WO2024102951A2 - Compositions comprenant des espèces et des peroxydes de chlore disponibles, libres, stables, leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Compositions comprenant des espèces et des peroxydes de chlore disponibles, libres, stables, leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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WO2024102951A2
WO2024102951A2 PCT/US2023/079291 US2023079291W WO2024102951A2 WO 2024102951 A2 WO2024102951 A2 WO 2024102951A2 US 2023079291 W US2023079291 W US 2023079291W WO 2024102951 A2 WO2024102951 A2 WO 2024102951A2
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ppm
amount
minutes
weight
composition
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WO2024102951A3 (fr
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Hojabr Alimi
Mohammad ESMAEILI
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Collidion Inc
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Collidion Inc
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Priority to IL320696A priority Critical patent/IL320696A/en
Priority to CN202380088790.0A priority patent/CN120787159A/zh
Priority to JP2025526588A priority patent/JP2025538176A/ja
Priority to AU2023375559A priority patent/AU2023375559A1/en
Priority to KR1020257018489A priority patent/KR20250100725A/ko
Priority to EP23889738.3A priority patent/EP4615469A2/fr
Application filed by Collidion Inc filed Critical Collidion Inc
Publication of WO2024102951A2 publication Critical patent/WO2024102951A2/fr
Publication of WO2024102951A3 publication Critical patent/WO2024102951A3/fr
Priority to MX2025005279A priority patent/MX2025005279A/es
Priority to US19/199,977 priority patent/US20250281526A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/20—Elemental chlorine; Inorganic compounds releasing chlorine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/14—Alkali metal chlorides; Alkaline earth metal chlorides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/40—Peroxides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

  • compositions Comprising Stable Free Available Chlorine Species and Peroxides, Methods of Making and Uses Thereof
  • Hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid may be used separately for the sterilization of various surfaces, including surgical tools, and may be deployed as a vapor (VHP) for room sterilization and may be used to treat topical infections as well as those infections developed within body cavities. Both compounds demonstrate broad-spectrum efficacy against viruses, bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and bacterial spores.
  • VHP vapor
  • free available chlorine which may include hypochlorous acid amongst other forms of chlorine, remains highly unstable in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Attempts to mix hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid to date have failed to demonstrate a stable aqueous solution containing both compounds.
  • hypochlorous acid such as electrolysis
  • electrolysis Certain methods of production of hypochlorous acid, such as electrolysis, have cited the potential presence of theoretical peroxide in solution in insignificant and unstable amounts.
  • the present specification disclosed herein pertains to a novel production of hydrogen peroxide which may include other reactive oxygen species in substantial amounts and the benefits of such discovery for producing a solution also comprising HOCI and/or one or more stable chlorine reactive species.
  • making a composition comprising both stable hydrogen peroxide, or other reactive oxygen species, and free available chlorine in the same solution has not been previously documented.
  • compositions using added salts to improve the stability and efficacy off a composition comprising a stable free available chlorine alone or a stable free available chlorine that can coexist in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, molecular oxygen, or another reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and a stable free available chlorine exhibits significantly improved the cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing properties, physical properties, and product stability.
  • compositions comprising added metal salts to compositions comprising free available chlorine, or a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and a stable free available chlorine.
  • Metal salts disclosed herein may include compositions of one of more of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, and sodium phosphate.
  • compositions comprising hydrogen peroxide and a stable free available chlorine.
  • a composition disclosed herein can further comprise and one or more metallic particles, one or more metal salts and/or a phosphate buffer like calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • compositions comprising hydrogen peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, and one or more metallic particles.
  • a composition disclosed herein can further comprise one or more metal salts and/or a phosphate buffer like calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • compositions comprising hydrogen peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, and one or more metal salts.
  • a composition disclosed herein can further comprise one or more metallic particles and/or a phosphate buffer like calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • compositions comprising one or more peroxides and a stable free available chlorine.
  • a disclosed method uses a peroxide as a reagent in the manufacture of a stable free available chlorine.
  • One or more peroxides disclosed herein include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, other alkali metal peroxides, other alkali earth metal peroxides, or a combination thereof.
  • Presence free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • the disclosed method produces a composition further comprising one or more reactive oxygen species, including, without limitation, oxygen gas (O2), superoxide (O2 ), singlet oxygen CO2), a-oxygen (a-O), protonated oxygen (HC ), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxide (O2‘ 2 ), ozone (O3), ozonide (Os'), another reactive oxygen species (ROS), or a combination thereof.
  • oxygen gas O2
  • superoxide O2
  • singlet oxygen CO2 a-oxygen
  • HC protonated oxygen
  • HO2 hydroperoxyl radical
  • OH hydroxyl radical
  • O2‘ 2 peroxide
  • O3 ozone
  • Os' ozonide
  • ROS another reactive oxygen species
  • compositions comprising hydrogen peroxide and a stable free available chlorine.
  • a disclosed method uses a peroxide disclosed herein as a reagent in the manufacture of a stable free available chlorine.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • kits comprising one or more containers including a composition disclosed herein and/or one or more containers including components of a composition disclosed herein.
  • a disclosed kit further comprises one or more delivery or application systems, and/or instructions, and/or a container.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a method to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a device.
  • the disclosed method comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a device, wherein application of the composition cleans, disinfects, sanitizes, and/or sterilizes the device.
  • the disclosed method may further comprise rinsing a cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized device with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • composition disclosed herein for use in cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing a device.
  • a use of a disclosed composition clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a device.
  • composition disclosed herein for use in cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing a surface area.
  • a use of a disclosed composition clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a surface area.
  • composition disclosed herein for use in cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing of a wound in an individual.
  • a use of a disclosed composition clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, and/or sterilize of a wound in an individual.
  • a use of a disclosed composition in the manufacture ofa medicament to clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, and/or sterilize of a wound in an individual.
  • composition disclosed herein for use in cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, treating, and/or sterilizing of a body tissue or body cavity in an individual.
  • use of a disclosed composition clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, and/or sterilize of a body tissue or body cavity in an individual.
  • a body cavity can be a space, compartment, or lumen, or potential space, compartment, or lumen in the body.
  • a body cavity may include any space, compartment or lumen that contains organs, limbs, tissues, and surfaces within the body, or any space, compartment or lumen within organs, limbs, or tissues.
  • a body cavity may include areas with the organs, for example an airway within the lungs, a nasal cavity, an oral cavity, a lumen of the gastrointestinal or excretory system including urethra and ureter, and spaces within the reproductive organs.
  • a body cavity may be exposed to the outside of the body or may not be exposed to the outside space of the body.
  • a body cavity any space created in the body.
  • a body cavity may also include a space created in the body from injury or surgery or other artificial means.
  • composition disclosed herein for use in cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, treat, and/or prevent of an infection in an individual.
  • a use of a disclosed composition clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, and/or prevent an infection in an individual.
  • a use of a disclosed composition in the manufacture of a medicament to clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, and/or prevent an infection in an individual.
  • An infection can be a microbial infection.
  • composition disclosed herein for use in cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, treating, and/or preventing a respiratory infection in an individual.
  • use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, and/or prevent a respiratory infection in an individual.
  • An infection can be a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection.
  • a viral infection can be an infection from a coronoavirus (including SARS-CoV- 2, MERS, SARS), influenza, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, and other viruses.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method to treat a wound in an individual.
  • the disclosed method comprising applying a composition disclosed herein to an individual, wherein application of the composition promotes healing of a wound.
  • a composition disclosed herein for use in treating a wound in an individual disclose a use of a disclosed composition to treat a wound in an individual.
  • a use of a disclosed composition in the manufacture of a medicament to treat a wound in an individual disclose a use of a disclosed composition in the manufacture of a medicament to treat a wound in an individual.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method to clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, prevent and/or provide relief an inflammatory response in the respiratory system, including the lung, of an individual.
  • a disclosed method comprising applying a composition disclosed herein to an individual, wherein application of the composition promotes healing of a respiratory inflammation.
  • a use of a disclosed composition in the manufacture of a medicament to clean, disinfect, sanitize, treat, prevent and/or provide relief from a respiratory inflammation in an individual.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • One or more peroxides disclosed herein include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, other alkali metal peroxides, other alkali earth metal peroxides, or a combination thereof.
  • the disclosed method produces a composition further comprising one or more reactive oxygen species, including, without limitation, oxygen gas (O2), superoxide (O2 ), singlet oxygen CO2), a-oxygen (a-O), protonated oxygen (HO2'), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxide (O2 2 ), ozone (O3), ozonide (O3 ), another reactive oxygen species (ROS), or a combination thereof.
  • oxygen gas O2
  • superoxide O2
  • singlet oxygen CO2 a-oxygen
  • HO2' protonated oxygen
  • HO2' hydroperoxyl radical
  • OH hydroxyl radical
  • peroxide O2 2
  • O3 ozone
  • O3 ozonide
  • ROS another reactive oxygen species
  • the HOCI and peroxide interact to generate oxygen gas (O2) and an acidic solution.
  • This redox reaction moves rapidly in a unidirectional manner to eliminate the peroxide and HOCI in an aqueous solution to produce water, hydrochloric acid, and oxygen gas.
  • the disclosed methods involve a novel chemistry that establishes a solution in equilibrium with the addition of sodium peroxide (NA2O2) and chlorine gas (CI2) in an aqueous solution.
  • NA2O2 sodium peroxide
  • CI2 chlorine gas
  • the importance of the new chemistry involves the improvement of the stability and efficacy of chemistry of hypochlorous acid and other free available chlorines.
  • Salts when added in the amounts to achieve neutral biological osmolality, improved the stability of free chlorine and pH of the composition. Over time, free chlorine composition decreases in amount of free chlorine and pH.
  • the addition of salts to the composition helps to stabilize the solution and the free chlorine and pH measurements stay stable over time, as compared to similar compositions without the additional salts.
  • An aspect of the present specification discloses a method to add one or more salts during the manufacturing process.
  • An aspect of the present specification discloses a method to add the salts after the manufacturing process. It is important to achieve free chlorine levels, pH levels, and osmolality levels of the final product specification at the time of product release.
  • An aspect of the present specification discloses a chemistry that balances this chemical equilibrium to allow for the simultaneous presence of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid.
  • the solution achieves saturation of dissolved chlorine to achieve balance with the dissolved peroxide, the solution exhibits a color change to become greyer in appearance and the formation and release of excess oxygen gas (O2) occurs during the manufacturing process while significantly reducing the release of chlorine gas (odor) from the manufactured solution.
  • O2 excess oxygen gas
  • hypochlorous acid hypochlorite
  • chlorine gas CI2
  • other stable free available chlorine species include, without limitation, superchloride (Ch'), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • Reactive oxygen species produced by this dynamic equilibrium shift can include, without limitation, superoxide (O2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O2), a-oxygen (a-O), protonated oxygen (HO2 + ), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxide (O2‘ 2 ), ozone (O3), ozonide (Os'), another reactive oxygen species (ROS), or a combination thereof.
  • method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises first preparing a first solution comprising purified water and an appropriate trace amount of one or more peroxides. Chlorine gas is then introduced to the first solution for a first period of time to produce a first reaction solution. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that this first reaction solution comprises approximately equimolar amounts of one or more free available chlorine species and one or more peroxide species and has a pH below 4. Once this first reaction step is completed, an appropriate trace amount of one or more peroxides is added to the first reaction solution.
  • This peroxide addition has the effect of increasing the pH to above 9 and eliminating the detection of the one or more free available chlorine species previously produced.
  • Chlorine gas is then again introduced to the first reaction solution for a second period of time to produce a second reaction solution.
  • this second reaction solution comprises approximately equimolar amounts of one or more free available chlorine species and one or more peroxide species and has a pH below 4.
  • repeating of the peroxide addition and chlorine gassing steps a second time resulted in significantly higher levels of one or more free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides in the resulting second reaction solution as compared to the first reaction solution, even though no free available chlorine species is detected after the second addition of the one or more peroxides.
  • Subsequent repeats of the peroxide addition and chlorine gassing steps for a third time or more resulted in further increased levels of one or more free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides in the resulting solution.
  • the periods of time a solution is introduced with chlorine gas is successively shorter in duration.
  • the first period of time will be longer in duration than the second period of time.
  • the first period of time will be longer in duration than the second period of time and the second period of time will be longer in duration than the third period of time depending on the increased amount of sodium peroxide added and final desired free available chlorine in the final solution.
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises preparing a first solution comprising an appropriate amount of one or more peroxides.
  • an appropriate amount of one or more peroxides in a first solution can be, e.g., about 0.01% to about 0.2%, about 0.02% to about 0.19%, about 0.03% to about 0.18%, about 0.04% to about 0.17%, about 0.05% to about 0.16%, about 0.06% to about 0.15%, about 0.07% to about 0.14%, or about 0.08% to about 0.13% by weight of the first solution.
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises introducing a chlorine gas to a first solution for a first period of time.
  • a first period of time can be, e.g., about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 55 minutes, or about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes.
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises preparing a first reaction solution comprising an appropriate amount of one or more peroxides.
  • an appropriate amount of one or more peroxides in a first reaction solution can be, e.g., about 0.001% to about 0.01%, about 0.001% to about 0.0125%, about 0.001% to about 0.015%, about 0.001 % to about 0.0175%, about 0.001 % to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001 % to about 0.04%, about 0.0025% to about 0.01%, about 0.0025% to about 0.0125%, about 0.0025% to about 0.015%, about 0.0025% to about 0.0175%, about 0.0025% to about 0.02%, about 0.0025% to about 0.03%, about 0.0025% to about 0.04%, about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises introducing a chlorine gas to a first reaction solution for a second period of time.
