WO2023182202A1 - 固体撮像素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
固体撮像素子およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023182202A1 WO2023182202A1 PCT/JP2023/010555 JP2023010555W WO2023182202A1 WO 2023182202 A1 WO2023182202 A1 WO 2023182202A1 JP 2023010555 W JP2023010555 W JP 2023010555W WO 2023182202 A1 WO2023182202 A1 WO 2023182202A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1814—Diffraction gratings structurally combined with one or more further optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors, prisms or other diffraction gratings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1842—Gratings for image generation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/011—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12
- H10F39/024—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12 of coatings or optical elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
- H10F39/182—Colour image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/805—Coatings
- H10F39/8053—Colour filters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/806—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the image sensors
- H10F39/8063—Microlenses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/0006—Arrays
- G02B3/0037—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses
- G02B3/0062—Stacked lens arrays, i.e. refractive surfaces arranged in at least two planes, without structurally separate optical elements in-between
- G02B3/0068—Stacked lens arrays, i.e. refractive surfaces arranged in at least two planes, without structurally separate optical elements in-between arranged in a single integral body or plate, e.g. laminates or hybrid structures with other optical elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid-state image sensor. A method of manufacturing this solid-state image sensor will also be mentioned.
- Distance image sensors using solid-state image sensors are known, which are portable and can be incorporated into thin mobile phones.
- Patent Document 1 describes a photoelectric conversion board that includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion units and a microlens array provided on the photoelectric conversion units.
- the microlens array has a function of condensing incident light onto each photoelectric conversion unit.
- a diffraction grating pattern may be formed on a microlens array.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique of covering a microlens array with a protective film and flattening the microlens array.
- the diffraction grating pattern is generally made into a permanent film by applying a photosensitive resin layer (resist), exposing it to light, developing it, and then heating (baking) it at a high temperature.
- a photosensitive resin layer resist
- the inventors discovered that in such pattern formation, the shape accuracy of the diffraction grating becomes insufficient and the optical characteristics deteriorate, and the present invention was completed by solving this problem.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a solid-state imaging device in which a diffraction grating pattern is formed on a lens array with good shape accuracy, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- a first aspect of the present invention includes a lens array in which a plurality of microlenses are aligned, a flattening layer formed on the lens array, and a thermosetting resin, and a plurality of diffraction gratings.
- the solid-state imaging device includes a diffraction grating section provided on a flattening layer.
- a second aspect of the present invention includes a lens array in which a plurality of microlenses are arranged in an aligned manner, a flattening layer formed on the lens array, a base that covers the entire upper surface of the flattening layer, and a base that covers the entire upper surface of the flattening layer.
- This is a solid-state imaging device including a plurality of diffraction gratings provided protrudingly from the diffraction grating section.
- a third aspect of the present invention includes a lens array in which a plurality of microlenses are arranged in an aligned manner, a flattening layer formed on the lens array, and a plurality of diffraction gratings provided on the flattening layer.
- a diffraction grating portion, the diffraction grating having a lower surface on the flattening layer side, a substantially flat upper surface facing the lower surface in the thickness direction, and a side surface connecting the lower surface and the upper surface.
- the lower surface is a solid-state image sensor longer than the upper surface.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a solid-state image sensor.
- This manufacturing method includes step A of providing a thermosetting resin layer on a flattening layer formed on a lens array in which a plurality of microlenses are arranged in alignment, and forming a resist layer on the thermosetting resin layer.
- Step B includes forming a sacrificial pattern corresponding to the diffraction grating by exposure and development, and Step C performs dry etching without baking the sacrificial pattern to transfer the shape of the sacrificial pattern to the thermosetting resin layer.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a solid-state imaging device in which a diffraction grating pattern is formed on a lens array with good shape accuracy, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solid-state image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a manufacturing process of a solid-state image sensor in a comparative example.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the cross-sectional shape of a diffraction grating according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the pattern shape of a diffraction grating and diffracted light.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view showing the planar shape of a diffraction grating according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the manufacturing process of the solid-state image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the manufacturing process of the solid-state image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the manufacturing process of the solid-state image sensor according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a scanning electron micrograph of a diffraction grating section according to the present example. It is a cross-sectional profile of the diffraction grating according to this example. It is a cross-sectional profile of a diffraction grating according to a comparative example.
- the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and can be implemented with various modifications within the scope of the gist.
- the notation “ ⁇ ” includes both the lower limit value and the upper limit value (boundary value).
- the expressions "upper surface,” “upper surface,” “lower surface,” and “lower side” are used in the specification and are defined as follows. That is, the direction in which each functional layer is laminated from the surface of the substrate 20 is “upward”, and the direction opposite to "upward” is “downward”. Further, in each layer, the surface facing the stacking direction is the “top surface”, and the surface opposite thereto is the “bottom surface”. Alternatively, the light-receiving surface is the “top surface” and the surface opposite thereto is the “bottom surface.”
