WO2023157610A1 - 炭素質材料 - Google Patents
炭素質材料 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023157610A1 WO2023157610A1 PCT/JP2023/002634 JP2023002634W WO2023157610A1 WO 2023157610 A1 WO2023157610 A1 WO 2023157610A1 JP 2023002634 W JP2023002634 W JP 2023002634W WO 2023157610 A1 WO2023157610 A1 WO 2023157610A1
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- carbonaceous material
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- lignin
- carbonization step
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/446—Initial charging measures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/82—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by IR- or Raman-data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/85—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by XPS, EDX or EDAX data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/10—Solid density
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- Carbonaceous materials are used in electrodes of various batteries such as aqueous electrolyte batteries such as lead-carbon batteries, non-aqueous electrolyte batteries such as lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, all-solid-state batteries, and fuel cells.
- aqueous electrolyte batteries such as lead-carbon batteries
- non-aqueous electrolyte batteries such as lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries
- all-solid-state batteries all-solid-state batteries
- fuel cells fuel cells.
- carbonaceous materials having properties suitable for their intended use.
- non-aqueous electrolyte batteries installed in electric or hybrid vehicles require high discharge capacity in order to accommodate longer range batteries in such vehicles, in addition to meeting limited space and mass requirements. is required.
- since such batteries are charged and discharged when the brake and accelerator are stepped on, there is a demand for rapid charging and discharging in a short period of time for batteries with low resistance.
- a carbonaceous material derived from non-graphitizable carbon is used in the electrodes of non-aqueous electrolyte batteries.
- petroleum pitch, coal pitch, etc. have been used as a carbon source for non-graphitizable carbon.
- carbonaceous materials using alternative carbon sources have been desired.
- One example is a carbonaceous material using lignin as a carbon source, which is discharged in large amounts as a by-product in the pulp manufacturing process of the paper industry.
- Non-Patent Document 1 lignin extracted with acetone is stabilized by heating at 300°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, then carbonized by heating at 800°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, and then hydrogen-reduced at 800°C.
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes a carbonaceous material obtained by carbonizing and sintering a lignin-melamine resin prepared by dissolving lignin and melamine in formaldehyde. Are listed.
- Patent Document 1 describes a carbonaceous material having a sulfur element content of 0.8% by mass or more and a true density of 1.48 g/cm 3 or more and 1.62 g/cm 3 or less as determined by the butanol method.
- lignin having an elemental sulfur content of 0.1% by mass or more can be used as a starting material for the carbonaceous material.
- a carbonaceous material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a post-pulverization step and/or a post-classification step of adjusting the specific surface area of the carbonaceous material determined by the nitrogen adsorption BET three-point method to 20 to 75 m 2 /g by classification.
- a method of making the material is disclosed.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 have problems of high irreversible capacity and low lithium efficiency.
- a carbonaceous material has a specific sulfur element content and a specific true density, so that a battery including an electrode containing the carbonaceous material has discharge capacity, charge-discharge efficiency, resistance and Although it is described that the output characteristics are excellent, there is no description regarding the distribution state of the sulfur element in the carbonaceous material.
- Patent Literature 2 does not describe the content of elemental sulfur.
- the present invention includes the following preferred embodiments.
- the ratio of the sulfur element content S XPS obtained by the XPS method to the sulfur element content S NDIR obtained by the NDIR method (S XPS /S NDIR ) is 0.20 or more and 0.78 or less, A carbonaceous material having a specific surface area of 40 m 2 /g or less as determined by the BET method.
- S XPS /S NDIR The carbonaceous material according to [1] above, wherein SNDIR is 2.00% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the carbonaceous material.
- the ratio ( ⁇ Bt / ⁇ He ) of the true density ⁇ Bt determined by the butanol method to the true density ⁇ He determined by the helium method is 0.71 or more and 0.85 or less, above [1]
- An electrode comprising the carbonaceous material according to any one of [1] to [8].
- a battery comprising the electrode according to [9] above.
- a carbonaceous material that provides a battery with improved discharge capacity, charge/discharge efficiency, resistance (eg, initial DC resistance), and discharge capacity retention rate.
- the ratio of the sulfur element content S XPS obtained by the XPS method to the sulfur element content S NDIR obtained by the NDIR method is 0.20 or more, 0.20 or more. 78 or less, and the specific surface area determined by the BET method is 40 m 2 /g or less.
- the elemental sulfur content SNDIR means the elemental sulfur content measured by combustion in an oxygen stream (high-frequency induction heating furnace method)-nondispersive infrared absorption method (NDIR method).
- NDIR method the elemental sulfur content in the gas generated by burning the sample in a high-frequency induction heating furnace is measured, so the elemental sulfur content measured corresponds to the elemental sulfur content in the entire sample.
- the elemental sulfur content SNDIR can be measured, for example, by the method described in Examples below.
- the elemental sulfur content S XPS means the elemental sulfur content measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS method). Since the XPS method analyzes the elements present on the surface, the measured sulfur elemental content corresponds to the sulfur elemental content on the sample surface.
- the elemental sulfur content S XPS can be measured, for example, by the method described in Examples below.
- the ratio of the elemental sulfur content SXPS to the elemental sulfur content SNDIR is 0.20 or more and 0.78 or less. If this elemental sulfur content ratio is less than 0.20 or greater than 0.78, it is difficult to obtain a carbonaceous material that provides a battery with desired battery characteristics.
- This sulfur element content ratio is preferably 0.21 or more, more preferably 0.22 or more, particularly preferably 0.23 or more, preferably 0.75 or less, more preferably 0.70 or less, and particularly preferably is 0.65 or less (eg, 0.55 or less, 0.45 or less, 0.35 or less).
- sulfur in the carbonaceous material causes distortion in the structure of the carbonaceous material. Therefore, when sulfur is present near the surface and inside (especially near the surface) of the carbonaceous material, lithium tends to enter the carbonaceous material. That is, sulfur contained in the carbonaceous material, particularly sulfur present near the surface of the carbonaceous material, can be an inductive factor for lithium. On the other hand, sulfur and lithium existing near the surface may react with each other and the reactants may be eluted. This may lead to a decrease in the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery produced using it. In a carbonaceous material having a sulfur element content ratio of 0.20 or more and 0.78 or less, sulfur exists in the vicinity of the surface and inside the carbonaceous material in a well-balanced manner. It is believed that a battery with battery characteristics can be provided.
- the sulfur element content ratio of the carbonaceous material is determined, for example, by selecting a starting material (containing sulfur element) used when producing the carbonaceous material, adjusting the temperature of the first carbonization step described later, and adjusting the temperature of the first carbonization step described later.
- a starting material containing sulfur element
- adjusting the temperature of the second carbonization step using a condensing agent, and/or using a thermally decomposable substance, it can be adjusted to above the lower limit and below the upper limit.
- S NDIR is preferably 2.00% by weight or less, more preferably 1.80% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1.70% by weight, relative to the total weight of the carbonaceous material.
- SNDIR is preferably 2.00% by weight or less, more preferably 1.80% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1.70% by weight, relative to the total weight of the carbonaceous material.
- SNDIR is equal to or more than the lower limit and equal to or less than the upper limit, the carbon skeleton is distorted, the battery capacity is increased, and the battery tends to be excellent in thermal stability.
- S XPS is preferably 1.40% by mass or less, more preferably 1.00% by mass or less, and even more preferably 0.80% by mass, relative to the total mass of the carbonaceous material. Below, it is particularly preferably 0.70% by mass or less, preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 0.10% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 0.15% by mass or more.
- S XPS is equal to or more than the lower limit and equal to or less than the upper limit, the balance between lithium ion utilization efficiency and discharge capacity is good, and a battery having a high battery capacity is likely to be obtained.
- S NDIR and S XPS are, for example, hydrolyzing a starting material (containing elemental sulfur) used in producing a carbonaceous material (for example, by a method such as heating with an aqueous solution of caustic soda), starting material is modified with a sulfur element-containing component such as sulfuric acid, and the modification amount is adjusted, the temperature of the first carbonization step is adjusted, the temperature of the second carbonization step is adjusted, the use of a condensing agent, and / or thermal decomposition It can be adjusted to above the lower limit value and below the upper limit value by using a chemical substance.
- a starting material containing elemental sulfur
- a sulfur element-containing component such as sulfuric acid
- the specific surface area of the carbonaceous material determined by the BET method (hereinafter also simply referred to as “specific surface area”) is 40 m 2 /g or less. If the specific surface area is more than 40 m 2 /g, the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is difficult to suppress, making it difficult to obtain a carbonaceous material that provides a battery with desired battery characteristics.
- the specific surface area is preferably 30 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 25 m 2 /g or less, still more preferably 20 m 2 /g or less (for example, 15 m 2 /g or less).
- the specific surface area is also usually 1.0 m 2 /g or more, preferably 1.5 m 2 /g or more, more preferably 2.0 m 2 /g or more, even more preferably 3.0 m 2 /g or more, particularly preferably 4.0 m 2 /g or more (eg, 5.0 m 2 /g or more, 6.0 m 2 /g or more, 10 m 2 /g or more).
- the specific surface area is equal to or less than the upper limit value and equal to or more than the lower limit value, the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is likely to be suppressed, so the battery having the desired battery characteristics (especially high charge-discharge efficiency and low initial DC resistance). It is easy to obtain a carbonaceous material that provides
- the specific surface area can be adjusted to, for example, the upper limit value or less and It can be adjusted above the lower limit.
- the specific surface area can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the carbonaceous material is preferably granular.
- the volume average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2.2 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably It is 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 20 ⁇ m or less (eg, 15 ⁇ m or less, 10 ⁇ m or less).
- the volume average particle diameter is at least the lower limit
- fine powder which is a factor for increasing the specific surface area of the carbonaceous material
- excessive reaction between the carbonaceous material and the electrolytic solution tends to be suppressed.
- the irreversible capacity which is the capacity that does not discharge even after charging, tends to decrease, and waste of the capacity of the positive electrode tends to be suppressed.
- the volume average particle size is equal to or less than the upper limit, the free path of diffusion of metal ions or hydrogen ions in the carbonaceous material tends to be small, and the carbonaceous material as a conductive material that conducts electrons This is preferable because it tends to increase the contact rate.
- the volume-average particle diameter can be adjusted, for example, by selecting the starting material used in producing the carbonaceous material, or by pulverizing (and optionally classifying) the starting material or carbon precursor or carbonaceous material, and the above lower limit or above and the above It can be adjusted below the upper limit.
- the volume average particle size can be measured, for example, by the laser diffraction scattering method or the Coulter method.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 of the (002) plane measured using the CuK ⁇ line of the carbonaceous material is preferably 3.5. It is 75 ⁇ or more, more preferably 3.78 ⁇ or more, preferably 3.95 ⁇ or less, more preferably 3.92 ⁇ or less.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 is equal to or more than the lower limit and equal to or less than the upper limit, it is easy to obtain a carbonaceous material that provides a battery with excellent battery capacity retention at low temperatures.
- the interplanar spacing d 002 can be adjusted, for example, to the above upper limit value or less and the above lower limit value or more by adjusting the heating temperature (for example, the temperature of the first carbonization step or the temperature of the second carbonization step).
- the interplanar spacing d002 can be determined by X-ray diffraction.
- ⁇ Half width of D band near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 in Raman spectrum> When a carbonaceous material is subjected to laser Raman spectroscopy, it usually has a peak around 1360 cm ⁇ 1 . This peak is a Raman peak commonly referred to as the D-band, and appears due to disturbances and defects in the graphite structure.
- the half-value width of the D band near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 (hereinafter also referred to simply as “the half-value width of the D band”) represents the amount of this disordered structure and defects.
- the half width of the D band of the carbonaceous material is preferably 200 cm ⁇ 1 or more, more preferably 210 cm ⁇ 1 or more, and preferably 270 cm ⁇ 1 or less, more preferably 260 cm ⁇ 1 250 cm ⁇ 1 or less, more preferably 250 cm ⁇ 1 or less.
- the half width of the D band is equal to or more than the lower limit and equal to or less than the upper limit, there are not too many terminal structures, and an increase in electrical resistance is easily suppressed, so that the irreversible capacity is reduced and the cycle durability is improved. tend to improve.
