- the charge/discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and discharge capacity maintenance rate of the battery containing the positive electrode active material can be further improved.
- M is a metal with an oxidation number of +5 or +6.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide is in the form of a spherical secondary particle formed by agglomerating tens to hundreds of primary particles, and the primary particle has a length of tens to approximately 200 nm as measured through SEM images. It may be in an intermediate form between a needle shape with a large aspect ratio and a rod shape. In this case, there is an advantage of improved reactivity due to active electron movement due to an increase in specific surface area.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may have a BET specific surface area of 0.5 m 2 /g to 3.0 m 2 /g. That is, the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may have a BET specific surface area significantly larger than the previously known NCM(A)-based positive electrode active material. In this case, electron movement becomes active when the battery is driven, improving kinetics and improving rate capability. Meanwhile, the BET specific surface area may be analyzed using gas adsorption, and for analysis, the degree of adsorption of gas molecules according to pressure changes may be measured at extremely low temperature (77K).
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may include a core-shell structure.
- the composition of the core and shell may be the same, and only the shapes may be different.
- the core may have a higher porosity than the shell. In this case, since it has a high tap density and shows stable dynamics, the charge/discharge capacity can also be excellent.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode containing the above positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode may include a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material layer may include the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector may contain a highly conductive metal, and the positive electrode active material layer is easily adhered, but is not particularly limited as long as it is non-reactive within the voltage range of the battery.
- the positive electrode current collector may be, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or an aluminum or stainless steel surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc. Additionally, the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material. For example, it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the positive electrode active material layer may optionally include a conductive material and a binder as needed, along with the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight, more specifically 85% to 98.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer, and can exhibit excellent capacity characteristics within this range.
- the conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and can be used without particular limitation as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity in the battery being constructed.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Alternatively, conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 0.1% to 15% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive active material and the current collector.
- Specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinylalcohol, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethylmethane.
- Crylate polymethymethaxrylate
- carboxymethylcellulose CMC
- starch hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene- Diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, polyacrylic acid, and polymers in which hydrogen thereof is substituted with Li, Na, or Ca, or various copolymers thereof Combinations, etc. may be mentioned, and one type of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the binder may be included in an amount of 0.1% by weight to 15% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method except for using the positive electrode active material described above. Specifically, the positive electrode is manufactured by applying a positive electrode slurry prepared by dissolving or dispersing the positive electrode active material and optionally a binder, a conductive material, and a dispersant in a solvent on a positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling. Alternatively, it can be manufactured by casting the positive electrode slurry on a separate support and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from this support onto the positive electrode current collector.
- the solvent may be a solvent commonly used in the art, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and dimethylformamide. , DMF), acetone, or water, among which one type alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- acetone or water, among which one type alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the amount of the solvent used is to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, binder, and dispersant in consideration of the application thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity capable of exhibiting excellent thickness uniformity when applied for subsequent positive electrode production. That's enough.
- the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode.
- the lithium secondary battery includes the positive electrode; cathode; It may include a separator and an electrolyte interposed between the anode and the cathode.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container that accommodates the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator, and a sealing member that seals the battery container.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- it can be used on the surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, copper or stainless steel. Surface treatment with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and like the positive electrode current collector, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the negative electrode active material layer may optionally include a binder and a conductive material along with the negative electrode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon;
- Metallic compounds that can be alloyed with lithium such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy;
- a composite containing the above-described metallic compound and a carbonaceous material such as a Si-C composite or Sn-C composite, may be used, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- a metallic lithium thin film may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the carbon material may include both low-crystalline carbon and high-crystalline carbon.
- Representative examples of low-crystalline carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon
- high-crystalline carbon includes amorphous, plate-shaped, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, and Kish graphite.
- graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch based carbonfiber, meso-carbon microbeads, mesophase pitches, and petroleum or coal tar pitch derived High-temperature calcined carbon such as cokes is a representative example.
- the negative electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the binder of the negative electrode active material layer is a component that assists bonding between the conductive material, the active material, and the current collector, and is typically added in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polytetra.