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solid-state image sensor according to this embodiment.
- the solid-state image sensor 10 includes a substrate 20, a CMOS image sensor 24, a color filter 28, a lens array 30, a flattening layer 40, and a diffraction grating section 50, and functions as a distance image sensor as a whole.
- the substrate 20 is, for example, a silicon (Si) substrate.
- the material of the substrate 20 is, for example, Si, but is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of providing pixels and light receiving elements such as the CMOS image sensor 24 and allowing them to function electrically.
- the thickness direction of the substrate 20 will be referred to as the Z direction, and the direction from the inside of the substrate 20 toward the surface 20a in the Z direction will be referred to as upward.
- one direction parallel to the surface 20a and perpendicular to the Z direction is defined as the X direction
- a direction parallel to the surface 20a and perpendicular to the X and Z directions is defined as the Y direction.
- the solid-state image sensor 10 can include a plurality of CMOS image sensors 24.
- the plurality of CMOS image sensors 24 are arranged along each of the X direction and the Y direction.
- a pixel array of the solid-state image sensor 10 is configured in the direction along the surface 20a of the substrate 20.
- the number of CMOS image sensors 24 provided in the solid-state image sensor 10 is appropriately set depending on the use of the solid-state image sensor 10, and at least some of them are illustrated in FIG. 1 and the like.
- Each CMOS image sensor 24 is embedded on the surface 20a side of the substrate 20 in the Z direction.
- a light receiving surface 25 of the CMOS image sensor 24 is exposed from the substrate 20 and is substantially flush with the surface 20a.
- illustration of the detailed structure of the CMOS image sensor 24 is omitted in FIG. 1 and the like, it is similar to a known CMOS image sensor.
- the color filter 28 is provided above the light receiving surface 25 of each CMOS image sensor 24 (that is, above the Z direction).
- the color filter 28 has a function of transmitting light in a wavelength band of any of the three primary colors of light, red (R), green (G), and blue (B).
- the colors that the color filter 28 transmits are appropriately determined for each of the plurality of CMOS image sensors 24 depending on the arrangement of the plurality of CMOS image sensors 24 and the like.
- the lens array 30 is formed on the color filter 28 and has a plurality of microlenses 31 arranged in alignment corresponding to the color filter.
- the microlens 31 is provided on the surface 28a of the color filter 28 on each CMOS image sensor 24.
- the microlens 31 is a so-called plano-convex lens having a bottom surface and a lens surface.
- the material of the microlens 31 has a refractive index higher than at least the refractive index of air and the flattening layer 40 .
- the material of the microlens 31 may be a high refractive index material having a refractive index of about 1.6, for example. preferable.
- the curvature and shape of the lens surface are appropriately designed according to the refractive index of the material of the microlens 31 at visible wavelengths. Further, the microlens 31 is formed and arranged so that light incident from above in the Z direction in the opposite direction to the Z direction is focused on the CMOS image sensor 24 through the color filter 28 below (i.e., below the Z direction). ing.
- the flattening layer 40 is provided to cover the surface of the lens array 30, thereby absorbing the unevenness of the microlenses 31 and forming a substantially flat surface 40a on which the diffraction grating section 50 is provided.
- the surface 40a of the planarization layer 40 is planarized with respect to the surface of the microlens 31.
- the maximum thickness of the planarizing layer 40 (that is, the distance in the Z direction between the surface 40a of the planarizing layer 40 and the surface 20a of the substrate 20 (the surface of the CMOS image sensor 24)) It is determined as appropriate depending on the optical path length required for the light incident from the source.
- the planarization layer 40 has a refractive index lower than at least the refractive index of the microlens 31.
- the light is well focused on the CMOS image sensor 24 by the microlens 31, and desired optical characteristics can be obtained in the solid-state image sensor 10.
- the refractive index of the planarization layer 40 can be adjusted as appropriate.
- the planarization layer 40 contains a hollow filler and a medium.
- the hollow filler and the medium have transparency at visible wavelengths, for example, have a total light transmittance of 90% or more for light at visible wavelengths.
- the hollow filler contributes to lowering the refractive index of the planarization layer 40.
- the medium is interposed between the particles of the hollow filler, binds the hollow fillers together, and stabilizes the flattening layer 40.
- hollow filler is silicon dioxide (silica, SiO 2 ).
- Hollow fillers made of silica are inexpensive, have high transparency to visible wavelengths, and physical stability. Since the hollow filler is located in the low refractive index layer, air regions are scattered inside the flattening layer 40, and as a result, the refractive index of the flattening layer 40 decreases, and as the content of the hollow filler increases, the refraction decreases. The rate approaches that of air.
