WO2024251463A1 - Fil électrode - Google Patents
Fil électrode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024251463A1 WO2024251463A1 PCT/EP2024/063120 EP2024063120W WO2024251463A1 WO 2024251463 A1 WO2024251463 A1 WO 2024251463A1 EP 2024063120 W EP2024063120 W EP 2024063120W WO 2024251463 A1 WO2024251463 A1 WO 2024251463A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wire
- zinc oxide
- zinc
- chlorine
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
- B23H7/00—Processes or apparatus applicable to both electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining
- B23H7/02—Wire-cutting
- B23H7/08—Wire electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/48—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 not containing phosphates, hexavalent chromium compounds, fluorides or complex fluorides, molybdates, tungstates, vanadates or oxalates
- C23C22/52—Treatment of copper or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
- C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/06—Wires; Strips; Foils
- C25D7/0607—Wires
Definitions
- Electrode wire [1] The invention relates to an electrode wire suitable for use as an electrode wire for EDM machining and to a method for manufacturing this electrode wire.
- Electrode wires are used for cutting metals or electrically conductive materials, by EDM, in an EDM machining machine.
- the well-known method of EDM machining, or spark erosion makes it possible to remove material from an electrically conductive part, by generating sparks in a machining zone between the part to be machined and an electrically conductive electrode wire.
- the electrode wire runs continuously in the vicinity of the part in the direction of the length of the wire, held by guides, and it is gradually moved in the transverse direction towards the part, either by transverse translation of the wire guides, or by translation of the part.
- An electrical generator connected to the electrode wire by electrical contacts away from the machining area, establishes an appropriate potential difference between the electrode wire and the conductive workpiece to be machined.
- the machining area between the electrode wire and the workpiece is immersed in a suitable dielectric fluid.
- the potential difference causes sparks to appear between the electrode wire and the workpiece, which gradually erode the workpiece and the electrode wire.
- the longitudinal movement of the electrode wire makes it possible to permanently maintain a sufficient wire diameter to prevent it from breaking in the machining area.
- the relative movement of the wire and the workpiece in the transverse direction makes it possible to cut the workpiece or to treat its surface, if necessary.
- the particles detached from the electrode wire and the workpiece by the sparks are dispersed in the dielectric fluid, where they are evacuated.
- the material in the surface layer of the wire electrode at the location of the spark changes from solid to liquid or gas, and is displaced to the surface of the wire electrode and/or evacuated into the dielectric fluid. It can be seen that the outer face of the wire electrode struck by the spark has been deformed, generally taking on a slightly concave crater shape, with areas where the material has been melted and re-solidified. [9] It has been found that the efficiency of sparks with respect to EDM depends largely on the nature and topography of the surface layer of the electrode wire.
- electrode wires comprising: - a metal core made of one or more metals or alloys ensuring good conduction of the electric current and good mechanical strength to withstand the mechanical tension load of the wire, and - a coating made of one or more other metals or alloys and/or a particular topography, for example fractures, ensuring better efficiency of EDM, for example a higher erosion speed.
- patent JPH026076 discloses the production of an oxide layer on the surface of an electrode wire to accelerate machining.
- US8378247B2 and US2022/212277A1 are also known from the state of the art.
- a "copper-zinc alloy” means an alloy formed solely of copper and zinc, with the exception of unavoidable impurities.
- a copper-zinc alloy is also called “brass”.
- a "phase" of the copper-zinc alloy means a solid phase of the copper-zinc alloy which has a particular crystallographic structure. More precisely, the phases of the copper-zinc system are distinguished from each other by their composition and by their particular crystallographic structure. This particular crystallographic structure makes it possible to distinguish a phase of the copper-zinc alloy from a simple mixture of fine grains of copper and zinc, which mixture would have the same overall composition.
- known phases of copper-zinc alloy are alpha phase, beta phase, gamma phase, delta phase, epsilon phase and eta phase.
- the particular crystallographic structure of a phase can be identified by various means. For example, optical microphotographs or metallography of polished samples show different shades of color for each phase, provided the sample has been properly etched.
- an attack with "Nital" which is a solution of 3% nitric acid diluted in ethanol, is carried out.
- the gamma phase then appears gray when it is low in zinc and gray with shades of brown when it is rich in zinc.
- the epsilon phase appears darker brown.
- the gamma phase is also possible to distinguish the gamma phase from the epsilon phase by observing the sample under a scanning electron microscope, using a backscattered electron detector. It is also possible to identify the phase of a sample by X-ray diffraction. In the latter case, the wire sample is placed under an incident beam of X-rays of a precise wavelength. For example, the K ⁇ line of copper, with an average wavelength of 0.1541 nm, is used. The intensity of the diffracted rays is evaluated for each diffraction angle.