- Examples include fluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- sulfonated-EPDM styrene-butadiene rubber
- nitrile-butadiene rubber fluorine rubber
- the conductive material of the negative electrode active material layer is a component to further improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material, and may be added in an amount of 10% by weight or less, preferably 5% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- These conductive materials are not particularly limited as long as they have conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery, and examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black; Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber; fluorinated carbon; Metal powders such as aluminum and nickel powder; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite
- Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black
- Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber
- Fluorinated carbon such as aluminum and nickel powder
- Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate
- Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide
- Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- the negative electrode is manufactured by applying and drying a negative electrode slurry prepared by dissolving or dispersing the negative electrode active material and, optionally, the binder and the conductive material in a solvent, onto the negative electrode current collector, and then drying the negative electrode slurry, or casting the negative electrode slurry on a separate support. , it can be manufactured by laminating the film obtained by peeling from this support onto a negative electrode current collector.
- the separator separates the cathode from the anode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move. It can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is normally used as a separator in lithium secondary batteries. In particular, it has low resistance to ion movement in the electrolyte and has an electrolyte moisturizing ability. Excellent is desirable.
- porous polymer films for example, porous polymer films made of polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these. A laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- porous nonwoven fabrics for example, nonwoven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc.
- a coated separator containing ceramic components or polymer materials may be used to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- the electrolytes include, but are not limited to, organic liquid electrolytes, inorganic liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, gel-type polymer electrolytes, solid inorganic electrolytes, and molten inorganic electrolytes that can be used in the manufacture of lithium secondary batteries.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the organic solvent includes ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; Ether-based solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; Ketone-based solvents such as cyclohexanone; Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; Dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), methylethylcarbonate (MEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) ), carbonate-based solvents such as; Alcohol-based solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (R is a straight-chain, branched or ring
- carbonate-based solvents are preferable, and cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) with high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant that can improve the charge/discharge performance of the battery, and low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds ( For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.) are more preferable.
- cyclic carbonates e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.
- the lithium salt can be used without particular limitations as long as it is a compound that can provide lithium ions used in lithium secondary batteries.
- the anions of the lithium salt include F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , NO 3 - , N(CN) 2 - , BF 4 - , CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N - , (FSO 2 ) 2 N - , CF 3 CF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 CO - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 CH - , (SF 5 ) 3 C - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C - , CF 3 (CF 2 ) 7 SO 3 - , CF 3 CO 2 - , CH 3 CO 2 - , SCN - , and (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N - It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of,
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1 M to 2.0 M.
- the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so excellent electrolyte performance can be achieved and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride may be further included. At this time, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1% to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery containing the cathode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent charge/discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and discharge capacity maintenance rate, it is widely used in portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, and digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles (hybrid electric vehicles). It is useful in the field of electric vehicles such as vehicle, HEV) and electric vehicle (EV).
- the external shape of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but may be cylindrical, square, pouch-shaped, or coin-shaped using a can.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can not only be used in battery cells used as a power source for small devices, but can also be preferably used as a unit cell in medium to large-sized battery modules containing a plurality of battery cells.
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the battery module or battery pack is a power tool; Electric vehicles, including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV); Alternatively, it can be used as a power source for one or more mid- to large-sized devices among power storage systems.
- Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV);
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- the temperature increase rate was 2°C/min.
- Example 1 except that Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and MoO 3 , a doping material, were mixed so that the molar ratio of (Mn+Ni):Mo was 1:0.005.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 except that Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and MoO 3 , a doping material, were mixed so that the molar ratio of (Mn+Ni):Mo was 1:0.0075.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 except that Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and MoO 3 , a doping material, were mixed so that the molar ratio of (Mn+Ni):Mo was 1:0.01.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Nb 2 O 5 was used instead of MoO 3 as a doping material, and Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 as a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor and Nb 2 O 5 as a doping material were prepared as (Mn+Ni):Nb.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that the mixture was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.0025.
- Example 1 Nb 2 O 5 was used instead of MoO 3 as a doping material, and Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and Nb 2 O 5 , a doping material, were used as (Mn+Ni):Nb.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the mixture was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.005.
- Example 1 Nb 2 O 5 was used instead of MoO 3 as a doping material, and Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 as a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor and Nb 2 O 5 as a doping material were prepared as (Mn+Ni):Nb.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that the mixture was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.0075.
