WO2024200434A1 - Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle - Google Patents
Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024200434A1 WO2024200434A1 PCT/EP2024/058103 EP2024058103W WO2024200434A1 WO 2024200434 A1 WO2024200434 A1 WO 2024200434A1 EP 2024058103 W EP2024058103 W EP 2024058103W WO 2024200434 A1 WO2024200434 A1 WO 2024200434A1
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- gas recombination
- recombination layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
- C25B13/08—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the invention relates to a membrane electrode arrangement with a low membrane layer thickness and high power density and to a water electrolysis cell comprising this membrane electrode arrangement.
- Membrane electrode assemblies including catalyst-coated membranes with a proton exchange membrane that is coated with an anode on one side and a cathode on the opposite side, are known in the art under the term CCM (catalyst coated membrane).
- CCM catalyst coated membrane
- PEM-WE proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis
- Proton exchange membranes for use in PEM-WE are usually extruded perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA)-based polymer membranes.
- PFSA perfluorosulfonic acid
- the most established examples of PEM-WE are National® N115 and National® N117 from Chemours.
- Current literature continues to use thinner, cast, i.e. solvent-printed membranes such as National® NR212.
- a catalyst for the oxidation of water is used in the anode electrode layer (anode for short).
- This catalyst is often referred to as an OER catalyst (oxygen evolution reaction).
- OER catalysts are usually based on noble metals and include noble metal oxides that have a high catalytic activity for water splitting.
- a proton-conductive polymer, a so-called PFSA-type ionomer is usually used in the anode as a binder, which is mixed with the OER catalyst.
- These catalysts are usually based on platinum and/or palladium, with platinum and/or palladium preferably being finely dispersed on carbon powders.
- the cathode also usually comprises a PFSA-based ionomer as a binder.
- a membrane electrode arrangement for water electrolysis cells can comprise at least one gas recombination layer, which usually comprises a recombination catalyst, such as platinum particles.
- the platinum particles are preferably finely dispersed within an ionomer matrix arranged between the anode and the membrane.
- the gas recombination layer can be considered part of the membrane.
- the recombination catalyst catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen, which passes from the cathode to the anode, with oxygen from the anode side in order to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures on the anode side of a cell.
- the ionomer of the gas recombination layer is usually selected from the group of perfluorinated polymers, in particular perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers, due to its oxidation stability.
- EP 3 559 314 A1 teaches a membrane with a laminate structure, wherein an intermediate layer comprises a recombination catalyst comprising platinum or palladium supported on high surface area supports such as carbon, silica, titanium oxide, or zirconium oxide. Mainly conventional PFSA membranes are described.
- Hydrocarbon membranes are mostly used in fuel cell applications, as taught, for example, in EP 1 133 806 A1.
- hydrocarbon membranes Compared to perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, hydrocarbon membranes have several advantages. For example, they have lower gas permeability through the membrane, allowing higher cell current yields to be achieved even when using very thin membranes, which give very low ionic resistance (and thus very good performance). In addition, they can operate for longer periods at high temperatures >100 °C with limited degradation, which is given by the low gas permeability (even at high temperature) and by the high glass transition temperature typical of hydrocarbon-based polymers. Operating at higher temperature gives several system advantages: reduced size of the cooling, lower sensitivity to gas contaminants and higher cell efficiency. Hydrocarbon membranes also emit lower amounts of aggressive degradation products, e.g.
- hydrocarbon membranes have an improved environmental profile over perfluorinated ionomers because they do not contain perfluoroalkyl compounds and do not require perfluoroalkyl chemistry in their manufacture.
- a disadvantage of hydrocarbon membranes is that they have extremely low adhesion and thus adhesion to conventional gas recombination layers and anodes, which often comprise PFSA ionomers as binders, especially under humid conditions such as in water electrolysis. This can lead to detachment of the gas recombination layer and the catalyst layers (anode and cathode), which in turn results in lower cell performance and can even cause cell failure.
- a transfer of design features of a fuel cell is not generally applicable to water electrolysis cells.
- a water electrolysis cell which is also characterized by a permanently high power density due to the use of the membrane electrode arrangement.