- the half-value width of the D band can be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the heating temperature (e.g., the temperature of the first carbonization step or the temperature of the second carbonization step) relatively low, or by treating the starting material lignin with a condensing agent. After condensation, carbonization at a temperature at which thermal decomposition is suppressed can be adjusted to the lower limit or more and the upper limit or less.
- the half width of the D band of the carbonaceous material can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the true density of the carbonaceous material determined by the butanol method is preferably 1.40 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.45 g/cm 3 or more. cm 3 or more, preferably 1.70 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 1.65 g/cm 3 or less, and particularly preferably 1.60 g/cm 3 or less.
- ⁇ Bt is equal to or greater than the lower limit and equal to or less than the upper limit, it is easy to obtain a carbonaceous material that provides a battery with a superior battery capacity.
- ⁇ Bt can be adjusted to the lower limit value or more and the upper limit value or less by adjusting the heating temperature (for example, the temperature of the first carbonization step or the temperature of the second carbonization step), for example.
- ⁇ Bt is measured according to JIS R 7212:1995.
- the true density (hereinafter also referred to as “ ⁇ He ”) measured using helium gas as a displacement medium is an index of helium gas diffusivity in carbonaceous materials.
- ⁇ He The true density measured using helium gas as a displacement medium.
- helium has a very small atomic diameter (0.26 nm), it can be considered that the pores that helium cannot enter are closed pores.
- the ⁇ He of the carbonaceous material is preferably, but not limited to, 1.80 g/cm 3 or higher, more preferably 1.90 g/cm 3 or higher.
- ⁇ He is equal to or higher than the lower limit, the carbon structure develops and a sufficient amount of pores are present, so that the portion that becomes a starting point for side reactions during lithium ion desorption tends to be reduced. As a result, it is easy to obtain a battery with improved cycle characteristics.
- ⁇ He is not limited, but is usually 2.30 g/cm 3 or less, preferably 2.20 g/cm 3 or less.
- ⁇ He can be adjusted, for example, to the lower limit value or more and the upper limit value or less by adjusting the temperature of the second carbonization step. ⁇ He can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the ratio of the true density ⁇ Bt determined by the butanol method to the true density ⁇ He determined by the helium method of the carbonaceous material (hereinafter referred to as the “true density ratio” or “ ⁇ Bt / ⁇ He ”) is preferably 0.71 or more, more preferably 0.72 or more, preferably 0.85 or less, more preferably 0.83 or less, and particularly preferably 0.80 or less.
- ⁇ He increases with the number of open pores, but the open pores include not only relatively large pores that are greatly involved in moisture absorption of the carbonaceous material, but also lithium ion storage and Also included are pores of sizes that are believed to be highly responsible for release.
- ⁇ He affects both hygroscopicity and volumetric charge and discharge capacities.
- ⁇ Bt is equal to or more than the lower limit and equal to or less than the upper limit, it is considered to mean that there are many openings having a size that favorably participates in the absorption and release of lithium ions.
- the true density ratio ⁇ Bt / ⁇ He reflects the number of pores having a size that allows butanol to enter but helium to enter.
- the true density ratio is, for example, the amount of sulfur contained in the starting material, the water-soluble content of lignin when lignin is used as the starting material, and / or the first carbonization temperature. value can be adjusted below.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention is, for example, A first carbonization step of carbonizing a starting material containing elemental sulfur in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere to obtain a carbon precursor; and carbonizing the carbon precursor in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere to obtain a carbonaceous material. It can be produced by a production method including a second carbonization step to obtain.
- the starting material containing elemental sulfur is not particularly limited.
- the elemental sulfur content S NDIR of the starting material determined by the NDIR method is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, from the viewpoint that it is easy to suppress the decrease in the molecular weight of the starting material, and as a result, the carbon condensation easily progresses sufficiently. More preferably 0.2% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or more.
- the SNDIR of the starting material has a viewpoint that the emission of sulfur dioxide, which may corrode the equipment used, is easily suppressed, and the desired battery characteristics (especially charge-discharge efficiency, initial DC resistance and / or discharge capacity maintenance rate), it is preferably 5.0% by mass or less, more preferably 4.5% by mass or less.
- SNDIR of the starting material can be obtained, for example, by hydrolyzing the starting material containing elemental sulfur (for example, by a method such as heating with an aqueous solution of caustic soda), or by modifying the starting material with a component containing elemental sulfur such as sulfuric acid, By adjusting the amount of modification, it can be adjusted to the lower limit value or more and the upper limit value or less.
- the SNDIR of the starting material can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the starting material is preferably particulate.
- the volume average particle size of the starting material is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more (for example 15 ⁇ m or more), preferably It is less than 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 45 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 35 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 25 ⁇ m or less (for example, 20 ⁇ m or less).
- the volume average particle size of the starting material is preferably 50 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 75 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more, preferably It is 50 mm or less, more preferably 20 mm or less, still more preferably 10 mm or less, even more preferably 5 mm or less, particularly preferably 3 mm or less (eg, 1 mm or less, 500 ⁇ m or less, 300 ⁇ m or less, 100 ⁇ m or less).
- the volume-average particle size is at least the lower limit, it is difficult for workers to inhale dust or cause dust explosions.
- the volume average particle diameter is equal to or less than the above upper limit, the problem that the starting material is oxidized by water generated during carbonization and the physical properties of the carbon are impaired is easily avoided, and the desired sulfur element content ratio is easily obtained.
- a starting material having a volume average particle diameter of not less than the lower limit and not more than the upper limit may be used, or a starting material after adjusting the volume average particle diameter to not less than the lower limit and not more than the upper limit by pulverization. may be used.
- the volume average particle size can be measured, for example, by the laser diffraction scattering method or the Coulter method.
- the first carbonization step is conducted under conditions that cause little or no shrinkage of the starting material.
- the grinder used for grinding is not particularly limited, and a grinder exemplified in the section ⁇ Pulverization step> below can be used. Further, the pulverized material may be subjected to a classification step in the same manner as the procedure described in the paragraph ⁇ Classification step> below.
- Starting materials that can be used include, for example, sulfonic acid-type ion exchange resins, lignin, and combinations thereof.
- lignin which is water-insoluble and preferably has a melting point of 200° C. or higher, is preferable.
- Such lignin is commonly referred to as kraft lignin and is obtained as a waste product after cellulose extraction in the paper industry. Specifically, it is prepared, for example, by acidifying black liquor produced in the process of producing pulp and washing the deposited precipitate.
- the lignin obtained in this way has a number average molecular weight of usually 3,500 to 4,500 because the ether bond, which is the main bond thereof, is cleaved during the preparation process to remarkably lower the molecular weight.
- kraft lignin usually has a large amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups and is highly chemically active as compared with lignin obtained by other methods.
- kraft lignin is preferred from the viewpoint of waste utilization and from the viewpoint of facilitating the obtaining of high-density carbonaceous materials due to its high chemical activity. From the viewpoint that it is easy to obtain a battery with excellent charge-discharge efficiency and low resistance as a result of melting at the initial stage of the temperature rising process of the first carbonization step and easily changing to a state of high density in the crystalline state during melting. It is particularly preferred to use lignin whose melting point is preferably above 210°C, more preferably above 230°C. Melting points can be measured, for example, by differential scanning calorimetry or a melting point apparatus.
- the lignin has a water-soluble content of preferably 14% by mass or less, more preferably 12% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 10% by mass or less, relative to the total mass of lignin.
- the water-soluble content relative to the total mass of lignin is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more.
- the water-soluble content can be adjusted to the above upper limit value or less and the above lower limit value or more, for example, by heat drying at the time of removal from the pulp manufacturing process or heat treatment before use.
- the water-soluble content can be measured, for example, by Soxhlet extraction.
- lignin Only one lignin may be used, or two or more lignins different in one or more of elemental sulfur content, melting point, water-soluble content, molecular weight and volatile component content may be used in combination. good. When two or more lignins are used in combination, at least one of them preferably has the preferred elemental sulfur content, melting point and/or water-soluble content as described above. Lignin may be used as a starting material after reducing the metals present in the lignin by washing with acid water.
- the starting material containing elemental sulfur is carbonized in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere, and more preferably, the elemental sulfur content S NDIR determined by the NDIR method is 0.1% by mass or more. and lignin having a water-soluble content of 14% by mass or less is carbonized in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere to obtain a carbon precursor.
- non-oxidizing gases examples include helium, nitrogen, argon, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- An oxidizing gas may be contained in the non-oxidizing gas.
- the content of the oxidizing gas (especially oxygen) is preferably as low as possible, usually 1% by volume or less, preferably 0.1% by volume or less.
- the non-oxidizing gas does not contain an oxidizing gas. This means that the amount of oxidizing gas is below the detection limit of conventional measurement methods (eg gas chromatography).
- the supply amount (circulation amount) of the non-oxidizing gas is not particularly limited. It is usually 1 mL/min or more, preferably 10 mL/min or more, more preferably 30 mL/min or more, and usually 1500 mL/min or less (e.g., 1200 mL/g 1000 mL/min or less, 500 mL/min or less).
- the first carbonization step can also be performed under reduced pressure, for example, at 10 KPa or less.
- the rate of temperature increase in the first carbonization step is not particularly limited. Although it varies depending on the heating method, it is preferably 1° C./min or more, more preferably 2° C./min or more, and preferably 20° C./min or less, more preferably 18° C./min or less.
- the rate of temperature increase is equal to or higher than the lower limit and equal to or lower than the upper limit, good productivity can be easily obtained, which is also preferable from the viewpoint of economy.
- the progress of activation by the generated dry distillation gas is likely to be suppressed, and a favorable carbon density is likely to be obtained.
- the temperature of the first carbonization step is preferably 300°C or higher, more preferably 350°C or higher, still more preferably 380°C or higher, preferably 700°C or lower, more preferably 600°C or lower, and even more preferably less than 600°C. , more preferably 550° C. or lower, particularly preferably 500° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the first carbonization step is preferably 300°C or higher, more preferably 350°C or higher, even more preferably 380°C. above, preferably less than 600° C., more preferably 550° C. or less, particularly preferably 500° C. or less.
- the inventors have found that the temperature of the first carbonization step affects sulfur migration in the material subjected to the first carbonization step. That is, by subjecting the material to the first carbonization step, the sulfur contained in the material tends to migrate toward the surface of the material, while by carbonizing at a relatively low temperature, the sulfur is transferred to the interior of the material. It was found that there is a tendency to stay in the direction of It was also found that this tendency appears more clearly when no condensing agent is used.
- the temperature of the first carbonization step is equal to or higher than the lower limit value and equal to or lower than the upper limit value, it is easy to obtain a carbonaceous material having desired physical properties (especially sulfur element content ratio), and desired battery characteristics (especially, discharge capacity, initial DC resistance and/or discharge capacity retention rate).
- the temperature retention time in the first carbonization step is not particularly limited.
- the retention time is preferably 0.1 hours or longer, more preferably 0.5 hours or longer, preferably 20 hours or shorter, more preferably 15 hours or shorter, still more preferably 10 hours or shorter, and even more preferably 5 hours or shorter. is.
- the holding time is equal to or longer than the lower limit value and equal to or lower than the upper limit value, carbonization proceeds sufficiently, so that ignition of carbide is less likely to occur during the process of producing the carbonaceous material.
- the lignin When using lignin as a starting material, the lignin may be condensed with a condensing agent prior to the first carbonization step.
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material includes, prior to the first carbonization step, a mixing step of mixing lignin and a condensing agent, and a condensation step of condensing lignin in the resulting mixture.
- the resulting condensate is subjected to a first carbonization step.
- the present inventors have found that condensation of lignin with a condensing agent tends to suppress the migration of sulfur contained in lignin towards the surface of the mixture in the first carbonization step.
- Condensing agents include, for example, amines, aldehydes, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- lignin can be made water-soluble by reacting lignin with excess amines to produce an ammonium salt of lignin.
- the amine can act as a catalyst in condensing lignin.
- some of the amines may react with aldehydes, and by forming an imine structure, they tend to increase the rate of cross-linking by aldehydes.
- Cross-linking the lignin can also prevent the occurrence of structural defects in the carbide due to melting during carbonization, or fouling or corrosion of equipment. Crosslinking can proceed even at room temperature, but can be accelerated by heating. Moreover, in order to progress the cross-linking reaction more uniformly, it is preferable to solubilize the lignin with an amine before adding the aldehyde.
- the amine that can be used is not particularly limited.
