WO2024246169A1 - Méthode de traitement de plantes - Google Patents
Méthode de traitement de plantes Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024246169A1 WO2024246169A1 PCT/EP2024/064846 EP2024064846W WO2024246169A1 WO 2024246169 A1 WO2024246169 A1 WO 2024246169A1 EP 2024064846 W EP2024064846 W EP 2024064846W WO 2024246169 A1 WO2024246169 A1 WO 2024246169A1
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- mangostin
- phosphonates
- chitosan
- extract
- mangostana
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P3/00—Fungicides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
- A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of agriculture and to a treatment of plants based on an antifungal compound, in particular phosphonate compounds (salts of phosphorous acid) or chitosan in which the action of this compound is improved by co-administration, in particular of an extract of Garcinia mangostana.
- an antifungal compound in particular phosphonate compounds (salts of phosphorous acid) or chitosan in which the action of this compound is improved by co-administration, in particular of an extract of Garcinia mangostana.
- Plants are subject to many fungal diseases that can cause significant yield and therefore economic losses.
- phosphonates are salts of phosphorous acid, derived from phosphate rocks. Phosphonates have fungicidal properties. Many trials in different countries have shown the effectiveness of phosphonates against many cryptogamic diseases: Downy mildew of grapevines, Phytophtora of fruit trees, Pythium, etc. The use of phosphonates (potassium phosphonate, disodium phosphonate) constitutes a particularly interesting alternative to copper given their effectiveness. Biocontrol phosphonates have a dual activity: fungicide and stimulator of plant defenses.
- Biocontrol phosphonates are used preventively. In case of low pressure, the use of phosphonates alone is possible but it is however recommended to associate them with a partner fungicide of contact at a reduced dose, in order to complete the efficacy on leaves and to ensure an optimal protection of the plants.
- the management of the rates between two applications is just as important as with any other fungicide, in particular in case of heavy precipitation.
- phosphonate sprays systematically result in residues of phosphorous acid, in particular in wines. These residues are lower than the MRLs and are not dangerous for the consumer. In addition, these products are prohibited in organic farming.
- Phosphonates in particular potassium phosphonates
- concentrations that can vary from 2.5 g/L to 30 g/L on average.
- Phosphonates in particular potassium phosphonates
- Phosphonates are authorised for marketing in France, in particular for the following applications, with maximum recommended doses and number of applications (when phosphonates are used alone, they are at a concentration of 720-755 g/L):
- Solanaceae including tomatoes and eggplants: mildew(s), 2.5-4 L/ha, 3-5 applications
- Pome fruits (apple trees, pear trees, quince trees, etc.): scab, 1.9-2.5 L/ha, 6 applications
- Vine downy mildew(s) 2.5-4 L/ha 2-5 applications; black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) 4 L/ha 4 applications; Excoriosis (Phomopsis viticola) 3 L/ha
- Fruit crops such as blueberry, currant, gooseberry, peach and nectarine: Fungi (Pythiaceae, including Phytophthora spp), 2.5-4 L/ha 3 applications (aerial parts); 10 L/ha 3 applications
- Citrus (orange, lemon, grapefruit, mandarin, clementine and lime): Phytophthora citrophthora; collar canker (Phytophthora cactorurrf) 5-8.75 L/ha 1-2 applications; Fungi (Pythiaceae) 4-6 L/ha 3-4 applications Wheat: Septoria; 4 L/ha 2 applications (aerial parts)
- Chitosan (or chitosan) is a natural polymer obtained by the partial deacetylation of chitin that is now widely used in many fields of application. Given its biodegradable and non-toxic nature, chitosan represents a promising alternative to plant protection products from the chemical industry. It has strong potential in the field of combating biotic stress where it constitutes an effective treatment against certain diseases. It has two modes of action that come on the one hand from its bacterio- and fungistatic properties (antimicrobial activity) and on the other hand from its ability to induce the natural defenses of plants (SDP). Indeed, thanks to its cationic character, chitosan polymers will interact with the cell membranes of negatively charged pathogens which will alter membrane permeability. Through an elicitor mechanism, chitosan will also stimulate the natural defenses of plants in response to a broad spectrum of phytopathogens. Used alone, chitosan generally does not achieve a level of protection equivalent to a synthetic fungicide reference.