- a membrane electrode assembly which comprises an anode, a cathode and a hydrocarbon membrane located between the anode and the cathode and further comprises a specifically designed gas recombination layer which is arranged between the anode and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the membrane electrode assembly can be a laminate of layers with the layer sequence: anode/first gas recombination layer/hydrocarbon membrane/cathode. Additional layers can be provided as long as the first gas recombination layer is arranged between the anode and the hydrocarbon membrane. The layers can be laminated together.
- the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) can be a CCM (catalyst coated membrane), with the layers each being applied directly to the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the hydrocarbon membrane comprises at least one ionomer which is not fluorinated or whose fluorine content is not more than 5% by mass, based on the total mass of the ionomer.
- the hydrocarbon membrane comprises at least one hydrocarbon-based ionomer, whereby two or more hydrocarbon-based ionomers can also be present in combination.
- the hydrocarbon membrane is preferably free of fluorine-containing substances.
- the hydrocarbon membrane is, for example, mainly composed of one or more hydrocarbon-based ionomers, such as sulfonated polyarylethers (SPAE), sulfonated polyaryletherethernitriles (SPAEEN), sulfonated polyaryletherketones (SPAEK), sulfonated polyarylethernitriles (SPAEN), sulfonated polyarylethersulfones (SPAES), sulfonated polyarylethersulfoneketones (SPAESK), sulfonated polyetheretherketones (SPEEK), sulfonated polyetherketones (SPEK), sulfonated polyethersulfones (SPES), sulfonated polyimides, sulfonated polyketoneketones (SPKK), sulfonated polyphosphazenes (SPPh), sulfonated polyphenylenesulfones (SPPSf),
- one or more reinforcing structures can be introduced into the hydrocarbon membrane so that the reinforcing structure(s) limit(s) the expansion of the hydrocarbon membrane.
- a reinforcing structure can be introduced, for example, during the manufacturing process of the hydrocarbon membrane from an ionomer dispersion or ionomer solution.
- a previously formed reinforcement structure such as ceramic materials or polymeric materials such as (bi-)axially stretched PTFE (ePTFE) or woven structures such as fabrics made of polyketone (PK) fibers, polyether ketone (PEK) fibers, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) fibers, perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA) fibers or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fibers, is impregnated with a corresponding ionomer dispersion and then dried so that the pores of the reinforcement structure are filled with ionomer.
- the hydrocarbon membrane can then be tempered in a high-temperature step, e.g.
- a membrane comprising a fluorine-containing reinforcing structure, e.g. made of PTFE, and a hydrocarbon ionomer also falls under the definition of a hydrocarbon membrane in the sense of the present invention.
- the hydrocarbon membrane advantageously has a layer thickness of 5 to 120 pm, in particular 15 to 90 pm and in particular 35 to 75 pm. This achieves an optimal balance between efficiency, gas tightness and dimensional stability.
- hydrocarbon membranes with a larger layer thickness of e.g. up to 200 pm can also be used, but this can lead to a significant reduction in efficiency due to the high membrane proton resistance, especially at high current densities.
- the anode and the cathode are, unless otherwise disclosed below, designed as in the prior art for water electrolysis cells and comprise at least one binder and at least one catalyst catalyzing the respective electrolysis reaction.
- the gas recombination layer used according to the invention can be present as a single layer or as a layer sequence with two or more gas recombination layers.
- the gas recombination layers can have the same or different structures. If reference is made to a gas recombination layer below, this is a gas recombination layer that is in direct contact with the hydrocarbon membrane. Additional gas recombination layers can be arranged between this (first) gas recombination layer and the anode. Unless otherwise stated, the following statements on the composition or design of the gas recombination layer apply to all gas recombination layers used according to the invention.
- the gas recombination layer in direct contact with the hydrocarbon membrane which can also be called the first gas recombination layer, comprises a noble metal, a ceramic material and a proton-conductive polymer.
- gas recombination layer can also comprise two or more noble metals and/or two or more ceramic materials and/or two or more proton-conductive polymers.
