WO2024165108A1 - Commande de porte commandée par base de données exécutée par un ordinateur quantique sur la base de centres nv et de spins nucléaires fortement et faiblement couplés de noyaux atomiques voisins - Google Patents

Commande de porte commandée par base de données exécutée par un ordinateur quantique sur la base de centres nv et de spins nucléaires fortement et faiblement couplés de noyaux atomiques voisins Download PDF

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WO2024165108A1
WO2024165108A1 PCT/DE2024/100098 DE2024100098W WO2024165108A1 WO 2024165108 A1 WO2024165108 A1 WO 2024165108A1 DE 2024100098 W DE2024100098 W DE 2024100098W WO 2024165108 A1 WO2024165108 A1 WO 2024165108A1
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quantum
nuclear
center
spin
bit
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Jan Berend MEIJER
Matthias MENDT
Marius Grundmann
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Quantum Technologies GmbH
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Quantum Technologies GmbH
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Priority to CN202480021866.2A priority patent/CN121444107A/zh
Priority to EP24716618.4A priority patent/EP4646671A1/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/40—Physical realisations or architectures of quantum processors or components for manipulating qubits, e.g. qubit coupling or qubit control
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/20—Models of quantum computing, e.g. quantum circuits or universal quantum computers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G06N10/80—Quantum programming, e.g. interfaces, languages or software-development kits for creating or handling programs capable of running on quantum computers; Platforms for simulating or accessing quantum computers, e.g. cloud-based quantum computing

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to a quantum computer that comprises NV centers in diamond as quantum bits and that comprises nuclear spins of atomic nuclei that are strongly bound to NV centers and are strongly coupled to these NV centers as nuclear quantum bits, hereinafter referred to as strong nuclear quantum bits, and that comprises nuclear spins of atomic nuclei that are weakly bound to NV centers and are weakly coupled to these NV centers as nuclear quantum bits, hereinafter referred to as weak nuclear quantum bits.
  • the resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei that are weakly coupled to the respective NV center depends only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center that is weakly coupled to this nuclear spin.
  • the quantum computer controls nuclear spins that are weakly bound to a NV center differently than nuclear spins that are strongly bound to the NV center.
  • a weak coupling between the electron spin of the electron configuration of a NV center and the nuclear spin of an atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit means that the coupling frequency is lower than 10 MHz (B), and/or lower than 5 MHz and/or lower than 3 MHz and/or lower than 1.5 MHz.
  • the coupling frequency is particularly preferably lower than 3 M Hz.
  • a quantum computer based on NV centers is known from DE 10 2020 008 157 B3.
  • a quantum computer monitoring device for such a quantum computer is known from DE 10 2022 109 592 Al.
  • a mobile quantum computer is known from DE 10 2022 112 269 Al.
  • the proposal is therefore based on the task of providing a solution for controlling the quantum bits and nuclear quantum bits of a quantum computer based on NV centers.
  • the NV center refers to the electron configuration of the NV center.
  • the nuclear spin of the nitrogen atom of the NV center is named separately.
  • the proposal presented here concerns a quantum computer that comprises NV centers in diamond as quantum bits.
  • the quantum computer comprises nuclear spins of atomic nuclei strongly coupled to these NV centers that are strongly bound to NV centers as nuclear quantum bits, which the document presented here hereinafter refers to as strong nuclear quantum bits.
  • the quantum computer comprises nuclear spins of atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these NV centers that are weakly bound to NV centers as nuclear quantum bits, which the document presented here hereinafter refers to as weak nuclear quantum bits.
  • the resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective NV center depends, by definition, only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center weakly coupled to this nuclear spin.
  • the quantum computer is set up to carry out a SWOP of the quantum state of an NV center with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit weakly bound to this NV center under Hartmann-Hahn conditions using a microwave pulse to control this NV center.
  • the quantum computer is preferably designed to carry out a SWOP of the quantum state of an NV center with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly bound to this NV center by means of a radio wave pulse using the strong coupling between this NV center and the strongly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit.
  • the quantum computer comprises means for generating the radio wave pulse and/or the microwave pulse that acts on one or more NV centers as quantum bits and/or one or more nuclear spins as nuclear quantum bits.
  • the proposed quantum computer comprises means for adjusting the magnetic flux density (B) to fulfill the Hartmann-Hahn condition.
  • the quantum computer preferably comprises a light source for irradiating the NV centers with pump radiation of the pump radiation wavelength.
  • the quantum computer preferably comprises a control device with at least one Memory.
  • a quantum computer program with OP codes and/or with quantum OP codes as OP codes is stored at least temporarily in the memory (RAM, NVM) in order to be able to execute a quantum computer program.
  • the control device is preferably set up to process the quantum computer program in the memory, for example by retrieving the OP codes and/or quantum OP codes from the memory, and thus to be able to carry out quantum computer calculations.
  • the control device is typically set up to control the light source and the means for adjusting the magnetic flux density (B) and the means for generating the radio wave pulse and/or the microwave pulse depending on the OP codes and/or quantum OP codes of the quantum computer program in the memory.
  • the opcodes and/or quantum opcodes in the memory comprise instructions and/or instruction sequences for manipulating a strongly bound nuclear spin using a first quantum computer-implemented method (in particular method b or method c).
  • the OP codes and/or quantum OP codes in the memory typically comprise (commands and/or command sequences for the manipulation of a weakly bound nuclear spin by means of a second quantum computer-implemented method (in particular method a).
  • the first method is typically different from the second method.
  • a or the memory of the control device preferably holds, for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer is set up to use them as nuclear quantum bits, in addition to the resonance frequency for coupling to an NV center as first information or a functionally equivalent first information such as the corresponding period duration, an additional, second piece of information, in particular as a flag.
  • This additional second piece of information indicates whether it is a nuclear spin of the nuclear quantum bit in question that is strongly bound to an NV center or a nuclear spin of the nuclear quantum bit in question that is weakly bound to the NV center.
  • the control device of the quantum computer uses the first method or the second method for manipulating the nuclear quantum bit. This accelerates the processing of the quantum computer program code in the memory of the quantum computer's control device.
  • the proposed quantum computer enables the time-efficient and fast use of weakly and strongly bound nuclear quantum bits.
  • the memory of the control device of the quantum computer holds for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer is set up to use these as respective nuclear quantum bits, in addition to the resonance frequency for coupling to an NV center as first information or a functionally equivalent first information such as the corresponding period duration and in addition to the additional second information which indicates whether it is a nuclear spin strongly bound to an NV center or a nuclear spin weakly bound to the NV center, a third additional information, in particular an index of a nuclear quantum bit, which indicates to which NV center the respective nuclear spin of the respective nuclear quantum bit is bound.
  • the control device of the quantum computer can identify the NV center with which this nuclear spin can be coupled and/or is coupled when executing a quantum computer-implemented method for manipulating this nuclear spin or this nuclear quantum bit and can determine with which signals and/or signal sequences and with which signal parameters the associated NV center can be manipulated in order to ultimately manipulate the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit indirectly as an electronic quantum bit via the manipulation of this NV center within the framework of the coupling.
  • the content of the memory of the control device at least temporarily comprises a database, which in turn comprises data sets.
