WO2024200433A1 - Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle - Google Patents
Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024200433A1 WO2024200433A1 PCT/EP2024/058102 EP2024058102W WO2024200433A1 WO 2024200433 A1 WO2024200433 A1 WO 2024200433A1 EP 2024058102 W EP2024058102 W EP 2024058102W WO 2024200433 A1 WO2024200433 A1 WO 2024200433A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
- C25B13/08—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the invention relates to a membrane electrode arrangement with high power density and low membrane layer thickness and to a water electrolysis cell comprising this membrane electrode arrangement.
- Membrane electrode assemblies including catalyst-coated membranes with a proton exchange membrane that is coated with an anode on one side and a cathode on the opposite side, are known in the art under the term CCM (catalyst coated membrane).
- CCM catalyst coated membrane
- PEM-WE proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis
- Proton exchange membranes for use in PEM-WE are usually extruded perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA)-based polymer membranes.
- PFSA perfluorosulfonic acid
- the most established examples of PEM-WE are National® N115 and National® N117 from Chemours.
- Current literature continues to use thinner, cast, i.e. solvent-printed membranes such as National® NR212.
- a catalyst for the oxidation of water is used in the anode electrode layer (anode for short).
- This catalyst is often referred to as an OER catalyst (oxygen evolution reaction).
- OER catalysts are usually based on noble metals and include noble metal oxides that have a high catalytic activity for water splitting.
- a proton-conductive polymer, a so-called PFSA-type ionomer is usually used in the anode as a binder, which is mixed with the OER catalyst.
- These catalysts are usually based on platinum and/or palladium, with platinum and/or palladium preferably being finely dispersed on carbon powders.
- the cathode also usually comprises a PFSA-based ionomer as a binder.
- a membrane electrode arrangement for water electrolysis cells can comprise at least one gas recombination layer, which usually comprises a recombination catalyst, such as platinum particles.
- the platinum particles are preferably finely dispersed within an ionomer matrix arranged between the anode and the membrane.
- the gas recombination layer can be considered part of the membrane.
- the recombination catalyst catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen, which passes from the cathode to the anode, with oxygen from the anode side in order to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures on the anode side of a cell.
- the ionomer of the gas recombination layer is usually selected from the group of perfluorinated polymers, in particular perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers, due to its oxidation stability.
- EP 3 559 314 A1 teaches a membrane with a laminate structure, wherein an intermediate layer comprises a recombination catalyst comprising platinum or palladium supported on high surface area supports such as carbon, silica, titanium oxide, or zirconium oxide. Mainly conventional PFSA membranes are described.
- Hydrocarbon membranes are mostly used in fuel cell applications, as taught, for example, in EP 1 133 806 A1.
- hydrocarbon membranes Compared to perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, hydrocarbon membranes have several advantages. For example, they have lower gas permeability through the membrane, allowing higher cell current yields to be achieved even when using very thin membranes, which give very low ionic resistance (and thus very good performance). In addition, they can operate for longer periods at high temperatures >100 °C with limited degradation, which is given by the low gas permeability (even at high temperature) and by the high glass transition temperature typical of hydrocarbon-based polymers. Operating at higher temperature results in several system advantages: reduced size of the cooling, lower sensitivity to gas contaminants and higher cell efficiency. Hydrocarbon membranes also emit lower amounts of aggressive degradation products, e.g.
- hydrocarbon membranes have an improved environmental profile over perfluorinated ionomers because they do not contain perfluoroalkyl compounds and do not require perfluoroalkyl chemistry in their manufacture.
- a disadvantage of hydrocarbon membranes is that they have extremely low adhesion and thus adhesion to conventional gas recombination layers and anodes, which often comprise PFSA ionomers as binders, especially under humid conditions such as in water electrolysis. This can lead to detachment of the gas recombination layer and the catalyst layers (anode and cathode), which in turn results in lower cell performance and can even cause cell failure.
- a transfer of design features of a fuel cell is not generally applicable to water electrolysis cells.
- a water electrolysis cell which is also characterized by a permanently high power density due to the use of the membrane electrode arrangement.