- the ceramic material is dispersed, i.e. distributed, in the proton-conductive polymer(s). This can be achieved, for example, by preparing a gas recombination layer dispersion during the production of the first gas recombination layer, in which the ceramic material and the proton-conductive polymer are sufficiently mixed before further processing to form the first gas recombination layer takes place.
- the amount of proton-conductive polymer based on the total volume of the first gas recombination layer, is between 24 and 84% by volume.
- the total volume of the gas recombination layer is defined as the sum of the volumes of the individual components.
- first gas recombination layer Due to the first gas recombination layer according to the invention, a high level of adhesion is achieved between the hydrocarbon membrane and the first gas recombination layer, so that no detachment occurs between the first gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane under the moist conditions of water electrolysis. This leads to a particularly permanently high power density of the MEA according to the invention.
- a mass fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the gas recombination layer is preferably from 35 to 75 volume% and more preferably from 46 to 65 volume%.
- the hydrocarbon membrane is not restricted in detail.
- Particularly stable carbon membranes are selected from sulfonated polyether ketones, sulfonated polyether ether ketones, sulfonated polyketone ketones, sulfonated polyphenylenes, sulfonated phenylated polyphenylenes and mixtures thereof.
- the ceramic material is selected from at least one of oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides, fluorides and mixtures thereof, a particularly high adhesion is obtained between the hydrocarbon membrane and the first gas recombination layer.
- oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides, fluorides and mixtures thereof of at least one selected from chromium, molybdenum, silicon, tantalum, niobium, tin, titanium, zirconium, cerium, tungsten, antimony, aluminum and mixtures thereof.
- the metals can be contained in particular in amounts that are usually used for doping.
- the ceramic material is selected in particular from silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide and niobium oxide and is selected in particular from Nb2Ü5, Ta2Ü5, SiÜ2 and mixtures thereof.
- a specific surface area of the ceramic material is more than 1 m 2 /g and less than 1200 m 2 /g, in particular more than 50 m 2 /g and less than 800 m 2 /g and in particular more than 100 m 2 /g and less than 400 m 2 /g.
- the BET method is carried out in accordance with DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 "Determination of the specific surface area of solids by gas adsorption using the BET method".
- the ceramic material is characterized by very good carrier properties for the gas recombination catalyst (precious metal).
- the proton-conductive polymer of the first gas recombination layer is preferably selected from the group of fluorinated ionomers, perfluorinated ionomers and combinations thereof, preferably of the sulfonated type, and is in particular a perfluorinated proton-conductive polymer, in particular perfluorosulfonic acid polymer (PFSA).
- PFSA perfluorosulfonic acid polymer
- the MEA advantageously comprises a second gas recombination layer arranged between the anode and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the gas recombination layer aligned with the hydrocarbon membrane has a lower volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer than the gas recombination layer aligned with the anode.
- a second gas recombination layer can advantageously be provided in the MEA, which is arranged between the anode and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the gas recombination layer aligned with the hydrocarbon membrane is advantageously the first gas recombination layer and a volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the first gas recombination layer is from 24 to 65 volume %.
- the gas recombination layer aligned with the anode is a second gas recombination layer and a volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the second gas recombination layer is from 45 to 99 volume %, in each case based on the respective total volume of the corresponding gas recombination layer.
- the precious metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, gold and mixtures and alloys thereof, and is in particular platinum and/or palladium. If the precious metal is in the form of an alloy, it is further preferred if the precious metal is in the form of an alloy with copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, yttrium and/or tin and in particular as an alloy with cobalt and/or nickel.
- the alloys can be binary or ternary or quaternary. Particularly advantageous alloys are PtCo, PtCoNi and PtPdCo.
- the content of precious metal should not be too high.
- the weight per unit area of the precious metal in the first gas recombination layer is 0.01 to 0.1 mg/cm 2 and in particular 0.01 to 0.05 mg/cm 2 .
- a mass fraction of the noble metal based on the sum of the mass of the noble metal and the ceramic material in the first gas recombination layer is 0.1 mass% to 80 mass%, in particular 0.5 mass% to 30 mass% and in particular 1 mass% to 10 mass%.
- the preferred ranges show that the proportion of ceramic material is particularly important in improving the adhesion between the first gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane on the one hand and the first gas recombination layer and the anode on the other hand.