  • the second period of time of introducing a chlorine gas to a first reaction solution is of shorter duration than the first period of time of introducing a chlorine gas to a first solution.
  • a second period of time can be, e.g., about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, or about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes.
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises preparing a second reaction solution comprising an appropriate amount of one or more peroxides.
  • an appropriate amount of one or more peroxides in a second reaction solution can be, e.g., about 0.001 % to about 0.01 %, about 0.001 % to about 0.0125%, about 0.001 % to about 0.015%, about 0.001 % to about 0.0175%, about 0.001 % to about 0.02%, about 0.001% to about 0.03%, about 0.001 % to about 0.04%, about 0.0025% to about 0.01 %, about 0.0025% to about 0.0125%, about 0.0025% to about 0.015%, about 0.0025% to about 0.0175%, about 0.0025% to about 0.02%, about 0.0025% to about 0.03%, about 0.0025% to about 0.04%, about 0.005% to about 0.05% to about 0.03%
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprises introducing a chlorine gas to a second reaction solution for a third period of time.
  • the third period of time of introducing a chlorine gas to a second reaction solution is of shorter duration than the second period of time of introducing a chlorine gas to a first reaction solution.
  • a first period of time can be, e.g., about 1 minute to about 3 minutes, about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, about 1 minute to about 7 minutes, about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, about 3 minutes to about 5 minutes, about 3 minutes to about 7 minutes, about 3 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, or about 7 minutes to about 10 minutes.
  • a method of producing a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides comprising further peroxide addition and chlorine gassing steps, i.e., a fourth repeat, fifth repeat, sixth repeat, etc. will employ conditions similar to the third repeated cycle.
  • a method disclosed herein uses a peroxide disclosed herein to stabilize free available chlorine.
  • the method includes adding a peroxide disclosed herein at the time of producing free available chlorine.
  • free available chlorine is produced using a hydrolysis method or an electrolysis method.
  • a peroxide disclosed herein may be added as a starting ingredient to facilitate simultaneous production of free available chlorine and a peroxide disclosed herein in situ.
  • a method disclosed herein uses sodium peroxide to stabilize free available chlorine.
  • the method includes adding sodium peroxide at the time of producing free available chlorine.
  • free available chlorine is produced using a hydrolysis method or an electrolysis method.
  • Sodium peroxide may be added as a starting ingredient to facilitate simultaneous production of free available chlorine and hydrogen peroxide in situ.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method of producing a composition comprising stable free available chlorine and one or more peroxides in an aqueous solution.
  • An alternative method to achieve the above stable chemistry in equilibrium may be achieved by the combination of oxygen gas (O2) with chlorine gas (CI2) in an aqueous solution with dissolved NaCI.
  • O2 oxygen gas
  • CI2 chlorine gas
  • the chemistry may be reproduced to equilibrium with such methods.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI-), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • a method disclosed herein uses sodium peroxide to stabilize free available chlorine.
  • the method includes adding sodium peroxide at the time of producing free available chlorine.
  • free available chlorine is produced using a hydrolysis method or an electrolysis method. Sodium peroxide may be added as a starting ingredient to facilitate simultaneous production of free available chlorine and hydrogen peroxide in situ.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (Ch-), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • a peroxide is a compound with the structure R-O-O-R.
  • the 0-0 group in a peroxide is called the peroxide group or peroxo group.
  • oxide ions the oxygen atoms in the peroxide ion have an oxidation state of — 1 .
  • a peroxide includes metal peroxides where R is a metal atom.
  • Metal peroxides may include alkali metal and alkaline earth metal atoms which form ion peroxides, zinc, cadmium, mercury atoms which form covalent peroxides; and magnesium atoms which form ion-covalent hybrid peroxides.
  • One or more peroxides disclosed herein include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, other alkali metal peroxides, other alkali earth metal peroxides, or a combination thereof.
  • a method disclosed herein uses sodium peroxide to stabilize free available chlorine.
  • the method includes adding sodium peroxide at the time of producing free available chlorine.
  • free available chlorine is produced using a hydrolysis method or an electrolysis method.
  • Sodium peroxide may be added as a starting ingredient to facilitate simultaneous production of free available chlorine and hydrogen peroxide in situ.
  • the disclosed method produces a composition further comprising one or more reactive oxygen species, including, without limitation, oxygen gas (O2), superoxide (O2 ), singlet oxygen CO2), a-oxygen (a-O), protonated oxygen (HCV), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxide (O2‘ 2 ), ozone (O3), ozonide (Os’), another reactive oxygen species (ROS), or a combination thereof.
  • oxygen gas O2
  • superoxide O2
  • singlet oxygen CO2 a-oxygen
  • HCV protonated oxygen
  • HCV hydroperoxyl radical
  • OH hydroxyl radical
  • O2‘ 2 ) ozone
  • Os ozonide
  • ROS another reactive oxygen species
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI’), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • a method disclosed herein uses sodium peroxide to stabilize free available chlorine.
  • the method includes adding sodium peroxide at the time of producing free available chlorine.
  • free available chlorine is produced using a hydrolysis method or an electrolysis method. Sodium peroxide may be added as a starting ingredient to facilitate simultaneous production of free available chlorine and hydrogen peroxide in situ.
  • aspects ofthe present specification disclose a peroxide for use in making a composition comprising one or more peroxides and stable free available chlorine.
  • the present specification disclose use of a peroxide in making a composition comprising one or more peroxides and stable free available chlorine.
  • the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in the manufacture of a composition comprising one or more peroxides and stable free available chlorine.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI’ ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (Ch’), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • One or more peroxides disclosed herein include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, other alkali metal peroxides, other alkali earth metal peroxides, or a combination thereof.
  • aspects ofthe present specification disclose a peroxide for use in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable free available chlorine. In other aspects, the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable free available chlorine. In yet other aspects, the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in the manufacture of a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable free available chlorine.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a sodium peroxide for use in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable free available chlorine. In other aspects, the present specification disclose use of a sodium peroxide in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable free available chlorine. In yet other aspects, the present specification discloses use of a sodium peroxide in the manufacture of a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable free available chlorine. [0041] Aspects ofthe present specification disclose a peroxide for use in making a composition comprising one or more peroxides and stable hypochlorous acid. In other aspects, the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in making a composition comprising one or more peroxides and stable hypochlorous acid.
  • the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in the manufacture of a composition comprising one or more peroxides and stable hypochlorous acid.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • One or more peroxides disclosed herein include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, other alkali metal peroxides, other alkali earth metal peroxides, or a combination thereof.
  • aspects ofthe present specification disclose a peroxide for use in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable hypochlorous acid. In other aspects, the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable hypochlorous acid. In yet other aspects, the present specification discloses use of a peroxide in the manufacture of a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable hypochlorous acid.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a sodium peroxide for use in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable hypochlorous acid.
  • the present specification discloses use of a sodium peroxide in making a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable hypochlorous acid.
  • the present specification disclose use of a sodium peroxide in the manufacture of a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and stable hypochlorous acid.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein used in a method or use disclosed herein is an amount sufficient to stabilize free available chlorine or a component thereof.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.001 %, about 0.0025%, about 0.005%, about 0.0075%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, or about 0.1%.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at least 0.001 %, at least 0.0025%, at least 0.005%, at least 0.0075%, at least 0.01 %, at least 0.02%, at least 0.03%, at least 0.04%, at least 0.05%, or at least 0.1%.
  • the amount of a peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at most 0.001 %, at most 0.0025%, at most 0.005%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.01%, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%, at most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, or as most 0.1 %.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.001% to about 0.002%, about 0.001 % to about 0.005%, about 0.005% to about 0.01 %, about 0.01% to about 0.02%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, about 0.01 % to about 0.04%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.02% to about 0.03%, about 0.02% to about 0.04%, about 0.02% to about 0.05%, about 0.03% to about 0.04%, about 0.03% to about 0.05%, about 0.03% to about 0.05%, or about 0.05% to 0.1%.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.001 %, about 0.0025%, about 0.005%, about 0.0075%, 0.01 %, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, or about 0.1 %.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at least 0.001 %, at least 0.0025%, at least 0.005%, at least 0.0075%, at least 0.01 %, at least 0.02%, at least 0.03%, at least 0.04%, at least 0.05%, or at least 0.1 %.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at most 0.001 %, at most 0.0025%, at most 0.005%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.01 %, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%, at most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, or as most 0.1 %.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.001 % to about 0.002%, about 0.001 % to about 0.005%, about 0.005% to about 0.01 %, about 0.01 % to about 0.02%, about 0.01 % to about 0.03%, about 0.01 % to about 0.04%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.02% to about 0.03%, about 0.02% to about 0.04%, about 0.02% to about 0.05%, about 0.03% to about 0.04%, about 0.03% to about 0.05%, about 0.03% to about 0.05%, or about 0.05% to 0.1 %.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1 %, about 01 1 %, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, or about 0.17%.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at least 0.08%, at least 0.09%, at least 0.1 %, at least 01 1 %, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, or at least 0.17%.
  • the amount of a peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1 %, at most 011 %, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, or at most 0.17%.
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.08% to about 0.09%, about 0.08% to about 0.1 %, about 0.08% to about 0.11 %, about 0.08% to about 0.12%, about 0.08% to about 0.13%, about 0.08% to about 0.14%, about 0.08% to about 0.15%, about 0.08% to about 0.16%, about 0.08% to about 0.17%, about 0.08% to about 0.18%, about 0.08% to about 0.19%, about 0.08% to about 0.20%, about 0.09% to about 0.1 %, about 0.09% to about 0.1 1 %, about 0.09% to about 0.12%, about 0.09% to about 0.13%, about 0.09% to about 0.14%, about 0.09% to about 0.15%, about 0.09% to about 0.16%, about 0.09% to about 0.17%, about 0.09% to about 0.09% to about 0.20%
  • the amount of a sodium peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1 %, about 011%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, or about 0.17%.
  • the amount of a sodium peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at least 0.08%, at least 0.09%, at least 0.1 %, at least 011 %, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, or at least 0.17%.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1 %, at most 011 %, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, or at most 0.17%.
  • the amount of a sodium peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final percent weight concentration of, e.g., about 0.08% to about 0.09%, about 0.08% to about 0.1 %, about 0.08% to about 0.11%, about 0.08% to about 0.12%, about 0.08% to about 0.13%, about 0.08% to about 0.14%, about 0.08% to about 0.15%, about 0.08% to about 0.16%, about 0.08% to about 0.17%, about 0.08% to about 0.18%, about 0.08% to about 0.19%, about 0.08% to about 0.20%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.11 %, about 0.09% to about 0.12%, about 0.09% to about 0.13%, about 0.09% to about 0.14%, about 0.09% to about 0.15%, about 0.09% to about 0.16%, about 0.09% to about 0.17%, about 0.09% to about 0.18%
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., 0.1 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm, 175 ppm, 200 ppm, 225 ppm, 250 ppm, 275 ppm, 300 ppm, 325 ppm, 350 ppm, 375 ppm, 400 ppm, 425 ppm, 450 ppm, 475 ppm, 500 ppm, 525
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.1 ppm, at least 0.5 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 5 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 ppm, at least 325 ppm, at least 350 ppm, at least 375 ppm, at least 400 ppm, at least 425 ppm, at least 450 ppm, at least 475 ppm,
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.1 ppm, at most 0.5 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 5 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300 ppm, at most 325 ppm, at most 350 ppm, at most 375 ppm, at most 400 ppm, at most 425 ppm, at most 450 ppm, at most 475
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 0.1 ppm
  • the amount of a peroxide disclosed herein added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., 0.1 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm, 175 ppm, 200 ppm, 225 ppm, 250 ppm, 275 ppm, 300 ppm, 325 ppm, 350 ppm, 375 ppm, 400 ppm, 425 ppm, 450 ppm, 475 ppm, 500 ppm, 525 ppm,
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.1 ppm, at least 0.5 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 5 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 ppm, at least 325 ppm, at least 350 ppm, at least 375 ppm, at least 400 ppm, at least 425 ppm, at least 450 ppm, at least 475 ppm, at least
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.1 ppm, at most 0.5 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 5 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300 ppm, at most 325 ppm, at most 350 ppm, at most 375 ppm, at most 400 ppm, at most 425 ppm, at most 450 ppm, at most 475 ppm, at most 400 ppm, at most
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 0.1 ppm to about 400
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to a method or use disclosed herein is to a final concentration of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm,
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein produces a composition comprising one or more peroxides and a stable free available chlorine.
  • One or more peroxides disclosed herein include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium peroxide, other alkali metal peroxides, other alkali earth metal peroxides, or a combination thereof.
  • Stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2) , superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • the disclosed method produces a composition further comprising one or more reactive oxygen species, including, without limitation, oxygen gas (O2), superoxide (O2), singlet oxygen CO2), a-oxygen (a-O), protonated oxygen (HC ), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxide (O2‘ 2 ), ozone (O3), ozonide (Os'), another reactive oxygen species (ROS), or a combination thereof.