- primary amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, butylamine and aniline
- secondary amines such as dimethylamine, diethylamine and dibutylamine
- polyamines such as ethylenediamine and polyethyleneimine
- melamine or ammonia can be used. These may be used singly or in combination.
- the use of melamine and/or ammonia is preferred from the standpoint of availability, economy and carbonization efficiency.
- the amount used is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected according to the types of lignin and aldehyde used. From the viewpoint of cross-linking efficiency and water solubility, the amount of amine used is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 0.1 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of lignin. parts or more, more preferably 1 part by mass or more, particularly preferably 5 parts by mass or more, and preferably 200 parts by mass or less, more preferably 180 parts by mass or less, even more preferably 150 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably It is 100 parts by mass or less.
- the aldehyde that can be used is not particularly limited.
- Monoaldehydes such as, for example, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, hexanal and benzaldehyde, or glyoxal, 1,4-butanedial, 1,6-hexanedial, 1,9-nonandial, Dialdehydes such as ortho-phthalaldehyde, meta-phthalaldehyde and terephthalaldehyde can be used. These may be used singly or in combination.
- An organic solvent may be used when an aldehyde that is sparingly soluble in water is used.
- the organic solvent to be used is not particularly limited, but alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, and ketones such as acetone can be used.
- the amount of the organic solvent to be used may be appropriately adjusted depending on the type of aldehyde, but it is usually preferably 2 to 100 times the mass of the aldehyde.
- the amount used is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected according to the lignin used. From the viewpoint of aldehyde reactivity and cross-linking efficiency, the amount of aldehyde used is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more per 100 parts by mass of lignin. 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 1 part by mass or more, particularly preferably 5 parts by mass or more, and preferably 200 parts by mass or less, more preferably 180 parts by mass or less, even more preferably 150 parts by mass or less, especially Preferably, it is 100 parts by mass or less.
- the concentration of lignin in the lignin aqueous solution is not particularly limited.
- the concentration of lignin is preferably 0.1 to 40% by mass, more preferably 0.2 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.2 to 30% by mass, with respect to the mass of the aqueous lignin solution. It is 0.5 to 20% by mass.
- the temperature for mixing lignin with the condensing agent is not particularly limited, it is usually in the range of 5 to 90°C. From the viewpoint of reactivity and volatility, it is preferably 10 to 70°C, more preferably 20 to 60°C.
- the mixing time is also not limited, but is usually 0.1 to 10 hours, preferably 0.2 to 9 hours, more preferably 0.3 to 8 hours.
- an acid When using an aldehyde, an acid may be added as a catalyst in order to facilitate the cross-linking reaction with the aldehyde.
- the amount to be used is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected depending on the type of lignin used and the type of aldehyde used.
- the amount of acid used is usually 0.1 to 50 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 30 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of aldehyde. Acids that can be used are not particularly limited.
- inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and boric acid
- organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid
- hydrochloric acid or acetic acid is preferred from the viewpoint of economy and reactivity.
- the condensation of lignin can be promoted by heating the mixture of lignin and condensing agent under normal pressure or reduced pressure. If the mixture contains a solvent, it is preferred to remove the solvent by heating and solidify the mixture in order to speed up the condensation.
- the temperature for solidification is preferably the temperature at which the solution is prepared or higher, more preferably 90 to 300°C, still more preferably 100 to 250°C.
- the method of heating for solidification is not particularly limited, and hot air, an electric heater, an evaporator, or the like can be used. Evaporation to dryness is preferred.
- the carbon precursor is preferably carbonized in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere, and more preferably, the carbon precursor is heated to 700°C in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere. C. to 1400.degree. C. to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- non-oxidizing gases examples include helium, nitrogen, argon, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the second carbonization step may be performed in a gas atmosphere in which a halogen gas such as chlorine is mixed with the non-oxidizing gas.
- An oxidizing gas may be contained in the non-oxidizing gas.
- the content of the oxidizing gas (especially oxygen) is preferably as low as possible, usually 1% by volume or less, preferably 0.1% by volume or less.
- the non-oxidizing gas does not contain an oxidizing gas.
- the supply amount (circulation amount) of the non-oxidizing gas is not particularly limited. It is usually 1 mL/min or more, preferably 10 mL/min or more, more preferably 100 mL/min or more, and usually 1500 mL/min or less (eg, 1200 mL/min or less, 1000 mL/min or less) per 1 g of the carbon precursor.
- the second carbonization step can also be performed under reduced pressure, for example, at 10 KPa or less.
- the rate of temperature increase in the second carbonization step is not particularly limited. Although it varies depending on the heating method, it is preferably 1° C./min or more, more preferably 2° C./min or more, and preferably 20° C./min or less, more preferably 18° C./min or less.
- the rate of temperature increase is equal to or higher than the lower limit and equal to or lower than the upper limit, good productivity can be easily obtained, which is also preferable from the viewpoint of economy.
- the progress of activation by the generated dry distillation gas is likely to be suppressed, and a favorable carbon density is likely to be obtained.
- the temperature of the second carbonization step is preferably 700°C or higher, more preferably 750°C or higher, still more preferably 800°C or higher (e.g., 850°C or higher, 900°C or higher), and preferably 1400°C or lower, more preferably 1400°C or lower. is 1380° C. or less, more preferably 1350° C. or less.
- the temperature of the second carbonization step is equal to or higher than the lower limit and equal to or lower than the upper limit, the remaining amount of functional groups in the carbonaceous material can be easily reduced, and the carbonaceous material and lithium can increase the irreversible capacity. It is easy to suppress the reaction.
- the carbonaceous material for example, the sulfur element content ratio, the interplanar spacing d 002 and/or the half width of the D band.
- the holding time of the temperature in the second carbonization step is not particularly limited.
- the holding time at 800° C. or higher is usually 0.05 hours or more and 10 hours or less, preferably 0.05 hours or more and 3 hours or less, more preferably 0.05 hours or more and 1.5 hours or less.
- the desired physical properties of the carbonaceous material e.g., specific surface area, interplanar spacing d 002 , half width of D band, ⁇ Bt , ⁇ He and/or It is easy to obtain the true density ratio.
- a mixture of a carbon precursor and a thermally decomposable substance may be carbonized instead of the carbon precursor.
- the present inventors have found that carbonizing a mixture of a carbon precursor and a pyrolytic substance can reduce the amount of elemental sulfur at and near the surface of the carbonaceous material. That is, by carbonizing a mixture of a carbon precursor and a thermally decomposable substance, it is easy to obtain a carbonaceous material having desired physical properties (particularly sulfur element content ratio). Moreover, by carbonizing the mixture of the carbon precursor and the pyrolytic substance, the specific surface area of the resulting carbonaceous material can be reduced to a desired value.
- Thermally decomposable substances are preferably organic substances that can sufficiently generate volatile substances (eg, hydrocarbon gas and tar components).
- the residual carbon content of the thermally decomposable substance is determined from the viewpoint of the stable operation of the equipment that carries out the second carbonization step and the uniformity of the properties of the carbonaceous material (that is, the carbonaceous material with locally different properties is generated. from the point of view that it is less likely to be
- the residual carbon ratio is the residual carbon ratio when the thermally decomposable substance is incinerated at 800°C.
- the residual carbon content can be measured by quantifying the amount of carbon in the ignition residue after the sample is ignited in an inert gas atmosphere.
- thermally decomposable substances include, for example, thermoplastic resins and low molecular weight organic compounds.
- thermoplastic resins include olefin-based resins, styrene-based resins and (meth)acrylic acid-based resins.
- olefinic resins include polyethylene, polypropylene, random copolymers of ethylene and propylene, and block copolymers of ethylene and propylene.
- styrenic resins examples include polystyrene, poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene), and copolymers of styrene and (meth)acrylic acid alkyl esters (where the alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms). etc.
- (meth)acrylic acid-based resins examples include polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester polymers (the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6). be done.
- (meth)acrylic acid is a generic term for acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- Examples of low-molecular-weight organic compounds include hydrocarbon compounds having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon compound is preferably 2-18, more preferably 3-16.
- the hydrocarbon compound may be a saturated hydrocarbon compound or an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound, and may be a chain hydrocarbon compound or a cyclic hydrocarbon compound.
- the unsaturated bond may be a double bond or a triple bond, and the number of unsaturated bonds contained in one molecule is not particularly limited.
- the chain hydrocarbon compound is an aliphatic hydrocarbon compound, examples of which include linear or branched alkanes, alkenes or alkynes.
- cyclic hydrocarbon compounds include alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds (eg, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, cycloalkynes) and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.
- aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds include methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, octane, nonane, decane, ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene and acetylene.
- alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclononane, cyclopropane, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, decalin, norbornene, methylcyclohexane, and norbornadiene. mentioned.
- aromatic hydrocarbon compounds include benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, cumene, butylbenzene, styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, and vinylxylene.
- tert-butylstyrene monocyclic aromatic compounds such as ethylstyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and other 3- to 6-ring condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds, preferably condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds.
- the hydrocarbon compound may have any substituent.
- substituents are not particularly limited. Examples of substituents include alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (preferably alkyl groups having 1 to 2 carbon atoms), alkenyl groups having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (preferably alkenyl groups having 2 carbon atoms), and Cycloalkyl groups of 3 to 8 (preferably cycloalkyl groups of 3 to 6 carbon atoms) can be mentioned.
- the thermally decomposable substance is preferably solid at room temperature.
- a low-molecular-weight organic compound that is solid at room temperature such as pyrene, is more preferable.
- Preferred thermoplastic resins are olefin-based resins and styrene-based resins, since those that do not oxidize and activate the surface of the carbon precursor when volatilized and thermally decomposed at the temperature of the second carbonization step are preferred, and polyethylene, Polypropylene and polystyrene are more preferred.
- a hydrocarbon compound having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable, and a condensed polycyclic aromatic compound is more preferable, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, since it is preferable for safety to have lower volatility at normal temperature. or pyrene is more preferred.
- thermoplastic resins are preferred, olefin resins and styrene resins are more preferred, polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene are even more preferred, and polyethylene and polystyrene are particularly preferred.
- the mass ratio of the carbon precursor and the thermally decomposable substance when mixing the carbon precursor and the thermally decomposable substance is not particularly limited.
- the weight ratio of the carbon precursor to the thermally decomposable substance is preferably 97:3 to 40:60, more preferably 95:5 to 60:40, still more preferably 93:7 to 80:20.
- the amount of the thermally decomposable substance is 3 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon precursor, the specific surface area can be sufficiently reduced.
- the amount of the thermally decomposable substance is 60 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon precursor, the excess thermally decomposable substance is consumed even though the effect of reducing the specific surface area has reached saturation. It is industrially advantageous because it is possible to avoid unnecessary waste.
- Mixing of the carbon precursor and the pyrolyzable material is performed between the first carbonization step and the second carbonization step.
- the mixing may be performed either before the pulverization step or after the pulverization step.
- the carbon precursor and the thermally decomposable substance are mixed before the pulverization step, the carbon precursor and the thermally decomposable substance that is liquid or solid at room temperature are weighed and simultaneously supplied to the pulverizer for pulverization. and mixing can be performed simultaneously.
- the mixing can be carried out by a known method as long as the two are uniformly mixed.
- the thermally decomposable material is solid at ambient temperature
- the thermally decomposable material is preferably particulate.
- the shape or particle size of the particles is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of facilitating uniform dispersion of the thermally decomposable substance and the pulverized carbon precursor, the volume average particle diameter of the thermally decomposable substance is preferably 0. .1 to 2000 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 1000 ⁇ m, still more preferably 2 to 600 ⁇ m.
- the thermally decomposable substance is gaseous at room temperature
- the non-oxidizing gas containing the thermally decomposable substance is circulated in the device for carrying out the second carbonization step and thermally decomposed, thereby introducing carbon into the device.
- a method of mixing with a precursor can be used.
- the mixture of the carbon precursor and the thermally decomposable substance may contain components other than the carbon precursor and the thermally decomposable substance.
- it may contain one or more components selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite, metal-based materials, alloy-based materials, and oxide-based materials.
- the content of such components is not particularly limited, and is preferably 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the mixture. Below, it is more preferably 30 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 20 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 10 parts by mass or less.
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material may optionally include a pulverization step after the first carbonization step or the second carbonization step.
