WO2024202884A1 - 固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、燃料電池、及び固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、燃料電池、及び固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
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- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2006/14—Pore volume
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/16—Pore diameter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/90—Other properties not specified above
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a fuel cell, and a method for producing a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell which is a type of fuel cell, comprises a pair of catalyst layers arranged on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, a gas diffusion layer arranged on the outside of each catalyst layer, and a separator arranged on the outside of each gas diffusion layer.
- the pair of catalyst layers one catalyst layer serves as the anode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and the other catalyst layer serves as the cathode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- multiple unit cells having the above components are stacked to obtain the desired output.
- a reducing gas such as hydrogen is introduced into the separator on the anode side.
- the reducing gas is diffused into the gas diffusion layer on the anode side and then introduced into the anode.
- the anode includes a catalyst component, a catalyst carrier that supports the catalyst component, and an electrolyte material having proton conductivity.
- the catalyst carrier is often made of a carbon material.
- the protons produced by this oxidation reaction are introduced to the cathode through the electrolyte material in the anode and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the electrons are introduced to the external circuit through the catalyst support, gas diffusion layer, and separator. After performing work (generating electricity) in the external circuit, these electrons are introduced to the separator on the cathode side. These electrons are then introduced to the cathode through the separator on the cathode side and the gas diffusion layer on the cathode side.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is composed of an electrolyte material that has proton conductivity.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane introduces the protons generated in the above oxidation reaction to the cathode.
- An oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air
- the gas diffusion layer on the cathode side diffuses the oxidizing gas, which is then introduced into the cathode.
- the cathode includes a catalyst component, a catalyst carrier that supports the catalyst component, and an electrolyte material that has proton conductivity.
- the catalyst carrier is often made of a carbon material.
- the water produced in the reduction reaction is discharged outside the fuel cell together with the unreacted oxidizing gas.
- electricity is generated by utilizing the energy difference (electric potential difference) between the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction.
- the electrons produced in the oxidation reaction perform work in the external circuit.
- porous carbon materials that can be used as catalyst supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells have been studied and various proposals have been made.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a "porous carbon material, characterized in that the specific surface area SA of mesopores having pore sizes of 2 to 50 nm, as determined by analyzing the nitrogen adsorption isotherm during the adsorption process by the Dollimore-Heal method, is 600 m 2 /g or more and 1600 m 2 /g or less, and that the relative intensity ratio (IG'/IG) of the peak intensity (IG') of the peak in the G-band in the range of 2650 to 2700 cm-1 in a Raman spectrum to the peak intensity (IG) of the peak in the G-band in the range of 1550 to 1650 cm-1 is 0.8 to 2.2, and the peak position of the G'-band is 2660 to 2670 cm -1 .”
- the specific surface area SA of mesopores having pore sizes of 2 to 50 nm as determined by analyzing the nitrogen adsorption isotherm during the adsorption process by the Dollimore-Heal method, is 600 m 2 /
- Patent Document 2 proposes "a carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of which exhibits two hysteresis loops, a first hysteresis loop and a second hysteresis loop, in a range where the relative pressure P /P0 is 0.4 or more.”
- Patent Document 4 describes a "carbon material for catalyst supports used in catalyst supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, which has a three-dimensionally branched dendritic structure, and is characterized in that the carbon material for catalyst supports simultaneously satisfies the following (1) and (2): (1) In particle size distribution measurement using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer, the cumulative distribution [%] of particles with a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less based on volume diameter is DL, and the cumulative distribution [%] of particles with a particle diameter of more than 1 ⁇ m is DH, and the DL/DH ratio is 1.5 or more. (2) The mode diameter in the range of pore diameters of 20 nm to 200 nm measured by mercury porosimetry is 40 nm to 70 nm.”
- Patent Document 5 proposes a catalyst layer for a fuel cell, comprising: a carbon support having pores with a pore diameter of 1 nm to 5 nm, the pores having a pore volume of 15.0 mL/g or more; a catalyst containing a catalytic metal supported in the pores of the carbon support; and an ionomer having a glass transition temperature of 160°C or more.
- Patent Document 6 describes an air electrode catalyst layer having the following configuration.
- the air electrode catalyst layer comprises a first catalyst-supporting carbon having a first catalyst particle supported on a surface of a first support, and a second catalyst-supporting carbon having a second catalyst particle supported on a surface of a second support;
- the catalyst layer includes an ionomer.
- the first support is made of first monodisperse spherical mesoporous carbon having a most frequent pore size of 2.0 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- the second support is made of a second monodisperse spherical mesoporous carbon having a most frequent pore size of 3.5 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less.”
- Patent Document 7 proposes a catalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, which is obtained by mixing a catalytic metal-supported carbon material in which a catalytic metal component is supported on a support carbon material made of a porous carbon material, with a catalytic metal-unsupported carbon material made of a dendritic graphitic carbon material that does not support a catalytic metal component, wherein the support carbon material for the catalytic metal-supported carbon material has a mesopore specific surface area (S4-10nm) of 100 m2/g or more having a pore diameter of 4 nm or more and less than 10 nm as measured by nitrogen adsorption measurement, and the dendritic graphitic carbon material which is the catalytic metal-unsupported carbon material has a BET specific surface area (SBET) of 80 m2 /g or more and 220 m2 /g or less, a DBP oil absorption (ODBP) of 80 mL/100 g or more and 170 mL/
- Patent Document 8 proposes "a fuel cell catalyst comprising a carbon support having fine pores and a catalytic metal supported on the carbon support, wherein the carbon support has a mesopore mode diameter of 2.5 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, a BET specific surface area of 700 m2 /g or more and 1300 m2 /g or less, a median particle diameter of 0.10 ⁇ m or more and 0.50 ⁇ m or less, and a crystallite size on the (002) plane of carbon of 5.0 nm or more and 12.0 nm or less.”
- Patent Document 1 International Publication No. 2015/141810
- Patent Document 2 JP 2022-066847
- Patent Document 3 JP 2020-042927
- Patent Document 4 JP 2022-156985
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent No. 6315348
- Patent Document 6 Japanese Patent No. 7167792
- Patent Document 7 Japanese Patent No. 2016-100262
- Patent Document 8 Japanese Patent No. 2020-126816 A
- the catalyst carrier for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (hereafter simply referred to as "fuel cell") must be durable in addition to having power generation properties.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that has both excellent power generation characteristics and durability, a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and a fuel cell that utilize the carbon material, and a method for manufacturing the carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a porous carbon material that satisfies the following requirements (A), (B), and (C):
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro at a relative pressure of 0.95 to 0.99 is 300 to 1,200 mL/g.
- the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 1> further satisfies the following requirement (D):
- the porous carbon material has a three-dimensional dendritic structure, and the branch diameter of the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 40 to 100 nm.
- a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>.
- a fuel cell comprising the catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 3>.
- the carbon material is used as a catalyst support for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- the present disclosure provides a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that has both excellent power generation characteristics and durability, a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and a fuel cell that utilize the carbon material, and a method for manufacturing a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing an example of an XRD spectrum obtained by XRD (X-ray diffraction) measurement of a carbon material for a catalyst support of a solid polymer fuel cell according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a method for measuring the branch diameter of the carbon material for a catalyst support according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a fuel cell according to the present disclosure.
- a numerical range expressed using “to” means a range that includes the numerical values before and after “to” as the lower and upper limits.
- the numerical range does not include these numerical values as the lower or upper limit.
- the term “process” refers not only to an independent process, but also to a process that cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes, as long as the intended purpose of the process is achieved.
- the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present disclosure is made of a porous carbon material (hereinafter also simply referred to as a "carbon material” or “porous carbon material”) that satisfies the requirements (A), (B), and (C) described below.
- the carbon material for a catalyst support according to the present disclosure is a carbon material having excellent power generation characteristics and durability. The carbon material according to the present disclosure was discovered based on the following findings.
- the cathode potential of the fuel cell becomes, for example, 1.0 V (vs. SHE) or more during start-up and shutdown.
- 1.0 V vs. SHE
- the porous carbon material is oxidized (i.e., corroded) by CO2 , so that resistance to oxidation is important for improving durability.
- requirement (B) results in a porous carbon material with high durability.