  • the database comprises one or more first data sets, which comprise at least as first information an index of the NV center (can be identical to the index of an electronic quantum bit) and a value of a resonance frequency for manipulating the quantum state of the NV center.
  • These first data sets therefore preferably comprise first information about the NV centers or electronic quantum bits related to the spin of the electron configuration of the NV center or the electronic quantum bit.
  • the Database also second data sets.
  • These one or more second data sets of the database preferably comprise at least as second information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center and additional second information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center.
  • the control device uses the first method or the second method for manipulating the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit in the event of manipulation of nuclear spins or the nuclear quantum bit.
  • the database structure of the data and the use of a flag have the advantage that the processing of the quantum computer program code in the memory of the control device by the control device is accelerated.
  • one or more further data sets furthermore comprise, at least as a second piece of information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit, an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center and an additional second piece of information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center and an additional third piece of information, in particular the index of the NV center, as to which NV center this nuclear spin can be coupled.
  • one or more further data sets furthermore comprise, at least as second information relating to the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit, an index of the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit and a resonance frequency for coupling the nuclear spin or nuclear quantum bit to an NV center and an additional second piece of information as to whether the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bit is strongly or weakly bound to the NV center and an additional third piece of information, in particular the index of the NV center, as to which NV center this nuclear spin can be coupled to and an additional fourth piece of information as to which position and/or in which group of positions this at least one atomic nucleus of the nuclear spin or the nuclear quantum bits are located in the crystal lattice relative to the position of the associated NV center in the crystal lattice.
  • the quantum computer is preferably configured to execute 2 n CROT gates for reading out the nuclear quantum states of n nuclear spins of n atomic nuclei of n nuclear quantum bits coupled to an NV center in order to check combinations of quantum states.
  • n is a positive integer greater than 2.
  • the quantum computer is preferably configured to detect the NV transition of the NV center when the n nuclear spins of the n atomic nuclei of the n nuclear quantum bits are in one of these 2 n combinations of quantum states of these n quantum bits.
  • Gates in the sense of the document presented here are methods in the form of process step sequences that are used to manipulate readable states with the aim of being able to build complete Turing machines from temporally sequential or parallel sequences of these gates.
  • a Turing machine in the sense of the document presented here is therefore a sequence of such gates that a quantum computer executes and with which the quantum computer manipulates and/or reads out the state of quantum bits and/or nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer.
  • the Clifford gates are the elements of the Clifford group, a set of mathematical transformations that normalize the n-qubit Pauli group, i.e., map tensor products of Pauli matrices to tensor products of Pauli matrices by conjugation. The term was introduced by Daniel Gottesman and is named after the mathematician William Kingdon Clifford. [1] Quantum circuits consisting only of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated with a classical computer due to the Gottesman–Knill theorem.
  • the state of the art also refers to these three gates 1 to 3 as universal gates.
  • the quantum computer can emulate these elementary gates using operations that induce spin rotations.
  • the X gate represents a reflection with a positive mapping determinant.
  • the NV center-based quantum computer cannot realize an X gate.
  • the X gate is one of the Pauli matrices that mirrors the spin by 180° (hereinafter referred to as quantum bit flip).
  • quantum bit flip the quantum computer can realize an iX gate. This means that with each gate operation a phase shift of 90° is added (complex factor i).
  • a Tt pulse then has the temporal length l/(2y N v B) (This corresponds to 180°).
  • Rotations always have a negative determinant. The rotations therefore generate an additional general phase, which has no significance because it is not measurable. However, this phase must be taken into account during the calculation because the phases can add up.
  • the CROT gate is a unitary matrix that rotates the spin by an angle 0 and an axial surface in the four-dimensional space of the Bloch sphere (hereinafter referred to as quantum bit rotation or simply CROT).
  • CROT quantum bit rotation
  • the Quantum computers use the CROT gate by generating a microwave signal with the resonance energy (resonance frequency) of a defined temporal length and amplitude (y N v B with y NV as the gyromagnetic moment of the NV center and B the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave that acts perpendicular to the direction of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center).
  • Such a 0-pulse then has the temporal length l/(2y N v B) (0/180°). If the phase of the microwave control (in the case of nuclear spins, the radio frequency control) is shifted by 90°, the CROT control, if it previously caused a rotation around the X-axis, changes to a control that causes a rotation around the Y-axis. The microwave phase position of the microwave control therefore determines the axis of rotation of a CROT operation. In the case of nuclear spins, the radio wave phase position determines the axis of rotation of a CROT operation for the nuclear spin.
  • a rotation of 180° in the x-axis is therefore not an X but an iX gate!
  • a CROT does not result in a CNOT but rather a CiNOT.
  • an additional Z(K/2) (Clifford gate (Paul,Z) with a time length of K/2) must be inserted before or after the execution of the CROT instruction and act on the conditional partner quantum bit.
  • the conditional partner quantum bit of an NV center can be a nuclear spin in the vicinity of the NV center or another NV center in the vicinity of the NV center.
  • An exemplary system for explanation can, for example, comprise a first NV center and a second NV center and a third NV center, where the first NV center and the third NV center can in turn each couple with respective nuclear spins that are assigned to exactly one of these two exemplary NV centers.
  • a CROT operation around the Z axis can be realized by a -K/2 rotation around the Y axis and then an X gate and then a +7t/2 rotation around the Y axis.
  • the Z axis is determined by the flux density of the magnetic field.
  • the quantum computer arbitrarily sets the X axis for the NV center.
  • this reference can be freely selected, it must be maintained as a reference (phase stability) during a quantum calculation.
  • the quantum computer In addition to executing these gates, the quantum computer must put its quantum bits and its nuclear quantum bits into a defined initial state at the beginning of a calculation and, after executing all operations, the quantum computer must reset its relevant quantum bits and/or its relevant nuclear quantum bits. If all three conditions are met, this quantum computer can perform any calculation and is then considered Turing-complete.
  • the goal of any universal quantum computer is therefore to achieve universal gates, as well as the conditions for initializing and reading quantum bits and nuclear quantum bits with high quality.
  • the Hamiltonian for atomic nuclei as nuclear quantum bits includes a Zeeman part and possibly a quadrupole part (e.g. 14 N).
  • the Hamiltonian for atomic nuclei as nuclear quantum bits is:
  • HNv_Kem Determines the coupling strength between the core and the NV using hyperfine WW.
  • the hyperfine term can be split into a parallel part and a perpendicular part. Only the parallel term is important for the displacement.
  • the document presented here designates the magnetic quantum number of atomic nuclei as I.
  • the NV centers are embedded in a diamond crystal that essentially comprises carbon atoms in the form of essentially 12 C isotopes with no spin and no magnetic moment.
  • a few atoms in the diamond lattice of the diamond crystal are preferably 13 C isotopes.
  • 13 C isotopes have the spin -1/2 or +1/2.
  • Bo is the magnetic component of the electromagnetic RF wave (RF) radiated into the respective quantum bit of the quantum computer with the resonance frequency that results from the splitting of the states.
  • This field is a vector field.
  • the quantum computer must adapt the direction of the field to the alignment of the conductor track when generating the RF wave.
  • the quantum computer typically uses RF (radio frequency) to control the respective nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei ( 13 C isotopes).