- Chitosan is authorised for marketing in Europe, in particular as chitosan hydrochloride, for the protection of various plants against fungal or bacterial infections. Chitosan of fungal origin is also authorised. Chitosan acetate (obtained with acetic acid rather than hydrochloric acid) may also be considered.
- Examples include protection against fungal infections of olive trees, vines (Vitis vinifera), lawns, meadows, ryegrass, sugar beets, cereals, potatoes, vegetables, berries and small fruits (blackcurrants, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, etc.), and bulbous ornamental plants.
- Table 1 provides a list of plants and bacterial or fungal pathogens that may be treated with phosphonates or chitosan.
- phosphonates are approved against a large number of fungal diseases and bacterial diseases, for perennial crops (vines, fruit crops), market gardens (crops belonging to various botanical families), large-scale crops (control of potato blight, and against some fungal diseases of wheat and rye (in particular septoria due to Steptoria sp. In particular Septoria tritici or Septoria nodorum).
- Phosphonates can also be used against various fungal diseases affecting perfume, aromatic and medicinal plants (PPAM), ornamental species and seed crops, or which develop on wood wounds.
- Chitosan can also be used against a large number of fungal diseases and bacterial diseases, for perennial crops (vines, fruit crops), market gardens (crops belonging to various botanical families), large-scale crops (fight against potato blight, and against some fungal diseases of wheat and rye (notably fusarium) transmitted by seeds.
- apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis, for which apple orchards receive an average of 23 fungicide/bactericide treatments per year (15 to 29 depending on the region), of which nearly three-quarters target scab.
- Phosphonate-based treatments could also control Nectria galligena, which causes European canker.
- Potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans causes yield losses that can lead to total destruction of the plot, or quality losses in the event of late attacks. On average, 10 to 12 treatments are carried out, or up to 15 or 20 in areas at high risk of blight. P. infestans can also cause significant damage to tomatoes (also from the Solanaceae family).
- Beet leaf spot is a leaf disease caused by Cercospora beticola, which can cause significant damage if attacks occur early or in irrigated areas.
- Black spot disease is caused by Alternaria brassicicola on a wide range of hosts, particularly in the genus Brassica, including a number of economically important crops such as cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, oilseeds, broccoli and canola.
- Lettuce downy mildew is caused by Bremia lactucae and can cause death of young seedlings.
- Septoria leaf spot of wheat is a fungal disease caused mainly by Septoria tritici and Septoria nodorum, which affects wheat and other species of the genus Triticum. It can cause yield losses of more than 40%.
- Alternaria solani can cause a disease called alternaria leaf spot or alternaria blight in plants of the Solanaceae family, including tomatoes and potatoes, but also peppers and eggplants, which manifests itself as circular black spots, in which concentric circles are visible, on the leaves of the plants, and can lead to defoliation.
- the invention relates to a method for treating a plant, comprising the simultaneous, staggered or separate application in time of (I) y-mangostin and (II) a phytosanitary product chosen from (i) phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates, and (ii) chitosan. It is preferred when compounds (I) and (II) are applied to obtain a synergistic effect (thus making it possible to obtain an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects).
- the desired effect is in particular a fertilizing effect to improve plant growth or leaf growth, or an antifungal or antibacterial effect to combat bacteriosis or fungal diseases.
- y-mangostin can be provided via a Garcinia mangostana extract containing y-mangostin, in particular between 2 and 15% (by weight) of y-mangostin.
- This extract may result from the maceration of pericarps of G. mangostana in a polar solvent, preferably in ethanol. It is preferred that y-mangostin and compound (II) are applied simultaneously.