- a membrane electrode assembly which comprises an anode, a cathode and a hydrocarbon membrane located between the anode and the cathode as well as a gas recombination layer located between the anode and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- MCA membrane electrode assembly
- at least one adhesion layer is present between the gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the membrane electrode assembly can be designed as a laminate of layers with the layer sequence: anode/first
- Gas recombination layer/adhesion layer(s)/hydrocarbon membrane/cathode Additional layers can be provided as long as the at least one adhesion layer is arranged between the gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the layers can be laminated together.
- the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) can be in the form of a CCM (catalyst coated membrane), with the layers each being applied directly to the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the hydrocarbon membrane comprises at least one ionomer that is not fluorinated or whose fluorine content is a maximum of 5% by mass, based on the total mass of the ionomer.
- the hydrocarbon membrane thus comprises at least one hydrocarbon-based ionomer, although two or more hydrocarbon-based ionomers can also be present in combination.
- the hydrocarbon membrane is preferably free of fluorine-containing substances.
- one or more reinforcing structures can be introduced into the hydrocarbon membrane so that the reinforcing structure(s) limit(s) the expansion of the hydrocarbon membrane.
- a reinforcing structure can be introduced, for example, during the manufacturing process of the hydrocarbon membrane from an ionomer dispersion or ionomer solution.
- a previously formed reinforcing structure such as ceramic materials or polymeric materials such as (bi-)axially stretched PTFE (ePTFE), or woven structures such as fabrics made of polyketone (PK) fibers, polyetherketone (PEK) fibers, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fibers, perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA) fibers or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fibers, is impregnated with a corresponding ionomer dispersion and then dried so that the pores of the reinforcing structure are filled with ionomer.
- the hydrocarbon membrane can then be tempered in a high-temperature step, e.g.
- a membrane that comprises a fluorine-containing reinforcing structure, e.g. made of PTFE, and a hydrocarbon ionomer also falls under the definition of a hydrocarbon membrane in the sense of the present invention.
- the hydrocarbon membrane advantageously has a layer thickness of 5 to 120 pm, in particular 15 to 90 pm and in particular 35 to 75 pm. This achieves an optimal balance between efficiency, gas tightness and dimensional stability.
- hydrocarbon membranes with a larger layer thickness of e.g. up to 200 pm can also be used, but this can lead to a significant reduction in efficiency due to the high membrane proton resistance, especially at high current densities.
- the anode and the cathode are, unless otherwise disclosed below, designed as in the prior art for water electrolysis cells and comprise at least one binder and at least one catalyst catalyzing the respective electrolysis reaction.
- the gas recombination layer which can be present as a single layer or in the form of a laminate of two or more layers, is also not restricted in detail and can be designed as in the prior art and comprise at least one proton-conductive polymer and a recombination catalyst.
- the recombination catalyst catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen, which passes from the cathode to the anode, with oxygen from the anode side in order to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures on the anode side of a cell and in particular comprises platinum particles.
- the ionomer of the gas recombination layer is usually selected from the group of perfluorinated polymers and in particular perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers (PFSA polymers).
- the adhesion layer can be present as a single layer or as a layer sequence with two or more adhesion layers.
- the adhesion layers can have the same or different structures. If reference is made to an adhesion layer below, this is an adhesion layer that is in direct contact with the hydrocarbon membrane. Additional adhesion layers can be arranged between this adhesion layer and the gas recombination layer. Unless otherwise stated, the following statements on the composition and design of the adhesion layer apply to all adhesion layers used according to the invention.
- the adhesion layer in direct contact with the hydrocarbon membrane which may also be referred to as the first adhesion layer, comprises at least one ceramic material and at least one proton-conductive polymer.
- the adhesion layer can also comprise two or more ceramic materials and/or two or more proton-conductive polymers.
- the ceramic material is not restricted in detail and is dispersed, i.e. distributed, in the proton-conductive polymer(s). This can be achieved, for example, by preparing an adhesion layer dispersion during the production of the adhesion layer in which the ceramic material and the proton-conductive polymer are sufficiently mixed before further processing to form the adhesion layer takes place.