- power generation characteristics are also important for fuel cells.
- fuel cells generate water during power generation according to a reaction formula. Therefore, it is considered that the porous carbon material of the catalyst support is sufficiently wet with the generated water during power generation. Therefore, proton conduction to the catalyst present in the pores inside the carbon material is smoothly achieved by the water present in the pores inside the porous carbon material even without contact with the ionomer.
- the humidity decreases (i.e., low humidification state) due to the temperature rise inside the fuel cell, so the amount of water present in the pores inside the porous carbon material decreases, and the resistance to proton conduction to the catalyst increases.
- the inventors have conducted studies and found that in a porous carbon material having a three-dimensional dendritic structure that satisfies requirement (B), improves durability, and has a nitrogen adsorption amount V macro within a specific range that satisfies requirement (C), by setting V micro of requirement (A) within a specific range, water can be easily retained inside the porous carbon and power generation characteristics can be ensured.
- the inventors have investigated a method for producing a porous carbon material that satisfies requirements (A) to (C) and have found the following: Heat treatment increases La(110), but at the same time decreases V micro . In other words, durability is increased, but power generation characteristics are reduced.
- the silver acetylide decomposition method silver acetylide is decomposed by applying electricity instead of conventional heating. This suppresses the deactivation of silver acetylide, develops the carbon network surface, increases La(110), and suppresses the decrease in V micro . As a result, a porous carbon material with a high V micro and a three-dimensional dendritic structure is obtained. In addition, by performing heat treatment at a high temperature, a porous carbon material with high durability is obtained.
- the carbon material for catalyst supports disclosed herein is a carbon material with excellent power generation characteristics and durability.
- V micro The pore volume (V micro ) of pores with a diameter of 2 nm or less, obtained by analyzing the nitrogen adsorption isotherm using the Dollimore Heal (DH) method, is 0.055 to 0.225 mL/g.
- V micro When V micro is large, many edges and defects are formed in the carbon material, so that more water can be adsorbed in the pores. If V micro is small, the amount of adsorbed water in the pores decreases under low humidification conditions. As a result, the proton conduction resistance increases and the power generation characteristics deteriorate. On the other hand, if V micro is too large, the mechanical strength of the carbon material decreases.
- V micro is set to the above range.
- V micro is preferably from 0.070 to 0.220 mL/g, and more preferably from 0.140 to 0.215 m 2 /g.
- V micro is a value measured by the measurement method shown in the examples described later.
- La(110) indicates the extent of the carbon network plane of the carbon material. If La(110) is small, the carbon network plane becomes narrow, and the pores are lost due to oxidative wear, resulting in a decrease in durability. If La(110) is high, the extent of the carbon network plane increases, the edge amount of the carbon network plane forming the pore wall is excessively reduced, and the catalyst component supporting property on the pore wall is deteriorated, resulting in deterioration of the power generation property. Therefore, La(110) is set to the above range.
- La(110) is preferably 3.0 to 9.0 nm, more preferably 6.0 to 9.0 nm.
- La(110) is a value measured using the measurement method shown in the examples below.
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro at a relative pressure of 0.95 to 0.99 is 300 to 1,200 mL/g.
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro at a relative pressure of 0.95 to 0.99 indicates the size of the macropores of the porous carbon material.
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro is large, the three-dimensional dendritic structure of the porous carbon material is highly developed. By developing the three-dimensional dendritic structure, the supply of raw material gases (H 2 , O 2 ) to the fuel cell and the discharge of generated water are improved. This improves the power generation characteristics (particularly the large current power generation characteristics).
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro is set to the above range.
- the nitrogen adsorption capacity V macro is preferably from 500 to 1200 mL/g, more preferably from 900 to 1200 mL/g.
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro is a value measured by the measurement method shown in the examples described later.
- the porous carbon material has a three-dimensional dendritic structure, and the branch diameter of the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 40 to 100 nm.
- the three-dimensional dendritic structure refers to a structure having a three-dimensional dendritic structure in which rod-shaped or ring-shaped bodies are branched three-dimensionally.
- the branch diameter of the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 40 nm or more
- the pores of the carbon material from the inside to the outside are prevented from being filled with the ionomer, which results in a lower diffusion resistance of the source gas (i.e., the diffusibility of the source gas is increased), and the power generation characteristics are easily improved.
- the branch diameter of the three-dimensional dendritic structure is 100 nm or less, the distance from the inside to the outside of the carbon material is short, and the generated water is easily discharged to the outside of the carbon material, which results in a lower diffusion resistance of the raw material gas (i.e., the diffusibility of the raw material gas is increased), and the power generation characteristics are easily improved.
- the method for producing a carbon material includes: a silver acetylide production step of synthesizing silver acetylide by blowing acetylene gas into a reaction solution of silver nitrate in an aqueous ammonia solution; a decomposition step of drying the silver acetylide and then subjecting the silver acetylide to a self-decomposition explosive reaction by application of a voltage to obtain a carbon material intermediate; a cleaning treatment step of contacting the carbon material intermediate with a nitric acid solution to clean the carbon material intermediate; a heat treatment step of heat treating the purified carbon material intermediate at a temperature of 1900 to 2300°C in a vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a heat-treated carbon material intermediate; a pulverization step of pulverizing the heat-treated carbon material intermediate; has.
- a carbon material that satisfies requirements (A) to (D), preferably a carbon material that satisfies requirements (A) to (C) as well as requirement (D), can be obtained through the above steps.
- acetylene gas is blown into a reaction solution consisting of an aqueous ammonia solution of silver nitrate (hereinafter also referred to as an "aqueous silver nitrate solution”) to synthesize silver acetylide.
- aqueous silver nitrate solution an aqueous ammonia solution of silver nitrate
- the synthesis of silver acetylide is carried out by adjusting the mass ratio of acetylene gas to silver nitrate.
- acetylene gas is passed through an aqueous silver nitrate solution, more specifically, acetylene gas is blown into the aqueous silver nitrate solution.
- ultrasonic waves can be irradiated to the aqueous silver nitrate solution during contact between silver nitrate and acetylene gas. This promotes dissolution and dispersion of acetylene gas in the aqueous silver nitrate solution. In this case, it is preferable to stir the aqueous silver nitrate solution during contact between silver nitrate and acetylene gas.
- This increases the contact frequency between acetylene gas and silver nitrate, and silver acetylide is efficiently produced.
- Stirring may be performed using a general stirring blade or a stirring bar such as a magnetic stirrer. This allows silver acetylide to be obtained as a bulky precipitate of white crystals.
- Decomposition process In the decomposition step, the silver acetylide is dried, and then a voltage is applied to cause the silver acetylide to undergo a self-decomposition explosive reaction, thereby obtaining an intermediate carbon material.
- the silver acetylide is dried, for example, by heating it under reduced pressure (e.g., under vacuum) at a temperature of 40°C to 100°C. This makes it possible to remove the solvent remaining in the silver acetylide from the reaction solution, prevents the thermal energy of the explosion from being wasted on the sensible heat of the phase transition of the solvent to the gas phase, and makes the decomposition of the silver acetylide more efficient. Note that silver acetylide does not decompose at this temperature.
- the basic structure of the carbon phase of the composite material (carbon material intermediate) containing silver and carbon is mainly composed of several layers of graphene due to the formation of polycyclic aromatic rings by the acetylene compound.
- silver forms nanoscale particles during the explosion process, so that the carbon material from which the silver particles have been removed has a large specific surface area and is highly porous.
- the autolytic explosion reaction of silver acetylide is carried out by applying a voltage to silver acetylide.
- the autolytic explosion of silver acetylide by applying a voltage promotes the autolytic explosion of silver acetylide while suppressing the deactivation of silver acetylide due to heat.
- a porous carbon material satisfying requirements (A), (B), and (C) preferably, a porous carbon material satisfying requirement (D) in addition to requirements (A), (B), and (C)
- D porous carbon material satisfying requirement (D) in addition to requirements (A), (B), and (C)
- the conditions for applying a voltage to silver acetylide are, for example, at room temperature (25° C.) and normal pressure (1 atm), a voltage of 1 to 50 kV, and a heat quantity of 0.1 to 10 J.