  • the quantum computer preferably uses MW (microwaves) to control the respective NV centers.
  • the strength of the hyperfine interaction depends on the lattice position of the nuclear spins relative to the nitrogen atom (N) and the defect (V) within the diamond lattice.
  • the document presented here gives the following example values for the radio frequency of the electromagnetic radiation for strongly coupled nuclei to couple the NV center with the nuclear spin of the associated coupled nucleus, which the quantum computer uses as a nuclear quantum bit, depending on the lattice position (see Figure 2): 126 MHz (J position directly next to the nitrogen), 13.8 MHz (A position), 13.2 MHz (B position), 6.5 MHz (D position), 4.2 MHz (E position, F position), 2.6 MHz (G position, H position), 0.8 MHz (weakly coupled)
  • the document presented here explicitly points out that the quantum computer must add or subtract the Zeeman splitting during later operation depending on the orientation of the 13 C isotopes relative to the NV center.
  • the document presented here therefore proposes determining the values for the Zeeman splitting in an initialization phase of the quantum computer and storing these values and/or the sums or difference values in a memory of the control device (pC) of the quantum computer (QC) and keeping them available for the operation of the quantum computer (QC).
  • the Zeeman splitting is typically about 0.5 MHz in a magnetic field with a magnetic flux density of 50 mT at the location of the pair of NV center and nuclear spin.
  • the quantum computer can also use the nuclear spins of the nitrogen atoms of the NV centers as nuclear quantum bits.
  • Figure 3 shows the shift of the energy splitting by hyperfine WW hf Zeeman, nZ and quadrupole Q.
  • the document presented here distinguishes between atomic nuclei that are strongly coupled to the associated NV center via their nuclear spin and atomic nuclei that are weakly coupled to the NV center via their nuclear spin.
  • h Planck's constant.
  • the classification of the coupling strength therefore always refers to the minimum line width of the resonance line of the respective NV center. While the coupling strength between the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus and the electron spin of the NV center depends on the position of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus relative to the NV center and the distance of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus to the NV center in the crystal lattice of the diamond crystal and cannot be changed, the line width of the resonance line between two defined states can be increased depending on the amplitude, duration of the effect, shape, etc.
  • the minimum achievable line width (lifetime of the state) is influenced by the crystal properties, the temperature of the crystal and the magnetic spins in the vicinity of the NV center and the associated nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits, as well as by generally external and internal alternating magnetic fields.
  • the hyperfine interaction of the NV center influences (hyperfine WW> line width) in a small or moderate magnetic field ( ⁇ 300-500 mT depending on the coupling strength) the coupling strength of strongly coupled nuclear spins of atomic nuclei.
  • the direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei is small.
  • the direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei is small compared to the coupling between the NV center assigned to the respective atomic nucleus and the spin of this atomic nucleus.
  • the direct coupling between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei among themselves therefore occurs on long time scales in the ps range to the ms range.
  • the splitting by the hyperfine interaction is negligible compared to the effect of the external magnetic field.
  • the resonance energy for these weakly coupled atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits is therefore only weakly dependent on the spin state of the NV center.
  • the resonance energy for these weakly coupled atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits is therefore only weakly dependent on the spin state of the NV center if the splitting by the hyperfine interaction is negligible compared to the effect of the external magnetic field on the resonance energy for these weakly coupled atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits.
  • the weakly coupled atomic nuclei behave exactly the opposite of the strongly coupled atomic nuclei.
  • the document proposed here thus proposes a quantum computer that includes NV centers in diamond as quantum bits and
  • nuclear quantum bits • nuclear spins strongly bound to NV centers of atomic nuclei strongly coupled to these NV centers as nuclear quantum bits, which the present document hereinafter refers to as strong nuclear quantum bits, and
  • nuclear spins weakly bound to NV centers of atomic nuclei weakly coupled to these NV centers as nuclear quantum bits which the present document hereinafter refers to as weak nuclear quantum bits.
  • the resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective NV center is thus only weakly dependent on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center weakly coupled to this nuclear spin.
  • Nuclear spins of atomic nuclei of nuclear quantum bits that are coupled weakly to the respective NV center are referred to as weakly coupled nuclear spins, if their hyperfine interaction is smaller than the line width of the resonance line of the electron spin of the NV center. In this case, it is no longer possible to read the nuclear spin through a CNOT gate on an NV center.
  • the spin state of the NV center is switched independently of the state of the nuclear spins.
  • the term "weakly coupled” is therefore dependent on the environmental parameters and can be specifically changed by a change in temperature, an external magnetic field or an irradiated microwave power.
  • the line width of the resonance line is typically 500 kHz.
  • Atomic nuclei are referred to as weakly coupled if their hyperfine and/or dipole interaction with the NV center causes a smaller shift of the resonance line than 500 kHz.
  • the resonance energy for these weakly coupled atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits is also only weakly dependent on the spin state of the NV center.
  • the spin splitting of the resonance lines of the weakly bound nuclei is mainly determined by the nuclear Zeeman effect of the external magnetic field.
  • An external magnetic field of just 23 mT causes a splitting of 500 kHz for 13C nuclei through the nuclear Zeeman effect.
  • their resonance lines must also differ from the other nuclei by at least one line width. In fact, the line widths of the nuclear states are only a few 10 kHz, so that individual control is possible even with very low hyperfine interaction.
  • the initialization of the NV centers is carried out via a laser pulse as pump radiation with a defined time length and intensity. This time length depends on the coupling of the laser light from the laser and thus on the depth of the NV centers in the substrate measured from the surface of the diamond crystal.
  • the focusing conditions influence the intensity of the pump radiation of the laser at the location of the respective NV center. Since the NV center forms a dipole, the polarization angle is another determining factor.
  • the NV center (formed from a nitrogen atom N- and a defect V) defines an NV center axis.
  • the linear polarization of the incident light should preferably be perpendicular to the NV center axis. Responding to circularly polarized light is also possible if the pointing vector of the light is parallel to the axis of the NV center. In this case, two rotations can be carried out simultaneously.
  • the fluorescence radiation emitted by the NV center typically has a linear polarization with a polarization direction perpendicular to the NV center axis.
  • the microwave radiation for manipulating the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center is linearly polarized, whereby here too the polarization direction is preferably perpendicular to the NV center axis.
  • manipulation can also be carried out here with circularly polarized electromagnetic waves (microwaves) whose pointing vector is parallel to the NV center axis.
  • microwaves circularly polarized electromagnetic waves
  • a manipulation of a pair consisting of a NV center and a nuclear spin can be carried out with circularly polarized electromagnetic waves (radio waves) with a pointing vector parallel to the NV center axis, provided the nuclear spin is in a suitable position and orientation relative to the NV center.
  • This can be achieved using a cross-bar structure above the relevant NV center with suitably phase-shifted modulated currents.
  • the quantum computer preferably has optical functional elements between the surface of the diamond crystal and the light source for generating the pump radiation, for example between the surface of the diamond crystal and the laser for generating the laser pulse, such as lenses, mirrors, apertures, photonic crystals, optical functional elements of diffractive and/or digital optics, Bragg filters, filters, optical waveguides, wave couplers, circulators, directional couplers, matching layers, etc., which improve the coupling and/or decoupling.