- the hydrocarbon membrane is not limited in detail.
- Particularly stable carbon membranes are selected from sulfonated polyarylethers (SPAE), sulfonated polyaryletherethernitriles (SPAEEN), sulfonated polyaryletherketones (SPAEK), sulfonated polyarylethernitriles (SPAEN), sulfonated polyarylethersulfones (SPAES), sulfonated polyarylethersulfoneketones (SPAESK), sulfonated polyetheretherketones (SPEEK), sulfonated polyetherketones (SPEK), sulfonated polyethersulfones (SPES), sulfonated polyimides, sulfonated polyketoneketones (SPKK), sulfonated polyphosphazenes (SPPh), sulfonated polyphenylenesulfones (SPPSf), sulfonated polyp
- the ceramic material is selected from at least one of oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides, fluorides and mixtures thereof, a particularly high adhesion between the hydrocarbon membrane and the gas recombination layer is obtained. In other words, the adhesive force of the adhesion layer is improved.
- oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides, fluorides and mixtures thereof of at least one selected from chromium, molybdenum, silicon, tantalum, niobium, tin, titanium, zirconium, cerium, tungsten, antimony, aluminum and mixtures thereof.
- the metals can be contained in particular in amounts that are usually used for doping. This also applies to the fluorine content in the ceramic material. Due to the very good reduction stability, the ceramic material is particularly selected from silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide (WO3) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and is particularly selected from Nb2O5, Ta2O5, SiO2 and mixtures thereof.
- the specific surface area of the ceramic material is more than 1 m 2 /g and less than 1200 m 2 /g, in particular more than 50 m 2 /g and less than 800 m 2 /g and in particular more than 100 m 2 /g and less than 400 m 2 /g.
- the BET method is carried out in accordance with DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 “Determination of the specific surface area of solids by gas adsorption according to the BET method”.
- the proton-conductive polymer of the adhesion layer is preferably selected from the group of fluorinated ionomers, perfluorinated ionomers, hydrocarbon-based ionomers and combinations thereof, and is in particular a perfluorinated proton-conductive polymer.
- the equivalent weight of the proton-conductive polymer of the adhesion layer can be less than 1050 g/mol, preferably less than 950 g/mol and more preferably less than 850 g/mol.
- the equivalent weight indicates the weight of the ionomer per mole of functional groups, in particular sulfonic acid groups.
- the volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the adhesion layer is between 24 and 84% by volume.
- the total volume of the adhesion layer is defined as the sum of the volumes of the individual components.
- a volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the adhesion layer is preferably from 35 to 75 volume% and more preferably from 46 to 65 volume%.
- the gas recombination layer comprises at least one proton-conductive polymer, wherein the proton-conductive polymer is in particular a fluorinated ionomer, a perfluorinated ionomer or a hydrocarbon-based ionomer and in particular a perfluorinated ionomer.
- the MEA advantageously comprises a second adhesion layer which is arranged between the gas recombination layer and the first adhesion layer.
- the The first adhesion layer aligned with the hydrocarbon membrane has a lower volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer than the second adhesion layer aligned with the gas recombination layer.
- a second adhesion layer can advantageously be provided in the MEA, which is arranged between the gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- a volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the first adhesion layer aligned with the hydrocarbon membrane is advantageously from 24 to 56% by volume.
- a volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the second adhesion layer aligned with the gas recombination layer is advantageously from 56 to 100% by volume, in each case based on the respective total volume of the corresponding first or second adhesion layer.
- the adhesion layer comprises in particular at least one noble metal and the noble metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, gold and mixtures and alloys thereof, and is in particular platinum and/or palladium.
- the precious metal is in the form of an alloy, it is further preferred if the precious metal is in the form of an alloy with copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, yttrium and/or tin and in particular as an alloy with cobalt and/or nickel.
- the alloys can be binary or ternary or quaternary. Particularly advantageous alloys are PtCo, PtCoNi and PtPdCo.