- the noble metal is advantageously supported on the ceramic material.
- the precious metal is deposited as particles on the ceramic material and the particle size of the ceramic material provided with precious metal particles is 1 to 30 nm and in particular 2 to 6 nm.
- the particle size is determined by means of transmission electron microscopy, whereby 500 particles are analyzed to form an average value.
- the particle sizes can be within the specified ranges, whereby the particle distribution can be monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or higher modal.
- a layer thickness of the first gas recombination layer is preferably 0.1 to 20 pm, in particular 1 to 15 pm and in particular 2 to 10 pm.
- the layer thicknesses are measured by means of scanning electron microscopy.
- a water electrolysis cell which comprises the membrane electrode arrangement according to the invention as described above. Due to the use of the membrane electrode arrangement according to the invention, the water electrolysis cell according to the invention is also characterized by very good adhesive properties between the individual layers and in particular between the anode, the first gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane, so that a high level of efficiency is also achieved in the water electrolysis cell over the long term.
- Fig. 1 shows an MEA according to a first embodiment in section
- Fig. 2 a measuring arrangement for determining the adhesion between the layers of the MEA
- Fig. 3 is a diagram obtained by carrying out the adhesion test with the measuring arrangement according to Fig. 3,
- Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating the adhesion test results of the prepared examples.
- Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating the test results on the gas purity of an MEA according to the invention.
- Fig. 1 only the essential components of the MEA are shown. All other components are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- Fig. 1 shows an MEA 1 that can be used for a water electrolysis cell.
- the MEA 1 is shown in section and comprises an anode 2, a cathode 3 and a hydrocarbon membrane 4 located between the anode 2 and the cathode 3.
- a first gas recombination layer 5 is present between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the anode 2.
- the first gas recombination layer 5 serves to improve the gas purity, i.e. only a small proportion of hydrogen passes to oxygen on the anode side, or a small proportion of oxygen passes to hydrogen on the cathode side.
- the anode 2 serves to oxidize water and for this purpose comprises an OER catalyst (oxygen evolution reaction), which is made of precious metals and can comprise precious metal oxides that have a high catalytic activity for water splitting. Due to the very good catalytic activity and the stability against dissolution during operation, iridium and ruthenium-containing OER catalysts, such as iridium oxide, are Ruthenium oxide or an iridium-ruthenium mixed oxide is preferred. Furthermore, the anode 2 comprises at least one proton-conductive polymer, a so-called ionomer of the PFSA type, which is used as a binder and is mixed with the OER catalyst.
- OER catalyst oxygen evolution reaction
- iridium and ruthenium-containing OER catalysts such as iridium oxide
- Ruthenium oxide or an iridium-ruthenium mixed oxide is preferred.
- the anode 2 comprises at least one proton-conductive polymer, a so-called ionomer of the PFSA type
- This HER catalyst is based on platinum and/or palladium, with platinum and/or palladium preferably being finely dispersed on carbon powders.
- Cathode 3 also comprises a PFSA-based ionomer as a binder.
- the first gas recombination layer 5 has in particular a layer thickness of 0.1 to 20 pm and comprises a noble metal 6, a ceramic material 7 and a proton-conductive polymer 8.
- a noble metal 6, a ceramic material 7 and a proton-conductive polymer 8 In this case, two or more noble metals 6 and/or two or more ceramic materials 7 and/or two or more proton-conductive polymers 8, which are in particular fluorinated ionomers and in particular perfluorinated ionomers, can also be contained in the first gas recombination layer 5.
- the precious metal 6 is in particular selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, gold and mixtures and alloys thereof, and is in particular platinum and/or palladium. If the precious metal 6 is present as an alloy, it is in particular an alloy with copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, yttrium and/or tin.
- a weight per unit area of the precious metal 6 in the first gas recombination layer 5 is in particular 0.01 to 0.1 mg/cm 2 and in particular 0.01 to 0.05 mg/cm 2 . If two or more precious metals 6 are used, the weight per unit area refers to the weight per unit area of the sum of all precious metals 6.
