WO2023133627A1 - Procédé de production d'une anode pour batteries au lithium - Google Patents
Procédé de production d'une anode pour batteries au lithium Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023133627A1 WO2023133627A1 PCT/CA2023/050019 CA2023050019W WO2023133627A1 WO 2023133627 A1 WO2023133627 A1 WO 2023133627A1 CA 2023050019 W CA2023050019 W CA 2023050019W WO 2023133627 A1 WO2023133627 A1 WO 2023133627A1
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- current collector
- layer
- anode
- lithium
- lithiophilic
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to methods of producing anodes for lithium batteries. More specifically, the invention relates to a process for producing an anode, in which the anode active material is formed following a reaction between a lithiophilic material and a lithium material in molten form or following the deposition of the lithium material on a lithiophilic surface.
- the current collector and/or at least one other layer of the anode may comprise a continuous 3D structure.
- Lithium metal with a theoretical specific energy of 3860 mAh/g, constitutes a good anode material for an energy storage system (ESS) or a battery, compared for example to a material such as graphite which has a theoretical specific energy of 372 mAh/g.
- a thin sheet of Li metal is necessary to increase the energy density of the battery and to reduce the production cost of the anode.
- Li has low mechanical strength and electronic conductivity (less than 5 times and 3 times compared to copper and aluminum, respectively). Therefore, a thin, self-supporting Li is difficult to produce and handle.
- a substrate also called a current collector, is chosen which has good mechanical properties and good electronic conductivity. Even a layer of Li as thin as 4-5 microns on the substrate is a better solution than using freestanding Li.
- Methods for depositing a thin layer of Li on a metal substrate are known in the art. Such methods include, for example, the technique of physical vapor deposition (PVD). However, several disadvantages are associated with PVD such as the fact that the deposition rate is rather low and the overall technique is quite expensive.
- the inventors have designed a process for producing an anode for lithium batteries.
- the method includes: providing a current collector, forming a layer of protective material thereon, depositing a lithiophilic material on the layer of protective material, and depositing a molten lithium on the layer of lithiophilic material.
- the lithiophilic material and the molten lithium material then react to form the active anode material.
- the current collector and/or at least one other layer of the anode may comprise a continuous 3D structure on one surface.
- the method may also include a plasma treatment which may lead to the formation of a lithiophilic surface.
- the protective material deposited on the current collector constitutes a barrier between the current collector and the lithium in the active anode material, the formation of cracks in the current collector is thus avoided.
- the deposition of the lithiophilic material on the protective layer is followed by a plasma treatment resulting in a plasma-treated lithiophilic material, before the deposition of the molten lithium material.
- the protective layer is subjected to a plasma treatment leading to the formation of a lithiophilic surface, on which the molten lithium material is deposited.
- the plasma treatment can be a thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure or any other suitable plasma treatment.
- the current collector includes a continuous 3D structure formed on its surface. Additionally, at least one other layer of the anode including the protective layer, the lithiophilic surface, the anode active material layer, and the surface treatment agent layer, may comprise a continuous 3D structure.
- the continuous 3D structure can be formed by electrochemical deposition of a conductive material. Alternatively, concerning for example the current collector, the continuous 3D structure can be formed by providing a certain roughness to its surface using a technique which can include mechanical and/or laser treatment, electrochemical oxidation, chemical etching, or any appropriate technique.
- the lithium material in molten form comprises lithium or an alloy thereof.
- an anode that includes a current collector, a protective material layer deposited on the current collector, and an anode active material layer that is formed following a reaction between a lithiophilic material and a lithium material in molten form or which is formed following the deposition of the lithium material on a lithiophilic surface.
- the anode is single-sided, or the anode is double-sided.
- the current collector has a thickness of between about 4 and about 5 ⁇ m.
- the lithium battery is a lithium-ion battery or an all-solid battery.
- the invention thus provides the following in accordance with aspects thereof:
- a method of producing an anode for a lithium battery comprising: a) providing a current collector; b) depositing a layer of protective material on a surface of the current collector in order to obtain a protected current collector; c) depositing a layer of a lithiophilic material on a surface of the protected current collector; and d) depositing a layer of lithium material in molten form on the layer of lithiophilic material, the lithiophilic material thereby reacting with the molten lithium material to form a layer of active anode material.