- the carbide (carbon precursor or carbonaceous material) aggregated by carbonization can be pulverized and adjusted to the desired size.
- the pulverization step it is preferably performed after the first carbonization step.
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material comprises pulverizing a carbon precursor so that the volume-average particle size is preferably 45 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 35 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, particularly Preferably, it further includes a pulverization step of obtaining a pulverized product having a size of 25 ⁇ m or less (eg, 20 ⁇ m or less, 15 ⁇ m or less).
- the volume average particle diameter is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2.2 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or more (for example, 2.8 ⁇ m or more).
- grinding after the second carbonization step is not excluded.
- the crusher used for crushing is not particularly limited.
- jet mills, mixer mills, ball mills, hammer mills, rod mills, and the like can be used alone or in combination.
- a jet mill with a classifying function is preferable from the viewpoint of less generation of fine powder.
- fine powder can be removed by classifying after pulverization.
- classification may be performed after the pulverization step, which may be performed as necessary. Classification allows the volume average particle size of the carbon precursor or carbonaceous material to be adjusted more accurately. In addition, by classification, carbon precursors or carbonaceous materials smaller than a specific size (for example, volume average particle size is 1 ⁇ m or less) and/or carbon precursors larger than a specific size (for example, volume average particle size is 30 ⁇ m or more) Body or carbonaceous material can also be removed.
- a specific size for example, volume average particle size is 1 ⁇ m or less
- carbon precursors larger than a specific size for example, volume average particle size is 30 ⁇ m or more
- classification examples include sieve classification, wet classification, and dry classification.
- Wet classifiers include, for example, classifiers using the principles of gravity classification, inertia classification, hydraulic classification, centrifugal classification, and the like.
- Dry classifiers include, for example, classifiers using the principle of sedimentation classification, mechanical classification, or centrifugal classification.
- pulverization and classification can be performed using one device (for example, a jet mill equipped with a dry classifying function).
- a jet mill equipped with a dry classifying function for example, a jet mill equipped with a dry classifying function.
- an apparatus with independent pulverizer and classifier may be used. In this case, pulverization and classification may be performed continuously or discontinuously.
- the carbonaceous material is Lignin having a sulfur element content S NDIR determined by the NDIR method of 0.1% by mass or more and a water-soluble content of 14% by mass or less is heated in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere at a temperature of 300 ° C. or more and less than 600 ° C. a first carbonization step of carbonizing at temperature to obtain a carbon precursor;
- a pulverization step of pulverizing the carbon precursor to obtain a pulverized product having a volume average particle size of 45 ⁇ m or less It can be produced by a production method including a second carbonization step of obtaining a carbonaceous material by carbonizing at a temperature of °C or less.
- the carbonaceous material is A mixing step of mixing lignin having a sulfur element content S NDIR determined by the NDIR method of 0.1% by mass or more and a water-soluble content of 14% by mass or less and a condensing agent; a condensation step of condensing lignin in the resulting mixture; a first carbonization step of carbonizing the resulting condensate in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere to obtain a carbon precursor;
- the carbonaceous material is Lignin having a sulfur element content S NDIR determined by the NDIR method of 0.1% by mass or more and a water-soluble content of 14% by mass or less is carbonized in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere to obtain a carbon precursor.
- a first carbonization step to obtain Preferably, a pulverizing step of pulverizing the carbon precursor to obtain a pulverized product having a volume average particle size of 45 ⁇ m or less; a mixing step of mixing the carbon precursor or the pulverized material with a thermally decomposable substance; and It can be manufactured by a manufacturing method including a second carbonization step for obtaining the material.
- the lignin, the first carbonization step, the condensing agent, the second carbonization step, the thermally decomposable substance, the pulverization step, and the classification step in the three production methods of a preferred embodiment of the present invention described above include the ⁇ starting material >, ⁇ First carbonization step>, ⁇ Condensing agent>, ⁇ Second carbonization step>, ⁇ Thermal decomposable substance>, ⁇ Pulverization step> and ⁇ Classification step>
- the preferred embodiments described in the paragraphs are applied respectively. can be
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention can be used for electrodes. Accordingly, the present invention is also directed to electrodes comprising the carbonaceous material of the present invention.
- an electrode mixture is prepared by kneading a carbonaceous material, a binder, and a solvent, and the electrode mixture is applied to one or both sides of a current collector plate made of a metal plate or the like. It can be produced by applying, drying, and pressure-molding the obtained current collector plate with the electrode active material layer.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it does not react with the electrolytic solution.
- binders include PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), polytetrafluoroethylene, and mixtures of SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carbboxymethylcellulose
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- a polar solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is preferably used to dissolve the PVDF to form a slurry, although an aqueous emulsion such as SBR or an aqueous solution of CMC can also be used.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the preferred amount of the binder to be added varies depending on the type of binder used. It is preferably 2 to 10% by mass.
- binders that use water as a solvent often use a mixture of multiple binders, such as a mixture of SBR and CMC. is preferably 0.5 to 5% by mass, more preferably 1 to 4% by mass, based on the total mass of
- an electrode having high conductivity can be produced without adding a conductive aid.
- a conductive aid may be added when preparing the electrode mixture.
- Conductive carbon black, vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF), nanotubes, and the like can be used alone or in combination of two or more as conductive aids.
- the amount to be added varies depending on the type of conductive aid used, but if the amount is too small, it will be difficult to obtain the expected conductivity, and if it is too large, dispersion in the electrode mixture will be poor, which is not preferred. .
- the electrode active material layer is usually formed on both sides of the current collector plate, but may be formed on one side if necessary.
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer (per one side) is preferably 10-80 ⁇ m, more preferably 20-75 ⁇ m, still more preferably 20-60 ⁇ m.
- the present invention is also directed to batteries comprising the electrodes of the invention. Since the battery of the present invention, for example, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, is manufactured using the negative electrode using the carbonaceous material of the present invention, it has improved discharge capacity, charge-discharge efficiency, initial DC resistance, and discharge capacity retention rate. be able to.
- materials other than the electrode (negative electrode) of the present invention that is, materials such as positive electrode materials, separators and electrolytes, are not particularly limited, and are conventionally used in non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries. , or the various materials proposed.
- the positive electrode material may be a layered oxide system [LiMO 2 (where M represents a metal), such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 or LiNi x Co y Moz O 2
- x, y, and z represent the composition ratio
- spinel-based [LiM 2 O 4 (here, M represents a metal): for example, LiMn 2 O 4 etc.] are preferable, and these complex metal chalcogen compounds may be mixed if necessary.
- a positive electrode can be manufactured by molding these positive electrode materials with a suitable binder and a carbonaceous material to impart electrical conductivity to the electrode and forming a layer on a conductive current collector.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte solutions used in combination of these positive and negative electrodes are generally formed by dissolving an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent.
- Non-aqueous solvents include, for example, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ⁇ -butyllactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, or 1,3- Organic solvents such as dioxolane can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- LiClO 4 LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiCl, LiBr, LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiN(SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 or the like is used. be able to.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally has a positive electrode and a negative electrode produced as described above facing each other via a permeable separator (e.g., non-woven fabric, other porous material, etc.) as necessary, and an electrolytic solution It is produced by dipping in A solid electrolyte consisting of a polymer gel impregnated with an electrolytic solution can be used instead of the separator or together with the separator.
- a permeable separator e.g., non-woven fabric, other porous material, etc.
- the discharge capacity of the battery of the present invention is preferably 420 mAh/g or higher, more preferably 450 mAh/g or higher, even more preferably 480 mAh/g or higher, and particularly preferably 520 mAh/g or higher.
- the charge/discharge efficiency of the battery of the present invention is preferably 75% or higher, more preferably 78% or higher, and particularly preferably 80% or higher.
- the initial DC resistance of the battery of the present invention is preferably 700 ⁇ or less, more preferably 660 ⁇ or less, and particularly preferably 610 ⁇ or less.
- the battery of the present invention has a discharge capacity retention rate (discharge capacity retention rate) at 50th cycle relative to discharge capacity at 1st cycle of preferably 83% or more, more preferably 85% or more, Especially preferably, it is 90% or more.
- Discharge capacity, charge/discharge efficiency, initial DC resistance, and discharge capacity retention rate can be measured by the methods described in Examples below.
- particulate tungsten and 0.3 g of particulate tin both of which are combustion improvers
- the content of elemental sulfur was determined by performing heating and combustion using high frequency waves in a pure oxygen stream and analyzing the generated gas.
- JSS152-18 [C: 0.277% by mass, S: 0.277% by mass, S: 0.27% by mass] which is a Japanese steel certified reference material, was used instead of the carbonaceous material.
- X-ray source monochromatic AlK ⁇ (1486.6 eV)
- X-ray beam diameter 100 ⁇ m ⁇ (25 W, 15 kV)
- Measurement range 1000 ⁇ m ⁇ 300 ⁇ m
- vm was determined by the three-point method by nitrogen adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature, and the specific surface area of the sample was calculated by the following formula.
- v m is the nitrogen adsorption amount (cm 3 /g) required to form a monomolecular layer on the sample surface
- v is the measured nitrogen adsorption amount (cm 3 /g)
- p 0 is the saturated vapor pressure.
- p is the absolute pressure
- c is a constant (reflecting the heat of adsorption)
- N is Avogadro's number 6.022 ⁇ 10 23
- a (nm 2 ) is the area occupied by adsorbate molecules on the sample surface (cross-sectional area occupied by molecules).
- ⁇ Volume average particle size> A carbonaceous material is put into an aqueous solution containing 0.3% by mass of a surfactant ("Triton X100" manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), treated with an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes or more, and the carbonaceous material is placed in the aqueous solution. dispersed. The particle size distribution was measured using this dispersion. Particle size distribution measurement was performed using a laser diffraction/scattering type particle size/particle size distribution analyzer ("Microtrac M T3000" manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). D50 is the particle size at which the cumulative volume reaches 50%, and this value was used as the volume average particle size.
- ⁇ Half width of D band near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 in Raman spectrum> A Raman spectrum was measured using "LabRAM ARAMIS" manufactured by Horiba, Ltd. using a light source with a laser wavelength of 532 nm. Specifically, three samples were randomly sampled from each carbonaceous material, and two samples were measured for each sample. The measurement conditions were a wavelength range of 50 to 2000 cm ⁇ 1 and 100 accumulations, and the average of six points in total was adopted as the Raman spectrum of the carbonaceous material.
- ⁇ True density ⁇ Bt determined by the butanol method The true density ⁇ Bt of the carbonaceous material was measured by the butanol method according to JIS R 7212:1995. Specific procedures are shown below.
- the mass (m 1 ) of a pycnometer with a side tube of about 40 mL was accurately weighed.
- the sample was introduced evenly so that the thickness of the sample from the bottom of the pycnometer with side tube was about 10 mm, and then the mass (m 2 ) of the pycnometer with side tube containing the sample was accurately weighed.
- 1-Butanol was gently added so that the depth from the bottom of the pycnometer with side tube to the liquid surface was about 20 mm.
- the pycnometer with side tube was taken out, the outside was wiped well, and after cooling to room temperature, the mass (m 4 ) was accurately weighed.
- the same specific gravity bottle with a side tube was filled with only 1-butanol, immersed in a constant temperature water bath in the same manner as described above, aligned with the marked line, and weighed (m 3 ).
- distilled water which had been boiled to remove dissolved gas immediately before use, was introduced into the pycnometer, immersed in the constant temperature water bath in the same manner as described above, aligned with the marked line, and the mass (m 5 ) was measured.
- the true density ⁇ Bt was calculated by the following formula.
- d is the specific gravity of water at 30°C (0.9946).
- Example 1 18.0 g of lignin having a sulfur element content of 2% by mass determined by the NDIR method, a melting point of 250° C., and a water-soluble content of 2.7% by mass was placed in a boat-shaped crucible. It was introduced into a tubular furnace manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd. (tube diameter 200 mm ⁇ tube length 1800 mm). Nitrogen was introduced for 1 hour at a flow rate of 5 L/min to replace the inside of the furnace with nitrogen, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 400 ° C. (heating rate 2.5 ° C./min), and held at 400 ° C. for 1 hour (first carbonization step), and after naturally cooling from 400° C. to room temperature, the carbon precursor was taken out.
- Example 2 A carbonaceous material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the temperature of the second carbonization step was changed from 1000°C to 900°C.