- ⁇ -Mangostin and compound (II) may be applied to prevent or control bacterial or fungal diseases, or as a fertilizing agent to improve plant growth or leaf growth.
- Compound (II) may be phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates.
- Compound (II) may be chitosan, in particular chitosan hydrochloride.
- ⁇ -Mangostin is preferably applied at a rate of between 1 and 40 g/ha, preferably between 1 and 8 g/ha
- phosphonates are preferably applied at a quantity of between 250 and 4000 g/ha
- chitosan is preferably applied at a quantity of between 250 and 4000 g/ha.
- a composition comprising (I) y-mangostin and (II) a phytosanitary product selected from (i) phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates, and (ii) chitosan, compounds (I) and (II) preferably in doses and a ratio making it possible to obtain a synergistic effect, the use of such a composition as a fertilizing composition, or a phytosanitary composition, and/or for improving the growth and/or development and/or productivity of plants and/or defense against plant pathogens are also described.
- the invention relates to a method for treating plants, in which phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates, and y-mangostin, in particular contained in an extract of Garcinia mangostana, are combined.
- the treatment applied to the plants may have a phytosanitary and/or growth-stimulating effect. It may also be used as a fertilizer, fertilizer or biostimulant.
- the two compounds are advantageously added in conditions and proportions making it possible to obtain a synergistic effect (the examples and the information in the application allow a person skilled in the art to determine the doses making it possible to observe a synergy).
- the invention also relates to a phytosanitary composition
- a phytosanitary composition comprising phosphonates (ll)(i), in particular potassium, and y-mangostin (I), in particular contained in an extract of Garcinia mangostana, in particular when the extract contains y-mangostin.
- This composition contains the compounds (ll)(i) and (I) in proportions and amounts making it possible to obtain a synergistic effect during application.
- this method and the relative compositions make it possible to improve the effectiveness of phytosanitary products based on phosphonates, by reducing the doses of phosphonates, while maintaining the effect of preventing the appearance or treatment of fungal diseases of plants, for example downy mildew of grapevines, alternaria of cruciferous plants, downy mildew of lettuce or even septoria of wheat.
- the invention also relates to a method for treating plants, in which chitosan (ll)(ii), in particular chitosan hydrochloride and y-mangostin, in particular contained in an extract of Garcinia mangostana, are combined.
- the treatment applied to the plants can have a phytosanitary and/or growth-stimulating effect. It can also be used as a fertilizer.
- the invention also relates to a phytosanitary composition
- a phytosanitary composition comprising chitosan (ll)(ii), in particular chitosan hydrochloride, and y-mangostin (I), in particular contained in an extract of Garcinia mangostana.
- This composition contains compounds (ll)(ii) and (I) in proportions and quantities enabling a synergistic effect to be obtained upon application.
- this method and the relative compositions make it possible to improve the effectiveness of chitosan-based phytosanitary products, by potentially reducing the doses of chitosan, while maintaining the effect of preventing the appearance or treating fungal diseases of plants, for example downy mildew of grapevines, alternaria of cruciferous plants or even downy mildew of lettuce.
- chitosan can be applied in combination with y-mangostin, which can potentiate the effect of chitosan, via a synergistic effect.
- plant diseases can be effectively combated while drastically reducing the quantities of chitosan applied compared to current practices.
- WO 2023/099609 describes a method for preventing, controlling or treating a fungal infection on a plant organ comprising applying to said plant organ a non-fungicidal amount or a potentiating amount of a composition comprising a potentiating agent of a plant defense molecule, in combination with a phytopharmaceutical vehicle.
- the molecules described in this document include molecules of general formula (I).
- Gopalakrishnan et al J Nat Prod. 1997 May;60(5):519-24) described the isolation of several xanthones from G. mangostana, including y-mangostin (compound 5), and the analysis of their antifungal effect.
- Tables 3-5 show that y-mangostin is the most potent compound.
- Azman et al (Food Control, (2022) 141, 109189) describe films containing chitosan and mangosteen extracts.