- the content of precious metal should not be too high.
- the weight per unit area of the precious metal in the adhesion layer is advantageously 0.01 to 0.1 mg/cm 2 and in particular 0.01 to 0.05 mg/cm 2 .
- a mass fraction of the noble metal based on the sum of the mass of the noble metal and the ceramic material in the adhesion layer is 0.1 mass% to 80 mass%, in particular 0.5 mass% to 30 mass%, in particular 1 mass% to 10 mass%.
- the preferred ranges show that the proportion of ceramic material is particularly important in improving the adhesion between the gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the precious metal is advantageously supported on the ceramic material.
- the precious metal is deposited as particles on the ceramic material and the particle size of the ceramic material provided with precious metal particles is 1 to 30 nm and in particular 2 to 6 nm.
- the particle size is determined by means of transmission electron microscopy, whereby 500 particles are analyzed to calculate an average value.
- the particle size distribution can be monomodal, bimodal or multimodal.
- One focus can be at 1.5 nm and another at 5 nm.
- the layer thickness of the adhesion layer is preferably in a range of 0.1 to 20 pm, in particular from 0.2 to 10 pm and in particular from 0.5 to 2 pm.
- the layer thicknesses are measured by means of scanning electron microscopy.
- a water electrolysis cell which comprises the membrane electrode arrangement according to the invention as described above. Due to the use of the membrane electrode arrangement according to the invention, the water electrolysis cell according to the invention is also characterized by very good adhesive properties between the individual layers and in particular between the gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane, so that a high level of efficiency is also achieved in the water electrolysis cell over the long term.
- Fig. 1 shows an MEA according to a first embodiment in section
- Fig. 2 a measuring arrangement for determining the adhesion between the layers of the MEA
- Fig. 3 is a diagram obtained by carrying out the adhesion test with the measuring arrangement according to Fig. 2 and
- Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating the adhesion test results of the prepared examples.
- Fig. 1 only the essential components of the MEA are shown. All other components are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- Fig. 1 shows an MEA 1 that can be used for a water electrolysis cell.
- the MEA 1 is shown in section and comprises an anode 2, a cathode 3 and a hydrocarbon membrane 4 located between the anode 2 and the cathode 3.
- a gas recombination layer 5 is present between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the anode 2.
- an adhesion layer 6 is present between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the gas recombination layer 5 to improve the adhesion between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the gas recombination layer 5.
- the gas recombination layer 5 serves to improve the gas purity, i.e. only a small proportion of hydrogen passes to oxygen on the anode side, or a small proportion of oxygen passes to hydrogen on the cathode side.
- the gas recombination layer comprises at least one recombination catalyst, which in particular comprises platinum particles.
- the gas recombination layer 5 comprises at least one perfluorinated ionomer, in particular a PFSA ionomer.
- the anode 2 serves to oxidize water and for this purpose comprises an OER catalyst (oxygen evolution reaction), which is made of noble metals and can comprise noble metal oxides that have a high catalytic activity for water splitting. Due to the very good catalytic activity and the stability against dissolution during operation, OER catalysts containing iridium and ruthenium, such as iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide or an iridium-ruthenium mixed oxide, are preferred.
- the anode 2 also comprises at least one proton-conductive polymer, a so-called ionomer of the PFSA type, which is used as a binder and is mixed with the OER catalyst.
- This HER catalyst is based on platinum and/or palladium, with platinum and/or palladium preferably being finely dispersed on carbon powders.
- Cathode 3 also comprises a PFSA-based ionomer as a binder.
- the adhesion layer 6 is arranged between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the gas recombination layer 5 and has in particular a layer thickness of 0.1 to 20 pm.
- the adhesion layer 6 comprises at least one ceramic material 7 and at least one proton-conductive polymer 8 and optionally a noble metal 9.
- two or more noble metals 9 and/or two or more ceramic materials 7 and/or two or more proton-conductive Polymers 8, which are in particular fluorinated ionomers and in particular perfluorinated ionomers, may be contained in the adhesion layer 6.