- Sufficiently dried silver acetylide undergoes partial autolysis, which leads to a chain reaction of autolysis, and as a result, the entire silver acetylide is autolyzed.
- the greater the amount of silver acetylide present per unit volume at the time of decomposition the greater the amount of energy generated at the time of decomposition, resulting in an increase in the pore volume.
- the carbon material intermediate is brought into contact with a nitric acid solution to clean the carbon material intermediate.
- Silver is removed from the carbon material intermediate (a composite material containing silver and carbon) by washing the carbon material intermediate.
- a known method can be used for washing.
- the carbon material intermediate is immersed in hot nitric acid to dissolve the silver, thereby obtaining a cleaned carbon material intermediate from which silver remaining on the surface and inside has been removed.
- the purified carbon material intermediate is heat treated in a vacuum or in an inert gas (nitrogen, argon, etc.) atmosphere at a temperature of 1900 to 2300° C. (preferably 2000 to 2200° C.) to obtain a heat-treated carbon material intermediate.
- a heat treatment at 1900° C. or higher, it is possible to obtain a porous carbon material that satisfies requirements (A) and (C) while controlling the BET specific surface area within an appropriate range and developing La(110).
- the heat treatment process is not particularly limited, but can be carried out, for example, under a reduced pressure atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere, preferably under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, nitrogen, argon, etc.
- the carbon material of the present disclosure can be applied, for example, to catalyst layers 150 and 160 provided in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 shown in Fig. 4.
- Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the general configuration of a fuel cell of the present disclosure.
- the solid polymer fuel cell 100 shown in FIG. 4 includes separators 110 and 120 , gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 , catalyst layers 150 and 160 , and an electrolyte membrane 170 .
- Separator 110 is an anode-side separator that introduces reducing gas such as hydrogen into gas diffusion layer 130.
- Separator 120 is a cathode-side separator that introduces oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- reducing gas such as hydrogen
- separator 120 is a cathode-side separator that introduces oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- separators 110 and 120 may be separators used in conventional fuel cells (e.g., solid polymer fuel cells).
- the gas diffusion layer 130 is an anode-side gas diffusion layer that diffuses the reducing gas supplied from the separator 110 and then supplies it to the catalyst layer 150.
- the gas diffusion layer 140 is a cathode-side gas diffusion layer that diffuses the oxidizing gas supplied from the separator 120 and then supplies it to the catalyst layer 160.
- the type of gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 is not particularly limited, and may be any gas diffusion layer used in conventional fuel cells (e.g., solid polymer fuel cells). Examples of the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 include porous carbon materials (carbon cloth, carbon paper, etc.), porous metal materials (metal mesh, metal wool, etc.), etc.
- a preferred example of the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 is a two-layer gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 have a two-layer structure in which the layer on the separator 110 and 120 side is a gas diffusion fiber layer mainly composed of fibrous carbon material, and the layer on the catalyst layer 150 and 160 side is a micropore layer mainly composed of carbon black.
- the catalyst layer 150 is a so-called anode.
- an oxidation reaction of the reducing gas occurs, and protons and electrons are generated.
- the reducing gas becomes hydrogen gas, the following oxidation reaction occurs.
- H 2 ⁇ 2H + +2e - (E 0 0V)
- the protons produced by the oxidation reaction reach the catalyst layer 160 through the catalyst layer 150 and the electrolyte membrane 170.
- the electrons produced by the oxidation reaction reach the external circuit through the catalyst layer 150, the gas diffusion layer 130, and the separator 110. After performing work (generating electricity) in the external circuit, the electrons are introduced into the separator 120. The electrons then reach the catalyst layer 160 through the separator 120 and the gas diffusion layer 140.
- the configuration of the catalyst layer 150 that serves as the anode is not particularly limited.
- the configuration of the catalyst layer 150 may be the same as that of a conventional anode, may be the same as that of the catalyst layer 160, or may be more hydrophilic than the catalyst layer 160.
- the catalyst layer 160 is a so-called cathode.
- a reduction reaction of the oxidizing gas occurs, and water is generated.
- the oxidizing gas becomes oxygen gas or air, the following reduction reaction occurs.
- the water generated by the oxidation reaction is discharged to the outside of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 together with the unreacted oxidizing gas.
- O 2 +4H + +4e - ⁇ 2H 2 O (E 0 1.23V)
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 generates electricity by utilizing the energy difference (potential difference) between the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction.
- the electrons generated in the oxidation reaction perform work in the external circuit.
- the catalyst layer 160 contains the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein. That is, the catalyst layer 160 contains the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein, an electrolyte material (e.g., ionomer), and a catalyst component (e.g., platinum). This can increase the catalyst utilization rate in the catalyst layer 160. This can increase the catalyst utilization rate of the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100.
- an electrolyte material e.g., ionomer
- a catalyst component e.g., platinum
- the catalyst loading rate in the catalyst layer 160 is not particularly limited, and is preferably 30% by mass or more and less than 80% by mass. When the catalyst loading rate is in this range, the catalyst utilization rate is further increased.
- the catalyst loading rate is expressed as the mass % of the catalyst component relative to the total mass of the catalyst-loaded particles (particles in which the catalyst component is loaded on a carbon material for the catalyst carrier). If the catalyst loading rate is less than 30% by mass, it may be necessary to thicken the catalyst layer 160 in order to make the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 practical. On the other hand, if the catalyst loading rate is 80% by mass or more, catalyst aggregation is likely to occur. In addition, if the catalyst layer 160 becomes too thin, flooding may occur.
- the mass ratio I/C of the mass I of the electrolyte material in the catalyst layer 160 to the mass C of the carbon material for the catalyst carrier is not particularly limited, and is preferably greater than 0.5 and less than 5.0. In this case, a pore network and an electrolyte material network can coexist, resulting in a high catalyst utilization rate. On the other hand, if the mass ratio I/C is 0.5 or less, the electrolyte material network tends to be weak and the proton conduction resistance tends to be high. If the mass ratio I/C is 5.0 or more, the electrolyte material may disrupt the pore network. In either case, the catalyst utilization rate may decrease.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is not particularly limited, and is preferably more than 5 ⁇ m and less than 20 ⁇ m. In this case, the oxidizing gas is more likely to diffuse into the catalyst layer 160, and flooding is less likely to occur. If the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is 5 ⁇ m or less, flooding is more likely to occur. If the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is 20 ⁇ m or more, the oxidizing gas is less likely to diffuse into the catalyst layer 160, and the catalyst components near the electrolyte membrane 170 are less likely to work. In other words, there is a possibility that the catalyst utilization rate will decrease.
- the electrolyte membrane 170 is made of an electrolyte material having proton conductivity.
- the electrolyte membrane 170 introduces the protons generated in the oxidation reaction to the catalyst layer 160 (cathode).
- the type of electrolyte material is not particularly limited, and may be any electrolyte material used in conventional fuel cells, such as solid polymer fuel cells.
- An example of a suitable electrolyte material is an electrolyte resin.
- electrolyte resins include polymers into which phosphoric acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, etc. have been introduced. Specifically, examples include perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, polymers into which benzenesulfonic acid, etc. have been introduced, etc.
- the electrolyte material may be other types of electrolyte material.
- Examples of such electrolyte materials include inorganic electrolyte materials, inorganic-organic hybrid electrolyte materials, etc.
- the solid polymer fuel cell 100 may be a fuel cell that operates within a range of room temperature (25°C) to 150°C.
- the method for manufacturing the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 is not particularly limited, and may be the same as the conventional manufacturing method.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure is used for the catalyst carrier.
- the catalyst layers 150 and 160 it is preferable to use the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure for the catalyst carrier of at least the catalyst layer 160 that serves as the cathode.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure may be used for the catalyst carriers of both the catalyst layer 150 that serves as the anode and the catalyst layer 160 that serves as the cathode.
- the nitrogen adsorption amount V macro was calculated by calculating the difference between the adsorption amount [cc(STP)/g] when the relative pressure of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm was 0.95 and the adsorption amount [cc(STP)/g] when the relative pressure was 0.99, and this was taken as the value of V macro [cc(STP)/g].
- FIG. 1 shows an example of the XRD spectrum of the carbon material for catalyst carrier of the present disclosure (i.e., the XRD spectrum before background (BG) correction).