- a method of producing an anode for a lithium battery comprising: a) providing a current collector; b) depositing a layer of protective material on a surface of the current collector in order to obtain a protected current collector; c) depositing a layer of a lithiophilic material on a surface of the protected current collector, then c1) subjecting the layer of lithiophilic material to a plasma treatment in order to obtain a layer of plasma-treated lithiophilic material; and d) depositing a layer of lithium material in molten form on the plasma-treated lithiophilic material layer, the lithiophilic material thereby reacting with the molten lithium material to form an anode active material layer.
- a method of producing an anode for a lithium battery comprising: a) providing a current collector; b) depositing a layer of protective material on a surface of the current collector in order to obtain a protected current collector; c1) subjecting the protected current collector to a plasma treatment in order to obtain a protected plasma-treated current collector having a lithiophilic surface; and d) depositing a layer of lithium material in molten form on the lithiophilic surface, thereby forming a layer of active anode material.
- steps a1) and b1) each independently comprise electrochemical deposition of a conductive material on the surface of the current collector or on the surface of the protected current collector, optionally the conductive material is the same material as the current collector; optionally the conductive material is a different material from the current collector.
- steps a1) and b1) each independently comprise providing some roughness on the surface of the current collector, optionally steps a1 ) and b1) each independently comprises mechanical and/or laser treatment, electrochemical oxidation, chemical etching, or any suitable technique.
- steps a1) and b1) each independently comprise mechanical and/or laser treatment, electrochemical oxidation, chemical etching, or any suitable technique.
- step b) comprises electrochemical deposition, electroless plating, or any suitable technique.
- step c) comprises electrochemical oxidation or reduction, or any suitable technique.
- step c1 Process according to any of the points (1) to (13) above, in which the plasma treatment in step c1) is a thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure.
- step d) includes infiltration methods, wave soldering, use of heated nozzles, use of anilox rolls , or any appropriate technique.
- the current collector comprises a material which is Cu, Al, Ni, Ti, C, stainless steel, a conductive polymer, or a combination thereof, optionally the current collector comprises Cu, Al, or carbon coated aluminum.
- the lithiophilic material comprises CuO, Cu 2 O, ZnO, MnO 2 , SnO 2 , Cu, Au, Mg, Al, In, B , Zn, Sn, Si, SiO 2 , SiO x , a metal fluoride, a metal boride, or a combination thereof, optionally the lithiophilic material comprises ZnO, Zn, or Sn.
- the lithiophilic surface has a continuous 3D structure, optionally the lithiophilic surface comprises Ni.
- the lithium material in molten form comprises lithium or an alloy thereof, optionally the lithium material in molten form is lithium metal; optionally the lithium alloy is a binary alloy such as Li-Mg, Li-Al, Li-Na, Li-Si, Li-Sn, Li-Zn, Li-Ag, Li-K, Li-B, or any other suitable binary lithium alloy; or the lithium alloy is a ternary alloy such as Li-Al-Na, Li-Mg-Na, Li-Al-Si, Li-Mg-Si, or a ternary alloy including elements such as Cu, Zn, Sn , Ca, Sr, or any other suitable ternary lithium alloy.
- the lithium alloy is a binary alloy such as Li-Mg, Li-Al, Li-Na, Li-Si, Li-Sn, Li-Zn, Li-Ag, Li-K, Li-B, or any other suitable binary lithium alloy
- the lithium alloy is a ternary alloy such as Li-Al-N
- the surface treatment agent comprises Ag, Zn, SiO x , Sn, Si, l_i 2 CO 3 , LiF, carbon black carbon, a carbon nanofiber, graphene, or any other suitable surface treatment agent.
- Anode for a lithium battery comprising: a current collector; a layer of protection material deposited on the current collector; and an anode active material which is formed following a reaction between a lithiophilic material and a lithium material in molten form, optionally the anode active material is formed following the deposition of the lithium material on a lithiophilic surface.
- a method of making a lithium battery comprising using the anode as defined in any one of (25) to (29) above.