- the diffraction grating section 50 has a layered base 51 that covers the surface 40a of the flattening layer 40, and a plurality of diffraction gratings 52 that protrude upward in the Z direction from the base 51.
- the base 51 and the diffraction grating 52 are both made of thermosetting resin and are integrated.
- the diffraction grating 52 is transparent at visible wavelengths, and has, for example, a total light transmittance of 90% or more for visible wavelength light.
- the diffraction gratings 52 are periodically provided at predetermined intervals in the X direction and the Y direction.
- Light that enters the diffraction grating 52 from above to below in the Z direction is diffracted by the diffraction grating 52, and is diffracted at a diffraction angle determined by the wavelength of the light and the pitch of the diffraction grating 52 with respect to the normal along the Z direction. , propagates in different directions for each wavelength.
- the dimensions, pitch, etc. of the diffraction grating 52 can be set as appropriate depending on the purpose.
- a diffraction grating is used to convert a 2D image captured by a conventional CMOS image sensor into a 3D image.
- Distance can be measured from a distance image by image processing the light separated by wavelength by a diffraction grating.
- the unevenness on the surface of the microlens 31 is flattened to create an optical path.
- a layer 40 will be formed and a diffraction grating will be formed on the top surface of the planarization layer 40.
- FIGS. 2(a) to 2(c) are schematic cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process of a solid-state image sensor in a comparative example. Note that in FIG. 2, the structure below the planarization layer 72 is shown in a simplified manner.
- the reference numeral 70 shown in FIG. 2 is a semiconductor substrate equipped with a CMOS image sensor, the reference numeral 71 is a microlens, and the reference numeral 72 is a flattening layer.
- a resist coating layer 73 is formed on the entire upper surface of the flattening layer 72 using a transparent photosensitive positive resist.
- the resist used can be a resist used for microlens applications.
- FIG. 2(a) after forming the resist coating layer 73, in FIG. 2(b), exposure and development is performed to form a pattern of a plurality of diffraction gratings 74, and in FIG.
- the grid 74 is heat flowed (baked).
- a plurality of diffraction gratings 74 can be patterned on the upper surface of the planarization layer 72.
- each diffraction grating 74 was deformed into a convex curved shape as a whole, and the rectangularity was deteriorated.
- Optical characteristics refers to the detection accuracy for measuring the distance to an object. If the optical characteristics decrease, the distance detection accuracy decreases, so it is necessary to improve the rectangularity of the diffraction grating. It is said that
- the rectangularity of the diffraction grating 52 can be increased compared to the conventional one, making it possible to obtain good sensor characteristics.
- the shape of the diffraction grating section 50 will be mainly explained in detail.
- a plurality of diffraction gratings 52 are formed in the diffraction grating section 50 formed on the surface 40a of the planarization layer 40.
- An enlarged cross-sectional view showing only the diffraction grating 52 is shown in FIG. 3(a).
- the diffraction grating 52 has a lower surface 52a on the flattening layer 40 side, a side surface 52c rising upward in the Z direction from a skirt 52b of the lower surface 52a, and an inflection point from the upper end of the side surface 52c. It has a flat upper surface 52e that faces the lower surface 52a in the thickness direction (Z direction) via 52d.
- the lower surface 52a of the diffraction grating 52 is integrated with the base 51, so it is shown by a virtual line (dotted line).
- the lower surface 52a is the same surface as the surface of the base 51, and in FIG. 3(a), the lower surface 52a is shown as the same surface as the XY plane.
- FIG. 3(a) the side surface 52c extends parallel to the Z direction in the figure, that is, in the vertical direction, and the upper surface 52e is formed by a surface parallel to the lower surface 52a.
- FIG. 3A shows the ideal shape of the diffraction grating 52, which is formed in a rectangular shape.
- the diffraction grating 52 is formed by dry etching using a thermosetting resin, as described later. Thereby, the rectangularity of the diffraction grating 52 can be improved. Therefore, the first embodiment has a configuration in which the diffraction grating section 50 is made of thermosetting resin and has a plurality of diffraction gratings 52.
- thermosetting resin is not limited, it can be selected from, for example, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, silicone resin, melamine resin, urea resin, etc.
- the diffraction grating section 50 has a configuration including a base 51 that covers the entire surface 40a of the flattening layer 40, and a plurality of diffraction gratings 52 provided protrudingly on the base 51, compared to the second embodiment. (See Figure 1).
- a residual film layer can be formed between each diffraction grating 52 by etching the diffraction grating layer formed on the entire surface 40a of the flattening layer 40 to a certain depth by dry etching.