  • the resonance line width of the state of the respective NV center is influenced by the irradiated power. In order to achieve an optimal line width, the power should not exceed 10 pWatt. In experimental tests carried out by the technical teachers, a laser pulse duration of 3-10 ps has proven to be optimal for the initialization of the NV centers in the example setup used.
  • the quantum computer can initialize the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei in question, which are used as nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer, in very different ways.
  • the following exemplary methods currently appear to be the most promising: a) SWOP of the quantum state of the NV center with the quantum state of the nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit under Hartmann-Hahn conditions (explanation follows), b) CROT on the quantum state of the NV center of the quantum bit, CROT on the quantum state of the nuclear nucleus of the atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit and laser pulses to re-initialize the quantum state of the electron configuration of the NV center (one-sided SWOP) c) quantum bit flips in ESLAC (excited-state level anti-crossing) and GSLAC (ground-state level anticrossing) (hyperpolarization) (explanation follows).
  • the quantum computer transfers the information of the quantum state of the NV center to the quantum state of the nuclear spin of the respective atomic nucleus under a Hartmann-Hahn (HH) condition.
  • the quantum computer sets the NV center as a (K/2)-PUIS using a Clifford gate (Paul: Y) and a subsequent Clifford gate (Paul: X). This causes the spin orientation of the electron of the NV center to rotate at a Rabi frequency (spinlock).
  • the Rabi frequency is adjusted by adjusting the magnetic field so that the Rabi frequency is in resonance with the Lamor frequency of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus, so that a defined spin-spin-SWAP (spin exchange) can take place.
  • the transition of the spin-spin swap is This is again characterized by a time constant as a coupling constant. This makes it possible to control a partial spin-spin swap (e.g. 50% spin exchange).
  • This method is particularly effective for the coupling between NV centers and weakly coupled nuclear spins.
  • the document presented here therefore proposes a quantum computer comprising NV centers as quantum bits and comprising strongly coupled nuclear spins strongly coupled to NV centers of quantum bits as strongly coupled nuclear quantum bits and comprising weakly coupled nuclear spins weakly coupled to NV centers of quantum bits as weakly coupled nuclear quantum bits, wherein the quantum computer is configured to couple an NV center of a quantum bit with a weakly coupled nuclear spin as a weakly coupled nuclear quantum bit by using a Clifford gate (Paul: Y) as a (K/2)-PUIS and by adjusting the magnetic field and/or by adjusting the amplitude of the microwave radiation of the Y-Clifford gate to modulate the Rabi frequency of the electron spin with the Lamor frequency of the nuclear spin, which essentially means that this enables a spin-spin exchange.
  • the document presented here proposes to determine the necessary precision in the respective design of the respective quantum computer as part of a rework.
  • the quantum computer then re-initializes the NV center using a laser pulse of the pump radiation from the light source (laser).
  • laser the light source
  • the second method b) is used to initialize nuclear spins of atomic nuclei of nuclear quantum bits that are strongly coupled to the NV center:
  • the quantum computer performs a CNOT on the NV center depending on the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit. If the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit are in the wrong quantum state, the transition will take place. If the quantum state of the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit is not in the wrong quantum state, the transition will not take place.
  • the CNOT can take place on the nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit and the quantum computer rotates the strongly coupled nuclear spin of the strongly coupled atomic nucleus of the nuclear quantum bit by manipulating the NV center of the quantum bit.
  • the quantum computer then initializes the NV center with a laser pulse.
  • the quantum computer performs spin flips in the "exciting state anti level crossing" (ESLAC).
  • ELAC "exciting state anti level crossing”
  • the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits cancel out this degeneracy and spin-spin flips can then take place between the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer and the spin of the respective electron configuration of the respective NV center.
  • These spin flips lead to a polarization of the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits, which couple with this NV center. Depending on the magnetic field, this polarization can be positive (spin-up) or negative (spindown).
  • This type of initialization is currently only possible with strongly coupled cores.
  • the quantum computer To achieve polarization, the quantum computer must optimally align the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field to the axis of the respective NV center (z-axis).
  • Various methods are available for this. The simplest is that the quantum computer maximizes the light intensity of the NV center by changing the orientation of the flux density of the magnetic field, whereby the quantum computer keeps the amount of the flux density constant.
  • the quantum computer reads the quantum states of an NV center and the nuclear spins assigned to this NV center using the NV center.
  • the quantum computer can excite the NV center using a laser pulse from the light source as a pump radiation source with a pump radiation wavelength of Xpmp.
  • the excited state of the NV center can now decay in two ways: In 70% of cases and with a lifetime of approx. 10ns, the excited state of the NV center in the m-1 ground state is de-excited by emitting a photon.
  • the laser as a light source as a pump radiation source with
  • the contrast observable by the quantum computer results from the ratio of the two different lifetimes and corresponds to a factor of 10-30 for the first 300-500 ns.
  • the quantum computer therefore preferably repeats each measurement of a quantum state of an NV center about 1000-5000 times in order to achieve the necessary number of results for a reliable statistical evaluation and for a reliable determination of a quantum state.
  • the optimal laser power when emitting the laser pulses through the light source is determined by the quantum computer in an initialization phase preferably by determining a saturation curve and extracting this optimal laser power.
  • a first method is based on the possibility of using the nuclear spin of the 14 N nitrogen atom nucleus of the NV center (this is then no longer available as a qubit).
  • the quantum computer reads out the quantum states of the nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits via an upstream primitive CROT gate for the NV center depending on the respective nuclear states (see below).
  • the quantum computer preferably performs a quantum computer calculation several times to correct errors.
  • the quantum computer should execute the CROT alternately in a stochastical order or at least in a newly determined order with each new quantum computer calculation in order to increase the fidelity.
  • the quantum computer preferably checks all quantum states of strongly coupled spins of atomic nuclei of strongly coupled nuclear quantum bits using a corresponding CROT operation of the NV center.
  • the quantum computer preferably controls several frequencies simultaneously.
  • the corresponding signals can be calculated by Fourier transforming several signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, subsequent summation in the frequency domain to form a sum signal and back transformation to the time domain and then generated accordingly at the location of the NV center.
  • the gate operations of the coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits are always dependent on the quantum state of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center and vice versa.
  • the operations of the strongly coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits are not necessarily dependent on the state of other strongly coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of the nuclear quantum bits.
  • the resulting primitive gates are therefore always conditional rotations: a) CROTK of the nuclei depending on the NV. b) CROTNV of the NV center depending on all quantum states of all strongly coupled nuclear spins of the atomic nuclei of strongly coupled nuclear quantum bits.
  • the rotations can be made via the x-axis and y-axis.
  • a rotation in y is characterized by a phase shift of 90° compared to x rotations.
  • the phase position is defined by the first gates, as described above.
  • the quantum computer carries out the initialization of the spin state of the electron configuration of the NV center and the nuclear quantum states of the nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits using the laser pulse of the pump radiation source LD with pump radiation wavelength A pmp .
  • 0 is defined by the amplitude and length of the RF or MW field (and thus the Rabi frequency).
  • the conductor path and polarization direction as well as the magnetic field are optimally set up.