- peak C is the peak C of the remaining component other than peak B.
- the branch diameter of the three-dimensional dendritic structure was determined by observing SEM images of five fields of view at a magnification of 100,000 (2.5 ⁇ m x 2 ⁇ m) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Hitachi High-Tech SU-9000), measuring the branch diameter at 20 points on each field of view, and averaging the measured values at a total of 100 points to determine the branch diameter.
- the branch diameter to be measured is the thickness of the central part between two adjacent branching points (the middle part of the branched branch) of the branch of interest (see Figure 3. In Figure 3, D indicates the branch diameter per point).
- a method for measuring the branch diameter will be described with reference to Fig. 3.
- branch points BP1 and BP2 that branch out are identified.
- the identified branch points BP1 and BP2 are connected, and the thickness (width) of the branch is measured at a position that forms a perpendicular bisector BC that connects the branch points BP1 and BP2.
- This measured branch thickness is the branch diameter D per location.
- the branch length is represented by the distance from the branch point BP1 to the branch point BP2 (see Fig. 3).
- Silver acetylide production process 25.8 g of silver nitrate was dissolved by adding 61.2 g of 25% by mass ammonia aqueous solution, and 42.5 g of water was added, and then dry nitrogen was blown in to remove residual oxygen. Next, the solution was stirred and immersed in an ultrasonic vibrator to give vibration, while acetylene gas was blown in at a flow rate of 18.5 mL/min for 47 minutes. This caused solid silver acetylide to precipitate in the solution.
- a carbon material intermediate i.e., a composite material containing silver and carbon.
- nitric acid was removed from the washed carbon material intermediate using a centrifuge, and further, in order to sufficiently remove the remaining nitric acid, the carbon material intermediate after centrifugation was dispersed again in pure water, which was then centrifuged again to separate the solid from the liquid.
- a purified carbon material intermediate was obtained from which the nitric acid had been removed.
- the purified carbon material intermediate was treated at 140° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to remove moisture and dry it.
- Heat Treatment Step The purified carbon material intermediate was subjected to a first heat treatment at 1100° C. for 2 hours under an argon flow to obtain a porous carbon material intermediate.
- porous carbon material intermediate was heated at a rate of 15° C./min under a flow of argon up to 2000° C. After the temperature reached 2000° C., the temperature was maintained for 1 hour to carry out a second heat treatment.
- Pulverization Step The carbon material intermediate obtained in the heat treatment step was subjected to pulverization and classification at the same time using an airflow pulverizer/classifier SJ-100GMP manufactured by Nisshin Engineering Inc. under conditions of a pulverization pressure of 0.8 MPa and a powder insertion rate of 100 g/hr.
- Example 2 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000° C. to 2100° C.
- Example 3 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000°C to 2200°C.
- Example 4 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the decomposition step, the amount of silver acetylide charged in the stainless steel vessel was changed from 1 g to 10 g.
- Example 5 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the decomposition step, the amount of silver acetylide charged in the stainless steel container was changed from 1 g to 10 g, and in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature of the second heat treatment was changed from 2000° C. to 2200° C.
- Example 6 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the decomposition step, the amount of silver acetylide charged in the stainless steel vessel was changed from 1 g to 20 g.
- Example 7 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the decomposition step, the amount of silver acetylide charged in the stainless steel container was changed from 1 g to 20 g, and in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature of the second heat treatment was changed from 2000° C. to 2100° C.
- Example 8 Instead of the washing treatment step, 10 g of the carbon material intermediate obtained by the silver acetylide decomposition step was weighed and placed in a graphite crucible, and in a Tammann furnace capable of heating up to 3000° C. in an argon atmosphere, the pressure was reduced to 0.5 Pa after vacuum replacement with argon gas, and the temperature was raised to 1400° C. at a rate of 15° C./min. After reaching a predetermined temperature, the temperature was maintained for 10 hours to remove silver, and a purified carbon material intermediate from which silver had been removed was obtained. Except for this, porous carbon was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 9 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000°C to 2200°C.
- Example 10 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the silver acetylide production step, the acetylene gas spraying time was changed from 47 minutes to 60 minutes.
- Example 11 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000°C to 2200°C.
- Example 1 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000°C to 1600°C.
- Example 2 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000°C to 1800°C.
- Example 3 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the holding temperature in the heat treatment step was changed from 2000°C to 2400°C.
- Example 4 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in the heat treatment step, the holding temperature in the second heat treatment was changed from 2000° C. to 2600° C.
- Comparative Example 7 The carbon material obtained in Comparative Example 5 was subjected to a pulverization step and then to the following steps (6) and (7).
- (6) Contact with Carbon Dioxide (Activation) Step A few grams of the pulverized material obtained in (5) pulverization step was placed in an alumina boat, which was then placed inside a tubular electric furnace, and the inside of the tubular electric furnace was replaced with carbon dioxide gas using 100% by volume of carbon dioxide gas. Heat treatment was performed at a temperature of 1050° C. for 0.5 hours while flowing carbon dioxide gas.
- Second Pulverization Step The pulverized product after activation was pulverized and classified in the same manner as in the above (5) Pulverization step.
- Comparative Example 8 A porous carbon material was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 7, except that the heat treatment time in the contact with carbon dioxide (activation) step was 1 hour.
- KB300 (Ketjen Black, manufactured by Lion Specialty Chemicals, EC300J) was heated to 1600° C. at a rate of 15° C./min under argon flow. After reaching 1600° C., the temperature was held for 1 hour to perform a heat treatment. Thereby, a porous carbon material was produced.
- KB600 (Ketjen Black, manufactured by Lion Specialty Chemicals, ECP600JD) was heated to 1600° C. at a rate of 15° C./min under argon flow. After reaching 1600° C., the temperature was held for 1 hour to perform a heat treatment. Thereby, a porous carbon material was produced.
- a catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell carrying a catalytic metal was prepared as follows, a catalyst layer ink liquid was prepared using the obtained catalyst, a catalyst layer was then formed using this catalyst layer ink liquid, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was produced using the formed catalyst layer, the produced MEA was assembled into a fuel cell, and a power generation test was performed using a fuel cell measuring device.
- the preparation of each component and the cell evaluation by the power generation test are described in detail below.
- platinum catalyst particle-supported carbon material for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere containing 5 vol.% hydrogen to prepare a platinum catalyst particle-supported carbon material.
- the amount of platinum supported on this platinum-supporting carbon material was adjusted to 25 mass % with respect to the total mass of the porous carbon material and the platinum particles, and was confirmed by measurement using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
- Ethanol was further added to each catalyst layer ink liquid having a solid content concentration of 1.0% by mass prepared in this manner to prepare a catalyst layer ink liquid for spray application having a platinum concentration of 0.5% by mass.
- the spray conditions were adjusted so that the mass of platinum per unit area of the catalyst layer (hereinafter referred to as "platinum coverage") was 0.2 mg/ cm2 .
- the catalyst layer ink for spray application was sprayed onto a Teflon (registered trademark) sheet, and then dried in argon at 120°C for 60 minutes to prepare a catalyst layer.
- an MEA membrane electrode assembly
- a square electrolyte membrane with sides of 6 cm was cut out from a Nafion membrane (NR211 manufactured by Dupont).
- the anode and cathode catalyst layers coated on Teflon (registered trademark) sheets were cut out with a cutter knife into squares with sides of 1.0 cm.
- the electrolyte membrane was sandwiched between the anode and cathode catalyst layers thus cut out so that the catalyst layers were in contact with each other across the center of the electrolyte membrane and there was no misalignment between them, and the mixture was pressed at 120°C and 100 kg/cm2 for 10 minutes.
- the Teflon (registered trademark) sheets were carefully peeled off from both the anode and cathode, thereby preparing a catalyst layer-electrolyte membrane assembly in which the anode and cathode catalyst layers were fixed to the electrolyte membrane.
- a pair of square carbon papers with sides of 1.0 cm were cut out from carbon paper (39BC manufactured by SGL Carbon Co., Ltd.) to form a gas diffusion layer.
- the catalyst layer-electrolyte membrane assembly was sandwiched between these carbon papers so that the anode and cathode catalyst layers were aligned with each other without any misalignment, and pressed at 120°C and 50 kg/ cm2 for 10 minutes to prepare an MEA.