  • oxygen gas O2
  • superoxide O2
  • singlet oxygen CO2 a-oxygen
  • HC protonated oxygen
  • HO2 hydroperoxyl radical
  • OH hydroxyl radical
  • O2‘ 2 ) ozone
  • Os' ozonide
  • ROS another reactive oxygen species
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise one or more peroxides disclosed herein.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises an amount of one or more peroxides that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • the amount of peroxide used is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of peroxide used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more peroxides is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more peroxides is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of peroxide used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., 0.05 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of between, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1 %, about 011 %, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, or about 0.20%.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.08%, at least 0.09%, at least 0.1 %, at least 011 %, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, or at least 0.20%.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1%, at most 011%, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, or at most 0.20%.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more peroxides disclosed herein each in an amount of, e.g., about 0.08% to about 0.09%, about 0.08% to about 0.1 %, about 0.08% to about 0.11%, about 0.08% to about 0.12%, about 0.08% to about 0.13%, about 0.08% to about 0.14%, about 0.08% to about 0.15%, about 0.08% to about 0.16%, about 0.08% to about 0.17%, about 0.08% to about 0.18%, about 0.08% to about 0.19%, about 0.08% to about 0.20%, about 0.09% to about 0.1%, about 0.09% to about 0.11 %, about 0.09% to about 0.12%, about 0.09% to about 0.13%, about 0.09% to about 0.14%, about 0.09% to about 0.15%, about 0.09% to about 0.16%, about 0.09% to about 0.17%, about 0.09% to about 0.18%,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise a hydrogen peroxide.
  • the simplest peroxide, hydrogen peroxide has the chemical formula H2O2, while its molecular formula is written as HOOH.
  • H2O2 has the chemical formula H2O2
  • HOOH molecular formula
  • hydrogen peroxide is a simple, nonplanar molecule with a twisted C2 symmetry and has molar mass is 34.01 g/mol.
  • the 0-0 bond is a single bond, the molecule has a relatively high rotational barrier of 2460 cm -1 (29.45 kJ/mol).
  • Hydrogen peroxide is a very pale blue liquid in its pure form, slightly more viscous than water. Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process. It begins with the reduction of an anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone orthe 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding anthrahydroquinone, typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst. In the presence of oxygen, the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes autoxidation: the labile hydrogen atoms of the hydroxy groups transfer to the oxygen molecule, to give hydrogen peroxide and regenerate the anthraquinone.
  • anthraquinone such as 2-ethylanthraquinone orthe 2-amyl derivative
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises an amount of hydrogen peroxide that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising hydrogen peroxide is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of hydrogen peroxide is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of hydrogen peroxide is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises hydrogen peroxide in an amount of, e.g., 0.05 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm, 100
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises hydrogen peroxide in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 ppm, at
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises hydrogen peroxide in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises hydrogen peroxide in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises hydrogen peroxide in an amount of between, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 10 ppm to about
  • ppm to about 150 ppm about 100 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 150 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises hydrogen peroxide in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm, about 400
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise a sodium peroxide.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises an amount of sodium peroxide that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide used is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of sodium peroxide is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of sodium peroxide is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., 0.05 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm, 100
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 ppm, at
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 75
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 011%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, or about 0.20%.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.08%, at least 0.09%, at least 0.1%, at least 011 %, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, or at least 0.20%.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1%, at most 011 %, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, or at most 0.20%.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises sodium peroxide in an amount of, e.g., about 0.08% to about 0.09%, about 0.08% to about 0.1 %, about 0.08% to about 0.11%, about 0.08% to about 0.12%, about 0.08% to about 0.13%, about 0.08% to about 0.14%, about 0.08% to about 0.15%, about 0.08% to about 0.16%, about 0.08% to about 0.17%, about 0.08% to about 0.18%, about 0.08% to about 0.19%, about 0.08% to about 0.20%, about 0.09% to about 0.1 %, about 0.09% to about 0.11%, about 0.09% to about 0.12%, about 0.09% to about 0.13%, about 0.09% to about 0.14%, about 0.09% to about 0.15%, about 0.09% to about 0.16%, about 0.09% to about 0.17%, about 0.09% to about 0.18%, about 0.09% to about 0.09% to about 0.20%
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise a stable free available chlorine.
  • Stable free available chlorine can be produced using hydrolysis and electrolysis methods disclosed herein.
  • Hydrolysis involved the dissolution of chlorine gas into an aqueous solution yielding H+, CI-, and HOCI.
  • Electrolysis involves exposure of a saline solution (H2O and NaCI) to anode and cathode powered electrodes and results in a release of H2 gas at the cathode, CI2 gas at the anode and production of aqueous NaOH. Chgas is free to hydrolyze to produce HOCI.
  • stable free available chlorine disclosed herein may include compositions of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite (OCI ), chlorine gas (CI2), superchloride (CI2 ), chlorine oxide radical (CIO), peroxyhypochlorous acid (HOOCI), another reactive chlorine species (RCS), or a combination thereof.
  • the chlorine amount may be measured by methods known in the art, such as a DPD colorimeter method (Lamotte Company, Chestertown, Md.), a UV spectrophotometry method, or other known methods established by the Environmental Protection Agency.
  • a yellow color is formed by the reaction of free chlorine with N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) and the intensity is measured with a calibrated calorimeter that provides the output in parts per million. Further addition of potassium iodide turns the solution a pink color to provide the total chlorine value.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises an amount of stable free available chlorine that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition disclosed herein.
  • the amount of stable free available chlorine used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising stable free available chlorine is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of stable free available chlorine used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising stable free available chlorine is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, the amount of stable free available chlorine used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of stable free available chlorine is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of stable free available chlorine is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of stable free available chlorine used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., 0.01 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.075 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.01 ppm, at least 0.025 ppm, at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.075 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.01 ppm, at most 0.025 ppm, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.075 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.01 ppm to about 0.025 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.05 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.5 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.75 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 2 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of between, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 10 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., about 10 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., about 0.10%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.35%, about 0.4%, about 0.45%, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.10%, at least 0.11 %, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.25%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.35%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.45%, or at least 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.10%, at most 0.11 %, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.25%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.35%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.45%, or at most 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable free available chlorine in an amount of, e.g., about 0.10% to about 0.15%, about 0.10% to about 0.20%, about 0.10% to about 0.25%, about 0.10% to about 0.30%, about 0.10% to about 0.35%, about 0.10% to about 0.40%, about 0.10% to about 0.45%, about 0.10% to about 0.50%, about 0.20% to about 0.25%, about 0.20% to about 0.30%, about 0.20% to about 0.35%, about 0.20% to about 0.40%, about 0.20% to about 0.45%, about 0.20% to about 0.50%, about 0.30% to about 0.35%, about 0.30% to about 0.40%, about 0.30% to about 0.45%, about 0.30% to about 0.50%, about 0.40% to about 0.45%, about 0.30% to about 0.50%, about 0.40% to about 0.45%, about 0.40% to about 0.50%, or about 0.40% to about 0.5
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise a stable hypochlorous acid.
  • a weak acid, the chemical formula of a stable hypochlorous acid is HOCI, while its molecular formula is written as HCIO.
  • a stable hypochlorous acid is a simple molecule with the central oxygen connected to chlorine and hydrogen atoms through single bonds and has molar mass is 52.46 g/mol.
  • a stable hypochlorous acid is a colorless solution, and its exact physical properties are variable, depending on the concentration of hypochlorous in solution, pH, temperature, and other factors.
  • a stable hypochlorous acid readily reacts with a variety of organic molecules, biomolecules, and other compounds.
  • a stable hypochlorous acid is in equilibrium with hypochlorite ions (OCi ) and dissolved chlorine gas (Ch).
  • the extent of the equilibrium is determined predominately by the salt concentration and pH of the solution. Temperature also impacts the ratio of the free chlorine component. Therefore, both FAC and pH need to be known to understand the amount of chlorine present as hypochlorous acid.
  • the pH range is about 4.0 to about 5.6, approximately 100% of the available chlorine is present as HOCI.
  • CI2 dissolved chlorine gas
  • a pH of about 6.5 about 90% of the available chlorine is present as a stable hypochlorous acid
  • a pH of about 75% of the available chlorine is present as a stable hypochlorous acid
  • a pH of about 7.5 about 50% of the available chlorine is present as a stable hypochlorous acid
  • a pH of about 8 about 25% of the available chlorine is present as a stable hypochlorous acid.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises an amount of a stable hypochlorous acid that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • the amount of stable hypochlorous acid used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising stable hypochlorous acid is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of stable hypochlorous acid used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of stable hypochlorous acid is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of stable hypochlorous acid is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of stable hypochlorous acid used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., 0.01 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.075, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.01 ppm, at least 0.25 ppm, at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.075, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.01 ppm, at most 0.25 ppm, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.075, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.01 ppm to about 0.025 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.05 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.5 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.75 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 2 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of between, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., about 10 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 25 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 500 pp
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., about 0.10%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.35%, about 0.4%, about 0.45%, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.10%, at least 0.11%, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.25%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.35%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.45%, or at least 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.10%, at most 0.11%, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.25%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.35%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.45%, or at most 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorous acid in an amount of, e.g., about 0.10% to about 0.15%, about 0.10% to about 0.20%, about 0.10% to about 0.25%, about 0.10% to about 0.30%, about 0.10% to about 0.35%, about 0.10% to about 0.40%, about 0.10% to about 0.45%, about 0.10% to about 0.50%, about 0.20% to about 0.25%, about 0.20% to about 0.30%, about 0.20% to about 0.35%, about 0.20% to about 0.40%, about 0.20% to about 0.45%, about 0.20% to about 0.50%, about 0.30% to about 0.35%, about 0.30% to about 0.40%, about 0.30% to about 0.45%, about 0.30% to about 0.50%, about 0.40% to about 0.45%, about 0.30% to about 0.50%, about 0.40% to about 0.45%, about 0.40% to about 0.50%, or about 0.40%
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise a stable hypochlorite (also referred to as stable hypochlorite ions).
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises an amount of a stable hypochlorite that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • the amount of stable hypochlorite used is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of stable hypochlorite used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of stable hypochlorite is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of stable hypochlorite is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of stable hypochlorite used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., 0.01 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.075 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.01 ppm, at least 0.025 ppm, at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.075 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.01 ppm, at most 0.025 ppm, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.075 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of between, e g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of between, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50
  • ppm to about 300 ppm about 50 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 75 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 75 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 75 ppm to about 175 ppm, about
  • ppm to about 150 ppm about 100 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 150 ppm to about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., about 0.10%, about 0.11 %, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.35%, about 0.4%, about 0.45%, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.10%, at least 0.11%, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.25%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.35%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.45%, or at least 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.10%, at most 0.11%, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.25%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.35%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.45%, or at most 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises a stable hypochlorite in an amount of, e.g., about 0.10% to about 0.15%, about 0.10% to about 0.20%, about 0.10% to about 0.25%, about 0.10% to about 0.30%, about 0.10% to about 0.35%, about 0.10% to about 0.40%, about 0.10% to about 0.45%, about 0.10% to about 0.50%, about 0.20% to about 0.25%, about 0.20% to about 0.30%, about 0.20% to about 0.35%, about 0.20% to about 0.40%, about 0.20% to about 0.45%, about 0.20% to about 0.50%, about 0.30% to about 0.35%, about 0.30% to about 0.40%, about 0.30% to about 0.45%, about 0.30% to about 0.50%, about 0.40% to about 0.45%, about 0.30% to about 0.50%, about 0.40% to about 0.45%, about 0.40% to about 0.50%, or about 0.40%
  • a method or use disclosed herein stabilizes free available chlorine in a manner that makes its detection and release delayed. In some embodiments, a method or use disclosed herein produces intermediary or other compounds that aid in the stabilization of free available chlorine.
  • a method or use disclosed herein stabilizes hypochlorous acid in a manner that makes its detection and release delayed. In some embodiments, a method or use disclosed herein produces intermediary or other compounds that aid in the stabilization of hypochlorous acid. [0103] In an embodiment, a method or use disclosed herein produces an odorless composition disclosed herein, one that masks, neutralizes, or otherwise eliminates the smell of chlorine in a solution containing stable free available chlorine.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein may comprise one or more reactive oxygen species.
  • a reactive oxygen species includes, without limitation, oxygen gas (O2), superoxide (O2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O2), a-oxygen (a-O), protonated oxygen (HC ), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxide (O2‘ 2 ), ozone (O3), ozonide (Os'), another reactive oxygen species (ROS), or a combination thereof.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more reactive oxygen species each in an amount of, e.g., 0.05 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more reactive oxygen species each in an amount of, e.g., at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 pp
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more reactive oxygen species each in an amount of, e.g., at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more reactive oxygen species each in an amount of between, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more reactive oxygen species each in an amount of between, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm,
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprises one or more reactive oxygen species each in an amount of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm,
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein produces a composition comprising a peroxide and a stable free available chlorine disclosed herein. Such a composition is useful in the methods disclosed herein.
  • a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein can be further modified by adding additional components. Such modified compositions are also useful in the methods disclosed herein.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution and introducing chlorine gas to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for a first period of time to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein can further comprise degassing the first reaction solution for a degassing period of time.
  • sodium phosphate and/or sodium chloride can be added to an aqueous solution disclosed herein.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein further comprises adding sodium chloride to the first reaction solution to adjust the osmolality to a physiological compatible osmolality.
  • Hydrolysis of the chlorine gas for a for a first period of time can be any time suitable to produce the desired amount of one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • the resulting first reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, and introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hourto 320 g/hourto the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • the resulting first reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w).
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, and degassing the first reaction solution for 24 hours to 72 hours.
  • the resulting degassed first reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w).
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, degassing the first reaction solution for 24 hours to 72 hours, and adding about 0.5% to about 1 .0% of sodium chloride to the degassed first reaction solution to adjust the osmolality to a range of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg.