- Example 1 Nb 2 O 5 was used instead of MoO 3 as a doping material, and Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and Nb 2 O 5 , a doping material, were used as (Mn+Ni):Nb.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that the mixture was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.01.
- Example 1 a positive electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the doping raw material was not added.
- Example 1 except that Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and MoO 3 , a doping material, were mixed so that the molar ratio of (Mn+Ni):Mo was 1:0.0005.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 except that Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and MoO 3 , a doping material, were mixed so that the molar ratio of (Mn+Ni):Mo was 1:0.015.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Nb 2 O 5 was used instead of MoO 3 as a doping material, and Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and Nb 2 O 5 , a doping material, were used as (Mn+Ni):Nb.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that the mixture was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.0005.
- Example 1 Nb 2 O 5 was used instead of MoO 3 as a doping material, and Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 , a composite transition metal hydroxide precursor, and Nb 2 O 5 , a doping material, were used as (Mn+Ni):Nb.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that the mixture was mixed at a molar ratio of 1:0.015.
- Example 1 the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Ni 0.65 Mn 0.35 (OH) 2 was used as the composite transition metal hydroxide precursor instead of Mn 0.65 Ni 0.35 (OH) 2 . Manufactured.
- the XRD was performed by collecting 2g to 3g of positive electrode active material particles from each positive active material powder and scanning at a scan speed of 0.2 °/sec at an acceleration voltage of 40 kV/40 mA using Cu-K ⁇ rays (wavelength 1.54 ⁇ ) for 15 minutes. It was measured using X-ray diffraction analysis in a 2 ⁇ range of ° to 80 °.
- the positive electrode active materials prepared according to the present invention include a Li 2 MnO 3 phase and a LiM'O 2 phase (M' includes Ni, Mn, and M, and M is defined in Formula 1 It can be confirmed that it is a lithium excess oxide containing both (same as above). In addition, since the splitting of the (006)/(012) peak and the (018)/(110) peak was clearly observed, it could be confirmed that lithium excess oxide with a layered structure was formed. In addition, since there is no impurity peak due to doping, it can be seen that sintering was performed well when manufacturing the positive electrode active material.
- the peak at 17 ⁇ 18 ⁇ with the greatest intensity is the Li(NiMn)O 2 Rhomboheral (R3-m) phase peak, and the smaller peak at 20 ⁇ 23 ⁇ is the peak corresponding to the Li 2 MnO 3 phase.
- the peaks at 37.5 ⁇ 39 ⁇ are a mixture of peaks corresponding to the (R3-m) phase peaks of (006) and (012), the Li 2 MnO 3 phase, and the (C2/m) phase of (002) and (131-).
- the peaks at 63 ⁇ 67° are a mixture of peaks corresponding to the Li 2 MnO 3 phases of (018), (110), (133-), and (331-).
- the minus (-) in parentheses means over bar.
- Example 1 Li 1.13 Mn 0.5651 Ni 0.3043 Mo 0.0022 O 2 (0.3Li 2 MnO 3 ⁇ 0.7Li(Ni 0.5000 Mn 0.4998 Mo 0.0036 )O 2 ) 1.296 1.86 2750 - Example 2 Li 1.13 Mn 0.5650 Ni 0.3041 Mo 0.0043 O 2 (0.3Li 2 MnO 3 ⁇ 0.7Li(Ni 0.4996 Mn 0.4996 Mo 0.0071 )O 2 ) 1.294 1.86 5440 - Example 3 Li 1.13 Mn 0.5649 Ni 0.3040 Mo 0.0065 O 2 (0.3Li 2 MnO 3 ⁇ 0.7Li(Ni 0.4995 Mn 0.4994 Mo 0.0107 )O 2 ) 1.291 1.86 7890 - Example 4 Li 1.13 Mn 0.5651 Ni 0.3043 Mo 0.0087 O 2 (0.3Li 2 MnO 3
- the BET specific surface area was calculated from the amount of nitrogen gas adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) using BELSORP-mini II of BEL Japan, and the specific surface area was measured by the BET method, and is shown in Table 2 below.