- the precious metal 9 is in particular selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, gold and mixtures and alloys thereof, and is in particular platinum and/or palladium. If the precious metal 9 is present as an alloy, it is in particular an alloy with copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, yttrium and/or tin.
- a surface weight of the precious metal 9 in the first gas recombination layer 5 is in particular 0.01 to 0.05 mg/cm 2 , but can also be 0 mg/cm 2 . If two or more precious metals 9 are used, the surface weight refers to the surface weight of the sum of all precious metals 6.
- the ceramic material 7 is in particular selected from at least one of oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides, fluorides and mixtures thereof, from at least one selected from chromium, molybdenum, silicon, tantalum, niobium, tin, titanium, zirconium, cerium, tungsten, antimony, aluminum and mixtures thereof. Silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide (WO3) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) are particularly suitable.
- the ceramic material 7 has a specific surface area, measured according to BET, of more than 1 m 2 /g and less than 1200 m 2 /g.
- a mass fraction of the noble metal 9, based on the sum of the mass of the noble metal 9 and the ceramic material 7 in the adhesion layer 6 is 0.1 mass% to 80 mass%, in particular 0.5 mass% to 30 mass% and in particular 1 mass% to 10 mass%.
- the noble metal 9 is advantageously supported on the ceramic material 7.
- the noble metal 9 is deposited as particles on the ceramic material 7 and the particle size of the ceramic material 7 provided with noble metal particles is 1 to 30 nm and in particular 2 to 6 nm.
- the membrane is a hydrocarbon membrane 4. It is therefore mainly made of one or more hydrocarbon-based ionomers, such as sulfonated polyarylethers (SPAE), sulfonated polyaryletherethernitriles (SPAEEN), sulfonated polyaryletherketones (SPAEK), sulfonated polyarylethernitriles (SPAEN), sulfonated polyarylethersulfones (SPAES), sulfonated polyarylethersulfoneketones (SPAESK), sulfonated polyetheretherketones (SPEEK), sulfonated polyetherketones (SPEK), sulfonated polyethersulfones (SPES), sulfonated polyimides, sulfonated polyketoneketones (SPKK), sulfonated polyphosphazenes (SPPh), sulfonated polyphenylenesulfones
- Hydrocarbon ionomers can be linear polymers, cross-linked polymers, branched polymers, grafted polymers and/or block polymers. They can optionally also contain heteroatoms such as F, N, S and P. Block copolymers containing sulfonic acid-rich blocks alternating with sulfonic acid-poor or non-sulfonated blocks are particularly advantageous in terms of the combination of high proton conductivity, good mechanical properties and high dimensional stability.
- the adhesion layer 6 significantly improves the adhesion between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the gas recombination layer 5, thereby obtaining a very good layer bond.
- the very good adhesion is achieved by the adhesion layer comprising at least one ceramic material distributed in at least one proton-conductive polymer.
- the adhesion layer 6 acts as a mediator between the hydrocarbon membrane and the gas recombination layer containing PFSA ionomer, so that no delamination or defects occur, even under the humid conditions that prevail in water electrolysis.
- the equivalent weight of the proton-conductive polymer (8) of the adhesion layer is less than 1050 g/mol and in particular less than 950 g/mol and in particular less than 850 g/mol, so that even with a limited amount of ionomer, a sufficient number of proton-conductive sulfonic acid groups are present and thus the protective layer as a whole has a high proton conductivity.
- the volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the adhesion layer 6 is in particular from 24 to 84 volume% and in particular from 35 to 75 volume%.
- the membrane electrode assembly according to the invention can be manufactured as follows.
- a ceramic material and a fluorine-containing ionomer are ground together in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrO2 balls).
- the grinding time is, for example, 120 minutes and depends on the dispersibility of the ceramic material. The grinding time can therefore generally be adjusted accordingly.
- grinding media mills include, for example, ball mills, agitator bead mills, stirred mills, attritors and specific rolling mills.
- the adhesion layer dispersion is applied to an anode (including gas recombination layer) or a hydrocarbon membrane.