  • the resulting osmolarity adjusted, degassed, first reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w).
  • the amount of sodium chloride added to the composition is about 0.6% to about 0.9%, or about 0.7% to about 0.8%.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a sealed vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for a first period of time to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, and introducing chlorine gas to the first reaction solution under hydrolysis conditions for a second period of time to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein can further comprise degassing the second reaction solution for a degassing period of time.
  • sodium phosphate and/or sodium chloride can be added to an aqueous solution disclosed herein.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein further comprises adding sodium chloride to the second reaction solution to adjust the osmolality to a physiological compatible osmolality.
  • Hydrolysis of the chlorine gas for a for a first and/or second period of time can be any time suitable to produce the desired amount of one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, and introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • the resulting second reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • both the aqueous solution and the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), or both the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water and the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w).
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, and introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, and degassing the second reaction solution for 24 hours to 72 hours.
  • the resulting degassed, second reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • both the aqueous solution and the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w)
  • or both the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water and the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w).
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, and introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, degassing the second reaction solution for 24 hours to 72 hours, and adding about 0.5% to about 1 .0% of
  • the resulting osmolarity adjusted, degassed, second reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 75 minutes
  • the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • both the aqueous solution and the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w)
  • or both the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water and the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w).
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a sealed vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for a first period of time to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, introducing chlorine gas to the first reaction solution under hydrolysis conditions for a second period of time to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding sodium peroxide to the second reaction solution, introducing chlorine gas to the second reaction solution under hydrolysis conditions for a third period of time to produce a third reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein can further comprise degassing the third reaction solution for a degassing period of time.
  • sodium phosphate and/or sodium chloride can be added to an aqueous solution disclosed herein.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein further comprises adding sodium chloride to the third reaction solution to adjust the osmolality to a physiological compatible osmolality. Hydrolysis of the chlorine gas for a for a first and/or second and/or third period of time can be anytime suitable to produce the desired amount of one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001% (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the
  • the resulting third reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the second reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 15 minutes, about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes, or any combination thereof.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the second reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), or any combination thereof.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide
  • the resulting degassed, third reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the second reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 15 minutes, about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes, or any combination thereof.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the second reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), or any combination thereof.
  • a method of manufacture disclosed herein comprises adding about 0.02% (w/w) to about 0.24% (w/w) of sodium peroxide to purified water contained in a vessel to prepare an aqueous solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide to the first reaction solution, introducing chlorine gas at a rate of 240 g/hour to 320 g/hour to the aqueous solution under hydrolysis conditions for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a second reaction solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides, adding about 0.001 % (w/w) to about 0.1 % (w/w) of sodium peroxide
  • the resulting osmolarity adjusted, degassed, third reaction solution produces a composition comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides that are stably maintained within the composition.
  • the aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the first reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes
  • the second reaction solution undergoes hydrolysis conditions for about 5 minutes to 15 minutes, about 15 minutes to 75 minutes, about 15 minutes to 60 minutes, or about 30 minutes to 60 minutes, or any combination thereof.
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the purified water is about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.16% (w/w), or about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.12% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the first reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01 % (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w)
  • the amount of sodium peroxide added to the second reaction solution is about 0.005% (w/w) to about 0.08% (w/w), about 0.008% (w/w) to about 0.06% (w/w), about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.04% (w/w), or any combination thereof.
  • the amount of sodium chloride added to the composition is about 0.6% to about 0.9%, or about 0.7%
  • the amount of one or more free available chlorine species produced in the first reaction solution, second reaction solution, and third reaction solution can be controlled by the length of the period of time the aqueous solution, the first reaction solution, and the second reaction solution is maintained under hydrolysis conditions. The longer hydrolysis conditions are maintained, the more one or more free available chlorine species is produced in the first reaction solution, second reaction solution, and third reaction solution.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the first reaction solution, the second reaction solution, and/or the third reaction solution is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the that reaction solution. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the first reaction solution, the second reaction solution, and/or the third reaction solution is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the that reaction solution.
  • exogenous hydrogen peroxide can be added to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein. Such exogenous hydrogen peroxide is not created using a method or use disclosed herein.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide added is an amount that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition disclosed herein.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide used is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of hydrogen peroxide is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of hydrogen peroxide is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of hydrogen peroxide used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition disclosed herein has hydrogen peroxide added to an amount of, e.g., 0.5%, 1 %, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has hydrogen peroxide added to an amount of, e.g., at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9% or at least 10% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has hydrogen peroxide added to an amount of, e.g., at most 0.5%, at most 1 %, at most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4%, at most 5%, at most 6%, at most 7%, at most 8%, at most 9% or at most 10% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has hydrogen peroxide added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 6%, about 0.5% to about 7%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 0.5% to about 9%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1 % to about 2%, about 1 % to about 3%, about 1 % to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1 % to about 6%, about 1 % to about 7%, about 1 % to about 8%, about 1% to about 9%, about 1 % to about 10%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 6%, about 2% to about 7%, about 2% to about 8%, about 2% to about 9%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to about
  • one or more metallic particles can be added to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • a metallic particle can be composed of a single element, such as, e.g., copper, iron, silver, titanium, or zinc or be a mixed metallic particle composed of various combinations of different elements, such as, e.g., various combinations of two or more of the following: copper, iron, silver, titanium, or zinc.
  • Non-limiting examples of a metallic particle includes a copper particle, an iron particle, a potassium particle, a silver particle, a titanium particle, and a zinc particle.
  • Other nonlimiting examples of a metallic particle include a metal acetate particle, a metal chloride particle, a metal nitrate particle, or a metal oxide particle.
  • a metal acetate particle includes, without limitation, copper acetate, iron acetate, e.g., iron (II) acetate and iron (III) acetate, silver acetate, titanium acetate, zinc acetate, or any combination thereof.
  • a metal nitrate particle includes, without limitation, copper nitrate, iron nitrate, e.g., iron (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, silver nitrate, titanium nitrate, zinc nitrate, or any combination thereof.
  • a metal chloride particle includes, without limitation, copper chloride, iron chloride, e.g., iron (II) chloride or iron (III) chloride, silver chloride, titanium chloride, zinc chloride, or any combination thereof.
  • a metal oxide particle includes, without limitation, copper oxide particle, iron oxide particle, e.g., iron (II) oxide particle, iron (III) oxide particle, silver oxide particle, titanium dioxide particle, zinc oxide particle, copper zinc iron oxide particle,
  • a metallic particle includes nanoparticles and microparticles.
  • a nanoparticle has an average diameter of about 1 nm to about 1 ,000 nm.
  • a microparticle has an average diameter of about 1 pm to about 1 ,000 pm.
  • the amount of metallic particles added is an amount that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition disclosed herein.
  • the amount of metallic particles used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising metallic particles is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of metallic particles used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising metallic particles is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, the amount of metallic particles used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of metallic particles is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of metallic particles is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of metallic particles used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., 0.05 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 95 ppm, 100 ppm, 125
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 ppm, at least 325 ppm,
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300 ppm, at most 325 ppm
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 100 ppm
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 2,000
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., 0.05 mg/L, 0.10 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, 0.20 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L, 0.30 mg/L, 0.35 mg/L, 0.40 mg/L, 0.45 mg/L, 0.50 mg/L, 0.55 mg/L, 0.60 mg/L, 0.65 mg/L, 0.70 mg/L, 0.75 mg/L, 0.80 mg/L, 0.85 mg/L, 0.90 mg/L, 0.95 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 15 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 35 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 45 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 55 mg/L, 60 mg/L, 65 mg/L, 70 mg/L, 75 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 85 mg/L, 90 mg/L, 95 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 125 mg
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.05 mg/L, at least 0.10 mg/L, at least 0.20 mg/L, at least 0.30 mg/L, at least 0.40 mg/L, at least 0.50 mg/L, at least 0.60 mg/L, at least 0.70 mg/L, at least 0.80 mg/L, at least 0.90 mg/L, at least 1 mg/L, at least 10 mg/L, at least 20 mg/L, at least 30 mg/L, at least 40 mg/L, at least 50 mg/L, at least 60 mg/L, at least 70 mg/L, at least 80 mg/L, at least 90 mg/L, at least 100 mg/L, at least 125 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 175 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, at least 225 mg/L, at least 250 mg/L, at least 275 mg/L, at least 300 mg/L, at least 325 mg/L,
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.05 mg/L, at most 0.10 mg/L, at most 0.20 mg/L, at most 0.30 mg/L, at most 0.40 mg/L, at most 0.50 mg/L, at most 0.60 mg/L, at most 0.70 mg/L, at most 0.80 mg/L, at most 0.90 mg/L, at most 1 mg/L, at most 10 mg/L, at most 20 mg/L, at most 30 mg/L, at most 40 mg/L, at most 50 mg/L, at most 60 mg/L, at most 70 mg/L, at most 80 mg/L, at most 90 mg/L, at most 100 mg/L, at most 125 mg/L, at most 150 mg/L, at most 175 mg/L, at most 200 mg/L, at most 225 mg/L, at most 250 mg/L, at most 275 mg/L, at most 300 mg/L, at most 325 mg/L
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.5 mg/L to about 20 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 25 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 30 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 35 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 40 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 45 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 50 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 55 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 60 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 65 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 70 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 75 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 80 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 85 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 90 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 95 mg/L, about 0.5 mg/L to about 100 mg/L
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 1 mg/L to about 25 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 50 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 75 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 100 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 125 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 150 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 175 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 200 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 225 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 250 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 275 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 300 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 325 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 350 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 375 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 400 mg/L, about 10 mg/L to about 25 mg/L, about 10 mg/L to about 50 mg/L, about 1 mg/L to about 75 mg
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 400 mg/L to about 500 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 600 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 700 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 800 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 900 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,000 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,100 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,200 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,300 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,400 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,500 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,600 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,700 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,800 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 1 ,900 mg/L, about 400 mg/L to about 2,000 mg
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01 %, about 0.05%, about 0.10%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.35%, about 0.4%, about 0.45%, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to an amount of, e.g., at least 0.001%, at least 0.005%, at least 0.01%, at least 0.05%, at least 0.10%, at least 0.11%, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.25%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.35%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.45%, or at least 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to an amount of, e.g., at most 0.001%, at most 0.005%, at most 0.01 %, at most 0.05%, at most 0.10%, at most 0.11 %, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.25%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.35%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.45%, or at most 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metallic particles added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.0010% to about 0.005%, about 0.0010% to about 0.010%, about 0.0010% to about 0.050%, about 0.0010% to about 0.10%, about 0.0010% to about 0.15%, about 0.0010% to about 0.20%, about 0.0010% to about 0.25%, about 0.0010% to about 0.30%, about 0.0010% to about 0.35%, about 0.0010% to about 0.40%, about 0.0010% to about 0.45%, about 0.0010% to about 0.50%, about 0.010% to about 0.050%, about 0.010% to about 0.10%, about 0.010% to about 0.15%, about 0.010% to about 0.20%, about 0.010% to about 0.25%, about 0.010% to about 0.30%, about 0.010% to about 0.35%, about 0.010% to about 0.40%, about 0.010% to about 0.45%, about 0.010% to about 0.50%, about 0.01
  • metallic particles can be of any size that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition disclosed herein.
  • metallic particles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., about 10 nm, about 20 nm, about 30 nm, about 40 nm, about 50 nm, about 60 nm, about 70 nm, about 80 nm, about 90 nm, about 100 nm.
  • metallic particles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., at least 10 nm, at least 20 nm, at least 30 nm, at least 40 nm, at least 50 nm, at least 60 nm, at least 70 nm, at least 80 nm, at least 90 nm, at least 100 nm.
  • metallic particles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., at most 10 nm, at most 20 nm, at most 30 nm, at most 40 nm, at most 50 nm, at most 60 nm, at most 70 nm, at most 80 nm, at most 90 nm, at most 100 nm.
  • metallic particles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., about 10 nm to about 20 nm, about 10 nm to about 30 nm, about 10 nm to about 40 nm, about 10 nm to about 50 nm, about 10 nm to about 60 nm, about 10 nm to about 70 nm, about 10 nm to about 80 nm, about 10 nm to about 90 nm, about 10 nm to about 100 nm, about 20 nm to about 30 nm, about 20 nm to about 40 nm, about 20 nm to about 50 nm, about 20 nm to about 60 nm, about 20 nm to about 70 nm, about 20 nm to about 80 nm, about 20 nm to about 90 nm, about 20 nm to about 100 nm, about 30 nm to about 40 nm, about 30 nm to about 50 nm, about
  • composition disclosed herein does not comprise metallic particles.
  • compositions comprising added one or more metal salts to compositions comprising free available chlorine, or a composition comprising hydrogen peroxide and a stable free available chlorine.
  • a metal salt disclosed herein may include one of more of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, sodium phosphate or any combination thereof.
  • one or more metal salts can be added to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • a metal salt disclosed herein can be an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, a base metal salt, or a transition metal salt.
  • An alkali metal salt includes a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a rubidium salt, a cesium salt, and a francium salt.
  • An alkaline earth metal salt includes a beryllium salt, a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, a strontium salt, a barium salt, and a radium salt.
  • a basic metal salt includes an aluminum salt, a gallium salt, an indium salt, a tin salt, a thallium salt, a lead salt, and a bismuth salt.