- the gamma phase has a known X-ray diffraction pattern, which is different from that of the other phases of the copper–zinc system, and from the zinc oxide ZnO that is often found on the surface of wires.
- the copper–zinc alloy is not crystallized as at least one of the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, or eta phases, it is amorphous, and the X-ray diffraction pattern then shows flattened bumps rather than sharp peaks.
- the different phases of the copper–zinc alloy each correspond to a specific range of zinc concentration. The extent of each of these specific ranges of zinc concentration varies with temperature.
- the concentration of an element in a sample can be obtained by compositional microanalysis and, in particular, by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDXS). A composition microanalysis is performed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a spectrometry probe.
- An electron beam impacts the surface of the sample and causes an X-ray emission.
- These X-rays have an energy spectrum characteristic of the composition of the sample surface that has been impacted by the electron beam.
- EDS energy dispersive spectrometric analysis probe
- WDS wavelength selection
- Algorithms are used to select the elements analyzed (thus eliminating the effect of impurities), and to calculate the composition of the sample impacted by the electron beam, from the measured spectra. It should be noted that due to the interactions between X-rays and matter, the volume analyzed by EDS (or WDS) is generally about one cubic micrometer.
- an average concentration which does not actually exist in either area, can be measured.
- the compositions indicated are measured in areas larger than cubes of one micrometer on each side and at locations within the analyzed area that are far from the boundaries with other unanalyzed areas.
- the expression "the concentration of an element within a zone is greater than X atomic percent" means that the average concentration of that element within that zone is greater than X atomic percent.
- An average concentration is, for example, obtained by measuring the concentration of that element at different locations within that zone and then averaging these concentration measurements.
- the locations where the measurements are made are located both at the locations where the concentration is likely to be lowest, at the locations where the concentration is likely to be close to the average, and at the locations where the concentration is likely to be maximum. For this, typically, the locations where the measurements are made are distributed along an axis passing through the axis of the electrode wire.
- the term "electrical conductor” designates a material whose electrical conductivity, at 20 °C, is greater than 10 6 S/m and, preferably, greater than 10 7 S/m.
- the longitudinal axis of a wire is the axis along which this wire mainly extends.
- the term "cross section” designates a section of the electrode wire perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
- the term "longitudinal section” designates a section of the electrode wire made along a plane which contains its longitudinal axis.
- the term "layer” designates an annular layer of the electrode wire which is located, in each cross section of the electrode wire, between an inner circular boundary and an outer circular boundary. In reality, these boundaries are not perfect circles. However, as a first approximation, in this text, these boundaries are assimilated to circles. These circular boundaries are both centered on the axis of the electrode wire.
- the inner circular boundary is the boundary of the layer that is closest to the axis of the electrode wire.
- the outer circular boundary is the boundary of the layer that is furthest from the axis of the electrode wire.
- a "uniform" layer means a layer formed of a material which, in a cross-section of the wire, extends, around the axis of the wire and within this layer, continuously or practically continuously. Thus, a uniform layer does not have a multitude of fractures which partition it into a multitude of blocks separated from each other, in a longitudinal section of the wire, by these very numerous radial fractures.
- Very numerous radial fractures means, over a length of 1 mm of the electrode wire, more than ten radial fractures which divide the layer in question into ten blocks mechanically isolated from each other, in the longitudinal section, by these radial fractures.
- the term "fractured layer” refers to a layer that has a multitude of fractures that partition it into a multitude of blocks separated from each other, in a longitudinal section of the wire, by a large number of radial fractures. The composition of these blocks is different from that of the adjacent layer located under this fractured layer or of the metal core located immediately under this fractured layer. The majority of the blocks of a fractured layer has a length greater than the thickness of the fractured layer.
- a "radial fracture” is a fracture that extends mainly, within a cross-section of the electrode wire, in a radial direction.
- the term "surface layer” refers to the layer of the electrode wire that is located furthest to the outside of the electrode wire. This surface layer may have on its surface a thin film composed of residues such as wire drawing lubricant residues.
- room temperature refers to a temperature between 15 °C and 35 °C and, typically, equal to 25 °C.
- the average thickness e is, for example, measured according to the following method: 1) A sample of length L and diameter d of wire is taken and then rolled into a crown of approximately 5 cm in diameter.
- the length L is for example equal to 12 m.
- the diameter d is often equal to 0.25 mm.
- the sample is rinsed with water, then dried and dusted using a jet of compressed air.
- the initial mass mi of the sample is measured using a precision balance.
- the sample is then soaked for 20 to 30 seconds in a stirred aqueous bath of sulfuric acid between 8% and 12% concentration, the temperature of which is between 42°C and 48°C. 5) The sample is rinsed with water. 6)
- the sample is dried using a jet of compressed air.
- the final mass mf of the sample is measured using a precision balance.