- the volume average particle size of the pulverized material was 4.7 ⁇ m, and the recovery rate of the carbonaceous material was 88.3% by mass.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Example 3 A carbonaceous material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the temperature of the second carbonization step was changed from 1000°C to 800°C.
- the volume average particle size of the pulverized material was 4.6 ⁇ m, and the recovery rate of the carbonaceous material was 88.4% by mass.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Example 4 A carbonaceous material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the temperature of the second carbonization step was changed from 1000°C to 1300°C.
- the volume average particle diameter of the pulverized material was 4.8 ⁇ m, and the recovery rate of the carbonaceous material was 86.9% by mass.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Example 5 A carbonaceous material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that polystyrene was not added.
- the volume average particle size of the pulverized material was 4.7 ⁇ m, and the recovery rate of the carbonaceous material was 98.4% by mass.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Example 6 60 g of lignin having a sulfur element content of 2% by mass, a melting point of 250° C., and a water-soluble content of 4% by mass as determined by the NDIR method was weighed into a 1 L separable flask. 570 mL of ion-exchanged water was added thereto, and 200 mL of ammonia water (28% by mass) was added while stirring with a mechanical stirrer. Further, 20.4 mL of formaldehyde aqueous solution (36% by mass) and a mixed solution of 5 mL of ammonia water (28% by mass) and 0.5 g of acetic acid were added thereto and stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes.
- the separable flask was placed in an oil bath (adjusted to 80°C), and the mixture was stirred at an internal temperature of the separable flask of 80°C for 1.5 hours. After that, the mixture was cooled to room temperature while stirring to obtain an aqueous lignin solution.
- the resulting aqueous solution was distilled using an evaporator at a bath temperature of 80° C. under reduced pressure of 3 kPa to distill off 400 g of water.
- the resulting concentrate was transferred to a 1-L beaker, dried in an explosion-proof hot air dryer at 80° C. for 12 hours, and solidified. The obtained solid matter was 45 g (recovery rate 75% by mass).
- the obtained carbon precursor was pulverized with a mixer mill to obtain a pulverized material having a volume average particle size of 5.5 ⁇ m.
- 5.0 g of the pulverized material was placed in a boat-shaped crucible and introduced into the tubular furnace again. Nitrogen was introduced for 1 hour at a flow rate of 5 L/min to replace the inside of the furnace with nitrogen, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 1200°C (heating rate 10°C/min), and held at 1200°C for 30 minutes (second carbonization step), after cooling from 1200° C. to room temperature over 12 hours, the carbonaceous material was taken out. 4.52 g of carbonaceous material was obtained (recovery rate 90.4% by mass). Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Example 1 A carbonaceous material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the temperature of the second carbonization step was changed from 1000°C to 1420°C.
- the volume average particle size of the pulverized material was 4.7 ⁇ m, and the recovery rate of the carbonaceous material was 83.1% by mass.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- the obtained carbon precursor was pulverized with a mixer mill to obtain a pulverized material having a volume average particle size of 8.2 ⁇ m.
- 7.06 g of the pulverized material was placed in a boat-shaped crucible and introduced into the tubular furnace again. Nitrogen was introduced for 1 hour at a flow rate of 5 L/min to replace the inside of the furnace with nitrogen, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 1000°C (heating rate 10°C/min), and held at 1000°C for 30 minutes (second carbonization step), after cooling from 1000° C. to room temperature over 12 hours, the carbonaceous material was taken out. 6.37 g of carbonaceous material was obtained (recovery rate of 90.2% by mass). Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Comparative Example 4 A carbonaceous material was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the temperature of the second carbonization step was changed from 1000°C to 1200°C.
- the volume average particle size of the pulverized material was 8.2 ⁇ m, and the recovery rate of the carbonaceous material was 84.4% by mass.
- Table 1 shows the physical properties of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery were produced using the carbonaceous materials obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples, and their performance was evaluated.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery In order to accurately evaluate the discharge capacity (amount of dedoping) and irreversible capacity (amount of non-dedoping) of the battery active material without being affected by variations in the performance of the counter electrode, lithium metal with stable characteristics was used as the counter electrode.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced using the negative electrode produced according to the above procedure.
- As the electrolytic solution a solution (concentration: 1 mol/L) of electrolyte LiPF6 dissolved in a solvent obtained by mixing ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1:1 was used. there was.
- a polypropylene film was used as the separator.
- a coin cell was fabricated in a glove box under an argon atmosphere.
- a charge/discharge test was performed on the produced non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery at 25° C. using a charge/discharge tester (“TOSCAT” manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd.). Specifically, the doping reaction of lithium to the carbon electrode was performed by the constant current constant voltage method, and the undoping reaction was performed by the constant current method.
- TOSCAT charge/discharge tester
- the doping reaction of lithium to the carbon electrode is called “charging”, and in a battery using lithium metal for the counter electrode like the test battery of the present invention, the carbon electrode
- the doping reaction to the carbon electrode is called “discharge”, and the doping reaction of lithium to the same carbon electrode is called differently depending on the counter electrode used. Therefore, here, for the sake of convenience, the doping reaction of lithium to the carbon electrode is referred to as “charging”.
- “discharge” is a charging reaction in the test battery, but is a dedoping reaction of lithium from the carbonaceous material, and is therefore referred to as “discharge” for convenience.
- constant current charging is performed at 0.5 mA/cm 2 until the terminal voltage reaches 0 mV, and after the terminal voltage reaches 0 mV , constant voltage charging was performed at a terminal voltage of 0 mV, and charging was continued until the current value reached 20 ⁇ A.
- a value obtained by dividing the total charge capacity at this time by the mass of the carbonaceous material of the electrode is defined as the charge capacity (mAh/g) per unit mass of the carbonaceous material.
- the battery circuit was opened for 30 minutes, and then discharged. Discharge was performed at a constant current of 0.5 mA/cm 2 with a final voltage of 1.5V.
- a value obtained by dividing the amount of electricity discharged at this time by the mass of the carbonaceous material of the electrode is defined as the discharge capacity (mAh/g) per unit mass of the carbonaceous material.