  • a transition metal salt includes a scandium salt, a titanium salt, a vanadium salt, a chromium salt, a manganese salt, an iron salt, a cobalt salt, a palladium salt, a silver salt, m a nickel salt, a copper salt, a zinc salt, a yttrium salt,
  • Non-limiting examples of a metal salt includes a calcium salt, a copper salt, iron salt, a potassium salt, silver salt, titanium salt, and zinc salt.
  • a metal salt includes a metal acetate salt, a metal chloride salt, a metal nitrate salt, a metal oxide salt, and a metal sulfate salt.
  • a metal acetate salt includes, without limitation, calcium acetate, copper acetate, iron acetate, e.g., iron (II) acetate and iron (III) acetate, potassium acetate, silver acetate, titanium acetate, and zinc acetate.
  • a metal chloride salt includes, without limitation, calcium chloride salt, copper chloride, iron chloride, e.g., iron (II) chloride or iron (III) chloride, potassium chloride, silver chloride, titanium chloride, and zinc chloride.
  • a metal nitrate salt includes, without limitation, calcium nitrate salt, copper nitrate, iron nitrate, e.g., iron (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, potassium nitrate, silver nitrate, titanium nitrate, and zinc nitrate.
  • a metal oxide salt includes, without limitation, calcium oxide salt, copper oxide salt, iron oxide salt, e.g., iron (II) oxide salt, iron (III) oxide salt, potassium oxide salt, silver oxide salt, titanium oxide salt, and zinc oxide salt.
  • a metal sulfate salt includes, without limitation, calcium sulfate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, e.g., iron (II) sulfate, iron (III) sulfate, potassium sulfate, silver sulfate, titanium sulfate, and zinc sulfate.
  • a composition may include calcium oxide obtained from an organic source like shells from oceanic organisms. In some embodiment, a composition may include calcium oxide obtained from an inorganic source like by a synthetic chemical process.
  • the amount of metal salts added is an amount that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition disclosed herein.
  • the amount of metal salts used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising metal salts is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, is an amount effective to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize.
  • the amount of metal salts used when a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein comprising metal salts is formulated to be used in an undiluted state, the amount of metal salts used is a microbiostatic effective amount.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of metal salts is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of metal salts is an amount that restrains, prohibits, or otherwise prevents microbial population growth without eradicating the microbes to a degree that achieves disinfection, sanitization, or sterilization.
  • the amount of metal salts used in such concentrated formulations can be any amount that does not cause precipitation of components in the composition disclosed herein or otherwise create unwanted effects that make the composition inoperable.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e.g., 0.01 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.075 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 pp
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.01 ppm, at least 0.025 ppm, at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.075 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.01 ppm, at most 0.025 ppm, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.075 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 pp
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.01 ppm to about 0.025 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.05 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.5 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.75 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 2 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about 0.025 ppm to about 0.25 ppm,
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 425 ppm, about 1 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 425
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1 ,900 ppm, about 400 ppm
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.001 %, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.10%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, about 0.13%, about 0.14%, about 0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.17%, about 0.18%, about 0.19%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.35%, about 0.4%, about 0.45%, or about 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., at least 0.001%, at least 0.005%, at least 0.01%, at least 0.05%, at least 0.10%, at least 0.11%, at least 0.12%, at least 0.13%, at least 0.14%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.16%, at least 0.17%, at least 0.18%, at least 0.19%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.25%, at least 0.3%, at least 0.35%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.45%, or at least 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., at most 0.001%, at most 0.005%, at most 0.01%, at most 0.05%, at most 0.10%, at most 0.11%, at most 0.12%, at most 0.13%, at most 0.14%, at most 0.15%, at most 0.16%, at most 0.17%, at most 0.18%, at most 0.19%, at most 0.2%, at most 0.25%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.35%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.45%, or at most 0.5% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.0010% to about 0.005%, about 0.0010% to about 0.010%, about 0.0010% to about 0.050%, about 0.0010% to about 0.10%, about 0.0010% to about 0.15%, about 0.0010% to about 0.20%, about 0.0010% to about 0.25%, about 0.0010% to about 0.30%, about 0.0010% to about 0.35%, about 0.0010% to about 0.40%, about 0.0010% to about 0.45%, about 0.0010% to about 0.50%, about 0.010% to about 0.050%, about 0.010% to about 0.10%, about 0.010% to about 0.15%, about 0.010% to about 0.20%, about 0.010% to about 0.25%, about 0.010% to about 0.30%, about 0.010% to about 0.35%, about 0.010% to about 0.40%, about 0.010% to about 0.45%, about 0.0010% to about
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.5%, about 0.55%, about 0.6%, about 0.65%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1.0% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., at least 0.5%, at least 0.55%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.65%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.75%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.85%, at least 0.9%, at least 0.95%, at least 1 .0% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., at most 0.5%, at most 0.55%, at most 0.6%, at most 0.65%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.75%, at most 0.8%, at most 0.85%, at most 0.9%, at most 0.95%, at most 1 .0% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has one or more metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 1.0%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 1.0%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 1.0%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, about 0.8% to about 1 .0%, or about 0.9% to about 1 .0% by weight of the composition.
  • metal salts each added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 1.0%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 1.0%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%,
  • a composition disclosed herein has sodium chloride added to an amount of, e.g., about 0.5%, about 0.55%, about 0.6%, about 0.65%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1 .0% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has sodium chloride added to an amount of, e.g., at least 0.5%, at least 0.55%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.65%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.75%, at least 0.8%, at least 0.85%, at least 0.9%, at least 0.95%, at least 1 .0% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has sodium chloride added to an amount of, e.g., at most 0.5%, at most 0.55%, at most 0.6%, at most 0.65%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.75%, at most 0.8%, at most 0.85%, at most 0.9%, at most 0.95%, at most 1 .0% by weight of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has sodium chloride added to an amount of, e.g., about
  • the amount of metal salts added is an amount that provides a desired osmolality to a composition disclosed herein.
  • Osmolality is a unit of concentration based on osmoles and measures the number of dissolved particles (osmoles) per kilogram of solution and is expressed as mOsm/kg of solution.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprising free available chlorines and/or peroxide agents is manufactured without consideration of osmolality.
  • the tonicity is a critical quality of the product to ensure biological compatibility with the treatment target on or within the human or animal body.
  • An example of the osmolality effect is the induction of coughing to an individual that may inhale a composition with a low mOsmol/kg composition. By raising the osmolality of the solution to a normal physiological range, the coughing effect may be reduced in certain individuals.
  • osmolality of a composition disclosed herein was adjusted using one or more metal to be within a normal physiological range, a surprising result was achieved in that such composition shown significant improvement in the stability and efficacy of the composition.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to provide a final osmolality of, e.g., about 275 mOsm/kg, about 276 mOsm/kg, about 278 mOsm/kg, about 280 mOsm/kg, about 282 mOsm/kg, about 284 mOsm/kg, about 285 mOsm/kg, about 286 mOsm/kg, about 288 mOsm/kg, about 290 mOsm/kg, about 292 mOsm/kg, about 294 mOsm/kg, or about 295 mOsm/kg.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to provide a final osmolality of, e.g., at least 275 mOsm/kg, at least 276 mOsm/kg, at least 278 mOsm/kg, at least 280 mOsm/kg, at least 282 mOsm/kg, at least 284 mOsm/kg, at least 285 mOsm/kg, at least 286 mOsm/kg, at least 288 mOsm/kg, at least 290 mOsm/kg, at least 292 mOsm/kg, at least 294 mOsm/kg, or at least 295 mOsm/kg.
  • metal salts added to provide a final osmolality of, e.g., at least 275 mOsm/kg, at least 276 mOsm/kg, at least 278 mOsm/kg, at least 280 mOs
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to provide a final osmolality of, e.g., at most 275 mOsm/kg, at most 276 mOsm/kg, at most 278 mOsm/kg, at most 280 mOsm/kg, at most 282 mOsm/kg, at most 284 mOsm/kg, at most 285 mOsm/kg, at most 286 mOsm/kg, at most 288 mOsm/kg, at most 290 mOsm/kg, at most 292 mOsm/kg, at most 294 mOsm/kg, or at most 295 mOsm/kg.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to provide a final osmolality of, e.g., about 275 mOsm/kg to about 280 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 282 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 284 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 285 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 286 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 288 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 292 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 294 mOsm/kg, about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295
  • the amount of metal salts added is an amount that provides a desired osmolarity to a composition disclosed herein.
  • Osmolarity is the same as osmotic concentration and measures the number of dissolved particles (osmoles) per liter of solution and is expressed as mOsm/L of solution.
  • a composition disclosed herein is typically physiologically isotonic when the osmolarity is in the range of about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L, physiologically hypertonic when the osmolarity is above 316 mOsm/L), or physiologically hypotonic when the osmolarity is below 300 mOsm/L).
  • the amount of metal salts added is an amount that provides a desired osmolarity to a composition disclosed herein that is physiologically isotonic.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., about 300 mOsm/L, about 302 mOsm/L, about 304 mOsm/L, about 306 mOsm/L, about 308 mOsm/L, about 310 mOsm/L, about 312 mOsm/L, about 314 mOsm/L, or about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at least 300 mOsm/L, at least 302 mOsm/L, at least 304 mOsm/L, at least 306 mOsm/L, at least 308 mOsm/L, at least 310 mOsm/L, at least 312 mOsm/L, at least 314 mOsm/L, or at least 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at most 300 mOsm/L, at most 302 mOsm/L, at most 304 mOsm/L, at most 306 mOsm/L, at most 308 mOsm/L, at most 310 mOsm/L, at most 312 mOsm/L, at most 314 mOsm/L, or at most 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., about 300 mOsm/L to about 302 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 304 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 306 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 308 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 312 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 314 mOsm/L, about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L, about 302 mOsm/L to about 304 mOsm/L, about 302 mOsm/L to about 306 mOsm/L, about 302 m
  • the amount of metal salts added is an amount that provides a desired osmolarity to a composition disclosed herein that is physiologically hypotonic.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., about 298 mOsm/L, about 296 mOsm/L, about 294 mOsm/L, about 292 mOsm/L, about 290 mOsm/L, about 288 mOsm/L, about 286 mOsm/L, about 284 mOsm/L, about 282 mOsm/L, or about 280 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at least 298 mOsm/L, at least 296 mOsm/L, at least 294 mOsm/L, at least 292 mOsm/L, at least 290 mOsm/L, at least 288 mOsm/L, at least 286 mOsm/L, at least 284 mOsm/L, at least 282 mOsm/L, or at least 280 mOsm/L.
  • metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at least 298 mOsm/L, at least 296 mOsm/L, at least 294 mOsm/L, at least 292 mOsm/L, at least 290 mOsm/L, at least 288 mOsm/L, at least 286 mOs
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at most 298 mOsm/L, at most 296 mOsm/L, at most 294 mOsm/L, at most 292 mOsm/L, at most 290 mOsm/L, at most 288 mOsm/L, at most 286 mOsm/L, at most 284 mOsm/L, at most 282 mOsm/L, or at most 280 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., about 280 mOsm/L to about 284 mOsm/L, about 280 mOsm/L to about 288 mOsm/L, about 280 mOsm/L to about 292 mOsm/L, about 280 mOsm/L to about 296 mOsm/L, about 280 mOsm/L to about 299 mOsm/L, about 284 mOsm/L to about 288 mOsm/L, about 284 mOsm/L to about 292 mOsm/L, about 284 mOsm/L to about 296 mOsm/L, about 284 mOsm/L to about 299 mOsm/L, about 288 mOsm/L to about 292 mOsm/L, about 284 m
  • the amount of metal salts added is an amount that provides a desired osmolarity to a composition disclosed herein that is physiologically hypertonic.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., about 318 mOsm/L, about 320 mOsm/L, about 322 mOsm/L, about 324 mOsm/L, about 326 mOsm/L, about 328 mOsm/L, about 330 mOsm/L, about 332 mOsm/L, about 334 mOsm/L, or about 336 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at least 318 mOsm/L, at least 320 mOsm/L, at least 322 mOsm/L, at least 324 mOsm/L, at least 326 mOsm/L, at least 328 mOsm/L, at least 330 mOsm/L, at least 332 mOsm/L, at least 334 mOsm/L, or at least 336 mOsm/L.
  • metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at least 318 mOsm/L, at least 320 mOsm/L, at least 322 mOsm/L, at least 324 mOsm/L, at least 326 mOsm/L, at least 328 mOsm/L, at least 330 mOs
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., at most 318 mOsm/L, at most 320 mOsm/L, at most 322 mOsm/L, at most 324 mOsm/L, at most 326 mOsm/L, at most 328 mOsm/L, at most 330 mOsm/L, at most 332 mOsm/L, at most 334 mOsm/L, or at most 336 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein has metal salts added to a final osmolarity of, e.g., about 317 mOsm/L to at most 322 mOsm/L, about 317 mOsm/L to at most 326 mOsm/L, about 317 mOsm/L to at most 330 mOsm/L, about 317 mOsm/L to at most 334 mOsm/L, about 317 mOsm/L to at most 338 mOsm/L, about 322 mOsm/L to at most 326 mOsm/L, about 322 mOsm/L to at most 330 mOsm/L, about 322 mOsm/L to at most 334 mOsm/L, about 322 mOsm/L to at most 338 mOsm/L, about 326 mOsm/L
  • composition disclosed herein does not comprise metal salts.
  • a phosphate buffer can be added to a composition manufactured according to a method or use disclosed herein.
  • a phosphate buffer or phosphate buffer solution is especially sensitive to pH changes, and thus is useful for biological applications.
  • a phosphate buffer can be adapted to a variety of pH levels, including isotonic. This wide range is due to phosphoric acid having 3 dissociation constants (pKa) allowing for formulation of buffers near each of the pH levels of 2.15, 7.21 , or 12.32.