- the basis weight of each of the catalytic metal components, carbon materials, and electrolyte materials in each of the produced MEAs was calculated from the mass of the catalyst layer fixed to the Nafion membrane (electrolyte membrane) obtained from the difference between the mass of the Teflon (registered trademark) sheet with the catalyst layer before pressing and the mass of the Teflon (registered trademark) sheet peeled off after pressing, and was then calculated from the mass ratio of the composition of the catalyst layer.
- [Passing rank] A+ The output voltage after 400 cycles is 95% or more of the output voltage in the first cycle.
- Solid polymer fuel cell 110 100 Solid polymer fuel cell 110, 120 Separator 130, 140 Gas diffusion layer 150, 160 Catalyst layer 170 Electrolyte membrane
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Abstract
Description
H2→2H++2e- (E0=0V)
O2+4H++4e-→2H2O (E0=1.23V)
(1)レーザー回折・散乱式粒度分布計を用いた粒度分布測定において、体積径基準における粒子径1μm以下の粒子の積算分布[%]をDLとし、粒子径1μm超える粒子の積算分布[%]をDHとしたときのDL/DHが1.5以上であること。
(2)水銀ポロシメトリ法により測定される細孔直径20nm~200nmの範囲のモード径が40nm~70nmであること。」が提案されている。
(1)前記空気極触媒層は、第1担体の表面に第1触媒粒子が担持された第1触媒担持カーボンと、第2担体の表面に第2触媒粒子が担持された第2触媒担持カーボンと、
触媒層アイオノマとを備えている。
(2)前記第1担体は、最頻出細孔径が2.0nm以上3.0nm以下である第1単分散球状メソポーラスカーボンからなる。
(3)前記第2担体は、最頻出細孔径が3.5nm以上5.0nm以下である第2単分散球状メソポーラスカーボンからなる。」が提案されている。
特許文献2:特開2022-066847号公報
特許文献3:特開2020-042927号公報
特許文献4:特開2022-156985号公報
特許文献5:特許6315348号
特許文献6特許7167792号
特許文献7特開2016-100262号公報
特許文献8特開2020-126816号公報
<1>
下記要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)満たす多孔質炭素材料からなる固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(A):窒素吸着等温線をDH(Dollimore Heal)法で解析して得られる直径2nm以下の細孔容積Vmicroが0.055~0.225mL/gである。
(B)XRD(X‐ray diffraction)測定により得られるXRDスペクトルにおいて、回折角2θ=78±3°の範囲をピーク解析して得られるLa(110)が2.8~9.0nmである。
(C)窒素吸着等温線において、相対圧0.95~0.99における窒素吸着量Vmacroが300~1200mL/gである。
<2>
さらに、下記要件(D)を満たす<1>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(D)前記多孔質炭素材料が三次元樹状構造を有し、前記三次元樹状構造の枝径が40~100nmである。
<3>
<1>又は<2>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料を含む固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層。
<4>
<3>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層を含む燃料電池。
<5>
前記固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層は、カソード側の触媒層である<4>に記載の燃料電池。
<6>
硝酸銀のアンモニア水溶液からなる反応溶液中にアセチレンガスを吹き込んで銀アセチリドを合成する銀アセチリド生成工程と、
前記銀アセチリドを乾燥した後、電圧印加により、前記銀アセチリドを自己分解爆発反応させて炭素材料中間体を得る分解工程と、
前記炭素材料中間体を硝酸溶液と接触させて、前記炭素材料中間体を清浄化する洗浄処理工程と、
清浄化された前記炭素材料中間体を真空中又は不活性ガス雰囲気中1900~2300℃の温度で加熱処理して加熱処理炭素材料中間体を得る加熱処理工程と、
加熱処理炭素材料中間体を粉砕する粉砕工程と、
を有する固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
本開示において、「工程」との用語は、独立した工程だけではなく、他の工程と明確に区別できない場合であってもその工程の所期の目的が達成されるのであれば、本用語に含まれる。
本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料は、後述する要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)を満たす多孔質炭素材料(以下、単に「炭素材料」又は「多孔質炭素材料」とも称する)からなる。
本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料は、発電特性及び耐久性が共に優れた炭素材料である。本開示の炭素材料は、次の知見により見出された。
一方、燃料電池を長時間駆動させた場合、燃料電池セル内部の温度上昇により湿度が低下(つまり低加湿状態)するため、多孔質炭素材料内部の細孔内に存在する水の量が減少し、触媒へのプロトン伝導抵抗が増大する。プロトン伝導の増大を抑制するためには、多孔質炭素材料内部のミクロ孔容積を大きくすることが好ましい。また、低加湿時にはプロトン伝導の媒体となる水をより多く保持することが好ましい。具体的には水の吸着サイトとして、炭素材料はエッジや欠陥を有することが好ましい。
-反応式-
カソード: 1/2O2+2e-→ O2-
アノード: O2-+H2 → H2O+2e-
全体: 1/2O2+H → H2O
それに対して、銀アセチリド分解法において、従来の加熱ではなく、電気印加によって銀アセチリドを分解する。それにより、銀アセチリドの失活が抑制されるため、炭素網面が発達し、La(110)を大きくできると共に、Vmicroの低下が抑制される。そのため、Vmicroが高く、三次元樹状構造を有する多孔質炭素材料が得られる。それに加え、高い温度で加熱処理することで、高い耐久性を有する多孔質炭素材料が得られる。
ここで、発電特性及び耐久性の向上の観点から、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料は、要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)に加え、要件(D)を満たすことが好ましい。
(A)窒素吸着等温線をDH(Dollimore Heal)法で解析して得られる直径2nm以下の細孔容積(Vmicro)が0.055~0.225mL/gである
Vmicroが大きいと炭素材料に多数のエッジや欠陥が形成されるので、より多くの水を細孔内に吸着させることができる。
Vmicroが小さいと、低加湿状態のとき、細孔内の吸着水の量が低下する。その結果、プロトン伝導抵抗が増大し、発電特性が低下する。一方、Vmicroが大きすぎると、炭素材料の機械的強度が低下する。その結果、触媒層が潰れやすくなり、触媒層内にガスが拡散し難くなる。
よって、Vmicroは、上記範囲とする。
Vmicroは、0.070~0.220mL/gが好ましく、0.140~0.215m2/gがより好ましい。
XRD(X‐ray diffraction)測定により得られるXRDスペクトルにおいて、回折角2θ=78±3°付近の範囲をピーク解析して得られるLa(110)が2.8~9.0nmである。
La(110)は、炭素材料の炭素網面の広がりを示している。
La(110)が小さいと、炭素網面が狭くなるため、酸化消耗により細孔が失われることから、耐久性が低下する。
La(110)が高いと、炭素網面の広がりが増すことで、細孔壁を形成する炭素網面のエッジ量が過度に減少し、細孔壁への触媒成分担持特性が低下する。その結果、発電特性が低下する。
よって、La(110)は、上記範囲とする。
La(110)は、3.0~9.0nmが好ましく、6.0~9.0nmがより好ましい。
(C)窒素吸着等温線において、相対圧0.95~0.99における窒素吸着量Vmacroが300~1200mL/gである。