  • Typical periods of the Rabi oscillation for 200mV input and 40dB gain are as follows:
  • the NV center 8 resonance energies must be taken into account, corresponding to the combination for the spin states of the coupled nuclear spins of the nuclear quantum bits.
  • the Rabi frequency is independent of the nuclear states and the pulse lengths are identical for all nuclear spin states of the coupled nuclear quantum bits.
  • the states given here correspond to nuclear states for 13 C_i, 13 C_2, 14 N.
  • the line width of the resonance of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center is approximately 0.5 MHz, which is smaller than the frequency spacing of the resonances, all transitions can be carried out without crossover. If very large amplitudes, i.e. short pulses, are used, this leads to a strong broadening of the resonance line (by up to 6 MHz).
  • 001>1010> and 1011> can be changed simultaneously at a frequency of 1402 MHz.
  • the resonance lines for 1100>, 1 101> 1 110> and 1 111> can also be driven with a pulse of this width at a frequency of 1414 MHz.
  • Crosstalk can be reduced through optimal pulse control.
  • the universal gates can now be represented as a combination of the primitive gates:
  • iX (0) (or iX) is formed by the sum of all CROT() or by two strong pulses with, for example, 1402 and 1414 MHz.
  • the length defines the angle of rotation at the same amplitude.
  • iY (0) (or iY) like X only the pulses are offset with a 90° phase.
  • iZ (0) given by Y(-K/2) X(0) Y(K/2)
  • CiNOT(NV, Kernel) The partial sum of the respective rotations of the non-dependent qubit (4x CROT around the same axis with the appropriate frequency)
  • CNOT(NV, core) Z(TT/2) CiNOT(NV, core)
  • CiNOT(Kern_l, Kern_2) always occurs via the NV center. It is a Hadamard on the nuclear spin of Kern_l, CROT on the NV center 2Pi, Hadamard on Kern_l
  • FIG. 10 2020 101 784 B3 shows a simplified schematic of such a quantum computer.
  • the document presented here describes a quantum computer with optical readout. Alternatively or in addition to this, the document presented here describes a quantum computer with electrical readout.
  • the basis of the quantum computer presented here are quantum dots.
  • the quantum dots preferably comprise paramagnetic centers in a substrate.
  • the substrate preferably comprises diamond.
  • the paramagnetic centers preferably comprise NV centers and/or SiV centers and/or TRl centers.
  • the quantum computer presented here preferably has an optical device.
  • the optical device is used firstly preferably for Irradiation of quantum dots and thus the paramagnetic centers with pump radiation. Secondly, the optical device preferably serves to extract fluorescence radiation from the quantum dots. The optical device thus preferably serves to extract fluorescence radiation from paramagnetic centers. The optical device thus preferably serves to extract fluorescence radiation from NV centers.
  • An optical functional element of the device is thus preferably a paramagnetic center in a crystal, in particular an NV center in a diamond crystal and/or an SiV center in a diamond crystal and/or a G center in a silicon crystal or a paramagnetic center in a mixed crystal of elements of main group IV of the periodic table.
  • the document presented here describes a quantum computer QC that preferably comprises NV centers in diamond as quantum bits.
  • the NV centers in diamond also represent other paramagnetic centers with equivalent properties. Other materials are also conceivable.
  • the quantum computer QC uses nuclear spins of atomic nuclei that are strongly coupled to the quantum bits, here in the form of NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, which the document presented here also refers to as strong nuclear quantum bits.
  • the quantum computer QC uses nuclear spins of atomic nuclei that are weakly coupled to the quantum bits, here in the form of NV centers, as nuclear quantum bits, which the document presented here also refers to as weak nuclear quantum bits.
  • the resonance energy for the coupling of these weakly coupled nuclear spins of these atomic nuclei weakly coupled to the respective quantum bit - here the respective NV center - depends only weakly on the respective spin state of the electron configuration of the quantum bit weakly coupled to this nuclear spin - here the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC is preferably set up to compare a SWOP of the quantum state of a quantum bit - here the NV center - with the quantum state of a weakly coupled to this quantum bit. - here this NV center - bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit under Hartmann-Hahn conditions by means of a microwave pulse to control this quantum bit - here this NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC is preferably set up to carry out a SWOP of the quantum state of a quantum bit - here an NV center - with the quantum state of a nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly bound to this quantum bit - here this NV center - by means of a radio wave pulse using the strong coupling between this quantum bit - here this NV center - and the strongly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit.
  • the quantum computer QC preferably comprises means MW/RF-AWFG, MWA for generating the radio wave pulse and/or the microwave pulse.
  • the quantum computer QC preferably comprises means MGx, MGy, MGz, MSx, MSy, MSz, MFSx, MFSy, MFSz for adjusting the magnetic flux density B to fulfill the Hartmann-Hahn condition.
  • the quantum computer QC preferably comprises a light source LD for irradiating the quantum bits - here the NV centers - with pump radiation LB of the pump radiation wavelength ⁇ , pmp .
  • the quantum computer QC typically comprises a control device pC, which comprises at least one memory RAM, NVM. In the memory RAM, NVM, a quantum computer program with OP codes and with at least one symbol for a quantum OP code is preferably stored as an OP code.
  • the control device pC is preferably designed to execute the quantum computer program.
  • the control device pC is typically designed to control the light source LD and the means MGx, MGy, MGz, MSx, MSy, MSz, MFSx, MFSy, MFSz for adjusting the magnetic flux density B and the means MW/RF-AWFG, MWA for generating the radio wave pulse and/or the microwave pulse depending on the OP codes and/or quantum OP codes of the quantum computer program.
  • the quantum OP codes in the memory RAM, NVM typically include CROT commands for manipulating a strongly bound nuclear spin.
  • the quantum OP codes in the memory RAM, NVM comprise CROT instructions for the manipulation of a strongly bound nuclear spin if these quantum OP codes comprise at least one CROT operation of at least one quantum bit and/or at least one nuclear quantum bit when executed.
  • a quantum OP code for the purposes of the document presented here is an op code which, when executed by the quantum computer QC and/or the control device pC, enables manipulation and/or reading of at least one quantum bit and/or nuclear Quantum bits.
  • the quantum OP codes in the memory RAM, NVM comprise CROT commands for manipulating a weakly bound nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit weakly bound to a quantum bit.
  • a memory RAM, NVM of the control device pC is preferably configured to hold information, in particular as a flag, for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer QC is configured to use them as nuclear quantum bits, which indicates whether it is a nuclear quantum bit strongly bound to a quantum bit - here an NV center - - here in the form of a nuclear spin - or a nuclear quantum bit weakly bound to a quantum bit - here an NV center - - here in the form of a nuclear spin.
  • the memory RAM, NVM of the control device pC preferably holds information for one or more or all nuclear spins for which the quantum computer QC is set up to use them as nuclear quantum bits, which information indicates to which quantum bit - here NV center - the nuclear spin in question is bound as a nuclear quantum bit.
  • the control device pC executes a CROT OP code and/or a CROT operation of a nuclear quantum bit - here a nuclear spin - preferably depending on this information, which is located in the memory RAM, NVM.