- the application process is generally not limited. Common technologies such as slot nozzles, doctor blades, spiral applicators, screen printing or spraying devices are used as application processes.
- the adhesion layer dispersion was then dried to obtain an adhesion layer on the anode (including the gas recombination layer) or the hydrocarbon membrane.
- a further process step can be carried out to laminate the anode provided with the adhesion layer and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the lamination temperature can be in particular 150 to 190 °C and the pressure can be 1 to 3 MPa.
- the lamination time can be about one minute.
- This first method according to the invention is easily implemented using conventional technologies and enables the production of an MEA with high adhesion and gas purity.
- the production of the MEA according to the invention firstly again comprises the production of an adhesion layer dispersion, which can be carried out as set out for the first method.
- the adhesion layer dispersion again comprises at least one ceramic material and at least one fluorine-containing ionomer.
- the adhesion layer dispersion is then applied to a substrate.
- the substrate is inert towards the adhesion layer dispersion, i.e. it has no chemical or physical reactivity in connection with the adhesion layer dispersion.
- the adhesion layer dispersion is dried to produce the adhesion layer and thus a so-called decal is obtained.
- the adhesion layer is then transferred to the anode including the gas recombination layer or to the hydrocarbon membrane and the substrate is then removed.
- lamination with either a hydrocarbon membrane or an anode including gas recombination layer can further be carried out, as set out above for the first method according to the invention.
- This second method according to the invention can also be easily implemented using conventional technologies and enables the production of an MEA with high adhesion and gas purity.
- an adhesion layer dispersion is first prepared which comprises at least one ceramic material and at least one fluorine-containing ionomer.
- anode dispersion and a gas recombination layer dispersion are produced.
- the anode dispersion and the gas recombination layer dispersion each comprise in particular at least one catalytically active substance, as set out for the MEA according to the invention.
- a further decal process is then carried out in which first the anode dispersion, then the gas recombination layer dispersion and then the adhesion layer dispersion are applied to the substrate or the previously applied dispersion. This creates a layer arrangement: substrate/anode dispersion/gas recombination layer dispersion/adhesion layer dispersion.
- the dispersions are dried. No particular order is required.
- the anode dispersion can be dried first before the gas recombination layer dispersion and the adhesion layer dispersion are applied, or the gas recombination layer dispersion and the adhesion layer dispersion are applied to the not yet dried anode dispersion and all three dispersions are dried simultaneously to produce the anode layer, the gas recombination layer dispersion and the adhesion layer on the substrate.
- the decal i.e. the dried anode layer-gas recombination layer dispersion-adhesion layer arrangement, is then transferred to the hydrocarbon membrane so that the adhesion layer is arranged between the hydrocarbon membrane and the gas recombination layer.
- the third method of the invention makes it possible to easily produce an MEA with high adhesion and gas purity using conventional technologies.
- an adhesion layer dispersion is first prepared which comprises at least one ceramic material and at least one fluorine-containing ionomer.
- anode dispersion and a gas recombination layer dispersion are produced.
- the anode dispersion and the gas recombination layer dispersion each comprise in particular at least one catalytically active substance, as set out for the MEA according to the invention.
- adhesion layer dispersion is then applied to the hydrocarbon membrane and then first the gas recombination layer dispersion and then the anode dispersion are applied to the adhesion layer dispersion.
- the dispersions are then dried to produce the anode layer, the gas recombination layer and the adhesion layer, whereby the dispersions can be dried one after the other or together.
- All of the processes disclosed above can be followed by a further process step of tempering in a temperature range of 150 to 200 °C in order to strengthen the mechanical properties of the adhesion layer. This step can possibly coincide with one of the decal processes.
- the manufacture of the MEA of the invention according to the methods of the invention can be carried out simply and at high production rates using state-of-the-art techniques and equipment already used in the production of water electrolysis cell membrane electrode assemblies.
- An anode catalyst ink was prepared by mixing an iridium oxide catalyst in water, solvent and a D79-25BS PFSA ionomer dispersion from Solvay Specialty Polymers. The catalyst to ionomer ratio was 9.7:1. The anode catalyst ink was for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrC>2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm). An anode catalyst layer was prepared by applying and drying the catalyst ink onto a substrate (decal process).