- the ceramic material 7 is in particular selected from at least one of oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides, fluorides and mixtures thereof, from at least one selected from chromium, molybdenum, silicon, tantalum, niobium, tin, titanium, zirconium, cerium, tungsten, antimony, aluminum and mixtures thereof. Silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide and niobium oxide are particularly suitable.
- the ceramic material 7 has a specific surface area, measured according to BET, of more than 1 m 2 /g and less than 1200 m 2 /g.
- a mass fraction of the noble metal 6, based on the sum of the mass of the noble metal 6 and the ceramic material 7 in the first gas recombination layer 5 is 0.1 mass% to 80 mass%, in particular 0.5 mass% to 30 mass% and in particular 1 mass% to 10 mass%.
- the noble metal 6 is supported on the ceramic material 7, in particular the noble metal 6 is deposited as particles on the ceramic material 7 and the particle size of the ceramic material 7 provided with noble metal particles is 1 to 30 nm and in particular 2 to 6 nm.
- the membrane is a hydrocarbon membrane 4. It is therefore mainly made of one or more hydrocarbon-based ionomers, such as sulfonated polyarylethers (SPAE), sulfonated polyaryletherethernitriles (SPAEEN), sulfonated polyaryletherketones (SPAEK), sulfonated polyarylethernitriles (SPAEN), sulfonated polyarylethersulfones (SPAES), sulfonated polyarylethersulfoneketones (SPAESK), sulfonated polyetheretherketones (SPEEK), sulfonated polyetherketones (SPEK), sulfonated polyethersulfones (SPES), sulfonated polyimides, sulfonated polyketoneketones (SPKK), sulfonated polyphosphazenes (SPPh), sulfonated polyphenylenesulfones
- Hydrocarbon ionomers can be linear polymers, cross-linked polymers, branched polymers, grafted polymers and/or block polymers. They can optionally also contain heteroatoms such as F, N, S and P. Block copolymers containing sulfonic acid-rich blocks alternating with sulfonic acid-poor or non-sulfonated blocks are particularly advantageous in terms of the combination of high proton conductivity, good mechanical properties and high dimensional stability.
- the first gas recombination layer 5 improves the adhesion between the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the first gas recombination layer 5 as well as the hydrocarbon membrane 4 and the anode 2, thereby obtaining a very good layer bond.
- the very good adhesion is achieved by the fact that a volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer, based on the total volume of the gas recombination layer 5, is from 24 to 84 volume% and the first gas recombination layer 5 also comprises at least one ceramic material 7 and at least one noble metal 6. Higher volume fractions, such as more than 84 volume%, cannot guarantee sufficiently high adhesion and lower volume fractions are not sufficient for proton conduction.
- the volume fraction of proton-conductive polymer in the gas recombination layer 5 is in particular from 35 to 75 volume% and in particular from 46 to 65 volume%.
- the proton-conductive polymer 8 of the first gas recombination layer 5 is advantageously selected from the group of fluorinated ionomers, perfluorinated ionomers and combinations thereof, and is in particular a perfluorinated proton-conductive polymer.
- the membrane electrode assembly according to the invention can be manufactured as follows:
- the precious metal, the ceramic material and the fluorine-containing ionomer can be ground together in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrO2 balls).
- the grinding time can be 120 minutes, for example, but depends on the dispersibility of the ceramic material and can be adjusted accordingly.
- ultrasound or various grinding media mills can be used to produce dispersions.
- Grinding media mills include, for example, ball mills, agitator bead mills, stirred mills, attritors and specific roller mills.
- the gas recombination layer dispersion is applied to an anode or a hydrocarbon membrane.
- Common technologies such as slot nozzles, doctor blades, spiral applicators, screen printing or spraying devices are used as application methods.
- the gas recombination layer dispersion is then dried to obtain the gas recombination layer on the anode or the hydrocarbon membrane.
- a further process step can be used to laminate the anode provided with the gas recombination layer and the hydrocarbon membrane.
- the lamination temperature is in particular 150 to 190 °C and the pressure is 1 to 3 MPa.
- the lamination time can be about one minute.
- the production of the MEA according to the invention firstly again comprises the production of a gas recombination layer dispersion, which can be carried out as set out for the first method.