- This remaining film layer forms a layered base 51 integrally with the lower surface 52a side of each diffraction grating 52.
- the thickness dimension t1 (see FIG. 1) of the base 51 is about 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface 40a of the planarization layer 40 can be appropriately protected. That is, as described above, the planarization layer 40 contains, for example, filler. For this reason, the surface 40a of the planarization layer 40 is not truly flat but is roughened. Therefore, by having the above thickness dimension t1, the entire surface 40a of the planarization layer 40 can be reliably covered.
- "flattening" of the flattening layer 40 means absorbing irregularities on the surface of the microlens 31 to make it flatter than the surface of the microlens 31, and is limited to true flatness only. isn't it.
- the diffraction grating 52 shown in FIG. 3(a) has a rectangular shape, and the width W1 of the lower surface 52a and the width W2 of the upper surface 52e are the same length. As shown, the side surface 52c may be inclined, and the width W2 of the upper surface 52e may be smaller than the width W1 of the lower surface 52a.
- the cross-sectional shape of the diffraction grating 52 is, for example, substantially trapezoidal (third embodiment).
- the width dimension W2 of the upper surface 52e is preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or more and 1.50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.90 ⁇ m or more and 1.20 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 0.92 ⁇ m or more and 1.02 ⁇ m or less. preferable.
- the width dimension W1 of the lower surface 52a is preferably 1.00 ⁇ m or more and 1.70 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.10 ⁇ m or more and 1.50 ⁇ m or less, and 1.12 ⁇ m or more and 1.24 ⁇ m or less. is even more preferable.
- the distance between the upper surface 52e and the lower surface 52a is preferably 0.30 ⁇ m or more and 0.80 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or more and 0.70 ⁇ m or less, and 0.30 ⁇ m or more and 0.80 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or more and 0.70 ⁇ m or less. More preferably, the thickness is 58 ⁇ m or more and 0.66 ⁇ m or less. If the upper surface 52e, lower surface 52a, and thickness of the diffraction grating 52 are within the above ranges, light incident on the side surface 52c is also refracted and taken into the interior.
- the present invention can be diffracted in the same way as the light incident on the upper surface 52e, and the efficiency of light utilization can be improved. Therefore, by applying the present invention to the solid-state imaging device of this embodiment, various sensors with good performance can be constructed, and by applying it to a distance image sensor, for example, distance measurement accuracy etc. can be improved. Note that when the diffraction grating 52 is formed in a planar pattern shown in FIG. 5, which will be described later, the width W1 of the lower surface 52a and the width W2 of the upper surface 52e are the same as those described above in both the longitudinal direction and the short direction.
- the width W2 of the upper surface 52e is preferably 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less with respect to the width W1 of the lower surface 52a.
- the dimension ratio is represented by width dimension W2/width dimension W1.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the pattern shape and diffracted light.
- FIG. 4A shows Experimental Example 1 in which the diffraction grating 52 has a substantially rectangular shape, and the lower surface 52a and upper surface 52e of the diffraction grating 52 have the same width dimension (that is, the dimension ratio is 1.0).
- FIG. 4B shows Experimental Example 2 in which the upper surface 52e of the diffraction grating 52 is 0.8 with respect to the lower surface 52a.
- FIG. 4C shows Experimental Example 3 in which the upper surface 52e of the diffraction grating 52 is 0.6 with respect to the lower surface 52a.
- the width W2 of the upper surface 52e is preferably set in a range of 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less with respect to the width W1 of the lower surface 52a.
- the upper surface 52e of the diffraction grating 52 is a flat surface, and the inflection point 52d between the side surface 52c and the upper surface 52e forms a right angle or an obtuse angle, which is an ideal shape.
- the inflection point 52d is likely to be formed in a rounded shape as shown in FIG. 3(c).
- the width W1 of the upper surface 52e can be defined except for the inflection point 52d of the R shape.
- the present embodiment also includes a configuration in which the upper surface 52e of the diffraction grating 52 is not completely flat but has a rough surface.
- the side surface 52c extends in a substantially vertical direction, and in FIG. 3(e), the side surface 52c is inclined.
- the cross-sectional profile of the surface of the diffraction grating 52 can be measured using, for example, an atomic force microscope (AFM).
- AFM atomic force microscope
- the side surface 52c of the diffraction grating 52 is an etched surface by dry etching.
- the upper surface 52e is also affected by etching, the upper surface 52e has a higher degree of roughness than the side surface 52c, so the side surface 52c and the upper surface 52e can be defined with high precision based on the cross-sectional profile.
- the top surface 52e includes not only a completely flat form as shown in FIGS. 3(a) to 3(c), but also a roughened and substantially flat form as shown in FIGS. 3(d) and 3(e).