- the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity (discharge capacity/charge capacity) was defined as charge/discharge efficiency (%) and used as an indicator of lithium ion utilization efficiency in the battery. Further, this charge/discharge cycle was repeated 50 times, and the retention rate of the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle relative to the discharge capacity at the 1st cycle (discharge capacity retention rate) was determined and used as an index of stabilization of the battery performance. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- a battery containing an electrode comprising the carbonaceous material of the present invention can have improved discharge capacity, charge/discharge efficiency, initial DC resistance and discharge capacity retention rate. Therefore, there is a possibility that it can be applied to various batteries.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、炭素質材料に関する。
また、特許文献2には、炭素前駆体または該炭素前駆体と揮発性有機物との混合物を800~1400℃の不活性ガス雰囲気下で焼成して炭素質材料を得る焼成工程、並びに粉砕および/または分級により、窒素吸着BET3点法により求めた前記炭素質材料の比表面積を20~75m2/gに調整する後粉砕工程および/または後分級工程を含む、非水電解質二次電池用炭素質材料の製造方法が開示されている。
そして、より高い電池特性に対する要求は常に存在しており、上記したいずれの特許文献に記載の炭素質材料についても、更に向上した電池特性(例えば、放電容量、充放電効率、抵抗および放電容量維持率)が求められる場合があった。
従って、本発明の課題は、向上した放電容量、充放電効率、抵抗(例えば初期直流抵抗)および放電容量維持率を有する電池をもたらす炭素質材料を提供することである。
[1]NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRに対する、XPS法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SXPSの比(SXPS/SNDIR)は、0.20以上、0.78以下であり、BET法により求めた比表面積は40m2/g以下である、炭素質材料。
[2]SNDIRは、炭素質材料の総質量に対して2.00質量%以下である、前記[1]に記載の炭素質材料。
[3]SXPSは、炭素質材料の総質量に対して1.40質量%以下である、前記[1]または[2]に記載の炭素質材料。
[4]BET法により求めた比表面積は1.0m2/g以上である、前記[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
[5]体積平均粒径は2μm以上、40μm以下である、前記[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
[6]CuKα線を用いて測定される前記炭素質材料の(002)面の面間隔d002は3.75Å以上、3.95Å以下である、前記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
[7]前記炭素質材料のラマンスペクトルにおける1360cm-1付近のDバンドの半値幅は200cm-1以上、270cm-1以下である、前記[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
[8]ヘリウム法により求めた真密度ρHeに対する、ブタノール法により求めた真密度ρBtの比(ρBt/ρHe)は、0.71以上、0.85以下である、前記[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
[9]前記[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料を含む、電極。
[10]前記[9]に記載の電極を含む、電池。
本発明の炭素質材料において、NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRに対する、XPS法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SXPSの比(SXPS/SNDIR)は、0.20以上、0.78以下であり、BET法により求めた比表面積は40m2/g以下である。
硫黄元素含有量SNDIRとは、酸素気流中燃焼(高周波誘導加熱炉方式)-非分散赤外吸収法(NDIR法)により測定される硫黄元素含有量を意味する。NDIR法では、試料を高周波誘導加熱炉で燃焼させることにより生じたガスにおける硫黄元素含有量を測定するので、測定される硫黄元素含有量は、試料全体における硫黄元素含有量に相当する。硫黄元素含有量SNDIRは、例えば後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定できる。
一方、硫黄元素含有量SXPSとは、X線光電子分光法(XPS法)により測定される硫黄元素含有量を意味する。XPS法では表面に存在する元素が分析されるため、測定される硫黄元素含有量は、試料表面における硫黄元素含有量に相当する。硫黄元素含有量SXPSは、例えば後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定できる。
この硫黄元素含有量比は、好ましくは0.21以上、より好ましくは0.22以上、特に好ましくは0.23以上であり、好ましくは0.75以下、より好ましくは0.70以下、特に好ましくは0.65以下(例えば、0.55以下、0.45以下、0.35以下)である。硫黄元素含有量比が前記下限値以上であり、前記上限値以下であると、所望の電池特性を有する電池をもたらす炭素質材料を得やすい。その理由は明らかではないが、非限定的な下記作用機構が考えらえる。
炭素質材料の、BET法により求めた比表面積(以下において、単に「比表面積」とも称する)は40m2/g以下である。比表面積が40m2/gより大きいと、電解液の分解反応が抑制されにくいため、所望の電池特性を有する電池をもたらす炭素質材料を得ることは困難である。
比表面積は、好ましくは30m2/g以下、より好ましくは25m2/g以下、更に好ましくは20m2/g以下(例えば、15m2/g以下)である。比表面積はまた、通常1.0m2/g以上、好ましくは1.5m2/g以上、より好ましくは2.0m2/g以上、より更に好ましくは3.0m2/g以上、特に好ましくは4.0m2/g以上(例えば、5.0m2/g以上、6.0m2/g以上、10m2/g以上)である。比表面積が前記上限値以下であり、前記下限値以上であると、電解液の分解反応が抑制されやすいため、所望の電池特性(特に、高い充放電効率および低い初期直流抗性)を有する電池をもたらす炭素質材料を得やすい。
比表面積は、例えば、加熱温度(例えば、第一の炭化工程の温度若しくは第二の炭化工程の温度)の調整、または熱分解性物質を添加する場合のその添加量により、前記上限値以下および前記下限値以上に調整できる。比表面積は、後述の実施例に記載の方法で測定できる。
炭素質材料は、粒状であることが好ましい。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料の体積平均粒径は、好ましくは2μm以上、より好ましくは2.2μm以上、特に好ましくは2.5μm以上であり、好ましくは40μm以下、より好ましくは30μm以下、更に好ましくは25μm以下、特に好ましくは20μm以下(例えば、15μm以下、10μm以下)である。体積平均粒径が前記下限値以上であると、炭素質材料の比表面積の増大の要因である微粉が少なくなる傾向にあり、炭素質材料と電解液との過剰な反応が抑制されやすくなる。その結果、充電しても放電しない容量である不可逆容量が低下しやすくなり、正極の容量が無駄になることが抑制されやすい。体積平均粒径が前記上限値以下であると、炭素質材料内での金属イオンまたは水素イオンの拡散自由行程が小さくなる傾向にあり、また、電子を伝導する導電材としての炭素質材料間の接触率が高くなる傾向にあるため好ましい。体積平均粒径は、例えば、炭素質材料を製造する際に使用する出発材料の選択、または出発材料若しくは炭素前駆体若しくは炭素質材料の粉砕(および任意に分級)によって、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整できる。体積平均粒径は、例えば、レーザー回折散乱法またはコールター法によって測定できる。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料のCuKα線を用いて測定される(002)面の面間隔d002(以下において、単に「面間隔d002」とも称する)は、好ましくは3.75Å以上、より好ましくは3.78Å以上であり、好ましくは3.95Å以下、より好ましくは3.92Å以下である。面間隔d002が前記下限値以上であり、前記上限値以下であると、低温での電池容量維持率に優れた電池をもたらす炭素質材料を得やすい。また、イオンの進入がより容易になるため、リチウムイオン二次電池のみならず、ナトリウムイオン二次電池および鉛電池にも好適な電極を得やすい。面間隔d002は、例えば、加熱温度(例えば、第一の炭化工程の温度若しくは第二の炭化工程の温度)の調整により、前記上限値以下および前記下限値以上に調整できる。面間隔d002は、X線回折で求めることができる。
炭素質材料をレーザーラマン分光法に付した場合、通常は1360cm-1付近にピークを有する。このピークは、一般にDバンドと称されるラマンピークであり、グラファイト構造の乱れおよび欠陥に起因して発現する。1360cm-1付近のDバンドの半値幅(以下において、単に「Dバンドの半値幅」とも称する)は、この乱れた構造および欠陥の量を表している。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料のDバンドの半値幅は、好ましくは200cm-1以上、より好ましくは210cm-1以上であり、好ましくは270cm-1以下、より好ましくは260cm-1以下、更に好ましくは250cm-1以下である。Dバンドの半値幅が、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下であると、末端構造が多すぎず、電気抵抗の増加が抑制されやすくなるため、不可逆容量が低減し、かつ、サイクル耐久性が向上する傾向にある。Dバンドの半値幅は、例えば、加熱温度(例えば、第一の炭化工程の温度若しくは第二の炭化工程の温度)を比較的低く調整することによって、または、出発材料であるリグニンを縮合剤で縮合した後、熱分解が抑制される温度で炭化することによって、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整できる。炭素質材料のDバンドの半値幅は、後述の実施例に記載の方法で測定できる。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料のブタノール法により求めた真密度(以下において、「ρBt」とも称する)は、好ましくは1.40g/cm3以上、より好ましくは1.45g/cm3以上であり、好ましくは1.70g/cm3以下、より好ましくは1.65g/cm3以下、特に好ましくは1.60g/cm3以下である。ρBtが前記下限値以上であり、前記上限値以下であると、より優れた電池容量を有する電池をもたらす炭素質材料を得やすい。ρBtは、例えば、加熱温度(例えば、第一の炭化工程の温度若しくは第二の炭化工程の温度)の調整により、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整できる。ρBtは、JIS R 7212:1995に準拠して測定される。
ヘリウムガスを置換媒体として測定した真密度(以下において、「ρHe」とも称する)は、炭素質材料におけるヘリウムガス拡散性の指標である。この値がより大きく、黒鉛状炭素の理論密度2.27g/cm3に近いことは、ヘリウムが進入できる細孔が炭素質材料に多く存在することを意味する。即ち、開孔が豊富に存在することを意味する。一方、ヘリウムは非常に小さな原子径(0.26nm)を有することから、ヘリウムが進入できない細孔は閉孔であると考えることができ、ヘリウムガス拡散性が低いということは、細孔が存在していても閉孔が多いということを意味する。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料のρHeは、限定されるものではないが、好ましくは1.80g/cm3以上、より好ましくは1.90g/cm3以上である。ρHeが前記下限値以上であると、炭素構造が発達して十分な量の開孔が存在するために、リチウムイオン脱挿入時に副反応の起点となる部分が低減される傾向にあり、その結果、より向上したサイクル特性を有する電池を得やすい。また、ρHeは、限定されるものではないが、通常は2.30g/cm3以下、好ましくは2.20g/cm3以下である。ρHeは、例えば、第二の炭化工程の温度の調整により、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整できる。ρHeは、後述の実施例に記載の方法で測定できる。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料のヘリウム法により求めた真密度ρHeに対する、ブタノール法により求めた真密度ρBtの比(以下において、「真密度比」または「ρBt/ρHe」とも称する)は、好ましくは0.71以上、より好ましくは0.72以上であり、好ましくは0.85以下、より好ましくは0.83以下、特に好ましくは0.80以下である。
上述したとおり、ρHeは開孔の多さに伴い増大するが、この開いている細孔には、炭素質材料の吸湿に大きく関与する比較的大きい細孔だけでなく、リチウムイオンの吸蔵および放出への関与の度合いが高いと考えられる大きさの細孔も包含される。このため、ρHeは、吸湿性と、体積当たりの充電容量および放電容量との双方に影響を与える。一方、ρBtが上述した下限値以上であり、上限値以下であると、リチウムイオンの吸蔵および放出に好ましく関与する大きさの開孔が多く存在することを意味すると考えられる。そして、真密度比ρBt/ρHeには、ブタノールは進入できないがヘリウムは進入できる大きさの細孔の多さが反映されており、このような大きさの細孔は、雰囲気中での吸湿に関与するより、リチウムイオンの吸蔵および放出に関与する度合いが高いと考えられる。即ち、真密度比ρBt/ρHeが前記下限値以上であり、前記上限値以下であると、炭素質材料の十分低い吸湿性に起因して保存安定性が確保されやすい点と、体積当たりの向上した充電容量および放電容量が得られやすい点とのバランスがよいため好ましいと考えられる。真密度比は、例えば、出発材料に含まれる硫黄の量、出発物質としてリグニンを用いた場合のリグニンの水可溶分および/または第一の炭化温度の調整により、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整できる。
本発明の炭素質材料は、例えば、
硫黄元素を含む出発材料を非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、炭素前駆体を得る第一の炭化工程、および
前記炭素前駆体を非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、炭素質材料を得る第二の炭化工程
を含む製造方法により製造できる。
硫黄元素を含む出発材料は、特に限定されない。
出発材料の、NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRは、出発材料の分子量の低下を抑制しやすく、その結果、炭素縮合が十分に進みやすい観点から、好ましくは0.1質量%以上、より好ましくは0.2質量%以上、特に好ましくは0.5質量%以上である。また、出発材料のSNDIRは、使用する機器を腐食する可能性のある二酸化硫黄等の排出が抑制されやすい観点、および所望の電池特性(特に、充放電効率、初期直流抵抗および/または放電容量維持率)を有する電池をもたらしやすい観点から、好ましくは5.0質量%以下、より好ましくは4.5質量%以下である。出発材料のSNDIRは、例えば、硫黄元素を含有する出発材料を(例えば苛性ソーダ水溶液と加熱する等の方法により)加水分解することにより、或いは出発材料を硫酸等の硫黄元素含有成分で変性し、その変性量を調整することにより、前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整できる。出発材料のSNDIRは、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定できる。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、出発材料の体積平均粒径は、好ましくは1μm以上、より好ましくは3μm以上、更に好ましくは5μm以上、特に好ましくは10μm以上(例えば15μm以上)であり、好ましくは50μm未満、より好ましくは45μm以下、更に好ましくは35μm以下、より更に好ましくは30μm以下、特に好ましくは25μm以下(例えば、20μm以下)である。別の好ましい一実施態様では、例えば後続の工程で粉砕を行う実施態様では、出発材料の体積平均粒径は、好ましくは50μm以上、より好ましくは75μm以上、更に好ましくは100μm以上であり、好ましくは50mm以下、より好ましくは20mm以下、更に好ましくは10mm以下、より更に好ましくは5mm以下、特に好ましくは3mm以下(例えば、1mm以下、500μm以下、300μm以下、100μm以下)である。体積平均粒径が前記下限値以上であると、作業者の粉塵の吸引または粉塵爆発等が起こりにくい。体積平均粒径が前記上限値以下であると、炭化時に発生する水により出発材料が酸化されて炭素物性が損なわれる問題が回避されやすく、所望の硫黄元素含有量比を得やすい。体積平均粒径が前記下限値以上であり、前記上限値以下である出発材料を用いてもよいし、粉砕により体積平均粒径を前記下限値以上および前記上限値以下に調整した後の出発材料を用いてもよい。体積平均粒径は、例えば、レーザー回折散乱法またはコールター法によって測定できる。