- the invention thus relates to a method of treating a plant, comprising the simultaneous, staggered or separate application in time of (I) y-mangostin and (II) a phytosanitary product chosen from (i) phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates, and (ii) chitosan, compounds (I) and (II) being applied to obtain a synergistic effect
- Gamma mangostin (y-mangostin) has the formula (I).
- alpha-mangostin has the same R1-R6 and R8 groups as gamma-mangostin, but an -O-CH3 group in position R7.
- This molecule is present in the mangosteen shell (Garcinia mangostana). We can thus use an extract of Garcinia mangostana to bring this molecule into the composition to be applied to plants, with phosphonates.
- the G. mangostana extract contains y-mangostin and a-mangostin.
- the ratio of Y-mangostin to a-mangostin is between 1:4 and 1:9, or between 1:6 and 1:8.
- an extract of Garcinia mangostana is used, preferably selected from the leaf, bark or pericarp extract of Garcinia mangostana.
- the extract is a pericarp extract of Garcinia mangostana.
- this extract is an aqueous extract, a hydroalcoholic extract, an ethanolic extract, a methanolic extract, an ethyl acetate extract or a supercritical CO2 extract.
- these extracts can in particular be obtained by maceration of pericarps of Garcinia mangostana in a solvent (in particular a polar solvent), as described.
- the extract is obtained with a mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol, typically in a volumetric ratio of ethyl acetate:ethanol ranging from 60:40 to 90:10, from 70:30 to 80:20, from 75:25 to 80:20.
- the extract is obtained with a mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol, in an ethyl acetate:ethanol volumetric ratio of about 75:25, about 76:24, about 77:23, about 78:22, about 79:21, or about 80:20.
- ethanol is used only as a solvent.
- the maceration is carried out using water and ethanol as solvents. In one embodiment, the maceration is carried out using supercritical CO2 and ethanol as solvents.
- the plant:solvent ratio is between 1:2 and 1:10 (% weight/weight), preferably between 1:4 and 1:6.
- Extracts can be obtained by ultrasound or microwave-assisted extraction methods.
- a crude extract of the plant or a fractionated portion thereof may be used, including using any method known in the art such as chromatography, to fractionate a crude extract, such as liquid-liquid extraction/fractionation and/or adsorption/absorption chromatography.
- the fractionated portions of the crude extract may comprise y-mangostin at different concentrations.
- the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana pericarp may further comprise other xanthones, such as 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-prenylxanthone.
- the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana pericarp may further comprise xanthones, such as ⁇ -mangostin.
- the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana pericarp may be used at a concentration where all of its constituents are in an in vitro amount that is not directly fungicidal, such as less than 200 mg/L, less than 150 mg/L or less than 100 mg/mL.
- Compositions containing up to 1 g/L can also be used (used to provide a dose of approximately 200 g/Ha, or a volume of 200 L/Ha).
- a final extract of Garcinia mangostana comprising from 3 to 12%, or from 3 to 10% w/w of y-mangostin on a dry weight basis relative to the dry weight of the final extract can be obtained.
- 100 mg of final extract of G. mangostana comprises about 6 mg of y-mangostin.
- the extract of G. mangostana may also contain alpha-mangostin.
- a person skilled in the art will be able to adapt these non-fungicidal quantities if a fraction rich in y-mangostin or poor in y-mangostin is used instead of the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana pericarp, in particular obtained by extraction with a polar solvent.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the quantities of phosphonates or chitosan used to combat pathogens.
- the dose of phosphonates or chitosan can be reduced, i.e. a lower dose can be used (generally divided by at least 2) compared to the dose used in practice or that which allows a maximum effect to be obtained when phosphonates or chitosan are used alone.
- doses can thus be used which do not a priori allow the pathogen to be combated in vivo or the growth of the pathogen to be prevented in vitro. If the doses are not reduced, the effect obtained will be better than when phosphonates or chitosan are used alone.
- the quantity of phosphonates or chitosan applied per hectare depends essentially on the type of plants to be protected, rainfall, and pest pressure.