  • Monosodium phosphate and its conjugate base, disodium phosphate are usually used to generate buffers of pH values around 7.
  • Non-limiting examples of a phosphate buffer include a calcium phosphate buffer and a sodium phosphate buffer.
  • the amount of phosphate buffer added is an amount that provides a desired beneficial effect to a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein has a phosphate buffer added to a final concentration of, e.g., 0.05 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 pp
  • a composition disclosed herein has a phosphate buffer added to a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 10 ppm, at least 20 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, at least 60 ppm, at least 70 ppm, at least 80 ppm, at least 90 ppm, at least 100 ppm, at least 125 ppm, at least 150 ppm, at least 175 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 225 ppm, at least 250 ppm, at least 275 ppm, at least 300 ppm, at least 325
  • a composition disclosed herein has a phosphate buffer added to a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 125 ppm, at most 150 ppm, at most 175 ppm, at most 200 ppm, at most 225 ppm, at most 250 ppm, at most 275 ppm, at most 300 ppm, at most 3
  • a composition disclosed herein has a phosphate buffer added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 35 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 45 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 55 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 65 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 85 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 95 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about
  • a composition disclosed herein has a phosphate buffer added to a final concentration of, e.g., about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 75 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 125 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 175 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 225 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 275 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 325 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 375 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 425 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 1 pp
  • a composition disclosed herein does not comprise a phosphate buffer. In an embodiment, a composition disclosed herein does not comprise a calcium phosphate buffer. In an embodiment, a composition disclosed herein does not comprise a sodium phosphate buffer.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of a compound disclosed herein such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt, is present in a composition disclosed herein and/or applied in a method or use disclosed herein.
  • a compound disclosed herein such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is an amount that 1) restrains, prohibits or otherwise prevents growth of a microbial population; 2) results in no more than a 1 x 1 O 0 5 , a 1 x 10 1 or a 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population within the first seven days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent; and/or 3) results in a minimum of a 1 x 10 05 , a 1 x 10 1 or a 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population after at least 14 days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent without achieving full kill of the microbial population.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is an amount that 1) restrains, prohibits or otherwise prevents growth of a microbial population; 2) results in no more than a 1 x 1 O 0 5 , a 1 x 10 1 or a 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population within the first seven days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent; and/or 3) results in a minimum of a 1 x 10° 5 , a 1 x 10 1 or 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population after at least 14 days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent but no more than 1 x 1O 0 5 reduction of the microbial population, no more than 1 x 10 1 reduction of the microbial population
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is an amount that 1) restrains, prohibits or otherwise prevents growth of a microbial population; 2) results in about 1 x 10° to about 1 x 10 2 , about 1 x 10° 5 to about 1 x 10 2 , or about 1 x 10 1 to about 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population within the first seven days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent; and/or 3) results in a minimum of a 1 x 10° to 1 x 10 2 , a 1 x 10° 5 to 1 x 10 2 , or a 1 x 10 1 to 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population after at least 14 days of continuous exposure
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is an amount that 1) restrains, prohibits or otherwise prevents growth of a microbial population; 2) results in about 1 x 10° to about 1 x 10 2 , about 1 x 10° 5 to about 1 x 10 2 , or about 1 x 10 1 to about 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population within the first seven days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent; and/or 3) results in a minimum of a 1 x 10 2 reduction in the microbial population after at least 14 days of continuous exposure to the microbiostatic agent but no more than 1 x 10° 5 reduction of the microbial population, no more than 1 x 10 1 reduction of the microbial population, no more
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is in a final concentration of, e.g., 0.01 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.075 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is in a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.01 ppm, at least 0.025 ppm, at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.075 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 2 ppm, at least 3 ppm, at least 4 ppm, at least 5 ppm.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is in a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.01 ppm, at most 0.025 ppm, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.075 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 2 ppm, at most 3 ppm, at most 4 ppm, at most 5 ppm.
  • a microbiostatic effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein is in a final concentration of between, e.g., about 0.01 ppm to about 0.025 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.05 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.5 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.75 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 2 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 4 pp
  • a final concentration of a microbiostatic effective amount is the concentration of all of the one or more compounds disclosed herein, such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt, that are present.
  • a final concentration of all of the one or more compounds disclosed herein, such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt, present as a microbiostatic effective amount is, e.g., 0.01 ppm, 0.025 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.075 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm, 0.20 ppm, 0.25 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.35 ppm, 0.40 ppm, 0.45 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 0.55 ppm, 0.60 ppm, 0.65 ppm, 0.70 ppm, 0.75 ppm, 0.80 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.90 ppm, 0.95 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 pp
  • a final concentration of all of the one or more compounds disclosed herein, such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt, present as a microbiostatic effective amount is, e.g., at least 0.01 ppm, at least 0.025 ppm, at least 0.05 ppm, at least 0.075 ppm, at least 0.10 ppm, at least 0.20 ppm, at least 0.30 ppm, at least 0.40 ppm, at least 0.50 ppm, at least 0.60 ppm, at least 0.70 ppm, at least 0.80 ppm, at least 0.90 ppm, at least 1 ppm, at least 2 ppm, at least 3 ppm, at least 4 ppm, at least 5 ppm.
  • a final concentration of all of the one or more compounds disclosed herein, such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt, present as a microbiostatic effective amount is, e.g., at most 0.01 ppm, at most 0.025 ppm, at most 0.05 ppm, at most 0.075 ppm, at most 0.10 ppm, at most 0.20 ppm, at most 0.30 ppm, at most 0.40 ppm, at most 0.50 ppm, at most 0.60 ppm, at most 0.70 ppm, at most 0.80 ppm, at most 0.90 ppm, at most 1 ppm, at most 2 ppm, at most 3 ppm, at most 4 ppm, at most 5 ppm.
  • a final concentration of all of the one or more compounds disclosed herein, such as, e.g., a peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide, a sodium peroxide, a stable free available chlorine, a stable hypochlorous acid, a stable hypochlorite, a metallic particle, and a metal salt, present as a microbiostatic effective amount is between, e.g., about 0.01 ppm to about 0.025 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.05 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.075 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.25 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.5 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 0.75 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 1 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 2 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 0.01 ppm to about
  • a composition disclosed herein may be adjusted to any pH that enables a composition disclosed herein to achieve a desired beneficial effect.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be pH using a strong acid like hydrochloric acid or base like sodium hydroxide, ora weak acid like acetic acid, citric acid, or phosphoric acid, or a weak base, depending on the desired pH.
  • the pH of a composition disclosed herein is, e.g., at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, or at least 11 .
  • the pH of a composition disclosed herein is, e.g., at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, or at most 11 .
  • the pH of a composition disclosed herein is between, e g., about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 6.5, about 2 to about 7, about 2 to about 7.5, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 8.5, about 2 to about 9, about 2.5 to about 5, about 2.5 to about 5.5, about 2.5 to about 6, about 2.5 to about 6.5, about 2.5 to about 7, about 2.5 to about 7.5, about 2.5 to about 8, about 2.5 to about 8.5, about 2.5 to about 9, about 3 to about 5, about 3 to about 5.5, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 6.5, about 3 to about 7, about 3 to about 7.5, about 3 to about 8, about 3 to about 8.5, about 3 to about 9, about 3.5 to about 5, about 3.5 to about 5.5, about 3.5 to about 6, about
  • kits can comprise a container that includes a composition disclosed herein.
  • a kit can comprise a plurality of containers, with each such container including a composition disclosed herein.
  • a kit can comprise 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 or more containers, with each such container including a composition disclosed herein.
  • Each of the disclosed containers can comprise a single dose of a composition disclosed herein, multiple doses of a composition disclosed herein, or a combination thereof.
  • each of the disclosed containers can contain a composition disclosed herein in liquid form or in dried form.
  • a kit disclosed herein can comprise a delivery or application system.
  • the delivery or application system of the kit are useful for applying one or more compositions disclosed herein, and/or individual components disclosed herein to a site of interest.
  • a delivery or application system disclosed herein includes, without limitation, one or more of an applicator brushes, porous foam swab or pad, hollow tube, dipstick and the like or a combination thereof.
  • a kit comprises a single delivery or application system.
  • a kit comprises a plurality delivery or application systems. For example, in a 30-day supply kit, there can be 30 delivery or application systems, such that there is one delivery or application system per day for 30 days.
  • the delivery or application system may be packaged individually, or in sets of 2 or more.
  • the delivery or application system can be packaged such that it remains sterile until use.
  • a delivery or application system disclosed herein can be packaged in plastic sheaths. Further, to prevent contamination, delivery or application system disclosed herein is preferably single-use, disposable delivery, or application system.
  • the kit can also comprise a set of instructions.
  • the instructions may include information useful to the end user such as, e.g., how to use a delivery system to apply a composition disclosed herein and/or how often to apply a composition disclosed herein.
  • such instructions may include information regarding howto mix the individual components disclosed herein to form a composition disclosed herein, if provided as individual components to be combined before use.
  • Such instructions can indicate that mixing should be done at a certain time before application, such as, e.g., just priorto use.
  • Instructions disclosed herein may also include information regarding how to apply the individual components disclosed herein directly to a site of interest, and in what order the individual components should be applied to such sites of interest if multiple compositions are utilized as part of a regimen, for example.
  • kits disclosed herein can comprise other components.
  • a kit disclosed herein can further include containers comprising a solvent, such as, e.g., water or a buffered solution, e.g., saline.
  • a solvent disclosed herein is useful to reconstitute a dried form of a composition disclosed herein.
  • kits including the container including one or more compositions or components disclosed herein, the delivery or application system, and instructions, are enclosed in an outer casing.
  • the outer casing can be a box, a sealed bag, a foil pouch, etc.
  • the delivery system, container, and instructions are enclosed in a box.
  • the container and instructions are contained in a first box, the delivery system is contained in a second box, and the first and second box are contained together in a third box
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a device.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a device for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in the cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing of the device.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized device with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a device, including a medical device.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a device, including a medical device.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize an endoscope.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to an endoscope for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in the cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing of the endoscope.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized endoscope with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize an endoscope.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize an endoscope.
  • a device including a medical device, is cleaned by removal of visible soil, such as, e.g., organic and inorganic material, from objects and surfaces and normally is accomplished manually or mechanically. Thorough cleaning is essential before disinfection, sanitization, and sterilization because inorganic and organic materials that remain on the surfaces of a medical device interfere with the effectiveness of these processes.
  • visible soil such as, e.g., organic and inorganic material
  • a device including a medical device is disinfected by eliminating many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores. Disinfection is less lethal than sterilization because it destroys most recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial spores).
  • a medical device is sterilized by destroying or eliminating all forms of microorganisms. Decontamination of a medical device removes pathogenic microorganisms from a medical device so that it is safe to handle, use, or discard.
  • a medical device is an instrument, apparatus, material, or other article, whether used alone or in combination, including software necessary for its application, intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for diagnosis, prevention, monitoring treatment, or alleviation of disease; diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, or alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap; investigation, replacement, or modification of the anatomy or of a physiologic process; or control of conception, and that does not achieve its primary intended action in or on the human body by pharmacologic, immunologic, or metabolic means but might be assisted in its function by such means.
  • a medical device includes, without limitation, a surgical instrument, a respiratory therapy instrument, an anesthesia instrument, a catheter, an implant, a probe, an endoscope, an arthroscope, a laparoscope, a blade, a cystoscope, a spirometer, a CPAP mask and tubing, dialysis instrument and accessories, a heart-lung machine and accessories, a heart-lung bypass machine and accessories, and a diaphragm fitting ring.
  • Non-limiting examples of a probe includes an ultrasound probe and an esophageal manometry probe.
  • Non-limiting examples of a catheter includes a cardiac catheter, a urinary catheter, an anorectal manometry catheter.
  • Non-limiting examples of an endoscope includes a gastrointestinal endoscope, a bronchoscope, and a nasopharyngoscope.
  • a blade includes a laryngoscope blade.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a hard surface area.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a hard surface area for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in the cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing of the hard surface area.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized surface with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a hard surface area.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a hard surface area.
  • a hard surface area can be a porous surface area or a non-porous surface area.
  • a hard surface area can include any items present in a residence or a commercial, industrial and/or agricultural facility, such as, e.g., a hospital, a laboratory, a restaurant, an educational center, a foodprocessing facility, a dairy-processing facility, an airport, an oil field system, a sport facility, a shipping dock, a freight transport center, or any other commercial or industrial setting.
  • a hospital e.g., a hospital, a laboratory, a restaurant, an educational center, a foodprocessing facility, a dairy-processing facility, an airport, an oil field system, a sport facility, a shipping dock, a freight transport center, or any other commercial or industrial setting.
  • a surface area can include any type of transportation carrier, such as, e.g., a water vessel like a boat, barge or ship, an aircraft like an airplane or helicopter, a ground vehicle like a motorcycle, car, truck or train,
  • a surface area may be made of any material including brass, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, carbon steel, rubber, plastic, glass, wood, painted surface, or any combination thereof.
  • a surface area includes, without limitation, a tabletop, countertop, floor, wall, ceiling, window, bed, gurney, door, door handle, shower, bath, sink, faucet, toilet, toilet seat, drain, equipment, machinery, personal protective gear, personal biohazard gear, and the like.
  • a surface area may comprise a medical, dental, pharmaceutical, veterinary or mortuary device.
  • a surface area may comprise human skin.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied according to a method or use disclosed herein to a hard surface area.