- Lithium battery including the anode as defined in any of items (25) to (29) above, optionally the lithium battery is a lithium-ion battery or an all solid battery.
- Figure 1 EDS analysis of the cross section of a sample composed of a copper current collector sheet which has been coated with a layer of Zn 50 nm thick as a lithiophilic material, and brought into contact with molten Li.
- Figure 2 anode according to the invention illustrating a single-sided anode and a double-sided anode.
- Figure 3 the appearance of the copper foil at the rear face of each sample as a function of time for Cu-Zn-Li and Cu-Ni-Zn-Li.
- Figure 4 SEM and EDS analyzes of the rear face of the Cu-Ni-Zn-Li and Cu-Zn-Li samples after 30 seconds of contact with molten Li.
- Figure 5 variation of the contact angle of molten Li on Cu-Ni substrates as well as Cu-Ni-Zn of different Zn layer thicknesses.
- Figure 6 variation of the contact angle of molten Li on Cu-Ni-Zn substrates of different Zn layer thicknesses after 10 and 30 seconds of contact.
- Figure 7 variation of the contact angle of molten Li on Cu-Ni substrates as well as Cu-Ni-Sn of different Sn layer thicknesses.
- Figure 8 photograph of the surface of the Cu foil sample after Ni electrodeposition (a), ZnO electrodeposition (b), and Li application (c).
- Figure 9 variation of the contact angle for Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Sn (40 nm) with molten Li and that of Cu-Ni-Sn (40 nm) with the Li-Mg alloy .
- Figure 10 SEM image of the sample (after cryofracture) showing a thin layer of Li with a thickness of 5 ⁇ m with good uniformity (variation less than ⁇ 1 ⁇ m).
- Figure 11 EDS line-scan analysis on cross-section versus depth of Cu-Ni-Sn-Li-Zn sample.
- Figure 12 lithiophilic activity of the various Cu-Ni substrates expressed in total surface area of the molten Li after two minutes of spreading time.
- the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “include” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “ have” and “a”), “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comport” and “comprises”) or “container” (and any form of container, such as “contains” and “contains”), are inclusive or open and do not exclude additional elements or operating steps not listed.
- the term "textured current collector” refers to a current collector that has at least one surface comprising a continuous 3D structure formed thereon.
- the continuous 3D structure can be formed by electrochemical deposition of a conductive material, or by a technique comprising mechanical and/or laser treatment, electrochemical oxidation (dissolution), chemical etching, or any suitable technique.
- textured is also used herein in connection with any other layer of the anode that includes a continuous 3D structure. Such a layer is for example the protective layer, the layer of active anode material, and the layer of surface treatment agent.
- the term “rough/rough” is used, in the same sense as the term “textured”. The terms “textured” and “rough/rough” are therefore used interchangeably.
- the term "lithiophilic surface” refers to a surface which has an affinity for lithium. Such a surface can be a current surface manifold which has a layer of protective material. Additionally, the surface may include a continuous 3D structure. The lithioplile property can be imparted to the surface as a result of plasma treatment.
- the inventors have designed a process for producing an anode for lithium batteries.
- FIG. 1 shows the EDS analysis of the cross section of a sample composed of a copper current collector foil that had been coated with a 50 nm thick layer of Zn as a lithiophilic material and placed in contact with molten Li.
- Figure 1A is an SEM image of the cross section
- Figure 1B is the EDS line scan analysis through the cross section versus depth.
- the Si signal is due to the resin used to prepare the sample for cryo-microtomy and it is normal to see the detection of the C signal in this type of analysis due to the inevitable presence of contamination.
- the oxygen signal gives an idea of where the top of the deposited Li layer begins (at about 1.4 pm) and where it ends (at about 4.8 pm).
- a very strong copper signal is detected on the surface of the deposited Li layer showing that Cu fragments have detached from the surface of the Cu sheet and formed intermetallic particles on the upper part. of the Li layer.
- reference numerals 1 to 5 identify an element of the anode as follows: 1 - current collector substrate, 2 - textured layer, 3 - protective layer, 4 - Li material, and 5 - surface treatment layer.