- the phosphonates and y-mangostin, particularly in an extract of G. mangostana are applied simultaneously.
- a composition comprising both the phosphonates and y-mangostin is prepared.
- the phosphonates and y-mangostin are administered simultaneously or successively, by application to the plants (in particular spraying, spreading, watering) or any other means making it possible to provide the phosphonates and y-mangostin to the infected or susceptible place (site). It is possible to start by applying the phosphonates then the y-mangostin, or to provide first the y-mangostin then the phosphonates.
- the phosphonates and ⁇ -mangostin are mixed in the same container or placed in two separate containers.
- Phosphonates are generally applied at a rate of between 250 and 4000 g/ha (grams per hectare), preferably between 500 and 1000 g/ha, preferably between 600 and 900 g/ha, preferably between 700 and 800 g/ha. Due to the synergy, it is also possible to consider reducing the doses applied.
- the phosphonates are potassium phosphonates. In another embodiment, the phosphonates are disodium phosphonates.
- chitosan and y-mangostin particularly in an extract of G. mangostana are applied simultaneously.
- a composition comprising both chitosan and y-mangostin is prepared.
- the chitosan and ⁇ -mangostin are administered simultaneously or successively, by application to the plants (in particular spraying, spreading, watering) or any other means making it possible to provide the chitosan and ⁇ -mangostin to the infected or susceptible place (site). It is possible to start by applying the chitosan then the ⁇ -mangostin, or to provide first the ⁇ -mangostin then the chitosan.
- the chitosan and the ⁇ -mangostin are mixed in the same container or placed in two separate containers.
- the amount of chitosan applied per hectare is between 10 and 1000 g/ha, preferably between 20 and 90 g/ha, preferentially between 30 and 80 g/ha, more preferentially between 40 and 160 g/ha per administration.
- higher doses can be applied depending on the nature and quality of the chitosan. Due to the synergy, it is also possible to consider reducing the doses applied.
- chitosan In crop protection, chitosan is usually found in the form of chitosan hydrochloride.
- chitosan of the original type is also available.
- Chitosan acetate salt can also be made with acetic acid.
- the amount of y-mangostin supplied per hectare according to the invention is between 1 and 40 g/ha, preferably between 1 and 15 g/ha, preferentially between 1.5 and 10 g/ha, more preferentially between 4 and 8 g per hectare.
- the composition is in liquid form. It is administered by spraying or watering.
- the composition is in a form allowing the coating or film-coating of seeds: this is particularly suitable for the control or prevention of root fusarium diseases affecting cereals.
- phosphonates in particular potassium or chitosan, and y-mangostin, in particular as an extract of G. mangostana
- these elements can be used to prevent or combat the diseases mentioned in Table 1, for the plants considered.
- emphasis can be placed on the prevention or control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), mildew in particular of vines, lettuce or potatoes, Botrytis infections in particular on vines and tomatoes, Fusarium infections in particular on cereals (wheat and barley), cereal septoria, Septoria sp.
- Phosphonates and chitosan can also be used in fertilizers. Indeed, they help to strengthen the vigor of plants, as elicitors of natural defenses.
- phosphonates or chitosan and y-mangostin can be used as fertilizers or fertilizing agents to improve plant growth or foliar growth.
- the invention also relates to a composition for application to plants comprising phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates, and y-mangostin, in particular as an extract of G. mangostana.
- the invention also relates to a composition for application to plants comprising chitosan, in particular chitosan hydrochloride, and y-mangostin, in particular as an extract of G. mangostana.
- compositions can be used as a fertilizing agent, or a phytosanitary agent, in particular depending on the concentrations of the two elements that are present. They therefore have advantages for the growth and/or nutrition and/or health of plants.
- the concentrations of each of the compounds are determined by the person skilled in the art, and can be increased or decreased, depending on the quantity of composition that one wishes to apply per hectare, and the dilution of the “mother” composition before application.
- the quantities can be low, or high.