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.17 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm
- a cathode catalyst ink was prepared by mixing a Pt/C (60 mass% Pt on carbon) catalyst, water, solvent and a D2020 PFSA ionomer dispersion from The Chemours Company. The ionomer to carbon ratio was 0.8:1. The cathode catalyst ink was milled for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrO2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm). A cathode catalyst layer was prepared by applying and drying the catalyst ink onto a substrate (decal process).
- Catalyst coated membranes were prepared from anode catalyst layers containing an unsupported iridium oxide catalyst with an iridium loading of 2.25 mgi r /cm 2 and optionally overlaid with a gas recombination layer. Cathode catalyst layers contained a 60 mass% Pt on carbon catalyst with a platinum loading of 0.80 mg Pt/cm 2 . Catalyst coated membranes (CCMs) were then prepared using a decal process (standard decal transfer process) in which an ionomer membrane was placed between an anode layer-gas recombination layer assembly and the cathode layer opposite the other side of the membrane.
- a decal process standard decal transfer process
- Lamination was carried out at a temperature of 160 °C and a pressure of 3 MPa for 1 minute and then the substrates (decal) were removed.
- the active area of both catalyst layers was 50 mm x 50 mm and the membrane size was 80 mm x 80 mm.
- Table 1 summarizes the CCM compositions. production of the adhesion layers
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and coated with the adhesion layer dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and coated with the adhesion layer dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter). and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the adhesion layer 1.50 g of silicon dioxide, 7.18 g of D2020 (The Chemours Company, PFSA ionomer dispersion, 20.9% by mass), 4.97 g of water and 39.65 g of organic solvent were mixed and ground for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrO2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm).
- the mass ratio of the ceramic material to ionomer was 5:5. This corresponded to a volume fraction of the ionomer of 55.8% by volume.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and coated with the adhesion layer dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the adhesion layer To produce the adhesion layer, 2.25 g of silicon dioxide, 7.18 g of D2020 (The Chemours Company, PFSA ionomer dispersion, 20.9% by mass), 4.97 g of water and 39.65 g of organic solvent were mixed and ground for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrO2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm). The mass ratio of the ceramic material to ionomer was 6:4. This corresponded to a volume fraction of the ionomer of 45.7% by volume. The conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and coated with the adhesion layer dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the catalyst-coated membrane of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 does not comprise a gas recombination layer and an adhesion layer.
- the catalyst-coated membrane of Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 4 comprises a gas recombination layer according to the above composition and no adhesion layer. Comparative Example 5
- the adhesion layer 0.17 g of silicon dioxide, 7.18 g of D2020 (The Chemours Company, PFSA ionomer dispersion, 20.9% by mass), 4.97 g of water and 39.65 g of organic solvent were mixed and ground for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrC>2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm).
- the mass ratio of the ceramic material to ionomer was 1:9. This corresponded to a volume fraction of the ionomer of 91.9% by volume.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and coated with the adhesion layer dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the paper 13 was longer than the half-MEA and was clamped into the measuring instrument so that it served as a pull tab. A pull was then applied in the direction of the arrow. When the pulling force reaches the adhesion or cohesion force of one of the layers used in the half-MEA, a plateau is reached and the layer is delaminated with a constant force. The adhesion force is the average value over the length of the plateau divided by the sample width. The sample width was 2 cm.
- Fig. 3 shows, by way of example, measurement curves for comparative example 1 obtained using the measurement arrangement from Fig. 2. Different samples from comparative example 1 were measured and the measurement curves for sample 2 and sample 3 are shown arbitrarily in Fig. 3. The plateau is reached at around 17 to 18 N and thus delamination occurs. With a sample width of 2 cm, around 9 N/cm is achieved, as indicated in Fig. 4 for comparative example 5.
- the adhesion force in N/cm was determined from the tensile force, which was measured in Newtons.