相対圧0.95~0.99における窒素吸着量Vmacroは、多孔質炭素材料のマクロ孔の大きさを示すものである。窒素吸着量Vmacroが大きいと、多孔質炭素材料の三次元樹状構造が高度に発達した状態となる。三次元樹状構造を発達させることで、燃料電池の原料ガス(H2、O2)の供給性、及び生成した水の排出性が向上する。それにより、発電特性(特に、大電流発電特性)が向上する。
一方で、窒素吸着量Vmacroが大きすぎると、触媒層を形成したとき、触媒層の炭素量が減少するため、触媒層の形状を保つことが困難となる。
よって、窒素吸着量Vmacroは、上記範囲とする。
窒素吸着量Vmacroは、500~1200mL/gが好ましく、900~1200mL/gがより好ましい。
(D)多孔質炭素材料が三次元樹状構造を有し、前記三次元樹状構造の枝径が40~100nmである。なお、三次元樹状構造とは、棒状体又は環状体が三次元的に分岐した三次元樹状構造を有する構造を示す。
ここで、生成水の排出経路及び原料ガスの侵入経路となる、炭素材料内部から外部への距離は短い方が好ましく、この距離は三次元樹状構造の枝径で表すことができる。
三次元樹状構造の枝径が40nm以上であると、炭素材料にアイオノマーを付けたとき、炭素材料内部から外部への細孔がアイオノマーによる埋まることが抑制される。その結果、原料ガスの拡散抵抗が低くなり(つまり原料ガスの拡散性が高くなり)、発電特性が向上し易くなる。
三次元樹状構造の枝径が100nm以下であると、炭素材料内部から外部への距離が短くなり、生成水が炭素材料の外部へ排出され易くなる。その結果、原料ガスの拡散抵抗が低くなり(つまり原料ガスの拡散性が高くなり)、発電特性が向上し易くなる。
以下、本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料の製造方法(以下、「炭素材料の製造方法」とも称する)の一例について説明する。
硝酸銀のアンモニア水溶液からなる反応溶液中にアセチレンガスを吹き込んで銀アセチリドを合成する銀アセチリド生成工程と、
銀アセチリドを乾燥した後、電圧印加により、銀アセチリドを自己分解爆発反応させて炭素材料中間体を得る分解工程と、
炭素材料中間体を硝酸溶液と接触させて、炭素材料中間体を清浄化する洗浄処理工程と、
清浄化された炭素材料中間体を真空中又は不活性ガス雰囲気中1900~2300℃の温度で加熱処理して加熱処理炭素材料中間体を得る加熱処理工程と、
加熱処理炭素材料中間体を粉砕する粉砕工程と、
を有する。
銀アセチリド生成工程では、硝酸銀のアンモニア水溶液(以下、「硝酸銀水溶液」とも称する)からなる反応溶液中にアセチレンガスを吹き込んで銀アセチリドを合成する。
銀アセチリドの合成は、アセチレンガスと硝酸銀との質量比を調整して行われる。硝酸銀に対するアセチレンガスの接触方法については、例えば、硝酸銀水溶液にアセチレンガスを通過させる、より具体的には硝酸銀水溶液にアセチレンガスを吹き込む方法が挙げられる。また、硝酸銀とアセチレンガスとの接触時において、硝酸銀水溶液に対し超音波を照射することもできる。これにより、硝酸銀水溶液へのアセチレンガスの溶解と分散が促進される。その際、硝酸銀とアセチレンガスとの接触時において、硝酸銀水溶液を撹拌することが好ましい。これにより、アセチレンガスと硝酸銀との接触の接触頻度が増加し、効率よく銀アセチリドが生成する。撹拌は、一般的な撹拌翼を用いて行ってもよいし、マグネットスターラー等の撹拌子を用いて行ってもよい。これにより、白色結晶の嵩高い沈殿物として銀アセチリドを得ることができる。
分解工程では、銀アセチリドを乾燥した後、電圧印加により、銀アセチリドを自己分解爆発反応させて炭素材料中間体を得る。
その際、銀は、ナノサイズの粒子を形成し、反応熱によりガス化して粒子の表面部分に噴出する。炭素は、アセチレン分子等のアセチレン系化合物が3個集まってベンゼン環を形成しやすいために、芳香族性の高い構造を有する。また、銀がナノ粒子を形成するため、銀を除去した炭素相は、多孔質の構造体となる。
なお、銀と炭素とを含む複合材料(炭素材料中間体)の炭素相の部分の基本構造は、アセチレン系化合物による多環芳香族形成により、主として数層のグラフェンにより構成される。また、銀と炭素とを含む複合材料(炭素材料中間体)においては、銀が爆発過程においてナノスケールの粒子を形成することから、銀粒子を除去した炭素材料は、比表面積が大きく、多孔性に富んだ炭素材料を得ることができる。
銀アセチリドに対する電圧印加の条件は、例えば、常温(25℃)、常圧(1気圧)の環境下、電圧1~50kVで、0.1~10Jの熱量が加わる条件とする。十分に乾燥された銀アセチリドは一部を自己分解させることで連鎖的に自己分解が進み、結果として全体が自己分解される。分解時に単位体積当たりに存在する銀アセチリド量が多いほど分解時に生成するエネルギー量が大きくなり、結果として細孔容積が増加する。
洗浄処理工程では、炭素材料中間体を硝酸溶液と接触させて、炭素材料中間体を清浄化する。
炭素材料中間体(銀と炭素とを含む複合材料)の洗浄により、炭素材料中間体から銀を取り除く。洗浄は、公知の方法を用いることができる。例えば、炭素材料中間体を熱硝酸に浸漬し、銀を溶解することで表面及び内部に残存した銀が除かれた清浄化された炭素材料中間体を得ることができる。
加熱処理工程では、清浄化された炭素材料中間体を真空中又は不活性ガス(窒素、アルゴン等)雰囲気中1900~2300℃(好ましくは2000~2200℃)の温度で加熱処理して加熱処理炭素材料中間体を得る。
炭素材料中間体を1900℃以上で加熱処理することで、BET比表面積を適切な範囲に制御しつつ、かつLa(110)が発達した状態となり、要件(A)及び要件(C)を満たす多孔質炭素材料が得られる。
炭素材料中間体を2300℃以下で加熱処理することで、炭素の過度な結晶化の進行による細孔容積の低下を抑制しつつ、過度なLa(110)が発達したが抑制され、要件(A)、要件(B)及び要件(C)を満たす多孔質炭素材料(好ましくは、要件(A)、要件(B)及び要件(C)に加え、要件(D)を満たす多孔質炭素材料)が得られる。
本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層とともに、固体高分子型燃料電池について説明する。
本開示の炭素材料は、例えば、図4に示す固体高分子型燃料電池100に設けられる触媒層150及び160に適用可能である。図4は、本開示の燃料電池の概略構成の一例を示す模式図である。
図4に示す固体高分子型燃料電池100は、セパレータ110及び120、ガス拡散層130及び140、触媒層150及び160、並びに電解質膜170を備える。
H2→2H++2e- (E0=0V)
O2+4H++4e-→2H2O (E0=1.23V)
固体高分子型燃料電池100の製造方法は特に制限されず、従来と同様の製造方法であればよい。ただし、触媒担体には本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いる。触媒層150及び160のうち、少なくとも、カソードとなる触媒層160における触媒担体には、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いることが好ましい。もちろん、アノードとなる触媒層150及びカソードとなる触媒層160における両触媒層の触媒担体に、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いてもよい。
本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料の実験例について説明する。まず、各パラメータの測定方法について説明する。
触媒担体用炭素材料の試料を約30mg測り採り、200℃で2時間真空乾燥した後に、自動比表面積測定装置(アントンパール・ジャパン社製 AUTOSORB iQ)を用い、窒素ガスを吸着質に用いて窒素吸着・脱離等温線を測定した。
細孔径2nm以下の細孔容積Vmicroについては、窒素吸着・脱離等温線を装置付属のソフトを用いたDH法により解析して算出した。
窒素吸着量Vmacroについては、窒素吸着等温線の相対圧が0.95の時の吸着量〔cc(STP)/g〕と、0.99の時の吸着量〔cc(STP)/g〕との差を算出して、Vmacro〔cc(STP)/g〕の値とした。
まず、触媒担体用炭素材料の試料を約30mg量り採り、シリコン無反射板に載せた。試料が載った反射板を、X線回折装置(株式会社リガク製のRINT-TTRIII)にセットし、常温(25℃)下、走査ステップ0.02°、角度掃引速度1°/分、線源にCu-Kαを用いて測定した。それにより、XRDスペクトルを得た。ここで、図1に、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料のXRDスペクトル(つまりバックグランド(BG)補正前のXRDスペクトル)の一例を示す。
次に、得られたXRDスペクトルのバックグラウンドを除去、つまりバックグラウンド(BG)補正し、スムージングした。
次に、バックグラウンド(BG)補正後のXRDスペクトルにおいて、回折角2θ=70°~90°の範囲において、回折角2θ=78±3°の範囲のピークBを、フォークト関数により波形分離した(図2参照)。回折角2θ=70°~90°の範囲に存在する回折ピークは(110)面、(112)面、(006)面が混合されたものである。そして、回折角2θ=78±3°の範囲のピークBは、(110)面の回折ピークに相当する。なお、図2中、ピークCは、ピークB以外の残存成分のピークCである。
そして、ピークBについて、Scherrerの式(La=Kλ/βcosθ)を用いて、La(110)を求めた。ここで、形状因子Kは1、X線波長λは1.54184Å、βはピークBの半値幅である。
三次元樹状構造の枝径は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM;日立ハイテク社製SU-9000)により、10万倍(2.5μm×2μm)の倍率で5視野のSEM画像を観察し、各視野の画像上でそれぞれ20ヶ所の枝径を計測し、総計100ヶ所の測定値の平均値を枝径の値とする。