- the current collector can receive a cathode current (becoming the cathode electrode during the lithiophilic deposition) or an anodic current. Consequently, the current collector can be used as a cathode (for the deposition of elements such as Zn, Sn, Si, metal borides, or even oxides such as ZnO, MnO 2 , or SnO 2 ), or as an anode (for the deposition or formation of compounds such as CuO, Cu 2 O, SnO 2 , or MnO 2 ).
- Two sets of current collectors were prepared using a 5 ⁇ m thick copper foil.
- a 40 nm layer of Zn was deposited on the copper foil in an electrolytic cell to prepare Cu-Zn foil samples.
- a 300 nm layer of Ni was electrochemically deposited before the deposition of the 40 nm layer of Zn to prepare Cu-Ni-Zn sheet samples.
- the two sets of prepared samples were tested by being brought into contact with the same number of Li melted under the same conditions.
- FIG 3 shows the appearance of the copper foil at the rear face of each sample.
- the Cu-Ni-Zn samples show no signs of being affected by contact with molten Li, regardless of the contact duration. However, in the case of Cu-Zn samples, even after 10 seconds of contact with the molten Li, there are visible signs of a darker area appearing in the same area where the Li was applied. . After 30 seconds of contact, the area corresponding to the application of Li shows a light gray area at the back in the case of Cu-Zn.
- Figure 4 shows an SEM image and EDS analysis of the rear of the Cu-Zn sample after 30 seconds of contact with Li. It can be seen that most of the Cu is etched and no Cu is left behind.
- a sample of Cu-Ni-ZnO was prepared by electrodeposition of a thin layer of ZnO on Cu sheets (14 cm 2 ) having an electrodeposited Ni protective layer of 300 n.
- the ZnO layer was electrodeposited using a Cu-Ni foil as the cathode in an electrolysis cell containing a 0.1 M Zn(NO 3 )2 solution as the electrolyte and a Zn plate as the anode.
- the electrolysis was carried out at a current density of 5 mA/cm 2 and at a temperature of 62° C. for a duration of 36 seconds.
- the thickness of the ZnO layer is estimated at around 30 nm.
- FIG. 8 shows a photograph of the surface of the Cu foil sample after Ni electrodeposition (a), ZnO electrodeposition (b), and Li application (c). As can be seen, the molten Li adheres only on the area covered by the electrodeposited ZnO, which shows the effectiveness of ZnO as a lithiophilic material for the application of molten Li.
- Example 3 To evaluate the lithiophilic effect of Sn using an alloy of Li, the same type of experiment mentioned in Example 3 was carried out using Cu-Ni-Sn (40 nm) and a Li-Mg alloy having a Li:Mg weight ratio of 90%-10%.
- the contact angle variation for Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Sn (40 nm) with molten Li and that of Cu-Ni-Sn (40 nm) with Li-Mg alloy is shown in Fig. 9.
- This example shows the possibility of using an easily scalable method to apply a thin and uniform layer of Li on a current collector such as a 5 ⁇ m Cu foil using molten Li.
- a sample of 5 ⁇ m (130 cm 2 ) Cu sheets was electroplated with 300 nm of Ni followed by a layer of Sn having a thickness of 40 nm. The sample was then applied manually at a constant speed of 2 cm/s to the upper surface of an anilox roll partially immersed in a tank containing molten Li at a temperature of 260°C.
- the anilox roll had a length of 700 mm and a diameter of 19 mm. It had inverted pyramidal features (20 pyramids by 25 mm) and a depth of about 400 pm in each pyramid.
- An SEM image of the sample (after cryofracture) is shown in Figure 10.
- a thin layer of Li with a thickness of 5 ⁇ m with good uniformity (variation less than ⁇ 1 ⁇ m) was obtained.
- Example 7 In order to show the possibility of depositing a surface treatment layer on the deposited Li layer of the proposed Li anode material, a sample of Cu-Ni-Sn-Li similar to that produced in Example 6 was been treated by direct current spraying. An average Zn target value of 50 nm was deposited by applying a direct current of 50 mA to a Zn target of 99.9% purity under a vacuum of 0.008 mbar and using pure Artres (grade 6.0 ; purity 99.9999%).
- Figure 11 shows the EDS analysis of the cross section of the sample.