本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、第一の炭化工程は出発材料がほとんどまたは全く収縮しない条件下で実施する。この場合、第一の炭化工程前後で体積平均粒径はほとんどまたは全く変化しない。また、粉砕する場合の粉砕機は、特に限定されず、後述の<粉砕工程>の段落で例示する粉砕機を使用できる。また、後述の<分級工程>の段落に記載の手順と同様に、粉砕物を分級工程に付してもよい。
中でも、非水溶性で、融点が好ましくは200℃以上であるリグニンが好ましい。このようなリグニンは、一般的にはクラフトリグニンと称されており、製紙業においてセルロース抽出後の廃棄物として得られる。具体的には、例えばパルプの製造過程で生成した黒液を酸性化し、析出した沈殿を洗浄して調製される。このようにして得られたリグニンは、調製工程中で、その主要な結合であるエーテル結合が切断され、著しく低分子化されるので、その数平均分子量は通常3500~4500である。また、通常、クラフトリグニンは他の方法で得られたリグニンに比べ、多量のフェノール性水酸基を有しており、化学的活性に富んでいる。このように、クラフトリグニンは、廃棄物利用の観点、および高い化学的活性に起因して高い密度の炭素質材料を得やすい観点から好ましい。第一の炭化工程の昇温過程の初期段階で融解して融解時に結晶状態の密度が高い状態に変化しやすく、その結果、優れた充放電効率および低い抵抗を有する電池を得やすい観点から、融点が好ましくは210℃以上、より好ましくは230℃以上であるリグニンを使用することが特に好ましい。融点は、例えば、示差走査熱量測定または融点測定装置により測定できる。
リグニンは、酸性水で洗浄することによりリグニン中に存在する金属を低減させた後に出発材料として用いてもよい。
第一の炭化工程では、好ましくは、硫黄元素を含む出発材料を非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、より好ましくは、NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRが0.1質量%以上であり、水可溶分が14質量%以下であるリグニンを、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、炭素前駆体を得る。
第一の炭化工程の温度が前記下限値以上であり、前記上限値以下であると、所望の物性(特に硫黄元素含有量比)を有する炭素質材料を得やすく、所望の電池特性(特に、放電容量、初期直流抵抗および/または放電容量維持率)を有する電池がもたらされやすい。
出発材料としてリグニンを用いる場合、第一の炭化工程の前に、リグニンを縮合剤により縮合してもよい。この実施態様では、炭素質材料の製造方法は、第一の炭化工程の前に、リグニンと縮合剤とを混合する混合工程、および得られた混合物においてリグニンを縮合させる縮合工程を含む。この実施態様における第一の炭化工程では、得られた縮合物を第一の炭化工程に付す。本発明者らは、縮合剤によるリグニンの縮合により、第一の炭化工程における、リグニンに含まれている硫黄の、混合物の表面の方への移動が抑制される傾向にあることを見出した。これは、縮合によって炭素骨格の三次元構造がより早く確定することにより、硫黄が表面の方へ移動しにくくなり、その結果、炭化物の表面および表面近傍における硫黄元素量が低減するものと考えられる。リグニンを縮合剤で縮合することにより、所望の物性(特に硫黄元素含有量比)を有する炭素質材料を得やすい。
縮合剤としては、例えば、アミン、アルデヒドおよびそれらの2種以上の組み合わせが挙げられる。
第一の炭化工程の後に実施する第二の炭化工程では、好ましくは、炭素前駆体を非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、より好ましくは、炭素前駆体を非酸化性ガス雰囲気下、700℃以上、1400℃以下の温度で炭化して、炭素質材料を得る。
第二の炭化工程において、炭素前駆体に代えて、炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質との混合物を炭化してもよい。
炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質との混合物を炭化することにより、炭素質材料の表面および表面近傍における硫黄元素量を低減できることを、本発明者らは見出した。即ち、炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質との混合物を炭化することにより、所望の物性(特に硫黄元素含有量比)を有する炭素質材料を得やすい。また、炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質との混合物を炭化することにより、得られる炭素質材料の比表面積を所望の値に低減させることができる。
炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質との混合物を炭化することにより、炭素前駆体の表面に、熱分解性物質の熱処理により得られる炭素質被覆が形成される。この炭素質被覆の存在により、炭素質材料の表面および表面近傍における硫黄元素量、および炭素質材料の比表面積が低減されると考えられる。
比表面積が所望の値であると、炭素質材料とアルカリ金属(例えば、リチウムまたはナトリウム)との反応によるSEI(Solid Electrolyte Interphase)と称される被覆の形成反応が抑制されやすくなるため、不可逆容量の低減が期待できる。また、生成した炭素質被覆もリチウムまたはナトリウムをドープおよび脱ドープすることができるため、容量が増加する効果も期待できる。
残炭率は、熱分解性物質を800℃で灰化した場合の残炭率である。残炭率は、試料を不活性ガス雰囲気下で強熱した後の強熱残分の炭素量を定量することにより測定できる。具体的には、試料およそ1g〔この正確な質量をW1(g)とする〕を坩堝に入れ、20L/分で窒素を流通させながら坩堝を電気炉にて10℃/分の昇温速度で室温から800℃に昇温させ、次いで800℃で1時間強熱する。得られた残存物が強熱残分であり、その質量〔W2(g)〕を測定する。
その後、上記強熱残分について、JIS M8819に定められた方法に準拠して元素分析を行い、炭素の質量割合P1(質量%)を測定する。残炭率P2(質量%)は下記式により算出できる。
P2=P1×W2/W1
熱可塑性樹脂の例としては、オレフィン系樹脂、スチレン系樹脂および(メタ)アクリル酸系樹脂が挙げられる。オレフィン系樹脂の例としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレンとプロピレンとのランダム共重合体、およびエチレンとプロピレンとのブロック共重合体等が挙げられる。スチレン系樹脂の例としては、ポリスチレン、ポリ(α-メチルスチレン)、およびスチレンと(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル(アルキル基の炭素数は1~12、好ましくは1~6)との共重合体等が挙げられる。(メタ)アクリル酸系樹脂の例としては、ポリアクリル酸、ポリメタクリル酸、および(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル重合体(アルキル基の炭素数は1~12、好ましくは1~6)等が挙げられる。なお、この明細書において、(メタ)アクリル酸とは、アクリル酸とメタクリル酸の総称である。
粉砕工程の前に炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質とを混合する場合には、炭素前駆体と常温で液体または固体の熱分解性物質とを計量しながら、粉砕装置に同時に供給することにより粉砕と混合とを同時に行うことができる。
粉砕工程の後に炭素前駆体と熱分解性物質とを混合する場合には、混合は両者が均一に混合される手法であれば、公知の方法で実施できる。熱分解性物質が常温で固体の場合、熱分解性物質は好ましくは粒子状である。その場合、粒子の形または粒径は特に限定されないが、熱分解性物質と粉砕された炭素前駆体とを均一に分散させやすい観点からは、熱分解性物質の体積平均粒径は好ましくは0.1~2000μm、より好ましくは1~1000μm、更に好ましくは2~600μmである。
熱分解性物質が常温で気体の場合、熱分解性物質を含む非酸化性ガスを、第二の炭化工程を実施する機器内に流通させ熱分解させることにより、該機器内に導入された炭素前駆体と混合させる方法を用いることができる。
炭素質材料の製造方法は、必要に応じて、第一の炭化工程後または第二の炭化工程後に粉砕工程を含んでいてもよい。この工程では、炭化により凝集した炭化物(炭素前駆体または炭素質材料)を粉砕し、目的の大きさに調整することができる。
粉砕工程を行う場合、第一の炭化工程後に行うことが好ましい。その理由は、粉砕により表面積を大きくすることで、第二の炭化工程で発生する分解ガスによる構造変化の影響を最小限にでき、また、粉砕により新たな表面を適度に形成することで、所望の硫黄元素含有量比を得やすくなるからである。また、別の理由は、第二の炭化工程後に粉砕を実施した場合には、粉砕によって新たに生じた結晶面が電池内で電解液等と反応し、電池機能が損なわれる可能性があるからである。従って、本発明の好ましい一実施態様では、炭素質材料の製造方法は、炭素前駆体を粉砕して、体積平均粒径が好ましくは45μm以下、より好ましくは35μm以下、更に好ましくは30μm以下、特に好ましくは25μm以下(例えば、20μm以下、15μm以下)の粉砕物を得る粉砕工程を更に含む。前記体積平均粒径は、好ましくは2μm以上、より好ましくは2.2μm以上、特に好ましくは2.5μm以上(例えば2.8μm以上)である。しかしながら、第二の炭化工程の後に粉砕することは排除されない。
炭素質材料の製造方法は、必要に応じて行ってよい粉砕工程の後に分級を実施してもよい。分級によって、炭素前駆体若しくは炭素質材料の体積平均粒径をより正確に調整することができる。また、分級によって、特定の寸法より小さい(例えば体積平均粒径が1μm以下の)炭素前駆体若しくは炭素質材料、および/または特定の寸法より大きい(例えば体積平均粒径が30μm以上の)炭素前駆体若しくは炭素質材料を除去することもできる。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRが0.1質量%以上であり、水可溶分が14質量%以下であるリグニンを、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下、300℃以上、600℃未満の温度で炭化して、炭素前駆体を得る第一の炭化工程、
好ましくは、前記炭素前駆体を粉砕し、体積平均粒径が45μm以下である粉砕物を得る粉砕工程、および
前記炭素前駆体または前記粉砕物を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下、700℃以上、1400℃以下の温度で炭化して、炭素質材料を得る第二の炭化工程
を含む製造方法により製造できる。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRが0.1質量%以上であり、水可溶分が14質量%以下であるリグニンと縮合剤とを混合する混合工程、
得られた混合物においてリグニンを縮合させる縮合工程、
得られた縮合物を非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、炭素前駆体を得る第一の炭化工程、
好ましくは、前記炭素前駆体を粉砕し、体積平均粒径が45μm以下である粉砕物を得る粉砕工程、および
前記炭素前駆体または前記粉砕物を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下、700℃以上、1400℃以下の温度で炭化して、炭素質材料を得る第二の炭化工程
を含む製造方法により製造できる。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRが0.1質量%以上であり、水可溶分が14質量%以下であるリグニンを、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で炭化して、炭素前駆体を得る第一の炭化工程、
好ましくは、前記炭素前駆体を粉砕し、体積平均粒径が45μm以下である粉砕物を得る粉砕工程、
前記炭素前駆体または前記粉砕物と熱分解性物質とを混合する混合工程、および
得られた混合物を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下、700℃以上、1400℃以下の温度で炭化して、炭素質材料を得る第二の炭化工程
を含む製造方法により製造できる。
本発明の炭素質材料は電極に使用できる。従って、本発明はまた、本発明の炭素質材料を含む電極も対象とする。
本発明の電極は、例えば、炭素質材料、結合剤(バインダー)および溶媒を混練することにより電極合剤を調製し、該電極合剤を、金属板等からなる集電板の片面若しくは両面に塗布して乾燥し、得られた電極活物質層付き集電板を加圧成形することにより、製造できる。
本発明はまた、本発明の電極を含む電池も対象とする。本発明の電池、例えば非水電解質二次電池は本発明の炭素質材料を用いた負極を用いて製造されるため、向上した放電容量、充放電効率、初期直流抵抗および放電容量維持率を有することができる。
例えば、正極材料としては、層状酸化物系[LiMO2(ここで、Mは金属を表す)で表されるもの:例えばLiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、またはLiNixCoyMozO2(ここで、x、y、zは組成比を表わす)]、オリビン系[LiMPO4(ここで、Mは金属を表す)と表されるもの:例えばLiFePO4等]、およびスピネル系[LiM2O4(ここで、Mは金属を表す)で表されるもの:例えばLiMn2O4等]の複合金属カルコゲン化合物が好ましく、これらの複合金属カルコゲン化合物を必要に応じて混合してもよい。例えば、これらの正極材料を適当な結合剤と電極に導電性を付与するための炭素質材料とともに成形して、導電性の集電材上に層形成することにより、正極を製造できる。
好ましい別の一実施態様において、本発明の電池の充放電効率は、好ましくは75%以上、より好ましくは78%以上、特に好ましくは80%以上である。
好ましい別の一実施態様において、本発明の電池の初期直流抵抗は、好ましくは700Ω以下、より好ましくは660Ω以下、特に好ましくは610Ω以下である。
好ましい別の一実施態様において、本発明の電池の1サイクル目の放電容量に対する50サイクル目の放電容量の維持率(放電容量維持率)は、好ましくは83%以上、より好ましくは85%以上、特に好ましくは90%以上である。 放電容量、充放電効率、初期直流抵抗および放電容量維持率は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定できる。
<NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIR>
株式会社堀場製作所製の「炭素・硫黄分析装置EMIA-920V2」を用いて、NDIR法により、炭素質材料の硫黄元素含有量の測定を行った。この装置における検出方法は、酸素気流中燃焼(高周波誘導加熱炉方式)-非分散赤外吸収法(NDIR法)である。
測定試料(炭素質材料)に250℃で約10分間脱水処理を施すことにより、前処理を行った。前処理後の測定試料50mg、並びに(共に助燃剤である)粒子状タングステン1.5gおよび粒子状スズ0.3gを、アルミナ坩堝に秤取した。アルミナ坩堝を装置に設置して30秒間脱ガスを実施した後、純酸素気流下で高周波を用いて加熱燃焼を行い、発生したガスを分析することにより、硫黄元素含有量を求めた。
また、測定試料を用いず粒子状タングステンおよび粒子状スズのみを用いたブランク測定、炭素質材料に代えて日本鉄鋼認証標準物質であるJSS152-18[C:0.277質量%、S:0.0056質量%]を用いた測定、および炭素質材料に代えて日本鉄鋼認証標準物質であるJSS150-16[S:0.0296質量%]を用いた測定を実施して、校正を行った。
各炭素質材料について3検体を測定し、その平均値を、その炭素質材料のSNDIRとした。
また、出発材料として用いたリグニンの硫黄元素含有量についても、同様に測定した。
アルバック・ファイ株式会社製の「走査型X線光電子分光分析装置PHI Quantera SXM」を用いて、炭素質材料のC1s、Si2p、O1s、N1sおよびS1s由来のピークを観測し、炭素質材料を構成する元素の組成比を確認した。この組成比から、硫黄元素含有量を求めた。各炭素質材料について3検体を測定し、その平均値を、その炭素質材料のSXPSとした。詳細な測定条件は以下の通りである。
X線源:単色化AlKα(1486.6eV)
X線ビーム径:100μmΦ(25W、15kV)
測定範囲:1000μm×300μm
信号の取り込み角:45°
帯電中和条件:中和電子銃、Ar+イオン銃