なお、計測する枝径は、注目する枝について、隣接する2つ分岐点間の中央部(枝分かれしている枝の中間部)の太さを計測して、枝径とする(図3参照。図3中、Dは1箇所当たりの枝径を示す)。
ここで、図3を参照して、枝径の測定方法を説明する。図3では、1箇所の注目する枝を示している。この注目する枝について、枝分かれする分岐点BP1と分岐点BP2とを特定する。次に、特定した分岐点BP1と分岐点BP2とを結び、分岐点BP1と分岐点BP2とを結んだ垂直二等分線BCとなる位置で、枝の太さ(幅)を計測する。この計測した枝の太さが1箇所当たりの枝径Dである。なお、枝長は、分岐点BP1から分岐点BP2までの距離で表される(図3を参照)。
(実施例1)
(1)銀アセチリド生成工程
硝酸銀25.8gに25質量%アンモニア水溶液61.2gを加えて溶解し、さらに水42.5gを加えた後、乾燥窒素を吹き込むことで残留酸素を除去した。次いで、その溶液を攪拌すると共に超音波振動子を浸して振動を与えながら、アセチレンガスを18.5mL/minの流速で47分間吹き付けた。これによって、溶液中に銀アセチリドの固形物を沈殿させた。次いで、得られた沈殿物をメンブレンフィルターで濾過したが、濾過の際には、沈殿物を純水で洗浄し、さらに若干の純水を加え沈殿物に純水を含浸させた。
(2)分解工程
銀アセチリド生成工程で得られた銀アセチリド1gを、純水が含浸された状態のままで直径30cmの静電気印加用の電極を備えたステンレス製容器内に装入し、容器内を減圧し、30~40℃で1時間かけて真空乾燥を行った。真空乾燥後そのまま容器から取り出すことなく20kVで0.4Jの電圧印加を行った。電圧印加により容器内では銀アセチリドのナノスケールの分解反応が起こり、内包されていた銀が噴出し、表面及び内部には多数の噴出孔が形成された銀内包ナノ構造物を、炭素材料中間体(つまり銀と炭素とを含む複合材料)として得た。
(3)洗浄処理工程
分解工程で得られた炭素材料中間体10gを濃度30質量%の硝酸溶液200mLに浸漬し、90℃で2時間洗浄することにより、残存する銀粒子を除去した。次いで、遠心分離機を用いて洗浄後の炭素材料中間体から硝酸を除去し、さらに、残留する硝酸を十分に除去するために、遠心分離後の炭素材料中間体料を再び純水中に分散させ、それを再度遠心分離機に供して、固体を液体から分離させた。このような水洗する操作を2回行うことにより、硝酸を除去して清浄化された炭素材料中間体を得た。
清浄化された炭素材料中間体を、140℃、空気雰囲気下で2時間処理することにより水分を除去して乾燥させた。
(4)加熱処理工程
清浄化された炭素材料中間体を、アルゴン流通下、1100℃で2時間の第一の加熱処理を行い、多孔質な炭素材料中間体を得た。
さらに、多孔質な炭素材料中間体を、アルゴン流通下、2000℃まで15℃/分で昇温した。そして、2000℃に達した後、その温度にて1時間保持して、第二の加熱処理を行った。
(5)粉砕工程
加熱処理工程で得られた炭素材料中間体を、日清エンジニアリング株式会社製の気流式粉砕分級機SJ-100GMPを用い、粉砕圧力0.8MPa、粉挿入速度100g/hrの条件において装置に供して粉砕と同時に分級を行った。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2100℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2200℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
分解工程において、ステンレス容器に装入した銀アセチリドの量を1gから10gにした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
分解工程において、ステンレス容器に装入した銀アセチリドの量を1gから10gにしたこと、および加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2200℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
分解工程において、ステンレス容器に装入した銀アセチリドの量を1gから20gにした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
分解工程において、ステンレス容器に装入した銀アセチリドの量を1gから20gにしたこと、および加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2100℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
洗浄処理工程に代わり、銀アセチリドの分解工程により得られた炭素材料中間体10gを計量して黒鉛製のるつぼに入れ、アルゴン雰囲気で3000℃まで昇温可能なタンマン炉内で、アルゴンガスに真空置換後に圧力を0.5Paまで減圧し、1400℃まで15℃/分で昇温した。そして、所定の温度に達した後、10時間当該温度を維持して、銀の除去を行い銀が除去された清浄化された炭素材料中間体を得た以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素を作製した。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2200℃にした以外は、実施例8と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
銀アセチリド生成工程において、アセチレンガスの吹き付け時間を47分から60分にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2200℃にした以外は、実施例10と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から1600℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から1800℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
加熱処理工程の保持温度を2000℃から2400℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
加熱処理工程において、第二の加熱処理の保持温度を2000℃から2600℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
銀アセチリド生成工程で得られた銀アセチリド1gを、純水が含浸された状態のままで直径30cmのステンレス製容器内に装入し、容器内を減圧し、30~40℃で1時間かけて真空乾燥を行った。真空乾燥後、そのまま容器から取り出すことなく160~200℃まで急速に加熱し、20分間加熱を実施した。
これら操作を行った以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
銀アセチリド生成工程で得られた銀アセチリド1gを、純水が含浸された状態のままで直径30cmのステンレス製容器内に装入し、容器内を減圧し、30~40℃で1時間かけて真空乾燥を行った。真空乾燥後そのまま容器から取り出すことなく160~200℃まで急速に加熱し、20分間加熱を実施したこと、および加熱処理工程の保持温度を2000℃から2200℃にした。
これら操作を行った以外は、実施例1と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
比較例5で得られた炭素材料を、粉砕工程に次いで下記(6)、(7)の工程を実施した。
(6)二酸化炭素との接触(賦活)工程
アルミナボートに(5)粉砕工程で得られた粉砕物を数g入れ、管状電気炉の内部に設置し、100体積%の二酸化炭素ガスを用いて管状電気炉内を二酸化炭素ガスに置換した。二酸化炭素ガスをフローしながら温度1050℃で0.5時間加熱処理を行った。
(7)第2の粉砕工程
賦活後の粉砕物を前記(5)粉砕工程と同様に粉砕・分級を行った。
二酸化炭素との接触(賦活)工程で加熱処理時間を1時間とした以外は比較例7と同様に多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
KB300(ケッチェンブラック、ライオン・スペシャリティケミカルズ社製、EC300J)を、アルゴン流通下、1600℃まで15℃/分で昇温した。そして、1600℃に達した後、その温度にて1時間保持して、加熱処理を行った。
それにより、多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
KB600(ケッチェンブラック、ライオン・スペシャリティケミカルズ社製、ECP600JD)を、アルゴン流通下、1600℃まで15℃/分で昇温した。そして、1600℃に達した後、その温度にて1時間保持して、加熱処理を行った。
それにより、多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
CNovel-MH(東洋炭素株式会社製)を、アルゴン流通下、2000℃まで15℃/分で昇温した。そして、2000℃に達した後、その温度にて1時間保持して、加熱処理を行った。
それにより、多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
CNovel_MJ(4)010(東洋炭素株式会社製)を、アルゴン流通下、2000℃まで15℃/分で昇温した。そして、2000℃に達した後、その温度にて1時間保持して、加熱処理を行った。
それにより、多孔質炭素材料を作製した。