- the gas recombination layer dispersion again comprises at least one noble metal, a ceramic material and at least one fluorine-containing ionomer.
- the gas recombination layer dispersion is then applied to a substrate.
- the substrate is inert towards the gas recombination layer dispersion, i.e. it has no chemical or physical reactivity in connection with the gas recombination layer dispersion.
- the gas recombination layer dispersion is dried to produce the gas recombination layer and thus a so-called decal is obtained.
- the gas recombination layer is then transferred to the anode or to the hydrocarbon membrane and the substrate is then removed.
- lamination may further be carried out with either a hydrocarbon membrane or an anode, as set out above for the first method of the invention.
- This second process is also easy to implement using conventional technologies and enables the production of an MEA with high adhesion and gas purity.
- a gas recombination layer dispersion is first prepared which comprises at least one noble metal, a ceramic material and at least one fluorine-containing ionomer.
- an anode dispersion is produced.
- the anode dispersion comprises in particular at least one catalytically active substance, as set out for the MEA according to the invention.
- a further decal process is then carried out by first applying the anode dispersion and then the gas recombination layer dispersion to the anode dispersion applied to the substrate.
- the dispersions are dried.
- the anode dispersion can be dried first before the gas recombination layer dispersion is applied, or the gas recombination layer dispersion is applied to the not yet dried anode dispersion and both dispersions are dried simultaneously to produce the anode layer and the gas recombination layer on the substrate.
- the decal i.e. the dried anode layer-gas recombination layer arrangement, is then transferred to the hydrocarbon membrane so that the gas recombination layer is arranged between the hydrocarbon membrane and the anode.
- the third method makes it possible to easily produce an MEA with high adhesion and gas purity using conventional technologies.
- a gas recombination layer dispersion is first prepared which comprises at least one noble metal, a ceramic material and at least one fluorine-containing ionomer.
- an anode dispersion is produced.
- the anode dispersion comprises in particular at least one catalytically active substance, as set out for the MEA according to the invention.
- the gas recombination layer dispersion is then applied to the hydrocarbon membrane and subsequently the protective anode dispersion is applied to the gas recombination layer dispersion.
- the dispersions are then dried to produce the anode layer and the gas recombination layer, whereby the dispersions can be dried one after the other or together.
- All of the processes disclosed above can be followed by a further process step of tempering in a temperature range of 150 to 200 °C in order to strengthen the mechanical properties of the gas recombination layer.
- This step can possibly coincide with one of the decal processes.
- the manufacture of the MEA of the invention according to the methods is simple and can be achieved at high production rates using state-of-the-art techniques and equipment already used in the production of water electrolysis cell membrane electrode assemblies.
- An anode catalyst ink was prepared by mixing an iridium oxide catalyst in water, solvent and a D79-25BS PFSA ionomer dispersion from Solvay Specialty Polymers. The catalyst-ionomer ratio was 9.7:1. The anode catalyst ink was milled for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrC>2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm). An anode catalyst layer was prepared by applying and drying the catalyst ink onto a substrate (decal process).
- a gas recombination layer ink was prepared by mixing a Pt precursor salt, SiC>2 (20 mass% Pt with respect to the sum of Pt and SiC>2) in water, solvent and a D2020 PFSA ionomer dispersion from Chemours.
- a gas recombination layer was prepared by applying and drying the gas recombination layer ink onto the dried anode catalyst layer (decal method). The ionomer content of the gas recombination layer can be found in the table below.
- a cathode catalyst ink was prepared by mixing a Pt/C (60 mass% Pt on carbon) catalyst, water, solvent and a D2020 PFSA ionomer dispersion from The Chemours Company. The ionomer to carbon ratio was 0.8:1. The cathode catalyst ink was milled for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrO2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm). A cathode catalyst layer was prepared by applying and drying the catalyst ink onto a substrate (decal process).