真空度:1×10-6Pa
各炭素質材料のSNDIRおよびSXPSから、SNDIRに対するSXPSの比を求めた。
以下に、BETの式から誘導された近似式を示す。
具体的には、炭素質材料を入れた試料管を、日本BELL社製「BELSORP MINI」に設置し、-196℃に冷却した状態で一旦減圧し、その後、窒素(純度99.999%)を導入し、所定の相対圧で炭素質材料に窒素を吸着させた。各相対圧にて平衡圧に達した時点での炭素質材料に吸着した窒素の量を、窒素吸着量vとした。
界面活性剤(和光純薬工業株式会社製「Triton X100」)を0.3質量%含む水溶液に炭素質材料を投入し、超音波洗浄器で10分間以上処理し、炭素質材料を水溶液中に分散させた。この分散液を用いて粒度分布を測定した。粒度分布測定は、レーザー回折・散乱式粒径・粒度分布測定器(日機装株式会社製「マイクロトラックM T3000」)を用いて行った。D50は、累積体積が50%となる粒径であり、この値を体積平均粒径として用いた。
試料を導入した試料ホルダーを、株式会社リガク製のデスクトップ型X線回折装置「MiniFlexII」に設置した。Niフィルターにより単色化したCuKα線を線源として用い、X線回折図形を得た。X線回折図形のピーク位置を、重心法(回折線の重心位置を求め、これに対応する2θ値でピーク位置を求める方法)により求め、標準物質用高純度シリコン粉末の(111)面の回折ピークを用いて補正を行った。CuKα線の波長を0.15418nmとし、下記のBraggの公式により面間隔d002を算出した。
株式会社堀場製作所製の「LabRAM ARAMIS」を用い、レーザー波長532nmの光源を用いて、ラマンスペクトルを測定した。具体的には、各炭素質材料から、無作為に3箇所の試料をサンプリングし、サンプリングした各試料について2箇所ずつ測定を行った。測定条件は、波長範囲50~2000cm-1、積算回数100回であり、計6箇所の平均を、その炭素質材料のラマンスペクトルとして採用した。
得られたラマンスペクトルに対し、ガウス関数でのフィッティングを実施することにより、Dバンド(1360cm-1付近)とGバンド(1590cm-1付近)とのピーク分離を実施し、その後、Dバンドの半値幅を求めた。
各炭素質材料について、株式会社カンタクローム製の「Ultrapyc 1200e」を用い、ヘリウムを置換媒体とするヘリウム真密度の測定を行った。
JIS R 7212:1995に準拠して、ブタノール法により、炭素質材料の真密度ρBtを測定した。具体的な手順を以下に示す。
約40mL容の側管付比重瓶の質量(m1)を正確に秤量した。次に、側管付比重瓶の底部からの試料の厚さが約10mmになるよう試料を平らに導入した後、試料入りの側管付比重瓶の質量(m2)を正確に秤量した。側管付比重瓶の底部から液面までの深さが20mm程度になるよう1-ブタノールを静かに加えた。次いで、側管付比重瓶に軽い振動を加えて、大きな気泡が発生しなくなったのを確かめた後、側管付比重瓶を真空デシケーター内に入れ、徐々に排気して真空デシケーター内の圧力を2.0~2.7kPaにした。この圧力を20分間以上保ち、気泡の発生が止まった後に側管付比重瓶を取り出した。この側管付比重瓶に1-ブタノールを更に加え、栓をして(30±0.03℃に調節した)恒温水槽に15分間以上浸し、1-ブタノールの液面を標線に合わせた。続いて、側管付比重瓶を取り出して外側をよくぬぐって室温まで冷却した後、質量(m4)を正確に秤量した。
次に、同じ側管付比重瓶に1-ブタノールだけを満たし、前記と同様に恒温水槽に浸し、標線に合わせた後、質量(m3)を量った。
更に、使用直前に沸騰させて溶解した気体を除いた蒸留水を比重瓶に導入し、前記と同様に恒温水槽に浸し、標線に合わせた後、質量(m5)を量った。
真密度ρBtは下記式により計算した。ここで、dは、水の30℃における比重(0.9946)である。
各炭素質材料のρHeおよびρBtから、ρHeに対するρBtの比(ρBt/ρHe)を求めた。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量が2質量%であり、融点が250℃であり、水可溶分が2.7質量%であるリグニン18.0gを舟形坩堝に入れ、この舟形坩堝を株式会社モトヤマ製の管状炉(管径200mmφ×管長1800mm)に導入した。5L/分の流量で窒素を1時間導入して炉内を窒素置換し、室温から400℃に昇温(昇温速度2.5℃/分)させ、400℃で1時間保持し(第一の炭化工程)、400℃から室温に自然放冷した後、炭素前駆体を取り出した。8.18gの炭素前駆体を得た(回収率45.4質量%)。
得られた炭素前駆体をミキサーミルで粉砕し、体積平均粒径が5.0μmの粉砕物を得た。
粉砕物7.00gおよびポリスチレン0.70gを混合して得た混合物を舟形坩堝に入れ、再び、上記管状炉に導入した。5L/分の流量で窒素を1時間導入して炉内を窒素置換し、室温から1000℃に昇温(昇温速度10℃/分)させ、1000℃で30分間保持し(第二の炭化工程)、12時間かけて1000℃から室温まで冷却した後、炭素質材料を取り出した。6.30gの炭素質材料を得た(回収率90.0質量%)。
得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
第二の炭化工程の温度を1000℃から900℃に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.7μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は88.3質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
第二の炭化工程の温度を1000℃から800℃に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.6μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は88.4質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
第二の炭化工程の温度を1000℃から1300℃に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.8μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は86.9質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
ポリスチレンを添加しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.7μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は98.4質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
1L容のセパラブルフラスコに、NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量が2質量%であり、融点が250℃であり、水可溶分が4質量%であるリグニン60gを秤量した。そこに、イオン交換水570mLを添加し、メカニカルスターラーで撹拌しながら、アンモニア水(28質量%)を200mL添加した。更にそこに、ホルムアルデヒド水溶液(36質量%)20.4mL、並びにアンモニア水(28質量%)5mLおよび酢酸0.5gの混合溶液を添加し、室温で20分間撹拌した。次いで、セパラブルフラスコを(80℃に調節した)オイルバスに設置し、セパラブルフラスコの内温80℃で1.5時間撹拌した。その後、撹拌しながら室温に冷却し、リグニン水溶液を得た。
得られた水溶液を、エバポレーターを用いてバス温度80℃、3kPaの減圧下で蒸留し、水400gを留去した。得られた濃縮液を、1L容のビーカーに移し、防爆熱風乾燥機にて80℃で12時間乾燥して固化した。得られた固化物は45g(回収率75質量%)であった。
得られた固化物10.0gを舟形坩堝に入れ、この舟形坩堝を株式会社モトヤマ製の管状炉(管径200mmφ×管長1800mm)に導入した。10L/分の流量で窒素を1時間導入して炉内を窒素置換し、室温から600℃に昇温(昇温速度2.5℃/分)させ、600℃で1時間保持し(第一の炭化工程)、600℃から室温に自然放冷した後、炭素前駆体を取り出した。5.8gの炭素前駆体を得た(回収率58.0質量%)。
得られた炭素前駆体をミキサーミルで粉砕し、体積平均粒径が5.5μmの粉砕物を得た。
粉砕物5.0gを舟形坩堝に入れ、再び、上記管状炉に導入した。5L/分の流量で窒素を1時間導入して炉内を窒素置換し、室温から1200℃に昇温(昇温速度10℃/分)させ、1200℃で30分間保持し(第二の炭化工程)、12時間かけて1200℃から室温まで冷却した後、炭素質材料を取り出した。4.52gの炭素質材料を得た(回収率90.4質量%)。
得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
第二の炭化工程の温度を1000℃から1420℃に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.7μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は83.1質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量が6質量%であり、融点が182℃であり、水可溶分が15質量%であるリグニンを用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.8μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は83.1質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量が2質量%であり、融点が232℃であり、水可溶分が15質量%であるリグニン18.0gを舟形坩堝に入れ、この舟形坩堝を株式会社モトヤマ製の管状炉(管径200mmφ×管長1800mm)に導入した。10L/分の流量で窒素を1時間導入して炉内を窒素置換し、室温から600℃に昇温(昇温速度2.5℃/分)させ、600℃で1時間保持し(第一の炭化工程)、600℃から室温に自然放冷した後、炭素前駆体を取り出した。8.18gの炭素前駆体を得た(回収率45.4質量%)。
得られた炭素前駆体をミキサーミルで粉砕し、体積平均粒径が8.2μmの粉砕物を得た。
粉砕物7.06gを舟形坩堝に入れ、再び、上記管状炉に導入した。5L/分の流量で窒素を1時間導入して炉内を窒素置換し、室温から1000℃に昇温(昇温速度10℃/分)させ、1000℃で30分間保持し(第二の炭化工程)、12時間かけて1000℃から室温まで冷却した後、炭素質材料を取り出した。6.37gの炭素質材料を得た(回収率90.2質量%)。
得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
第二の炭化工程の温度を1000℃から1200℃に変更したこと以外は比較例3と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は8.2μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は84.4質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量が2質量%であり、融点が217℃であり、水可溶分が15質量%であるリグニンを用いたこと、および第一の炭化工程における窒素の流量を5L/分から10L/分に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。炭素前駆体の回収率は51.0質量%であり、粉砕物の体積平均粒径は7.8μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は87.3質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
第一の炭化工程における窒素の流量を5L/分から10L/分に変更したこと、第一の炭化工程の温度を400℃から600℃に変更したこと、およびポリスチレンを添加しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、炭素質材料を得た。粉砕物の体積平均粒径は4.7μmであり、炭素質材料の回収率は89.1質量%であった。得られた炭素質材料の物性を表1に示す。
実施例および比較例で得た炭素質材料を用いて、負極電極および非水電解質二次電池を作製し、性能の評価を行った。
炭素質材料95質量部、導電性カーボンブラック(TIMCAL製「Super-P(登録商標)」)2質量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(株式会社クレハ製)3質量部およびN-メチル-2-ピロリドン90質量部を混合し、スラリーを得た。得られたスラリーを厚さ18μmの銅箔の片面に塗布し、乾燥後プレスして、厚さ45μmの電極を得た。
電池活物質の放電容量(脱ドープ量)および不可逆容量(非脱ドープ量)を、対極の性能のバラツキに影響されることなく精度良く評価するために、特性の安定したリチウム金属を対極として用い、上記手順に従い作製した負極電極を用いて非水電解質二次電池を作製した。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとを体積比1:1:1となるように混合して得た溶媒に、電解質LiPF6を溶解した溶液(濃度1mol/L)を用いた。セパレータとしては、ポリプロピレン膜を使用した。アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、コインセルを作製した。
作製した非水電解質二次電池について、充放電試験装置(株式会社東洋システム製「TOSCAT」)を用いて25℃にて充放電試験を行った。
具体的には、炭素極へのリチウムのドープ反応を定電流定電圧法により行い、脱ドープ反応を定電流法により行った。ここで、正極にリチウム金属を使用した電池では、炭素極へのリチウムのドープ反応が「充電」と称され、本発明の試験用電池のように対極にリチウム金属を使用した電池では、炭素極へのドープ反応が「放電」と称され、用いる対極により同じ炭素極へのリチウムのドープ反応の呼び方が異なる。そこで、ここでは、便宜上、炭素極へのリチウムのドープ反応を「充電」と記載することにする。逆に「放電」とは試験用電池では充電反応であるが、炭素質材料からのリチウムの脱ドープ反応であるため、便宜上「放電」と記載することにする。定電流定電圧法では、具体的には、初期直流抵抗(Ω)を測定した後に端子電圧が0mVになるまで0.5mA/cm2で定電流充電を行い、端子電圧が0mVに達した後、端子電圧0mVで定電圧充電を行い電流値が20μAに達するまで充電を継続した。このときの充電全容量を電極の炭素質材料の質量で除した値を、炭素質材料の単位質量当たりの充電容量(mAh/g)と定義する。充電終了後、30分間電池回路を開放し、その後、放電を行った。放電は0.5mA/cm2で定電流放電を行い、終止電圧を1.5Vとした。このとき放電した電気量を電極の炭素質材料の質量で除した値を、炭素質材料の単位質量当たりの放電容量(mAh/g)と定義する。充電容量に対する放電容量の比(放電容量/充電容量)を、充放電効率(%)と定義し、電池内におけるリチウムイオンの利用効率の指標とした。更に、この充放電を50サイクル行い、1サイクル目の放電容量に対する50サイクル目の放電容量の維持率(放電容量維持率)を求め、電池性能の安定化の指標とした。
結果を表2にまとめる。
一方、比較例の炭素質材料は、放電容量、充放電効率、初期直流抵抗および放電容量維持率の少なくとも1つが劣っている電池しかもたらさないことが分かる。
Claims (10)
- NDIR法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SNDIRに対する、XPS法により求めた硫黄元素含有量SXPSの比(SXPS/SNDIR)は、0.20以上、0.78以下であり、
BET法により求めた比表面積は40m2/g以下である、炭素質材料。 - SNDIRは、炭素質材料の総質量に対して2.00質量%以下である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- SXPSは、炭素質材料の総質量に対して1.40質量%以下である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- BET法により求めた比表面積は1.0m2/g以上である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- 体積平均粒径は2μm以上、40μm以下である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- CuKα線を用いて測定される前記炭素質材料の(002)面の面間隔d002は3.75Å以上、3.95Å以下である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- 前記炭素質材料のラマンスペクトルにおける1360cm-1付近のDバンドの半値幅は200cm-1以上、270cm-1以下である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- ヘリウム法により求めた真密度ρHeに対する、ブタノール法により求めた真密度ρBtの比(ρBt/ρHe)は、0.71以上、0.85以下である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- 請求項1に記載の炭素質材料を含む、電極。
- 請求項9に記載の電極を含む、電池。
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