- EDS line-scan analysis through the cross-section versus depth shows the copper current collector sheet (5 ⁇ m total thickness not shown), Ni shield layer between 3 .5 and 4.0 pm, the layer of Li between 0.5 and 3.5 pm (the Li signal is absent in this EDS due to the very weak signal even of Li) as well as the presence of a layer of Zn above the Li layer.
- the device had a power of 18 W and the sample was processed using the near-field module (for electrically conductive materials) at a distance of 2 mm and at a speed of approximately 10 mm/s.
- the same setup described in Example 1 was used to deposit controlled droplets of molten Li (0.1 g) onto Cu-Ni as well as Cu-Ni-3DNi with and without plasma treatment. Due to the roughness of the Cu-Ni-3DNi samples and the rapid propagation of the molten Li drop, it was difficult to make a comparison of the lithiophilic activity using the contact angle parameter.
- the drop of molten Li was allowed to spread on the surface for two minutes and the total surface area of the spread Li was measured and used as an indication of the lithiophilic activity of the substrate surface.
- the results are shown in Figure 12.
- the electrodeposition of the rough 3D Ni on the substrate leads to an increase in the lithiophilicity of the surface compared to a Cu foil covered only with the smooth Ni layer.
- Plasma treatment further increased the lithiophilicity of the Ni3D substrate.
- the method according to the invention comprises the following steps: a) providing a current collector; b) depositing a layer of protective material on the surface of the current collector; c) depositing a layer of a lithiophilic material on the layer of protective material; d) and depositing a layer of lithium material in molten form on the layer of lithiophilic material, the lithiophilic material thus reacting with the molten lithium material to form the active anode material.
- the method comprises a subsequent step e) the deposition of a layer of a surface treatment agent on the active anode material formed.
- a step a1) the formation of a continuous 3D structure on a surface of the current collector to obtain a textured current collector is carried out before proceeding to step b).
- step c) is followed by step c1) which is a plasma treatment of the lithiophilic material to obtain a plasma-treated lithiophilic material. Then step d) is performed. In other embodiments of the invention, step c) is replaced by step c1).
- plasma treatment is performed on the protective layer leading to the formation of a lithiophilic surface; advantageously the protective layer comprises a continuous 3D structure and/or the protective layer comprises Ni.
- the plasma treatment may be atmospheric pressure thermal plasma or any other suitable plasma treatment.
- a continuous 3D structure can be formed on a surface of the anode active material layer and/or a surface of the surface treatment agent layer.
- a step d1) the formation of a continuous 3D structure on a surface of the anode active material layer is therefore carried out after step d); and/or a step e1) the formation of a continuous 3D structure on a surface of the surface treatment agent layer is carried out after step e).
- the step of forming a continuous 3D structure on a surface of the current collector to obtain a textured current collector or on any other surface of any layer of the anode may comprise the provision of a certain roughness on the surface of the current collector.
- This step can include mechanical and/or laser treatment, electrochemical oxidation, chemical etching, or any appropriate technique known to those skilled in the art.
- the continuous 3D structure can be imparted to the anode active material layer and/or to the surface treatment agent layer.
- the step of depositing a layer of protective material on the surface of the current collector, step b), can comprise electrochemical deposition, electroless plating, or any suitable technique known to those skilled in the art.
- step c may comprise electrochemical oxidation or reduction, or any appropriate technique known to those skilled in the art.
- step d) The step of depositing a layer of lithium material in molten form on the layer of lithiophilic material or on the lithiophilic surface, step d), can comprise infiltration processes, wave soldering, use of heated nozzles, use of anilox rolls, or any suitable technique.
- the invention also provides an anode produced by the method according to the invention.
- the anode can be single-sided or double-sided. Additionally, the anode may have a thickness of between about 4 and about 5 ⁇ m.
- the invention further provides an apparatus suitable for implementing the method according to the invention which produces the anode.
- the use of the anode in the manufacture of a lithium battery as well as the manufacturing process for producing a lithium battery comprising the use of the anode are also within the scope of the invention.
- the invention provides a lithium battery including the anode.
- the lithium battery can be a lithium-ion battery or an all solid battery.