- An overview of the adhesion forces of the above examples is shown in Fig. 4. It was found that MEAs according to the present invention have very good adhesion between the membrane, adhesion layer and gas recombination layer-anode arrangement.
- the examples show that the advantage of an adhesion layer only becomes necessary when a gas recombination layer is used, since MEAs without a gas recombination layer (comparative examples 1 and 2) do not have adhesion problems, but also do not have improved gas purity.
- MEAs with a gas recombination layer with a hydrocarbon membrane but without an adhesion layer show low adhesion (comparative example 4).
- a PFSA membrane does not require any additional adhesion layer and already shows good adhesion to a gas recombination layer (comparative example 3).
- the adhesion force in N/cm was determined from the tensile force, which was measured in Newtons.
- An overview of the adhesion forces of the above examples is shown in Fig. 4.
- the MEA 1 according to the invention has very good adhesion forces due to the adhesion layer 6 used.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202480022216.XA CN120981610A (zh) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | 膜电极组件和水电解槽 |
| KR1020257035751A KR20250161638A (ko) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | 막 전극 조립체 및 수전해 전지 |
| JP2025555937A JP2026512406A (ja) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | 膜電極アセンブリおよび水電解セル |
| EP24716270.4A EP4689238A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle |
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| DE102023107643.4A DE102023107643A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2023-03-27 | Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle |
| DE102023107643.4 | 2023-03-27 |
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| PCT/EP2024/058102 Ceased WO2024200433A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP4689238A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2026512406A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250161638A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN120981610A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102023107643A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024200433A1 (de) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1133806A1 (de) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-09-19 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Verfahren zur herstellung einer festpolymerelektrolytmembran |
| CN103882467A (zh) * | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-25 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种spe水电解用部分共结晶催化层涂覆膜的制备方法 |
| EP3559314A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2019-10-30 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Limited | Katalysatorbeschichtete membran mit laminatstruktur |
| US20210143461A1 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2021-05-13 | Kolon Industries, Inc. | Membrane-electrode assembly, method for manufacturing same, and fuel cell comprising same |
| WO2022157757A1 (en) * | 2021-01-24 | 2022-07-28 | Hydrolite Ltd | Membrane assemblies and separation layers for fuel cells and electrolyzers |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57174482A (en) * | 1981-03-24 | 1982-10-27 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Cation exchange membrane for electrolysis |
| US5203978A (en) * | 1991-11-14 | 1993-04-20 | The Dow Chemical Company | Membrane-electrode structure for electrochemical cells |
| WO1994017222A1 (en) * | 1993-01-21 | 1994-08-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Membrane-electrode structure for electrochemical cells |
-
2023
- 2023-03-27 DE DE102023107643.4A patent/DE102023107643A1/de active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-03-26 EP EP24716270.4A patent/EP4689238A1/de active Pending
- 2024-03-26 JP JP2025555937A patent/JP2026512406A/ja active Pending
- 2024-03-26 CN CN202480022216.XA patent/CN120981610A/zh active Pending
- 2024-03-26 WO PCT/EP2024/058102 patent/WO2024200433A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-03-26 KR KR1020257035751A patent/KR20250161638A/ko active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1133806A1 (de) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-09-19 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Verfahren zur herstellung einer festpolymerelektrolytmembran |
| CN103882467A (zh) * | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-25 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种spe水电解用部分共结晶催化层涂覆膜的制备方法 |
| EP3559314A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2019-10-30 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Limited | Katalysatorbeschichtete membran mit laminatstruktur |
| US20210143461A1 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2021-05-13 | Kolon Industries, Inc. | Membrane-electrode assembly, method for manufacturing same, and fuel cell comprising same |
| WO2022157757A1 (en) * | 2021-01-24 | 2022-07-28 | Hydrolite Ltd | Membrane assemblies and separation layers for fuel cells and electrolyzers |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4689238A1 (de) | 2026-02-11 |
| CN120981610A (zh) | 2025-11-18 |
| JP2026512406A (ja) | 2026-04-16 |
| DE102023107643A1 (de) | 2024-10-02 |
| KR20250161638A (ko) | 2025-11-17 |
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