- substantially flat can be defined as follows. That is, as shown in FIG. 3(e), the highest position (apex P) of the upper surface 52e is determined from the cross-sectional profile, and the thickness dimension T2 (height from the lower surface 52a to the apex P) of the diffraction grating 52 at this apex P is determined. measure).
- a range R of 15% or less (preferably a range of 10% or less) of the thickness dimension T2 is defined downward from the vertex P, and if the upper surface 52e falls within this range R, it is "approximately flat". It is stipulated that That is, even if the upper surface 52e is minutely uneven, wavy, or somewhat curved, the upper surface 52e that falls within the range R corresponds to "substantially flat”.
- one side surface 52c may extend in the vertical direction and the other side surface 52c may be inclined.
- the width dimension W2 of the upper surface 52e is 0.50 ⁇ m or more and 1.50 ⁇ m or less
- the width dimension W1 of the lower surface 52a is 1.00 ⁇ m or more and 1.70 ⁇ m or less, or It is preferable that the width W2 of the upper surface 52e is 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less with respect to the width W1 of the lower surface 52a.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view showing the planar shape of the diffraction grating according to this embodiment.
- the plurality of diffraction gratings 52 are formed in an elongated shape and are regularly arranged at intervals.
- the arrangement shown in FIG. 5(a) is an example, and the arrangement is not limited thereto. That is, although the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A includes a diffraction grating 52 that is elongated in the Y direction and a diffraction grating 52 that is elongated in the X direction, the diffraction grating 52 may be composed of only one of them.
- the diffraction grating 52 may be arranged obliquely with respect to the X direction and the Y direction. Further, the aspect ratios in the X direction and the Y direction are not limited, and can be set as appropriate depending on the required sensor characteristics, application, and the like.
- FIG. 5(b) is an enlarged plan view of the diffraction grating 52 shown in FIG. 5(a).
- a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA and viewed from the direction of the arrow so as to pass through the center C of the diffraction grating 52 shown in FIG. 5(b) corresponds to the cross-section of FIG.
- FIG. 5(b) is an enlarged plan view of the diffraction grating 52 shown in FIG. 5(a).
- the diffraction grating 52 is cut along the short direction (X direction), but it may also be cut along the long direction (Y direction) so as to pass through the center C, or Even when cutting from a direction oblique to the X and Y directions so as to pass through the center C, the width W2 of the upper surface 52e appearing in the cross section is 0.8 or more 1 with respect to the width W1 of the lower surface 52a. It is suitable that it is .0 or less.
- width dimension W2/width dimension W1 can also be expressed as an area ratio obtained by dividing the area of the upper surface 52e (ar2 indicated by diagonal lines) by the area of the lower surface 52a (ar1) shown in FIG. 5(b).
- the area ratio (ar2/ar1) is preferably in a range of 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less. Since the area ratio (ar2/ar1) only needs to be in the range of 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less, even if (width dimension W2/width dimension W1) is less than 0.8 in a certain cross section, this implementation included in the form of
- the width dimensions (W1, W2) of a cross section that appears when the diffraction grating 52 shown in FIG. 5(b) is cut along the X direction, which is the short direction, are 0.3 ⁇ m or more.
- the width dimension (W1, W2) of the cross section that appears when cut along the Y direction, which is the longitudinal direction, is about 0.3 ⁇ m or more and the pixel area size or less.
- ⁇ About the manufacturing method of the solid-state image sensor 10 according to the present embodiment> The inventors fabricated and evaluated a large number of diffraction gratings formed by baking a photosensitive resist into a permanent film, and found that many of them did not perform as designed. A detailed observation of such a diffraction grating revealed that one of the reasons was that the incident light did not behave in accordance with the settings due to insufficient flatness of the upper surface of the diffraction grating. Furthermore, it was discovered that the main cause of insufficient flatness was that the resist was heated to a high temperature during baking and deformed into a convex shape (see FIG. 2). Based on the above findings, the inventors solved this problem by forming a diffraction grating using a method that does not use the photosensitive resist itself as a diffraction grating.
- a color filter 28 is provided on a substrate 20 on which a CMOS image sensor 24 is formed, and a plurality of microlenses 31 arranged in a two-dimensional array are further formed.
- a method for forming the microlenses 31 for example, a high refractive index material that will become the microlenses 31 is coated in a layer on at least the surface 28a of the color filter 28, a photoresist layer is provided thereon, and the heat treatment after the photolithography process is applied.
- One example is a method of etching and transferring a lens pattern by melting to a layer of a high refractive index material below.
- the solvent is removed by applying heat and curing. As a result, a planarization layer 40 is formed.
- thermosetting resin layer 50A is formed on the planarization layer 40 (Step A).