- Phosphonates or chitosan are advantageously mixed with an extract of G. mangostana, as seen above, which provides y-mangostin.
- a "mother” composition is generally made to be diluted (generally 1:100 or 0.5:100 (v:v)) before application to plants.
- the quantities applied are preferably those mentioned above.
- the composition is generally applied after appropriate dilution, to the leaves or fruits of the plant (foliar or fruit application), by spraying. However, the composition can be applied after appropriate dilution, at the base of the plant.
- composition can be in the form of a suspension, emulsion or dispersion in a preferably aqueous phase, but also in the form of a powder or granules or tablets. In these latter embodiments, water is added before administration, to obtain the adequate quantities of phosphonates or chitosan and y-mangostin.
- the composition may also contain trace elements (zinc, boron, manganese, silicon, iron, etc.) to provide the elements useful for plant growth and have a fertilizing effect.
- It also preferably contains co-formulants (chosen in particular from texturizing agents, wetting agents, surfactants, suspenders, emulsifiers, preservatives, etc.) adapted according to the intended application (administration by spraying on the leaves, at the base of the plant, in the watering water, etc.).
- co-formulants chosen in particular from texturizing agents, wetting agents, surfactants, suspenders, emulsifiers, preservatives, etc.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a composition as described comprising the simultaneous or successive incorporation of at least phosphonates, in particular potassium phosphonates, or chitosan, in particular chitosan hydrochloride and ⁇ -mangostin with co-formulating agents. These elements can then be mixed to obtain a suspension, an emulsion or a dispersion in a preferably aqueous phase.
- co-formulating agents include surfactants (surfactants), to reduce the surface tension between liquids and surfaces and improve the dispersion and adhesion of active agents (in particular alkylphenol ethoxylates, polysorbates), adjuvants that increase the penetration of active agents into plants (mineral oils, vegetable oils, wetting agents), suspending agents to maintain solid particles in suspension in liquid formulations (bentonite, colloidal silica), stabilizers to prevent decomposition of active agents by environmental factors such as light, heat or oxygen (antioxidants, UV absorbers), solvents allowing the dissolution of active agents to create a homogeneous formulation and facilitate application (organic solvents such as xylene, acetone, ethanol), sequestration agents to bind metal ions that could otherwise inactivate the active agents (EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), citric acid), polymers or gelling agents, penetrating agents (alcohol ethoxylates, sulfosuccinates), buffers
- the invention also relates to the use of the composition as described for improving the growth and/or development and/or productivity of plants.
- the invention also relates to the use of the composition as as described to control or prevent a plant infection, particularly a bacterial or fungal infection.
- the invention also relates to the composition as described, or to its use, as a fertilizer product (for improving the growth and/or development and productivity of plants).
- the invention also relates to the composition as described, or to its use, as a phytosanitary product (for its antifungal effect for combating or preventing a plant infection, in particular a bacterial or fungal infection).
- Efficacy Indicator for quantifying the effect of a plant protection product on reducing damage (severity or incidence) caused by a plant disease. This is calculated using the Abbott formula presented below:
- Synergy Corresponds to the interaction between at least two products whose combined effects are greater than the sum of their own effects (effect of the type “one plus one is greater than two”).
- R ratio Indicator used to describe the relationship between two plant protection products with regard to the effectiveness obtained by their combined application. This relationship can be of three types:
- the efficacy obtained by co-application is lower than the sum of the efficacies of the two products applied alone (type 1+1 ⁇ 2);
- the R ratio is calculated by dividing the observed efficiency (E O bs) by the combination of products by the theoretical efficiency (E ⁇ éo):
- the ratio R is a tool for assessing the level of synergy between two products, with synergy being all the more important as R is large.
- the crushed Garcinia mangostana pericarps are extracted twice with ethanol as solvent, with a plant/solvent ratio ranging from 1:4 to 1:8 (% w/w) for each extraction, at room temperature.