- Catalyst coated membranes were prepared from anode catalyst layers containing an unsupported iridium oxide catalyst with an iridium loading of 2.25 mglr/cm 2 and optionally overlaid with a gas recombination layer. The exact composition of the gas recombination layer can be found in the table below. Cathode catalyst layers contained a 60 mass% Pt on carbon catalyst with a platinum loading of 0.80 mg Pt/cm 2 . Catalyst coated membranes (CCMs) were then prepared using a decal process (standard decal transfer process) whereby an ionomer membrane was placed between an anode layer-gas recombination layer arrangement and the cathode layer opposite the other side of the membrane.
- a decal process standard decal transfer process
- the lamination was carried out at a temperature of 160 °C and a pressure of 3 MPa for 1 minute and then the substrates (decal) were removed.
- the active area of both catalyst layers was 50 mm x 50 mm and the membrane size was 80 mm x 80 mm.
- Table 2 summarizes the CCM compositions.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 , the density of the platinum of 21.45 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.16 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 , the density of the platinum of 21.45 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.18 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 , the density of the platinum of 21.45 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.17 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 , the density of the platinum of 21.45 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.16 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- Example 5 To prepare the gas recombination dispersion, 0.93 g of a platinum precursor compound (H2Pt(OH)e), 2.25 g of silicon dioxide, 7.18 g of D2020 (The Chemours Company, PFSA ionomer dispersion, 20.9 mass%), 4.97 g of water and 39.65 g of organic solvent were mixed and ground for 120 minutes in a ball mill (grinding medium: ZrC>2 balls with a diameter of 1 mm). The mass ratio of the ceramic material to ionomer was 6:4. This corresponded to a volume fraction of the ionomer of 44.9 volume%.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 , the density of the platinum of 21.45 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.17 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the catalyst-coated membrane of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 did not include a gas recombination layer.
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and covered with the gas recombination dispersion using a spiral doctor blade (30 pm wire diameter) and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.17 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the conversion is carried out using the density of the silicon dioxide of 2.65 g/cm 3 , the density of the platinum of 21.45 g/cm 3 and the density of the ionomer of 2.1 g/cm 3 .
- the edge of the anode was then covered all around with a frame made of a 50 pm thick PET film and coated with the
- Gas recombination dispersion was then coated and dried in an oven at 120 °C for 5 minutes.
- the resulting platinum weight per unit area was 0.17 mg/cm 2 .
- the thickness of the gas recombination layer was about 3 pm.
- the adhesion force was determined by a measuring arrangement 10 as shown in Fig. 2.
- Each half-MEA MEA without cathode
- a paper 13 (printer paper, 80 g/m2) was attached to the anode 2 using an adhesive tape 11.
- the paper 13 is longer than the half-MEA and is clamped into the measuring instrument so that it serves as a pull tab. A pull was then applied in the direction of the arrow.
- the pulling force reaches the adhesion or cohesion force of one of the layers used in the half-MEA, a plateau is reached and the layer is delaminated with constant force.
- the adhesion force is the average over the length of the plateau divided by the sample width.
- the sample width was 2 cm.
- the gas purity of a CCM was measured in a single cell with an active area of 25 cm 2 .
- the cell consisted of platinum-plated titanium plates with a column bar flow field design on the anode and cathode sides.
- An uncoated titanium sinter (1 mm thick) was used as a porous transport layer on the anode side.
- a carbon paper (Toray TGP-H-120) was used as a gas diffusion layer on the cathode side in all test series.
- De-ionized water with a conductivity of less than 1 pS/cm was circulated on the anode side.
- the cell was heated from room temperature to 60 °C within 20 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 80 °C within 20 minutes.
- the gas purity was measured at a current density of 0.2 A/cm 2 , a temperature of 50 °C and a pressure on the cathode of 16 bar and a pressure on the anode of 1 bar.
- Fig. 3 shows, by way of example, measurement curves for comparative example 1 obtained using the measurement arrangement from Fig. 2. Different samples from comparative example 1 were measured and the measurement curves for sample 2 and sample 3 are shown arbitrarily in Fig. 3. The plateau is reached at around 17 to 18 N and thus delamination occurs. With a sample width of 2 cm, around 9 N/cm is achieved, as indicated in Fig. 4 for comparative example 5. The adhesion force in N/cm was determined from the tensile force, which was measured in Newtons. An overview of the adhesion forces of the above examples is shown in Fig. 4.