- samples of each positive electrode active material prepared in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were prepared, and pretreatment was performed by placing 3 g of each sample in three tubes and holding a vacuum at 200°C for more than 2 hours. . Afterwards, it was cooled to room temperature, weighed, and hung on the BET measuring device. Then, the sample was filled with liquid nitrogen so that it could be sufficiently submerged, and then the measurement was performed.
- the BET specific surface area values in Table 2 below are the average of the values of three samples.
- Each of the positive electrode active materials, conductive material (Super P), and binder (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)) prepared in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were mixed with N-methyl at a weight ratio of 92.5:3.0:4.5.
- a positive electrode slurry was prepared by mixing in pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. The prepared positive electrode slurry was applied to one side of an aluminum current collector, dried at 130°C, and rolled to prepare a positive electrode.
- An electrode assembly was manufactured using a lithium metal electrode as a negative electrode and a porous polyethylene separator between the positive and negative electrodes. Place it inside the battery case and inject an electrolyte solution in which 1 M LiPF 6 is dissolved in an organic solvent mixed with ethylene carbonate (EC): ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC): diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a volume ratio of 3:4:3.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- the battery was charged to 4.65V at 0.1C constant current at 45°C, and then charged to 2.0V at 0.1C. By discharging, an activation process (formation) was performed, and the charging and discharging capacities at this time were measured.
- the battery was charged to 4.4V at 0.1C constant current at 25°C and then discharged to 2.5V at 0.1C to measure the initial charge and discharge capacity.
- the charging and discharging capacity and capacity maintenance rate measured at each stage are shown in Table 3 below.
- Example 1 311.4 277.6 89.1 212.9 197.9 93 97.1
- Example 2 310 277 89.4 212.3 197.4 93 97.3
- Example 3 307.6 276.4 89.9 210.9 195.4 92.6 97.2
- Example 4 298.4 269 90.2 206 190.1 92.3 97.2
- Example 5 298.3 268.1 89.9 209 194.4 93 96.8
- Example 6 299.7 273.3 91.2 210.2 197.1 93.8 96.9
- Example 7 308.1 277.4 90 212.3 197.1 92.8 97.0
- Example 8 308.5 278.4 90.2 213 196.4 92.2 96.9 Comparative Example 1 304.2 272.1 89.4 213 191.8 90 95.2 Comparative Example 2 303.0 271.1 89.5 212.5 192.0 90.3 94.2 Comparative Example 3 298.3 264.2
- the positive electrode active material prepared in Example 1 is in the form of spherical secondary particles formed by agglomerating tens to hundreds of primary particles.
- the batteries containing the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 to 8 not only have excellent charge and discharge capacity, but also the initial efficiency and capacity maintenance rate are significantly improved compared to the batteries containing the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples. You can check that.
- the lithium-excessive manganese-based oxide has a composition represented by Chemical Formula 1 as in the present invention, the charge/discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and discharge capacity maintenance rate of a battery containing a positive electrode active material can be improved. .
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Abstract
Description
| 구분 | 양극 활물질 조성 | Li/Me mole ratio | Mn/Ni mole ratio | Mo (ppm) | Nb (ppm) |