- the thickness of the thermosetting resin layer 50A is greater than or equal to the sum of the base 51 and the diffraction grating 52 (thickness dimension t1+t2 shown in FIG. 1).
- a sacrificial pattern 60 corresponding to the diffraction grating 52 is formed on the thermosetting resin layer 50A using a transparent photosensitive resist (Step B).
- the sacrificial pattern 60 is formed, for example, in a planar pattern shown in FIG. 5(a).
- the sacrificial pattern 60 is formed by applying a layer of resist, exposing it to light using a photomask, and developing it, but it is not used as a permanent film, and in order to keep the sacrificial pattern 60 in a rectangular cross-section, it is formed by baking. No curing.
- the side surface 60a of the sacrificial pattern 60 is preferably formed along the Z direction, that is, in the vertical direction, but the shape is not limited.
- the side surface 52c of the diffraction grating 52 is also easily formed to be sloped along the side surface 60a, and the diffraction grating can be formed into a substantially trapezoidal shape with high precision.
- the inclination of the side surface 52c of the diffraction grating 52 can be adjusted by adjusting the inclination angle of the side surface 60a of the sacrificial pattern 60.
- the thickness of the sacrificial pattern 60 is not limited, it is preferably about several tens of nanometers or more and several hundred nanometers or less. The thickness dimension is adjusted in consideration of the influence of dry etching of the sacrificial pattern 60.
- step C dry etching is performed using the sacrificial pattern 60 (step C).
- step C dry etching is performed using the sacrificial pattern 60
- the shape of the sacrificial pattern 60 is transferred to the thermosetting resin layer 50A, and the diffraction grating 52 is formed.
- the dry etching is completed so that the thermosetting resin layer 50A in the area where the sacrificial pattern 60 is not completely removed is left.
- the depth dimension t2 is adjusted depending on the dry etching conditions.
- This depth dimension t2 is the thickness dimension of the diffraction grating 52.
- thermosetting resin layer 50A becomes a diffraction grating section 50 in which a plurality of diffraction gratings 52 protrude on a base 51 that covers the flattening layer 40 without any gaps. Then, the sacrificial pattern 60 shown in FIG. 8 is removed. Through the above steps, the solid-state imaging device 10 including the diffraction grating section 50 is manufactured.
- the diffraction grating according to this embodiment can diffract incident light as designed, various sensors with good performance can be constructed by applying it to a solid-state image sensor. For example, by applying the solid-state image sensor according to this embodiment to a distance image sensor, distance measurement accuracy and the like can be improved.
- the flattening layer 40 When configured to have a low refractive index, the flattening layer 40 has a porous configuration with many voids as described above, but in the configuration according to this embodiment, the flattening layer 40 is completely covered by the base 51. Therefore, there is an advantage that the flattening layer 40 is suitably protected, and drop-off of the filler and penetration of liquid are prevented.
- the present invention is not limited to a specific embodiment, and includes modifications and combinations of configurations within a range that does not depart from the gist of the present invention. Some changes are illustrated below, but these are not all, and other changes are also possible. Two or more of these changes may be combined as appropriate.
- the diffraction grating section there is no particular restriction on the thickness of the base and the diffraction grating, and there is no restriction on the size relationship between the two. Therefore, the diffraction grating may be thicker or thinner than the base, or may have the same thickness.
- the base is not essential. Therefore, by adjusting the dry etching process, the base may be removed, resulting in a structure having only the diffraction grating.
- the term "approximately trapezoidal" means that it has an upper base (upper surface) and a lower base (lower surface), and the upper base and the lower base are generally parallel, and is geometrically It is not a concept that only includes trapezoids.
- a configuration as shown in FIG. 3(f) in which one side surface 52c extends in the vertical direction and the other side surface 52c is inclined is also included.
- an on-chip type solid-state image sensor in which a color filter is directly formed on the substrate is shown, but the scope of application of the technical idea according to the present invention is not limited to this, and for example, organic EL (OLED) ) can also be applied to a diffraction grating etc. placed on the top.
- OLED organic EL
- FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the diffraction grating section 50 according to the present embodiment, which was produced by the method described above.
- FIG. 9(a) is a schematic diagram of an SEM photograph seen from a plane
- FIG. 9(b) is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional SEM photograph
- FIG. 9(c) is a schematic diagram of a SEM photograph seen from diagonally above.
- FIG. 9(a) and 9(c) it was found that a plurality of diffraction gratings 52 could be regularly arranged.