- the average extraction yield is between 6 and 15%, i.e. between 6 and 15 g of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract are obtained using 100 g of Garcinia mangostana pericarps as raw material.
- the extract obtained is composed of y-mangostin in a proportion ranging from 3 to 12% (% w/w), and a-mangostin in a proportion ranging from 20 to 50% (% w/w).
- crushed Garcinia mangostana pericarps are extracted with supercritical CO2 as solvent and ethanol as co-solvent (30%), under suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and flow rate of the solvent and co-solvent.
- the average extraction yield is between 6 and 15%, i.e. between 6 and 15 g of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract are obtained using 100 g of Garcinia mangostana pericarp as raw material.
- the extract obtained is composed of y-mangostin in a proportion ranging from 3 to 12% (% w/w), and a-mangostin in a proportion ranging from 20 to 50% (% w/w).
- the crushed Garcinia mangostana pericarps are extracted with a water:ethanol mixture (70:30 by volume) as solvent, with a plant/solvent ratio ranging from 1:4 to 1:16 (% w/w) for each extraction, at room temperature.
- the average extraction yield is between 6 and 15%, i.e. between 6 and 15 g of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract are obtained using 100 g of Garcinia mangostana pericarps as raw material.
- the extract obtained is composed of y-mangostin in a proportion ranging from 3 to 12% (% w/w), and a-mangostin in a proportion ranging from 20 to 50% (% w/w).
- Example 3 Synergy between an extract of Garcinia mangostana (MCE or GME) and potassium phosphonates - in planta tests on wheat septoria (Septoria tritici).
- Potassium phosphonates were used at a dose of 151 mg/L, alone and in combination with GME at 247.5 mg/L.
- Potassium phosphonates were used at a dose of 151 mg/L, alone and in combination with GME at 247.5 mg/L.
- Table 3 In planta potato blight trials.
- a synergy is observed in in planta conditions with a significant gain in protection compared to products used alone.
- Example 6 Synergy between a G. mangostana extract (GME) and potassium phosphonates - in vitro tests on Plasmopara viticola (vine mildew) Using GME (1.5 and 2 mg/L) and LBG 01 F34 (potassium phosphonates, De Sangosse, France) at 0.0015% and 0.003%, a synergy ratio between 1.3 and 2.0 was observed.
- GME G. mangostana extract
- LBG 01 F34 potassium phosphonates
- Example 1 Synergy between an extract of Garcinia mangostana and chitosan hydrochloride - in vitro tests on Alternaria brassicicola (alternaria of cabbage),
- each dose alone and in combination was applied to a suspension of Alternaria brassicicola for a period of 4 hours. After 4 hours, the suspension is diluted in cascade until reaching a concentration of 1*10 3 conidia per mL of PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth).
- PDB Pantotato Dextrose Broth
- the different modalities are then distributed in a 96-well plate placed in a nephelometer at 25°C for 338 cycles of 600 s, or a total of approximately 56 hours, to monitor the growth of the pathogen subjected to the different conditions.
- the data are then analyzed using Omega data analysis software to obtain areas under the curve and calculate inhibition percentages presented in Table 4.
- GME is used at 247.5 mg/L.
- a synergy is thus observed in in planta conditions with a significant gain in protection compared to products used alone, including chitosan at a reduced dose.
- Table 6 Tests on Bremia lactucae in planta.
- the above trials show an effect of the combined use of an extract of G. mangostana (containing y-mangostin) and phosphonates on various pathogens, according to different in planta protocols. These trials have demonstrated a synergistic effect between GME and potassium phosphonates.
- the above trials also show an effect of the combined use of an extract of G. mangostana (containing y-mangostin) and chitosan on various pathogens, according to different in planta, in vitro protocols. These trials have demonstrated a synergistic effect between GME and chitosan.
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| FR2305377A FR3149166A1 (fr) | 2023-05-30 | 2023-05-30 | Méthode de traitement de plantes |
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| ADAMU ET AL., MATERIALS & DESIGN, vol. 209, 2021, pages 109942 |
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