  • Application of a composition disclosed herein can be by rubbing, pouring, sprinkling, misting, or spraying on, or otherwise applied to a hard surface area.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied by introducing the composition into or onto a solid support such as, e.g., a wipe, a towelette, a towel, a mitt, a glove, or a mask and then applying the composition to a hard surface area.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied by using a delivery device, such as, e.g., an aerosol dispenser, a pump spray, a trigger spray, or a squeeze bottle to apply the composition to a hard surface area.
  • a composition or component disclosed herein can be applied to a hard surface area according to a method or use disclosed herein as often as needed and/or desired.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to a hard surface area daily, every other day, every third of day, once a week, multiple times per week, once a month, multiple times per month, once a year or multiple times per year, as desired.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to a hard surface area multiple times per day, e.g., twice a day, three times a day, four time a day, five times a day, six times a day or as often as desired.
  • compositions are useful in any application involving treating an individual.
  • the presently disclosed compositions are useful in any application involving medical use, veterinarian use, or both.
  • a composition disclosed herein is useful in any application where hypochlorous acid is applied or administered.
  • compositions are useful in any application involving treating a tissue in an individual.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to treat a wound by enhancing angiogenesis in an area in and around a wound or promoting rapid healing of a wound.
  • the presently disclosed compositions are useful in any application involving treating a wound in an individual.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to treat a wound by enhancing angiogenesis in an area in and around a wound or promoting rapid healing of a wound.
  • a wound can be an open wound, a closed wound, or a burn.
  • Non-limiting examples of an open wound include a laceration, an abrasion, an incision, a puncture, an avulsion, an ulcer, and a tear.
  • Non-limiting examples of a closed wound includes a bruise, a contusion, and a hematoma.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method of cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing a wound in an individual.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a wound for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in the cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing of the wound.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized wound with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a wound.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a wound.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method of treating a wound in an individual.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a wound for a specified amount of time, wherein application promotes healing of the wound.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the treated wound with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to treat a wound.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to treat a wound.
  • a wound can be an external wound on, e.g., a surface area of an individual or an internal wound located in the body or body cavity of an individual.
  • a body cavity can be a space, compartment, or lumen, or potential space, compartment, or lumen in the body.
  • a body cavity may include any space, compartment or lumen that contains organs, limbs, tissues, and surfaces within the body, or any space, compartment or lumen within organs, limbs, or tissues.
  • a body cavity may include areas with the organs, for example an airway within the lungs, a nasal cavity, an oral cavity, a lumen of the gastrointestinal or excretory system including urethra and ureter, and spaces within the reproductive organs.
  • a body cavity may be exposed to the outside of the body or may not be exposed to the outside space of the body.
  • a body cavity any space created in the body.
  • a body cavity may also include a space created in the body from injury or surgery or other artificial means.
  • compositions are useful in any application involving a microbial infection in an individual.
  • a microbial infection includes a viral infection, a bacterial infection, and a fungal infection.
  • a microbial infection can be an external infection on, e.g., a surface area of an individual or an internal infection, e.g., a mercer infection or sepsis, located in the body or body cavity of an individual.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a microbial infection for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in a cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, and/or sterilizing of the microbial infection.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized microbial infection with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • composition disclosed herein for use to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a microbial infection.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a microbial infection.
  • a composition disclosed herein is used to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or treat a body part of an individual.
  • Non-limiting examples of uses for a composition disclosed herein include cleaning/disinfecting tissue in wound care, pre-operative preparation, and surgery or other invasive procedure, cleaning/disinfecting a skin region in dermatological applications, cleaning/disinfecting the nasal or oral cavity, cleaning/disinfecting the lungs and respiratory tissues in respiratory applications, and cleaning/disinfecting the eye in ophthalmological applications.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose a method of treating a microbial infection in an individual.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to a microbial infection for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in a reduction, elimination and/or killing microbes causing the microbial infection.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the treated microbial infection with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to treat a microbial infection.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to treat a microbial infection.
  • a dermatological application refers to cleaning/disinfecting a skin region of an individual of a microbial infection, such as, e.g., a viral, bacterial, orfungal infection.
  • a microbial infection of a skin region include urinary tract infection, eye lid wash, cataract treatment, warts, cutaneous leishmaniasis, candidal vulvovagititis, derrmatophytoses, bromhidrosis, pityriasis versicolor, acne vulgarish, rosasea, hydradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, eczema, alopecia areata, oral lichen planus, xeroderma pigmentosum, actinic keratoses, melasma, keloids, and anti-aging.
  • a respiratory application refers to cleaning, disinfecting, treating the lungs, oral, nasal, and airways of an individual of a microbial infection, such as, e.g., a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection.
  • a Respiratory application also refers to cleaning, disinfecting, treating the lungs, oral, nasal, and airways of an individual to prevent a microbial infection, such as, e.g., a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection.
  • a microbial infection include a respiratory infection, an oral infection, a nasal infection, and a sinus infection.
  • An ophthalmological application refers to cleaning, disinfecting, treating an eye of an individual of a microbial infection, such as, e.g., a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection.
  • a microbial infection of an eye include a bacterial conjunctivitis, a viral conjunctivitis, an epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, a pharyngoconjunctival fever, a stye, a blephartis, an episcleritis, a keratitis, a trachoma, and a corneal ulcer.
  • compositions are useful in any application involving treating and/or providing relief of an inflammation, an ache, and/or a pain in an individual.
  • Aspects of the present specification disclose a method of treating an inflammation, an ache, and/or a pain in an individual.
  • a method disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to an area of inflammation, an ache and/or a pain for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in a reduction and/or elimination of the pain.
  • a method disclosed herein further comprises rinsing the treated area with a rinse solution disclosed herein.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to treat an inflammation, an ache and/or a pain.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to treat an inflammation, an ache, and/or a pain.
  • compositions are useful in enteral and parenteral applications, including oral, injectable, and topical applications.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to clean, disinfect, sanitize, or sterilize a body region injured by a wound or infected with a microbe.
  • a method or use disclosed herein comprises applying a composition disclosed herein to an individual for a specified amount of time, wherein application results in the cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing and/or sterilizing of a microbial infection in the individual.
  • Other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for use to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a microbial infection in an individual.
  • Yet other aspects of the present specification disclose a use of a disclosed composition to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a microbial infection in an individual.
  • Still other aspects of the present specification disclose a composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize a microbial infection in an individual.
  • a method or use disclosed herein applies a composition disclosed herein to an individual.
  • An individual refers to any animal including, without limitation, a fish, an amphibian, a bird, and a mammal.
  • a mammal includes a human, a horse, a cow, a sheep, a dog, and a cat.
  • a method or use disclosed herein is for human use as well as veterinarian use.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to a skin surface or can be internally administered.
  • a composition disclosed herein is applied topically to a skin region of an individual in order to clean, disinfect, sanitize, and/or sterilize the skin region.
  • a skin region includes, without limitation, the face, forehead, lips, scalp, neck, shoulder, arms, hands, thighs, legs, knees, feet, chest, breast, back, groin, buttocks, and the like.
  • a composition disclosed herein is internally administered to an individual.
  • routes of administration include enteral routes of administration and parenteral routes of administration.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied according to a method or use disclosed herein to a skin region or body cavity, or body tissue. Application of a composition disclosed herein can be by rubbing, pouring, sprinkling, misting, nebulizing, or spraying on, or otherwise applied to the human body. A composition disclosed herein can be applied by introducing the composition into or onto a solid support such as, e.g., a wipe, a towelette, a towel, a mitt, a glove, or a mask and then applying the composition to a skin region.
  • a solid support such as, e.g., a wipe, a towelette, a towel, a mitt, a glove, or a mask
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied by using a delivery device, such as, e.g., an aerosol dispenser, a misting dispenser, a nebulizing dispenser, a pump spray, a trigger spray, a squeeze bottle, a topical patch, a transdermal patch, or a dermal implant to apply the composition to a skin region.
  • a delivery device such as, e.g., an aerosol dispenser, a misting dispenser, a nebulizing dispenser, a pump spray, a trigger spray, a squeeze bottle, a topical patch, a transdermal patch, or a dermal implant to apply the composition to a skin region.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to an individual according to a method or use disclosed herein as often as needed and/or desired.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to an individual multiple times per day.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to an individual daily, every other day, every third of day, once a week, multiple times per week, once a month, multiple times per month, once a year or multiple times per year, as desired.
  • a composition disclosed herein can be applied to an individual multiple times per day, e.g., twice a day, three times a day, four time a day, five times a day, six times a day or as often as desired.
  • compositions are useful in food products, poultry, meat, fruit, vegetable production.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to clean, disinfect, sanitize, or sterilize machinery, instruments, tables, rooms, including floors, ceilings and walls and any other hard surface from microbial contamination.
  • compositions are useful in formulations on plants as a preservative or pesticide.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to clean, disinfect, sanitize, or sterilize a plant injured by a wound or infected with a microbe.
  • compositions are useful in formulations on cut flowers to prolong freshness and health.
  • the compositions disclosed herein can be used to clean, disinfect, sanitize, or sterilize a cut flower at a wound or to prevent microbial infection.
  • a disclosed method or use applies a composition disclosed herein for specified amount of time.
  • a specified amount of time is a time sufficient to clean a medical device, a surface, or an individual.
  • a specified amount of time is a time sufficient to disinfect a medical device, a surface, or an individual.
  • a specified amount of time is a time sufficient to sterilize a medical device, a surface, or an individual.
  • a composition disclosed herein is applied to a device, like a medical device, a surface, or an individual for, e.g., about 15 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 45 seconds, about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 55 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 100 minutes, about 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes.
  • a composition disclosed herein is applied to a device, like a medical device, a surface, or an individual for, e.g., at least 15 seconds, at lease 30 seconds, at least 45 seconds, at least 1 minute, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 20 minutes, at least 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 35 minutes, at least 40 minutes, at least 45 minutes, at least 50 minutes, at least 55 minutes, at least 60 minutes, at least 70 minutes, at least 80 minutes, at least 90 minutes, at least 100 minutes, at least 110 minutes, or at least 120 minutes.
  • a composition disclosed herein is applied to device, like a medical device, a surface, or an individual for, e.g., at most 15 seconds, at most 30 seconds, at most 45 seconds, at most 1 minute, at most 5 minutes, at most 10 minutes, at most 15 minutes, at most 20 minutes, at most 25 minutes, at most 30 minutes, at most 35 minutes, at most 40 minutes, at most 45 minutes, at most 50 minutes, at most 55 minutes, at most 60 minutes, at most 70 minutes, at most 80 minutes, at most 90 minutes, at most 100 minutes, at most 110 minutes, or at most 120 minutes.
  • a composition disclosed herein is applied to a device, like a medical device, a surface, or an individual for, e.g., about 15 seconds to 30 seconds, about 15 seconds to 45 seconds, about 15 seconds to 60 seconds, about 30 seconds to 60 seconds, about 45 seconds to 60 seconds, about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, about 1 minute to about 15 minutes, about 1 minute to about 20 minutes, about 1 minute to about 25 minutes, about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, about 1 minute to about 35 minutes, about 1 minute to about 40 minutes, about 1 minute to about 45 minutes, about 1 minute to about 50 minutes, about 1 minute to about 55 minutes, about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, about
  • a disclosed composition, method or use disclosed herein are less harsh on a medical device resulting in a longer lifetime use of a medical device.
  • a medical device can be cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized, e.g., about 50 times, about 60 times, about 70 times, about 80 times, about 90 times, about 100 times, about 110 times, about 120 times, about 130 times, about 140 times, about 150 times, about 160 times, about 170 times, about 180 times, about 190 times, about 200 times, about 210 times, about 220 times, about 230 times, about 240 times, about 250 times, about 260 times, about 270 times, about 280 times, about 290 times, or about 300 times.
  • a medical device can be cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized, e.g., at least 50 times, at least 60 times, at least 70 times, at least 80 times, at least 90 times, at least 100 times, at least 110 times, at least 120 times, at least 130 times, at least 140 times, at least 150 times, at least 160 times, at least 170 times, at least 180 times, at least 190 times, at least 200 times, at least 210 times, at least 220 times, at least 230 times, at least 240 times, at least 250 times, at least 260 times, at least 270 times, at least 280 times, at least 290 times, or at least 300 times.
  • a medical device can be cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized, e.g., at most 50 times, at most 60 times, at most 70 times, at most 80 times, at most 90 times, at most 100 times, at most 110 times, at most 120 times, at most 130 times, at most 140 times, at most 150 times, at most 160 times, at most 170 times, at most 180 times, at most 190 times, at most 200 times, at most 210 times, at most 220 times, at most 230 times, at most 240 times, at most 250 times, at most 260 times, at most 270 times, at most 280 times, at most 290 times, or at most 300 times.
  • a medical device can be cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized, e.g., about 50 times to about 60 times, about 50 times to about 70 times, about 50 times to about 80 times, about 50 times to about 90 times, about 50 times to about 100 times, about 50 times to about 110 times, about 50 times to about 120 times, about 50 times to about 130 times, about 50 times to about 140 times, about 50 times to about 150 times, about 50 times to about 175 times, about 50 times to about 200 times, about 50 times to about 225 times, about 50 times to about 250 times, about 50 times to about 275 times, about 50 times to about 300 times, about 75 times to about 90 times, about 75 times to about 100 times, about 75 times to about 110 times, about 75 times to about 120 times, about 75 times to about 130 times, about 75 times to about 140 times, about 75 times to about 150 times, about 75 times to about 175 times, about 75 times to about 200 times, about 75 times to about 225 times
  • a method or use disclosed herein may further comprise a rinsing step using a rinse solution.