  • the memory RAM, NVM comprises, for at least one nuclear quantum bit, preferably in the form of a nuclear spin of an atomic nucleus that the quantum computer QC uses as a nuclear quantum bit, information about which quantum bit - here NV center - this nuclear quantum bit - here in the form of this nuclear spin - can be coupled to.
  • the memory RAM, NVM comprises, for at least this one nuclear spin of an atomic nucleus that the quantum computer QC uses as a nuclear quantum bit, information about the position and/or group of positions in which this at least one atomic nucleus is located in the crystal lattice relative to the position of the associated paramagnetic center used as a quantum bit - here the associated NV center - in the crystal lattice.
  • the quantum computer QC is preferably set up to execute 2 n CROT gates for reading out the nuclear quantum states of n nuclear spins of n atomic nuclei of n nuclear quantum bits of the quantum computer QC, which are coupled to a quantum bit - here an NV center - in order to check combinations of quantum states.
  • n is a positive integer greater than 2.
  • the quantum computer QC is preferably set up to detect the transition of the quantum state of the quantum bit - here the NV transition of the NV- Center - to detect when the n nuclear spins of the n atomic nuclei of the n nuclear quantum bits are in one of these 2 n combinations of quantum states of these n quantum bits (quantum bits and nuclear quantum bits as a community).
  • the quantum computer presented here can realize a higher number of quantum bits with improved fidelity by differently controlling nuclear spins of atomic nuclei that are weakly and strongly coupled to the NV centers.
  • the advantages are not limited to this.
  • Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of the exemplary deployable quantum computer QC described above.
  • Figure 2 shows the different positions of the coupling nuclear spins.
  • Figure 3 shows the shift of the energy splitting by hyperfine WW hf Zeeman, nZ and quadrupole Q.
  • Figure 4 shows a proposed pulse sequence for characterizing a quantum bit in the form of an NV center.
  • Figure 5 shows the pulse sequence for a Ramsey or Hahn echo.
  • Figure 6 shows an example of controlling a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit.
  • Figure 7 shows an example of controlling a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is weakly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit.
  • Figure 8 shows an example of a Bernstein-Vazirani code in the
  • Figure 9 shows the source code of the example in Figure 8 (BV code) in the form of exemplary assembler op-codes that the quantum computer QC executes.
  • Figure 10 shows an example of adding 2m times 3 bit values.
  • Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of the exemplary deployable quantum computer QC described in DE 20 2023 101 056 Ul.
  • the document presented here refrains from repeating the description of DE 20 2023 101 056 Ul at this point and refers for clarification to DE 20 2023 101 056 Ul and the documents linked to DE 20 2023 101 056 Ul by claiming priority.
  • Figure 2 shows the different positions of the coupling nuclear spins.
  • Figure 3 shows the shift of the energy splitting by hyperfine WW hf Zeeman, nZ and
  • Figure 4 shows a proposed pulse sequence for characterizing a quantum bit in the form of an NV center.
  • the pulse sequence begins with a laser pulse from the light source LD.
  • the duration and amplitude of the laser pulse depend on the optical conditions within the quantum computer QC.
  • the document presented here recommends determining these values using a series of experiments on the specific quantum computer device.
  • the laser pulse is followed by a CROT 0 signal via the microwave as a microwave burst with the microwave frequency and the duration T M W to address the relevant NV center.
  • the CROT-O signal rotates the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center by the angle 0.
  • This CROT 0 signal is followed by a laser pulse with the pump radiation with the pump radiation wavelength.
  • the photodetector PD records the intensity of the fluorescence radiation of the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC can, for example, count the detected photons and increase a counter by one counting step each time it detects a photon of the fluorescence radiation.
  • the quantum computer QC now measures the number of photons detected in a given period of time for a time duration T M W.
  • T M W Depending on the time duration TMW of the microwave burst, a sinusoidal distribution of the counting steps results: the Rabi oscillation.
  • TMWK is half the temporal period of the Rabi oscillation.
  • control device pC of the quantum computer QC stores the period duration or half the temporal period duration or the Rabi frequency in one of its memories for use in controlling the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC can define the microwave burst for the execution of an X-gate or an H-gate or a CROT-gate.
  • Figure 5 shows the pulse sequence for a Ramsey or Hahn echo.
  • a first (7t/2) CROT command around the X-axis using a corresponding microwave burst defines the X-axis.
  • a 7t CROT command around the x-axis using a corresponding second microwave burst is followed by a 7t CROT command around the x-axis using a corresponding second microwave burst.
  • a -7t CROT command around the x-axis is issued using a corresponding third microwave burst.
  • the microwave phase of the third microwave burst is 180° out of phase with the microwave phase of the first microwave burst.
  • the measurements are now carried out for different times T. The result is the oscillation signal, which has the time constant T2. This is the T2 time sought.
  • Figure 6 shows an example of the control of a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is strongly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit. The control takes place in the ESLAC.
  • a first 7t-CROT command defines the X-axis using a corresponding microwave burst.
  • This command couples the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope to the NV center.
  • the laser pulse is followed by a CROT 0 signal via the radio wave as a radio wave burst with the radio wave frequency and duration T RF to address the relevant NV center.
  • the CROT-O signal rotates the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center by the angle 0.
  • This CROT 0 signal is followed by a 7t-CROT command around the X-axis by means of a corresponding microwave burst, which decouples the NV center and the 13 C isotope from each other again.
  • This 7t-CROT command around the X-axis is followed by another laser pulse with the pump radiation with the pump radiation wavelength.
  • the photodetector PD records the intensity of the fluorescence radiation of the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC can, for example, count the detected photons and increase a counter by one counting step each time it detects a photon of the fluorescence radiation.
  • the quantum computer QC now measures the number of photons detected in a given period of time for a time duration T RF . Depending on the time duration T RF of the radio wave burst, a sinusoidal distribution of the counting steps results: the Rabi oscillation.
  • T RF7T is half the temporal period of the Rabi oscillation.
  • the control device pC of the quantum computer QC stores the period duration or half the temporal period duration or the Rabi frequency in one of its memories for use in controlling the 13 C isotope via the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC can define the radio wave burst for the execution of an X-gate or an H-gate or a CROT-gate.
  • the coupling strength of the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope with the NV center is 13.3 MHz.
  • Figure 7 shows an example of controlling a nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus of a nuclear quantum bit that is weakly coupled to the NV center of the quantum bit.
  • the quantum computer QC transfers, under a Hartmann-Hahn (HH) condition, the information of the quantum state of the NV center to the quantum state of the nuclear spin of the respective atomic nucleus.
  • HH Hartmann-Hahn
  • a first 7t/2-CROT command defines the X-axis using a corresponding microwave burst.
  • This 7t/2-CROT command is designated as microwavei in Figure 7.
  • the quantum computer QC then performs a CROT around the Y axis. This is the so-called spinlock. This causes the alignment of the spin of the electron of the NV center to rotate at a Rabi frequency (spinlock).
  • the quantum computer QC sets the Rabi frequency by adjusting the magnetic field B so that the Rabi frequency is in resonance with the Lamor frequency of the nuclear spin of the atomic nucleus.
  • the quantum computer QC preferably uses the first magnetic field generating means MGx and/or the second magnetic field generating means MGy and/or the third magnetic field generating means MGz to adjust the magnetic field.