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Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2024541175A JP2025502121A (ja) | 2022-01-13 | 2023-01-10 | リチウム電池のための負極を生成するためのプロセス |
| CA3236850A CA3236850A1 (fr) | 2022-01-13 | 2023-01-10 | Procede de production d'une anode pour batteries au lithium |
| KR1020247022479A KR20240131355A (ko) | 2022-01-13 | 2023-01-10 | 리튬 배터리용 애노드의 제조 방법 |
| EP23739813.6A EP4463900A4 (fr) | 2022-01-13 | 2023-01-10 | Procédé de production d'une anode pour batteries au lithium |
| CN202380016001.2A CN118696432A (zh) | 2022-01-13 | 2023-01-10 | 用于生产锂电池的阳极的工艺 |
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| US202263299247P | 2022-01-13 | 2022-01-13 | |
| US63/299,247 | 2022-01-13 |
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| WO2023133627A1 true WO2023133627A1 (fr) | 2023-07-20 |
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| PCT/CA2023/050019 Ceased WO2023133627A1 (fr) | 2022-01-13 | 2023-01-10 | Procédé de production d'une anode pour batteries au lithium |
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| US (1) | US20230223546A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4463900A4 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2025502121A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20240131355A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN118696432A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3236850A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023133627A1 (fr) |
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| US12592376B2 (en) * | 2023-03-24 | 2026-03-31 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Electrochemically grown zinc oxide layer on current collectors for mitigating growth of lithium dendrites |
| US12482802B2 (en) | 2023-11-02 | 2025-11-25 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method for tuning lithium wettability of an anode current collector using plasma surface modification |
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| WO2020210913A1 (fr) * | 2019-04-17 | 2020-10-22 | 2555663 Ontario Limited | Ensembles d'anodes de lithium métallique et leur appareil et leur procédé de fabrication |
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| US3634144A (en) * | 1970-07-14 | 1972-01-11 | Foote Mineral Co | Process for preparing lithium-filled foraminous metal bodies |
| KR100338032B1 (ko) * | 2000-06-13 | 2002-05-24 | 김순택 | 리튬-황 전지 |
| DE102017208218A1 (de) * | 2017-05-16 | 2018-11-22 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines mit einem Alkalimetall beschichteten Substrats mittels einer Vermittlerschicht und eine Vermittlerschicht sowie ein beschichtetes Substrat |
| US11196045B2 (en) * | 2018-02-01 | 2021-12-07 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Plasma pretreatment on current collectors for thin film lithium metallization |
| JP7465219B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-21 | 2024-04-10 | アプライド マテリアルズ インコーポレイテッド | リチウムの安定を可能にする拡散バリア膜 |
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- 2023-01-10 EP EP23739813.6A patent/EP4463900A4/fr active Pending
- 2023-01-10 CN CN202380016001.2A patent/CN118696432A/zh active Pending
- 2023-01-10 JP JP2024541175A patent/JP2025502121A/ja active Pending
- 2023-01-10 KR KR1020247022479A patent/KR20240131355A/ko active Pending
- 2023-01-10 CA CA3236850A patent/CA3236850A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-01-10 WO PCT/CA2023/050019 patent/WO2023133627A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| WO2020210913A1 (fr) * | 2019-04-17 | 2020-10-22 | 2555663 Ontario Limited | Ensembles d'anodes de lithium métallique et leur appareil et leur procédé de fabrication |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of EP4463900A4 * |
| ZHANG DUO, DAI ALVIN, WU MIN, SHEN KANG, XIAO TENG, HOU GUANGYA, LU JUN, TANG YIPING: "Lithiophilic 3D Porous CuZn Current Collector for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries", ACS ENERGY LETTERS, ACS, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 5, no. 1, 10 January 2020 (2020-01-10), American Chemical Society, pages 180 - 186, XP093081375, ISSN: 2380-8195, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01987 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4463900A4 (fr) | 2026-02-18 |
| EP4463900A1 (fr) | 2024-11-20 |
| CN118696432A (zh) | 2024-09-24 |
| KR20240131355A (ko) | 2024-08-30 |
| US20230223546A1 (en) | 2023-07-13 |
| CA3236850A1 (fr) | 2023-07-20 |
| JP2025502121A (ja) | 2025-01-24 |
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