| 실시예 1 | Li1.13Mn0.5651Ni0.3043Mo0.0022O2(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.5000Mn0.4998Mo0.0036)O2) | 1.296 | 1.86 | 2750 | - |
| 실시예 2 | Li1.13Mn0.5650Ni0.3041Mo0.0043O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4996Mn0.4996Mo0.0071)O2) |
1.294 | 1.86 | 5440 | - |
| 실시예 3 | Li1.13Mn0.5649Ni0.3040Mo0.0065O2(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4995Mn0.4994Mo0.0107)O2) | 1.291 | 1.86 | 7890 | - |
| 실시예 4 | Li1.13Mn0.5651Ni0.3043Mo0.0087O2(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.5000Mn0.4998Mo0.0143)O2) | 1.287 | 1.86 | 10505 | - |
| 실시예 5 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3042Nb0.0022O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4998Mn0.5000Nb0.0036)O2) |
1.296 | 1.86 | - | 1280 |
| 실시예 6 | Li1.13Mn0.5651Ni0.3042Nb0.0043O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4998Mn0.4998Nb0.0071)O2) |
1.293 | 1.86 | - | 2620 |
| 실시예 7 | Li1.13Mn0.5651Ni0.3043Nb0.0065O2(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4999Mn0.4998Nb0.0107)O2) | 1.290 | 1.86 | - | 3900 |
| 실시예 8 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3040Nb0.0087O2(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4994Mn0.5000Nb0.0143)O2) | 1.287 | 1.86 | - | 5250 |
| 비교예 1 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3043O2(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O2) | 1.3 | 1.86 | - | - |
| 비교예 2 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3042Mo0.0004O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4998Mn0.5000Mo0.0007)O2) |
1.299 | 1.86 | 544 | - |
| 비교예 3 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3042Mo0.013O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4998Mn0.5000Mo0.0214)O2) |
1.281 | 1.86 | 16620 | - |
| 비교예 4 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3043Nb0.0004O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4999Mn0.5000Nb0.0007)O2) |
1.299 | 1.86 | - | 250 |
| 비교예 5 | Li1.13Mn0.5652Ni0.3043Nb0.0130O2
(0.3Li2MnO3·0.7Li(Ni0.4999Mn0.5000Nb0.0214)O2) |
1.280 | 1.86 | - | 7910 |
| 비교예 6 | LiNi0.4925Mn0.5025Mo0.0070O2
(0.01Li2MnO3·0.99Li(Ni0.5000Mn0.5000Mo0.0071)O2) |
0.998 | 1.02 | 2660 | - |
| 구분 | D50 (㎛) | BET 비표면적 (m2/g) |
| 실시예 1 | 6.82 | 1.68 |
| 실시예 2 | 6.88 | 1.63 |
| 실시예 3 | 6.89 | 1.60 |
| 실시예 4 | 6.78 | 1.58 |
| 실시예 5 | 6.79 | 1.66 |
| 실시예 6 | 6.80 | 1.64 |
| 실시예 7 | 6.80 | 1.60 |
| 실시예 8 | 6.82 | 1.59 |
| 비교예 1 | 6.81 | 1.62 |
| 비교예 2 | 6.90 | 1.63 |
| 비교예 3 | 6.92 | 1.57 |
| 비교예 4 | 6.88 | 1.63 |
| 비교예 5 | 6.87 | 1.55 |
| 비교예 6 | 6.87 | 1.44 |
| 구분 | 활성화 공정 | 초기 충전 및 방전 | 용량 유지율 (%) |
||||
| 충전 용량 (mAh/g) |
방전 용량 (mAh/g) |
효율 (%) |
충전 용량 (mAh/g) |
방전 용량 (mAh/g) |
효율 (%) |
||
| 실시예 1 | 311.4 | 277.6 | 89.1 | 212.9 | 197.9 | 93 | 97.1 |
| 실시예 2 | 310 | 277 | 89.4 | 212.3 | 197.4 | 93 | 97.3 |
| 실시예 3 | 307.6 | 276.4 | 89.9 | 210.9 | 195.4 | 92.6 | 97.2 |
| 실시예 4 | 298.4 | 269 | 90.2 | 206 | 190.1 | 92.3 | 97.2 |
| 실시예 5 | 298.3 | 268.1 | 89.9 | 209 | 194.4 | 93 | 96.8 |
| 실시예 6 | 299.7 | 273.3 | 91.2 | 210.2 | 197.1 | 93.8 | 96.9 |
| 실시예 7 | 308.1 | 277.4 | 90 | 212.3 | 197.1 | 92.8 | 97.0 |
| 실시예 8 | 308.5 | 278.4 | 90.2 | 213 | 196.4 | 92.2 | 96.9 |
| 비교예 1 | 304.2 | 272.1 | 89.4 | 213 | 191.8 | 90 | 95.2 |
| 비교예 2 | 303.0 | 271.1 | 89.5 | 212.5 | 192.0 | 90.3 | 94.2 |
| 비교예 3 | 298.3 | 264.2 | 88.6 | 210 | 190.5 | 90.7 | 93.2 |
| 비교예 4 | 296.8 | 272 | 91.6 | 213 | 191 | 89.7 | 93.5 |
| 비교예 5 | 302 | 274 | 90.7 | 211.5 | 192 | 90.7 | 94.4 |
| 비교예 6 | 273 | 255 | 93.4 | 202 | 175 | 86.6 | 82.5 |
Claims (10)