- the diffraction grating 52 had a substantially rectangular shape, and that the plurality of diffraction gratings 52 had a shape protruding from the layered base. It was found that the upper surface of the diffraction grating 52 is substantially flat and approximately parallel to the upper surfaces of the base 51 and the flattening layer 40. Further, the side surface 52c in the cross section was a steep slope, and the cross-sectional shape was generally trapezoidal as a whole.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional profile of a diffraction grating manufactured by the manufacturing method of this example
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional profile of a diffraction grating manufactured by the manufacturing method of the comparative example shown in FIG.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 were measured using an atomic force microscope. In the example shown in FIG. 10, it was found that the upper surface was rough. From FIG. 10, first, since the hem portions 52b can be clearly seen, the distance between the hem portions 52b was determined, and this was defined as the width dimension W1 of the lower surface 52a.
- an upper surface 52e extending substantially parallel to the lower surface 52a was confirmed from the upper end of the side surface 52c via the inflection point 52d. Since the inflection point 52d was in the shape of an R, the upper surface 52e was defined by excluding the arc touching this R.
- the upper surface 52e was a rough surface. This is considered to be due to some roughness occurring when the sacrificial pattern 60 was removed during the manufacturing process.
- the apex P of the upper surface 52e shown in FIG. 10 was measured, and the thickness between this apex P and the lower surface 52a was approximately 250 nm. Further, the thickness dimension of the upper surface 52e at the lowest position was about 220 nm. Thus, there was a difference of about 30 nm between the vertex P and the lowest position of the upper surface 52e. This difference was about 12% with respect to the thickness dimension at the vertex P. This degree of shape change on the top surface was considered “substantially flat.” Therefore, in this example, if it is within 15%, it is defined as "substantially flat”.
- the width dimensions of the lower surface 52a and the upper surface 52e shown in FIG. 10 were measured.
- the width dimension W1 of the lower surface 52a was approximately 1.1 ⁇ m
- the width dimension W2 of the upper surface 52e was approximately 0.9 ⁇ m. Therefore, the ratio of the width W2 of the upper surface 52e to the width W1 of the lower surface 52a was about 0.82.
- the size ratio of W2/W1 is within the range of 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less, and as shown in FIG. 4(a), the interference fringes are The shape was able to suppress spread and obtain the desired sensor characteristics.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional profile of the diffraction grating obtained in the manufacturing process of the comparative example shown in FIG. 2, and as shown in FIG. 11, the entire surface of the diffraction grating was elliptical. Note that the thickness dimension from the top of the diffraction grating to the bottom surface was about 250 nm.
- the interference fringes are further spread out and blurred than in the shape pattern shown in FIG. 4(c), and the sensor characteristics are significantly degraded. It turned out that it could not be manufactured with high precision. Note that a measurement error in determining the dimensional ratio is allowed within a certain range (for example, about ⁇ several percent).