  • the rinse solution is used to rinse a cleaned, disinfected, sanitized, and/or sterilized medical device or surface.
  • the rinse solution is preferably a sterile solution.
  • a rinse solution disclosed herein comprises water.
  • a rinse solution disclosed herein comprises hypochlorous acid or free available chlorine and water.
  • a rinse solution disclosed herein does not comprises hypochlorous acid and/or free available chlorine.
  • the rinse solution is present in a separate container.
  • the amount of hypochlorous acid or free available chlorine present in a rinse solution disclosed herein is any amount that provides an antimicrobial effect, with the proviso that the total amount of hypochlorous acid or free available chlorine present is an amount below the threshold level that results in oxidation of a medical device of surface as disclosed herein.
  • the amount of hypochlorous acid or free available chlorine present in a rinse solution may be, e.g., about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 70 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 90 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 110 ppm, or about 120 ppm.
  • the amount of hypochlorous acid or free available chlorine present in a rinse solution may be, e.g., at most 5 ppm, at most 10 ppm, at most 20 ppm, at most 30 ppm, at most 40 ppm, at most 50 ppm, at most 60 ppm, at most 70 ppm, at most 80 ppm, at most 90 ppm, at most 100 ppm, at most 110 ppm, or at most 120 ppm.
  • the amount of hypochlorous acid or free available chlorine present in a rinse solution may be, e.g., about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 90 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 110 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 120 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 70 ppm, about 10 ppm
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 1 ,000 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 700 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 400 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 500 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 475 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 30 ppm to about 450 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of copper chloride, 10 ppm to 300 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of copper chloride, 25 ppm to 275 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of copper chloride, 30 ppm to 250 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of copper chloride, 40 ppm to 200 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of copper chloride, 50 ppm to 150 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 125 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm ofstable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of copper chloride, 60 ppm to 100 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 316 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.5% to about 1.0% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.6% to about 0.9% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • a composition disclosed herein comprises about 100 ppm to about 425 ppm of stable free available chlorine, one or more peroxides, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of copper chloride, 70 ppm to 90 ppm of zinc chloride, and about 0.7% to about 0.8% sodium chloride, and has an osmolality of about 280 mOsm/kg to about 290 mOsm/kg or about 300 mOsm/L to about 310 mOsm/L.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides is the same as the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more peroxides present is more than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in a composition disclosed herein.
  • This example illustrates how to prepare a composition disclosed herein of a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides was produced by hydrolysis procedure 1 .
  • an aqueous solution is prepared by adding about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w) sodium peroxide to purified water.
  • sodium phosphate and/or sodium chloride is added in an amount sufficient to achieve up to 200 ppm to 600 ppm of each salt in the produced composition.
  • the pH of this solution is then adjusted to a pH range of about 5.0 to about 5.8, preferably to a pH of about 5.2 to about 5.6, using sodium hydroxide or any other suitable base.
  • Chlorine gas (CI2) was then introduced to the solution at a rate of 240g/hour to 320g/hour for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution. Analysis of this first reaction solution revealed that it comprised about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species. Once this reaction step was completed, an additional 0.001 % to 0.03% sodium peroxide was added to the first reaction solution. Analysis indicated that this peroxide addition had the effect of increasing the pH to above 9 and eliminating the detection of the one or more free available chlorine species previously produced.
  • Chlorine gas (CI2) was then introduced to the first reaction solution at a rate of 240g/hour to 320g/hour for about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes to produce a second reaction solution having the desired concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species. Analysis of this second reaction solution revealed that it comprised about 120 ppm to about 240 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is at most equivalent to the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution, although some loss of the one or more peroxides does occurs by degassing, and as such the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution.
  • the resulting reactions produced a solution comprising stably containing free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the third reaction solution is at most equivalent to the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the third reaction solution, although some loss of the one or more peroxides does occurs by degassing, and as such the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the third reaction solution is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the third reaction solution.
  • the resulting reaction produced a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides was produced by hydrolysis procedure 2.
  • an aqueous solution is prepared by adding about 0.03% to 0.1% sodium chloride (NaCI) to purified water. Both chlorine (C ) and oxygen (O2) gases are then introduced to the solution at a rate of 240g/hour to 320g/hour for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution. Analysis of this first reaction solution reveals that it comprises about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species and had a pH of about 3.3. Once this reaction step is completed, an additional 0.01 % to 0.03% sodium chloride (NaCI) is added to the first reaction solution.
  • NaCI sodium chloride
  • Both chlorine (CI2) and oxygen (O2) gases are then introduced to the first reaction solution at a rate of 240g/hour to 320g/hour for about 10 minutes to 20 minutes to produce a second reaction solution having the desired concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species.
  • Analysis of this second reaction solution reveals that it comprises about 120 ppm to about 240 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species.
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is at most equivalent to the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution, although some loss of the one or more peroxides does occurs by degassing, and as such the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution.
  • the resulting reactions will produce a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides was produced by hydrolysis procedure 3.
  • an aqueous solution is prepared by adding about 0.03% to about 0.2% of one or more peroxides and about 0.5% to about 1 .0% of sodium chloride to purified water.
  • sodium phosphate is added in an amount sufficient to achieve up to 200 ppm to 600 ppm of the salt in the produced composition.
  • the pH of this solution in then adjusted to a pH range of about 5.0 to about 5.8, preferably to a pH of about 5.2 to about 5.6, using sodium hydroxide or any other suitable base.
  • Chlorine (CI2) gas is then introduced to the solution at a rate of 240g/hour to 320g/hour for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution. Analysis of this first reaction solution reveals that it comprises about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species and had a pH of about 3.3. Once this reaction step is completed, an additional 0.01% to 0.03% of one or more peroxides and sodium hydroxide is added to the first reaction solution. Chlorine (Ch) gas is then introduced to the first reaction solution at a rate of 240g/hour to 320g/hour for about 10 minutes to 20 minutes to produce a second reaction solution.
  • this second reaction solution reveals that it comprises about 120 ppm to about 240 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species having the desired concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species.
  • concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is at most equivalent to the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution, although some loss of the one or more peroxides does occurs by degassing, and as such the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution.
  • the resulting reactions will produce a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides produced by any one of hydrolysis procedures 1-3 can further comprise a step of adding additional sodium chloride to adjust the osmolality of the solution.
  • a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides was degassed for 24 hours to 72 hours.
  • sodium chloride was added in an amount of about 0.5% to about 1 .0% to the resulting composition to adjust the osmolality to a range of about 275 mOsm/kg to about 295 mOsm/kg.
  • This example illustrates how to prepare a composition disclosed herein of a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a solution comprising one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides was produced by hydrolysis procedure 4. Initially, an aqueous solution is prepared by adding about 0.08% (w/w) sodium peroxide to purified water. Optionally, sodium phosphate and/or sodium chloride is added in an amount sufficient to achieve up to 200 ppm to 600 ppm of each salt in the produced composition. Chlorine gas (CI2) was then introduced to the solution at a rate of 280g/hour for about 30 minutes to 60 minutes to produce a first reaction solution. Analysis of this first reaction solution revealed that it comprised about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm of one or more free available chlorine species and had a pH of about 8 to 10.
  • CI2 Chlorine gas
  • the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is at most equivalent to the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution, although some loss of the one or more peroxides does occurs by degassing, and as such the concentration of one or more peroxides present is in the second reaction solution is less than the concentration of the one or more free available chlorine species present in the second reaction solution.
  • the resulting reactions produced a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides produced by any one of hydrolysis procedure 4 can further comprise a step of adding additional sodium chloride to adjust the osmolality of the solution.
  • a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides was degassed for 48 hours. After degassing, sodium chloride was added in an amount of about 0.76% to the resulting composition to adjust the osmolality to a range of about 286 mOsm/kg.
  • This example illustrates how to conduct a bacterial viability assay using a composition disclosed herein.
  • Fresh 24-hour culture of Staphylococcus aureus was prepared on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) at 36 ⁇ 1°C.
  • a bacterial inoculum was prepared using a colorimeter to confirm a yield of 1 x 10 7 CFU/mL.
  • Compositions MC-A35 (stored for 6 months), MC-A35 (stored 1 week), and MCN-A100 (stored 1 week) were tested against S. aureus in presence of 2% bovine serum for a time-point of 5 minutes.
  • Composition MC-A35 comprises 160 ppm stable free available chlorine and at most 160 ppm of one or more peroxides while MCN-A100 comprises 160 ppm stable free available chlorine, at most 160 ppm of one or more peroxide, and 0.75% sodium chloride and has an osmolality of 286 mOsm/kg.
  • Samples were tested as follows: Each assay contained 50 pL of pathogenic bacteria suspension, 100 pL of bovine serum and 4,850 pL of a composition formulation disclosed herein. Samples were exposed for 5 minutes prior to adding a neutralizing agent used to inhibit the activity of the microbial agent; plates were incubated at 30°C to 35°C for upto 2 days. The presence of viable bacteria was then measured by counting the number of colonies observed on the agar medium and bacterial log reduction in comparison to growth control was calculated and results are shown in Table 20.
  • This example illustrates how to conduct a bacterial viability assay using a composition disclosed herein of a solution stably comprising together one or more stable free available chlorine species and one or more peroxides.
  • Test Solution 1 comprised 125 ppm of one or more stable free available chlorine species and at most 125 ppm of one or more peroxides.
  • Test Solution 2 comprised 125 ppm of one or more stable free available chlorine species, at most 125 ppm of one or more peroxides, and 0.76% sodium chloride having an osmolarity of 286 mOsm/kg.
  • Assay samples were prepared as follows: Each test solution contained 100 pL of a pathogenic bacteria suspension, 500 pL of serum, and 9,400 pL of either Test Solution 1 or Test Solution 2. A control solution was prepared by substituting the test solution for TSA media. Assay samples were incubated for 15 minutes at which point a neutralizing agent was used to inhibit the activity of the composition being tested. A 10-fold serial dilution of the neutralized solution was then prepared in six test tubes to produce a 6-log range of the assay sample. An aliquot of each dilution was plated on petri dishes containing TSA medium and the cultures incubated for 48 ⁇ 2 hours at 36 ⁇ 1 °C. Bacterial titers were determined by counting the number of colonies observed on the medium and bacterial log reduction was calculated in comparison to growth controls. The results are shown in Table 2.
  • Test Solution 2 exhibited a 7-log reduction in bacterial growth, which is a three log increase relative to Test Solution 1 , which demonstrated a 4-log reduction in bacterial growth.
  • the dramatic increase in efficacy by simply adjusting a composition disclosed herein to a physiological osmolality to produce Test Solution 2 is a surprising and unexpected result.
  • the closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting essentially of’ limits the scope of a claim to the expressly recited elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features and any other elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter.
  • the meaning of the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” is being defined as encompassing all the specifically recited elements, limitations, steps and/or features as well as any optional, additional unspecified ones.
  • the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” (and equivalent open-ended transitional phrases thereof) includes within its meaning, as a limiting case, claimed subject matter specified by the closed-ended transitional phrases “consisting of or “consisting essentially of.”
  • the embodiments described herein or so claimed with the phrase “comprising” expressly and unambiguously provide description, enablement, and support for the phrases “consisting essentially of and “consisting of.”

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une composition comprenant de manière stable un ou plusieurs peroxydes et une ou plusieurs espèces de chlore disponibles, libres, un ou plusieurs peroxydes destinés à être utilisés dans la fabrication d'une composition comprenant de manière stable un ou plusieurs peroxydes et une ou plusieurs espèces de chlore disponibles, libres, ainsi que des compositions formulées à l'aide d'une composition fabriquée selon un procédé ou une utilisation selon l'invention.
PCT/US2023/079291 2020-08-25 2023-11-09 Compositions comprenant des espèces et des peroxydes de chlore disponibles, libres, stables, leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs utilisations Ceased WO2024102951A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (8)

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CN202380088790.0A CN120787159A (zh) 2022-11-09 2023-11-09 包含稳定的游离的有效氯物质和过氧化物的组合物、其制备方法和用途
JP2025526588A JP2025538176A (ja) 2022-11-09 2023-11-09 安定な遊離有効塩素種と過酸化物とを含む組成物、それを製造かつ使用する方法
AU2023375559A AU2023375559A1 (en) 2022-11-09 2023-11-09 Compositions comprising stable free available chlorine species and peroxides, methods of making and uses thereof
KR1020257018489A KR20250100725A (ko) 2022-11-09 2023-11-09 안정한 유리 유효 염소 종 및 과산화물을 포함하는 조성물, 그 제조 방법 및 용도
EP23889738.3A EP4615469A2 (fr) 2022-11-09 2023-11-09 Compositions comprenant des espèces et des peroxydes de chlore disponibles, libres, stables, leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs utilisations
IL320696A IL320696A (en) 2022-11-09 2023-11-09 Compositions containing free, stable and available chlorine species and hydrogen peroxide, methods of production and uses thereof
MX2025005279A MX2025005279A (es) 2022-11-09 2025-05-06 Composiciones que comprenden especies de cloro libre disponible estable y peroxidos, metodos de preparacion y usos de las mismas
US19/199,977 US20250281526A1 (en) 2020-08-25 2025-05-06 Compositions Comprising Stable Free Available Chlorine Species and Peroxides, Methods of Making and Uses Thereof

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