  • spin-spin SWAP spin exchange
  • the transition of the spin-spin swap is again characterized by a time constant as a coupling constant. This makes a partial spin-spin swap controllable (e.g. 50% spin exchange).
  • the spin lock time TSL controls this transition.
  • Figure 7 shows an example of a sequence for coupling a nuclear spin of a 13 C isotope weakly coupled to the NV center as the nuclear spin of a nuclear quantum bit.
  • the coupling strength in the example in Figure 7 is 1.803 MHz.
  • This signal is designated microwave 2 in Figure 23.
  • This command couples the weakly coupled nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope to the NV center.
  • This spinlock signal is followed by a 7t/2-CROT command around the X-axis by means of a corresponding microwave burst, which decouples the NV center and the 13 C isotope from each other again.
  • This 7t/2-CROT command is also denoted by microwavei in Figure 7, since it typically occurs at the same coupling frequency as the preceding first 7t/2-CROT command.
  • the microwave signal and the microwave 2 signal are preferably transmitted via one and the same microwave line.
  • the representation chosen here only serves to show the temporal sequence of the microwave signals with different functionalities.
  • This 7t/2 CROT command around the X-axis is again followed by a laser pulse with the pump radiation with the pump radiation wavelength.
  • the photodetector PD records the intensity of the fluorescence radiation of the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC can, for example, count the detected photons and increment a counter by one counting step each time it detects a photon of the fluorescence radiation.
  • the quantum computer QC now measures the number of photons detected in a given period of time for a time duration TSL of the spinlock time. Depending on the time duration TSL of the spinlock time, a sinusoidal distribution of the counting steps results: the Rabi oscillation.
  • a spinlock time of a given time duration TSL can rotate the weakly bound nuclear spin of the 13 C atomic nucleus by a predeterminable angle 0.
  • the control device pC of the quantum computer QC stores the period or half the temporal period or the Rabi frequency in one of its memories for use in controlling the weakly bound nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope via the NV center.
  • the quantum computer QC can define the spinlock microwave burst for executing an X-gate or an H-gate or a CROT gate on the weakly bound nuclear spin of the weakly bound nuclear quantum bit.
  • the exemplary coupling strength of the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope with the NV center is 1.803 MHz.
  • Figure 8 shows an example of a Bernstein-Vazirani code in the quantum computer program description language Quiskit ( Figure 8a)
  • the control device pC or another processor translates these standard gates into CROT instructions with the help of a transpiler ( Figure 8b).
  • the CROT commands are denoted by the letter R.
  • the second letter after the R denotes the axis of rotation.
  • the value in brackets denotes the angle of rotation.
  • q_0 denotes a first nuclear spin of a first nuclear quantum bit.
  • q_l denotes a second nuclear spin of a second nuclear quantum bit.
  • q_2 denotes the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center as a quantum bit.
  • Figure 9 shows the source code of the example in Figure 8 (BV code) in the form of exemplary assembler op-codes that the quantum computer QC executes.
  • the quantum op-codes are specified in a human-readable text file.
  • a quantum op-code in the sense of the document presented here is an op-code during the execution of which the quantum computer QC manipulates at least one quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.
  • the transpiler encodes the CROT op-codes using binary numbers of a machine code.
  • the exemplary syntax of the example in Figure 9 provides for one op-code per line. These simple commands in the form of these op-codes cause the quantum computer QC to generate simple, executable pulses.
  • NV_1_X1 Initialization of the X-axis by a 7t microwave pulse to the NV center as a quantum bit (CROT with 180°)
  • qnl_CXNOT CROT by 180° with X rotation axis to the nuclear quantum bit 1 (TT-PUIS)
  • NV_1_X2 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t with rotation axis X with high microwave power, thus independent of the state of the nuclear quantum bit 1
  • NV_1_X3 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t with rotation axis X depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope is down
  • NV_1_RY2 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t/2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center), when the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope is down
  • NV_1_RY3 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around K/2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope is up
  • NV_1_Y3 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around 7t with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope is down
  • NV_1_RY2 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around K/2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope is down
  • NV_1_RY3 CROT of the electron spin of the electron configuration of the NV center around K/2 with rotation axis Y depending on the state of the nuclear quantum bit 2 (here a 13 C isotope coupled to the NV center) when the nuclear spin of the 13 C isotope is up
  • Figure 10 shows the example of an addition of 2m times 3 bit values.
  • the algorithm uses many Toffoli gates (CCNOT gates) to implement this.
  • CNOT gates Toffoli gates
  • the quantum computer presented here uses single gate operations.
  • Quantum computers based on superconducting quantum bits require up to 23 quantum gates to implement a single Toffoli gate (CCNOT gate).
  • the quantum computer presented here realizes the Toffoli gates (CCNOT gates) with NV- 14 N- 13 C couplings of the corresponding spins.
  • a quantum computer program in the sense of the document presented here is a program that includes at least one quantum operation and is executed by a control device pC of a deployable quantum computer QC.
  • a control device pC of a deployable quantum computer QC Preferably, one or more binary data in the memory NVN, RAM of the control device pC of the deployable quantum computer QC encode such a quantum operation. For example, it can be a predetermined data word.
  • a quantum operation in the sense of the document presented here manipulates at least the quantum state of at least one quantum dot of the quantum dots NV1, NV2, NV3 of the quantum bits of the deployable quantum computer QC and/or manipulates at least the quantum state of at least one core quantum dot of the core quantum dots Cll1, CII2, CII3, Cll2i, Cllz, Cll3, Cllz, Cll3 of the nuclear quantum bits (core quantum bits) of the deployable quantum computer QC.
  • the data word that symbolizes such a quantum operation is also referred to in the technical teaching of the document presented here as a quantum op-code.
  • a quantum computer program thus comprises at least one quantum opcode.
  • the quantum opcode can also comprise several data words. insignificant phase shift
  • phase shift of the state vector of a quantum dot of a quantum bit of the quantum computer QC within the meaning of this disclosure is a phase shift that can be considered insignificant or correctable for the operation and functionality. It can therefore be assumed to be zero as a first approximation.
  • the table is only an example of some possible paramagnetic centers. These can be used as electronic quantum bits.
  • the document presented here particularly recommends the use of NV centers as paramagnetic centers of quantum dots of quantum bits of the quantum computer QC.
  • the functionally equivalent use of other paramagnetic centers in other materials of the crystal of the substrate D is expressly possible.
  • the pump radiation wavelengths X pmp of the pump radiation LB are also examples. Other pump radiation wavelengths X pmp are generally possible if they are shorter than the wavelength of the ZPL to be excited.
  • the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot Cll of a nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot Cll of the nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably essentially or even more preferably absolutely comprises no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.;
  • the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot Clli of the first nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot Clli preferably essentially or even more preferably absolutely comprises no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4.
  • the first nuclear quantum dot Clli of the first nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for the sake of clarity.
  • the exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4.
  • the second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for the sake of clarity.
  • the second nuclear quantum dot CII2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as the second nuclear quantum dot CII2 in Figure 2.
  • the second nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the first quantum dot NV1 of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC;
  • the exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4.
  • the third nuclear quantum dot CII3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the first quantum ALU QUALU1 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for better clarity.