- the MEA 1 according to the invention has very good adhesion forces due to the gas recombination layer 5 used.
- Fig. 5 shows the gas purity of an MEA 1 according to the invention according to Example 5 in comparison to the gas purity of an MEA corresponding to the prior art with an HC membrane without a gas recombination layer according to Comparative Example 2, as well as a prior art, PFSA-rich gas recombination layer and a PFSA membrane according to Comparative Example 3.
- the MEA 1 according to the invention had an improved gas purity compared to an MEA gas recombination layer and also had a slightly improved gas purity compared to a thicker PFSA membrane with a conventional gas recombination layer.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24716271.2A EP4689231A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle |
| CN202480022239.0A CN121013925A (zh) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | 膜电极组件和水电解槽 |
| JP2025555957A JP2026512407A (ja) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | 膜電極アセンブリおよび水電解セル |
| KR1020257035755A KR20250161639A (ko) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | 막 전극 조립체 및 수전해 전지 |
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| DE102023107644.2A DE102023107644A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2023-03-27 | Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle |
| DE102023107644.2 | 2023-03-27 |
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| WO2024200434A1 true WO2024200434A1 (de) | 2024-10-03 |
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| PCT/EP2024/058103 Ceased WO2024200434A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-03-26 | Membranelektrodenanordnung und wasserelektrolysezelle |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4689231A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2026512407A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250161639A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN121013925A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102023107644A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024200434A1 (de) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1133806A1 (de) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-09-19 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Verfahren zur herstellung einer festpolymerelektrolytmembran |
| EP3559314A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2019-10-30 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Limited | Katalysatorbeschichtete membran mit laminatstruktur |
| US20200044271A1 (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2020-02-06 | Kolon Industries, Inc. | Membrane-electrode assembly, method for manufacturing same, and fuel cell comprising same |
| US20210143461A1 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2021-05-13 | Kolon Industries, Inc. | Membrane-electrode assembly, method for manufacturing same, and fuel cell comprising same |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2023172626A1 (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2023-09-14 | Electric Hydrogen Co. | Methods, devices, and systems for mitigating hydrogen crossover within an electrochemical cell |
-
2023
- 2023-03-27 DE DE102023107644.2A patent/DE102023107644A1/de active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-03-26 CN CN202480022239.0A patent/CN121013925A/zh active Pending
- 2024-03-26 JP JP2025555957A patent/JP2026512407A/ja active Pending
- 2024-03-26 WO PCT/EP2024/058103 patent/WO2024200434A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-03-26 KR KR1020257035755A patent/KR20250161639A/ko active Pending
- 2024-03-26 EP EP24716271.2A patent/EP4689231A1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1133806A1 (de) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-09-19 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Verfahren zur herstellung einer festpolymerelektrolytmembran |
| EP3559314A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 | 2019-10-30 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Limited | Katalysatorbeschichtete membran mit laminatstruktur |
| US20200044271A1 (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2020-02-06 | Kolon Industries, Inc. | Membrane-electrode assembly, method for manufacturing same, and fuel cell comprising same |
| US20210143461A1 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2021-05-13 | Kolon Industries, Inc. | Membrane-electrode assembly, method for manufacturing same, and fuel cell comprising same |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| C. KLOSE ET AL: "Membrane Interlayer with Pt Recombination Particles for Reduction of the Anodic Hydrogen Content in PEM Water Electrolysis", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 165, no. 16, 21 November 2018 (2018-11-21), pages F1271 - F1277, XP055669989, ISSN: 0013-4651, DOI: 10.1149/2.1241814jes * |
| STÄHLER A ET AL: "Scalable Implementation of Recombination Catalyst Layers to Mitigate Gas Crossover in PEM Water Electrolyzers", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1 March 2022 (2022-03-01), pages 34522, XP093066349, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c9b/pdf> [retrieved on 20230721], DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c9b * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2026512407A (ja) | 2026-04-16 |
| KR20250161639A (ko) | 2025-11-17 |
| EP4689231A1 (de) | 2026-02-11 |
| CN121013925A (zh) | 2025-11-25 |
| DE102023107644A1 (de) | 2024-10-02 |
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