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- Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
この製造方法は、複数のマイクロレンズが整列配置されたレンズアレイ上に形成された平坦化層上に熱硬化性樹脂層を設けるステップAと、熱硬化性樹脂層上にレジスト層を形成し、露光及び現像により回折格子に対応した犠牲パターンを形成するステップBと、犠牲パターンをベークせずにドライエッチングを行い、犠牲パターンの形状を熱硬化性樹脂層に転写するステップCとを備える。
図1は、本実施の形態に係る固体撮像素子の模式断面図である。固体撮像素子10は、基板20と、CMOSイメージセンサ24と、カラーフィルタ28と、レンズアレイ30と、平坦化層40と、回折格子部50とを備え、全体として距離画像センサとして機能する。
回折格子52の寸法やピッチ等は、目的等に応じて適宜設定できる。
近年、スマートフォンなど顔認証システムに、距離画像センサが用いられており、安価で小型を実現できるCMOSイメージセンサを用いた3Dセンシングデバイスの開発が行われている。
本実施の形態に係る固体撮像素子10にあっては、回折格子52の矩形性を従来に比べて高めることができ、良好なセンサ特性を得られることを可能とした。以下では、主として、回折格子部50の形状について詳述する。
上面52eの幅寸法W2は、0.50μm以上1.50μm以下であることが好ましく、0.90μm以上1.20μm以下であることがより好ましく、0.92μm以上1.02μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。また、下面52aの幅寸法W1は、1.00μm以上1.70μm以下であることが好ましく、1.10μm以上1.50μm以下であることがより好ましく、1.12μm以上1.24μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。上面52eと下面52aとの距離(回折格子52の厚さ寸法)は、0.30μm以上0.80μm以下であることが好ましく、0.50μm以上0.70μm以下であることがより好ましく、0.58μm以上0.66μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。回折格子52の上面52e、下面52a、及び厚さが上記範囲内であれば、側面52cに入射した光も、屈折して内部に取り込まれる。その結果、上面52eに入射した光と同様に回折でき、光の利用効率を向上できる。よって、本実施の形態の固体撮像素子に適用することで、性能の良い各種センサを構成でき、例えば、距離画像センサに適用することで、距離測定精度等を向上できる。なお、回折格子52が、後述する図5に示す平面パターンで形成されるとき、下面52aの幅寸法W1及び上面52eの幅寸法W2は、長尺方向及び短尺方向のどちらの断面においても、上記した寸法範囲に含まれ、或いは、長尺方向及び短尺方向のどちらかの断面のみ、上記した寸法範囲に含まれる形態を提案できるが、少なくとも、短尺方向の断面に現れる下面52aの幅寸法W1及び上面52eの幅寸法W2が、上記寸法範囲に含まれることが好適である。
発明者らは、感光性レジストをベークにより永久膜化して形成した回折格子を多数作製して評価したところ、設計通りの性能を発揮しないものが少なくないことを見出した。このような回折格子を微細観察すると、回折格子の上面の平坦性が十分でないことにより、入射した光が設定に沿った挙動を示さないことが一因であると考えられた。さらに、平坦性が十分でない原因の多くが、ベークで高温になったレジストが凸状に変形することであることも突き止めた(図2参照)。
発明者らは上記知見に基づき、感光性レジスト自体を回折格子としない方法で回折格子を形成することによりこの問題を解決した。
まず、CMOSイメージセンサ24を形成した基板20に、カラーフィルタ28を設け、さらに二次元アレイ状に配列された複数のマイクロレンズ31を形成する。マイクロレンズ31を形成する方法としては、例えば少なくともカラーフィルタ28の表面28a上にマイクロレンズ31となる高屈折率材料を層状に塗布し、その上にフォトレジスト層を設け、フォトリソグラフィ工程後の熱溶融によるレンズパターンを下層の高屈折率材料の層にエッチング転写する方法が挙げられる。
以上により、回折格子部50を備えた固体撮像素子10が製造される。
なお、寸法比率を求める際の測定誤差は一定範囲(例えば、±数%程度)許容される。
Claims (10)
- 複数のマイクロレンズが整列配置されたレンズアレイと、
前記レンズアレイ上に形成された平坦化層と、
熱硬化性樹脂からなり、複数の回折格子を有して前記平坦化層上に設けられた回折格子部と、
を備える、
固体撮像素子。 - 前記回折格子部は、前記平坦化層の上面全体を覆うベースを有し、前記回折格子が前記ベース上に突出して設けられている、
請求項1に記載の固体撮像素子。 - 複数のマイクロレンズが整列配置されたレンズアレイと、
前記レンズアレイ上に形成された平坦化層と、
前記平坦化層の上面全体を覆うベースと、前記ベース上に突出して設けられた複数の回折格子とを有する回折格子部と、
を備える、
固体撮像素子。 - 前記平坦化層の屈折率が前記マイクロレンズの屈折率よりも低い、
請求項1に記載の固体撮像素子。 - 複数のマイクロレンズが整列配置されたレンズアレイと、
前記レンズアレイ上に形成された平坦化層と、
複数の回折格子を有して前記平坦化層上に設けられた回折格子部と、
を備え、
前記回折格子は、前記平坦化層側の下面と、前記下面と厚み方向で対向する略平坦の上面と、前記下面と前記上面との間をつなぐ側面と、を有し、
前記下面は、前記上面より長い、
固体撮像素子。 - 前記上面の幅寸法は、前記下面の幅寸法の0.8以上1.0以下である、請求項5に記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記上面は、前記側面より粗面である、請求項5に記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記上面の幅寸法が、0.92μm以上1.02μm以下であり、
前記下面の幅寸法が、1.12μm以上1.24μm以下である、
請求項5に記載の固体撮像素子。 - 複数のマイクロレンズが整列配置されたレンズアレイ上に形成された平坦化層上に熱硬化性樹脂層を設けるステップAと、
前記熱硬化性樹脂層上にレジスト層を形成し、露光及び現像により回折格子に対応した犠牲パターンを形成するステップBと、
前記犠牲パターンをベークせずにドライエッチングを行い、前記犠牲パターンの形状を前記熱硬化性樹脂層に転写するステップCと、
を備える、
固体撮像素子の製造方法。 - 前記ステップCでは、前記犠牲パターンの形状を前記熱硬化性樹脂層に転写して、複数の回折格子を形成するとともに、前記回折格子の間に、前記熱硬化性樹脂層の一部を残す、請求項9に記載の固体撮像素子の製造方法。
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| EP23774797.7A EP4498434A4 (en) | 2022-03-22 | 2023-03-17 | SOLID-STATE IMAGING ELEMENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF |
| JP2024510124A JPWO2023182202A1 (ja) | 2022-03-22 | 2023-03-17 | |
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- 2023-03-17 JP JP2024510124A patent/JPWO2023182202A1/ja active Pending
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