  • the exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CI2 of the second nuclear Quantum bits of the quantum computer QC are an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CI2 of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.; the nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum bit QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC with a first nuclear spin of a first exemplary 13 C carbon isotope strongly bound to the second quantum dot NV2 (for the exemplary case that the second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center in diamond).
  • the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4.
  • the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for better clarity.
  • the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the first nuclear quantum dot CI2i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC; iter nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC with a second nuclear spin of a second exemplary 13 C carbon isotope strongly bound to the second quantum dot NV2 (for the exemplary case that the second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center in diamond).
  • the exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.
  • the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for better clarity.
  • the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC in the same way as in Figure 2 the second nuclear quantum dot CI2z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is coupled to the second quantum dot NV2 of the second quantum bit of the quantum computer QC; the nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC with a third nuclear Spin of a third exemplary 13 C carbon isotope (for the exemplary case that the second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center in diamond).
  • the exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the third nuclear quantum dot CI2B of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 102020007977 B4.
  • the third nuclear quantum dot CI23 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the second quantum ALU QUALU2 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 for better clarity.
  • the exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CI3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the nuclear quantum dot CI3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably contains essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4;
  • the exemplary first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.
  • the first nuclear quantum dot CI3i of the first nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure 2 for better clarity.
  • the exemplary second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably essentially or even more preferably absolutely does not comprise any isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.
  • the second nuclear quantum dot CI3z of the second nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure 2 for better clarity.
  • the exemplary third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is preferably an isotope with a magnetic nuclear moment in the substrate D, wherein the substrate D in the region of the third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the quantum computer QC preferably comprises essentially or even more preferably absolutely no isotopes with a magnetic nuclear moment.
  • the document presented here refers to the technical teaching of the already cited DE 10 2020007977 B4.
  • the third nuclear quantum dot CB3 of the third nuclear quantum bit of the third quantum ALU QUALU3 of the quantum computer QC is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure 2 for the sake of clarity.
  • EV energy supply fHF microwave and/or radio wave frequency
  • GPS navigation system or device for determining position and/or
  • the navigation system can also determine translational speeds and/or rotational speeds of the quantum computer QC and report them to the computer core CPU of the control device pC of the quantum computer QC via the internal data bus INTDB.
  • the navigation system can also determine translational accelerations and/or rotational accelerations of the quantum computer QC and report them to the computer core CPU of the control device pC of the quantum computer QC via the internal data bus INTDB;
  • LM luminaire with one light source pC control device
  • MGx first magnetic field generating means which preferably has a magnetic
  • Flux density B x is generated which preferably has substantially a direction which preferably corresponds to the first direction, for example the direction of the X-axis;
  • MGy second magnetic field generating means which preferably has a magnetic
  • Flux density B v is generated which preferably has substantially a direction which preferably corresponds to the second direction, for example the direction of the Y-axis;
  • MGz third magnetic field generating means which preferably has a magnetic
  • Flux density B z is generated which preferably has substantially a direction which preferably corresponds to the third direction, for example the direction of the Y-axis;
  • Axis mWA microwave and/or radio wave antenna
  • MW/RF-AWFG microwave and/or radio wave frequency generator for generating largely freely definable waveforms (English: arbitrary waveform generator);
  • NV1 first quantum dot of the first quantum bit of the quantum computer QC.
  • the exemplary first quantum dot is NV1 is a paramagnetic center in the substrate D.
  • the exemplary first quantum dot NV1 is an NV center or an SiV center or an STl center in the substrate D;
  • the exemplary second quantum dot NV2 is a paramagnetic center in the substrate D.
  • the exemplary second quantum dot NV2 is an NV center or an SiV center or an STl center in the substrate D;
  • the exemplary third quantum dot NV3 is a paramagnetic center in the substrate D.
  • the exemplary third quantum dot NV3 is an NV center or an SiV center or an STl center in the substrate D;
  • PV positioning device for the permanent magnet PM
  • the exemplary first quantum ALU consists of a first quantum dot NV1 of the quantum bits of the quantum computer QC and a first core quantum dot Clli of the nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC and a second core quantum dot CII2 of the nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC and a third core quantum dot CII3 of the nuclear quantum bits of the first quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC ( Figure 2);
  • the exemplary second quantum ALU consists of a second quantum dot NV2 of the quantum bits of the quantum computer QC and a first core quantum dot CI2i of the nuclear quantum bits of the second quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC and a second core quantum dot CI2z of the nuclear quantum bits of the second quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC and a third core quantum dot CI2B of the nuclear quantum bits of the second quantum ALU of the quantum computer QC ( Figure 2);
  • Quantum computer QC preferably comprises a quantum computer monitoring device QUV that monitors the quantum computer QC while the quantum computer QC executes a quantum computer program having a quantum computer program flow;
  • Monitoring clock generation ÜOSZ of the quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC typically provides the quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC with a clock for operating the quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC; RAM volatile memory;
  • SRG first energy processing device in particular a
  • SRG2 second energy processing device in particular a
  • Quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC Quantum computer monitoring device QUV of the quantum computer QC
  • EP 3075 064 Al EP 3093966 Bl, EP 3 279 603 Bl, EP 3345 290 Bl, EP 3400642 Bl,
  • EP 3646452 Bl EP 3 863 165 Al, RU 126 229 Ul, RU 2 566 620 C2, RU 2014 143 858 A,

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un ordinateur quantique qui comprend des centres NV dans le diamant comme bits quantiques et qui comprend des spins nucléaires fortement liés à des centres NV de noyaux atomiques fortement couplés à ces centres NV comme qubits nucléaires, appelés par la suite qubits nucléaires forts, et comprend des spins nucléaires faiblement liés à des centres NV de noyaux atomiques faiblement couplés à ces centres NV comme qubits nucléaires, appelés par la suite qubits nucléaires faibles. L'énergie de résonance pour le couplage de ces spins nucléaires faiblement couplés de ces noyaux atomiques faiblement couplés au centre NV respectif ne dépend que faiblement de l'état de spin respectif de la configuration électronique du centre NV faiblement couplé à ce spin nucléaire. L'ordinateur quantique commande des spins nucléaires faiblement liés à un centre NV différemment de spins nucléaires fortement liés au centre NV. À cet effet, il dispose de préférence d'une base de données des qubits nucléaires, qui tient à disposition une information sur le fait qu'il s'agisse d'un qubit nucléaire fortement ou faiblement couplé.
PCT/DE2024/100098 2023-02-06 2024-02-05 Commande de porte commandée par base de données exécutée par un ordinateur quantique sur la base de centres nv et de spins nucléaires fortement et faiblement couplés de noyaux atomiques voisins Ceased WO2024165108A1 (fr)

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CN202480021866.2A CN121444107A (zh) 2023-02-06 2024-02-05 量子计算机的基于nv中心和相邻原子核的强弱耦合核自旋的数据库控制型门控制
EP24716618.4A EP4646671A1 (fr) 2023-02-06 2024-02-05 Commande de porte commandée par base de données exécutée par un ordinateur quantique sur la base de centres nv et de spins nucléaires fortement et faiblement couplés de noyaux atomiques voisins

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