各例の多孔質炭素材料を用い、以下のようにして触媒金属が担持された固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒を調製し、また、得られた触媒を用いて触媒層インク液を調製し、次いでこの触媒層インク液を用いて触媒層を形成し、更に形成された触媒層を用いて膜電極接合体(MEA: Membrane Electrode Assembly)を作製し、この作製されたMEAを燃料電池セルに組み込み、燃料電池測定装置を用いて発電試験を行った。以下、各部材の調製及び発電試験によるセル評価について詳細に説明する。
各例の作製した各多孔質炭素材料を、蒸留水中に分散させ、この分散液にホルムアルデヒドを加え、40℃に設定したウォーターバスにセットし、分散液の温度がバスと同じ40℃になってから、撹拌下にこの分散液中にジニトロジアミンPt錯体硝酸水溶液をゆっくりと注ぎ入れた。その後、約2時間撹拌を続けた後、濾過し、得られた固形物の洗浄を行った。このようにして得られた固形物を90℃で真空乾燥した後、乳鉢で粉砕し、次いで水素を5体積%含むアルゴン雰囲気中200℃で1時間熱処理をして白金触媒粒子担持炭素材料を作製した。なお、この白金担持炭素材料の白金担持量については、多孔質炭素材料と白金粒子の合計質量に対して25質量%となるように調整し、誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析(ICP-AES:Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry)により測定して確認した。
以上のようにして調製された白金担持炭素材料(Pt触媒)を用い、また、電解質樹脂として5質量%ナフィオン溶液(デュポン製DE2020CS、登録商標:Nafion)を用い、Ar雰囲気下でこれらPt触媒とナフィオンとを白金触媒粒子担持炭素材料の質量に対してナフィオン固形分の質量が1.0倍の割合で配合し、軽く撹拌した後、超音波でPt触媒を解砕し、更にエタノールを加えてPt触媒と電解質樹脂とを合わせた合計の固形分濃度が1.0質量%となるように調整し、Pt触媒と電解質樹脂とが混合した触媒層インク液を調製した。
このようにして調製された固形分濃度1.0質量%の各触媒層インク液に更にエタノールを加え、白金濃度が0.5質量%のスプレー塗布用触媒層インク液を作製し、白金の触媒層単位面積当たりの質量(以下、「白金目付量」という。)が0.2mg/cm2となるようにスプレー条件を調節し、上記スプレー塗布用触媒層インクをテフロン(登録商標)シート上にスプレーした後、アルゴン中120℃で60分間の乾燥処理を行い、触媒層を作製した。
以上のようにして作製した触媒層を用い、以下の方法でMEA(膜電極接合体)を作製した。
ナフィオン膜(Dupont社製NR211)から一辺6cmの正方形状の電解質膜を切り出した。また、テフロン(登録商標)シート上に塗布されたアノード及びカソードの各触媒層については、それぞれカッターナイフで一辺1.0cmの正方形状に切り出した。
このようにして切り出されたアノード及びカソードの各触媒層の間に、各触媒層が電解質膜の中心部を挟んでそれぞれ接すると共に互いにずれが無いように、この電解質膜を挟み込み、120℃、100kg/cm2で10分間プレスし、次いで室温まで冷却した後、アノード及びカソード共にテフロン(登録商標)シートのみを注意深く剥ぎ取り、アノード及びカソードの各触媒層が電解質膜に定着した触媒層-電解質膜接合体を調製した。
次に、ガス拡散層として、カーボンペーパー(SGLカーボン社製39BC)から一辺1.0cmの大きさで一対の正方形状カーボンペーパーを切り出し、これらのカーボンペーパーの間に、アノード及びカソードの各触媒層が一致してずれが無いように、上記触媒層-電解質膜接合体を挟み、120℃、50kg/cm2で10分間プレスしてMEAを作製した。
なお、作製された各MEAにおける触媒金属成分、炭素材料、電解質材料の各成分の目付量については、プレス前の触媒層付テフロン(登録商標)シートの質量とプレス後に剥がしたテフロン(登録商標)シートの質量との差からナフィオン膜(電解質膜)に定着させた触媒層の質量を求め、触媒層の組成の質量比より算出した。
各実施例及び比較例の各多孔質炭素材料を用いて作製したMEAについて、それぞれセルに組み込み、燃料電池測定装置にセットして、次の手順で燃料電池の性能評価を行った。
カソード側には酸化性ガスとして空気を、また、アノード側には反応ガスとして純水素を、それぞれ利用率が40%と70%となるように、セル下流に設けられた背圧弁で圧力調整し、背圧0.05MPaで供給した。また、セル温度は70℃に設定し、燃料電池セルに供給する空気と純水素を加湿器にそれぞれ通すことで、加湿した。これにより、アノード及びカソードの相対湿度を70%程度とした。
このような設定の下にセルに反応ガスを供給した条件下で、負荷を徐々に増やし、電流密度1000mA/cm2におけるセル端子間電圧を出力電圧として記録し、燃料電池の性能評価を実施し、下記の合格ランクA及びBと不合格ランクCの基準で評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
〔合格ランク〕
A+:1000mA/cm2における出力電圧が0.60V以上であるもの。
A:1000mA/cm2における出力電圧が0.55V以上であるもの。
B:1000mA/cm2における出力電圧が0.50V以上であるもの。
〔不合格ランク〕
C:合格ランクBに満たないもの。
上記セルにおいて、セル温度を80℃に設定し、アノードには燃料電池セルに供給する純水素は加湿器を通し相対湿度を100%程度とし、カソードには燃料電池セルに供給するアルゴンガスは加湿器を通し相対湿度100%程度とし、セル電圧を0.6Vにして4秒間保持する操作とセル電圧を1.2Vにして4秒間保持する操作とを繰り返す操作(矩形波的電圧変動の繰返し操作)を1サイクルとし、この矩形波的電圧変動の繰返し操作を400サイクル実施した。400サイクル実施後、上記の発電特性評価と同様にして耐久性を調査し、下記の合格ランクA及びBと不合格ランクCの基準で評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
〔合格ランク〕
A+:400サイクル実施後の出力電圧が1サイクル目の出力電圧の95%以上であるもの。
A:400サイクル実施後の出力電圧が1サイクル目の出力電圧の90%以上であるもの。
B:400サイクル実施後の出力電圧が1サイクル目の出力電圧の85%以上であるもの。
〔不合格ランク〕
C:合格ランクBに満たないもの。
110、120 セパレータ
130、140 ガス拡散層
150、160 触媒層
170 電解質膜
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、および技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、および技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (6)
- 下記要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)満たす多孔質炭素材料からなる固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(A):窒素吸着等温線をDH(Dollimore Heal)法で解析して得られる直径2nm以下の細孔容積Vmicroが0.055~0.225mL/gである。
(B)XRD(X‐ray diffraction)測定により得られるXRDスペクトルにおいて、回折角2θ=78±3°の範囲をピーク解析して得られるLa(110)が2.8~9.0nmである。
(C)窒素吸着等温線において、相対圧0.95~0.99における窒素吸着量Vmacroが300~1200mL/gである。 - さらに、下記要件(D)を満たす請求項1に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(D)前記多孔質炭素材料が三次元樹状構造を有し、前記三次元樹状構造の枝径が40~100nmである。 - 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料を含む固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層。
- 請求項3に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層を含む燃料電池。
- 前記固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層は、カソード側の触媒層である請求項4に記載の燃料電池。
- 硝酸銀のアンモニア水溶液からなる反応溶液中にアセチレンガスを吹き込んで銀アセチリドを合成する銀アセチリド生成工程と、
前記銀アセチリドを乾燥した後、電圧印加により、前記銀アセチリドを自己分解爆発反応させて炭素材料中間体を得る分解工程と、
前記炭素材料中間体を硝酸溶液と接触させて、前記炭素材料中間体を清浄化する洗浄処理工程と、
清浄化された前記炭素材料中間体を真空中又は不活性ガス雰囲気中1900~2300℃の温度で加熱処理して加熱処理炭素材料中間体を得る加熱処理工程と、
加熱処理炭素材料中間体を粉砕する粉砕工程と、
を有する固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
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| CN121014121A (zh) | 2025-11-25 |
| EP4693526A1 (en) | 2026-02-11 |
| KR20250165387A (ko) | 2025-11-25 |
| JPWO2024202884A1 (ja) | 2024-10-03 |
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