- 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 조성을 갖는 리튬 과잉 망간계 산화물을 포함하는 양극 활물질:[화학식 1]Li1+a1Mnx1Niy1Mz1O2+b1상기 화학식 1에서,0.100≤a1≤0.400, 0≤b1<1.0, 0.50≤x1<1.0, 0<y1<0.50, 0.001≤z1≤0.01, 1.50≤x1/y1이고,M은 산화수가 +5 또는 +6인 금속이다.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 x1은 0.55 이상인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 z1은 0.002 내지 0.009인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 x1/y1은 1.80 이상인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 리튬 과잉 망간계 산화물은 코발트 프리(Co-Free)인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 M은 Mo, Nb, Ti, V, W, Ta 및 Ru 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 리튬 과잉 망간계 산화물은 평균 입경(D50)이 1㎛ 내지 15㎛인 양극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 화학식 1을 하기 화학식 2로 나타낸 경우, x:(1-x)의 비가 1:9 내지 5:5인 양극 활물질:[화학식 2]xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li(Nix2Mny2Mz2)O2상기 화학식 2에서,0.100≤x≤0.400, 0<x2≤0.55, 0.10≤y2<1.0, 0<z2≤0.015, x2+y2+z2=1이고,M은 산화수가 +5 또는 +6인 금속이다.
- 청구항 1 내지 청구항 8 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 청구항 9에 따른 양극을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
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| CN109921007A (zh) | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-21 | 国家纳米科学中心 | 一种高镍富锂正极材料、及其制备方法和用途 |
| KR20200099900A (ko) * | 2019-02-15 | 2020-08-25 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 이차전지용 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
| CN115566186A (zh) * | 2022-11-14 | 2023-01-03 | 北京大学 | 一种中高熵层状富锂正极氧化物及其制备方法 |
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| CN113991102B (zh) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-03-22 | 蜂巢能源科技股份有限公司 | 一种无钴富锂正极材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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| KR20200099900A (ko) * | 2019-02-15 | 2020-08-25 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 이차전지용 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
| CN109921007A (zh) | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-21 | 国家纳米科学中心 | 一种高镍富锂正极材料、及其制备方法和用途 |
| CN115566186A (zh) * | 2022-11-14 | 2023-01-03 | 北京大学 | 一种中高熵层状富锂正极氧化物及其制备方法 |
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| LI LINZE, YU JIANGUO, DARBAR DEVENDRASINH, SELF ETHAN C., WANG DONGHAI, NANDA JAGJIT, BHATTACHARYA INDRANIL, WANG CHONGMIN: "Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Mo-Doped Co-Free Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries", ACS ENERGY LETTERS, ACS, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 4, no. 10, 11 October 2019 (2019-10-11), American Chemical Society, pages 2540 - 2546, XP093193968, ISSN: 2380-8195, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01830 * |
| See also references of EP4632843A1 |
| WU CHAO; CAO SHUANG; LI HENG; LI ZHI; CHEN GAIRONG; GUO XIAOWEI; CHANG BAOBAO; BAI YANSONG; WANG XIANYOU: "Enhancing performances of Co-free Li-rich Mn-based layered cathode materials via interface modification of multiple-functional Mn3O4 shell", CHEMICAL ENGENEERING JOURNAL, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 431, 17 December 2021 (2021-12-17), AMSTERDAM, NL , XP086916551, ISSN: 1385-8947, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134208 * |
| ZANG YONG; DING CHU-XIONG; WANG XIAO-CHENG; WEN ZHAO-YIN; CHEN CHUN-HUA: "Molybdenum-doped lithium-rich layered-structured cathode material Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2with high specific capacity and improved rate performance", ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 168, 2 April 2015 (2015-04-02), AMSTERDAM, NL , pages 234 - 239, XP029158589, ISSN: 0013-4686, DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.223 * |
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| CN120457559A (zh) | 2025-08-08 |
| KR20240116401A (ko) | 2024-07-29 |
| EP4632843A1 (en) | 2025-10-15 |
| EP4632843A4 (en) | 2026-04-22 |
| JP2026509068A (ja) | 2026-03-17 |
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