- the average thickness e of the sample is calculated using the previous relation (1). Unless otherwise specified, in the remainder of this text, the term "thickness of the zinc oxide layer" alone designates the average thickness of this zinc oxide layer.
- the masses initial mi and final mf are, for example, measured by implementing the same method as that described for measuring the thickness e of a surface layer of zinc oxide. Subsequently, the quantity q ZnO is expressed in g/m2.
- qZnCl2 [C/(1+C)]*[m fCl -m iCl ]/[ ⁇ *d*L]
- - C is the zinc chloride concentration of the aqueous solution expressed in kg/l, C being equal to the mass of zinc chloride, expressed in kg, dissolved in 1 litre of water
- - mfCl is the final mass of a sample of a wire on the surface of which zinc chloride has been deposited by dipping this wire in an aqueous solution of this salt
- - miCl is the initial mass of the same sample of wire before being dipped in the aqueous solution of zinc chloride
- - ⁇ is the number pi
- - d is the initial diameter of the sample of wire before being dipped in the aqueous
- the average quantity qZnCl2 is, for example, measured according to the following method: 1) A sample of length L and diameter d of wire is taken and then rolled into a crown of approximately 5 cm in diameter. The length L is for example equal to 12 m. 2) The sample is rinsed with water, then dried and dusted using a jet of compressed air. 3) The initial mass miCl of the sample is measured using a precision balance. 4) Zinc chloride is then deposited on the surface of this sample by dipping it in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride. 5) The sample is drained to remove the drops of solution that remain attached to the sample. It is not dried, because zinc chloride is too hygroscopic.
- the wire 2 extends along a longitudinal axis 4.
- the axis 4 is here perpendicular to the plane of the sheet.
- the length of the wire 2 is greater than 1 m and, typically, greater than 10 m or 50 m.
- the wire 2 has an outer face 6 directly exposed to sparks during the machining of a part by EDM using this wire.
- the outer face 6 is a cylindrical face that extends along the axis 4.
- the directrix curve of the face 6 is mainly a circle centered on the axis 4.
- the cross-section of the wire 2 is circular.
- the outer diameter D 2 of the wire 2 is typically between 50 ⁇ m and 1 mm and, most often, between 70 ⁇ m and 400 ⁇ m.
- the diameter D2 is equal to 0.25 mm.
- the wire 2 comprises: - a central core 10 made of electrically conductive material, and - a coating 12 directly deposited on the core 10.
- the core 10 has the function of ensuring, by itself, the majority of the load at break of the wire 2. It also has the function of ensuring the electrical conductivity of the wire 2. For this purpose, it is made of electrically conductive material. Typically, it is made of metal or a metal alloy.
- the core 10 has a mainly cylindrical peripheral face 14 which extends along the axis 4. This peripheral face 14 is made of a copper-zinc alloy. For this purpose, in this exemplary embodiment, the core 10 is entirely made of a single copper-zinc alloy.
- the single copper-zinc alloy of the core 10 is a ⁇ -phase copper-zinc alloy or a copper-zinc alloy formed from a mixture of ⁇ and ⁇ phases.
- the core 10 does not include a central portion of a copper-zinc alloy of a given phase covered with a layer of a copper-zinc alloy in another phase.
- the zinc concentration in the core 10 is greater than 20 atomic % and, preferably, greater than or equal to 36 atomic % or 40 atomic %.
- the zinc concentration of the core 10 is less than 42 atomic %.
- the coating 12 is designed to increase the machining speed and therefore the erosive efficiency of the electrode wire and/or the quality of the faces of the part obtained after EDM machining.
- the quality of a face cut by EDM is all the better as its roughness is low.
- the coating 12 contains zinc oxide in an amount greater than 0.5 g/m2 or 1 g/m2.
- the amount of zinc oxide may also be greater than 3 g/m2 or 5 g/m2.
- the amount of zinc oxide in the coating 12 is less than 100 g/m2 or 50 g/m2 and, most often, less than 10 g/m2.
- the layer 12 is essentially made of zinc oxide.
- the layer 12 may be crossed by brass peaks. These brass peaks form projections on the peripheral face 14 of the core 10 which pass through the layer 12. These brass peaks form only one block of material with the core 10.
- the zinc oxide contained in the coating 12 is chlorine-enriched zinc oxide of formula [Zn 2+ , O 2- 1-x, Cl-2x], where x is a mole fraction between 0.01 and 0.15 or between 0.01 and 0.2 or between 0.01 and 0.25.
- the mole fraction x is greater than 0.02 or 0.03.
- the mole fraction x is less than or equal to 0.2 or 0.13.
- the chlorine-enriched zinc oxide may be partially hydrated or not hydrated.
- the coating 12 is formed of a single layer of zinc oxide.
- the same numerical reference is used to designate both the coating 12 and the zinc oxide layer.
- the layer 12 is the surface layer of the electrode wire 2.
- the average thickness of the layer 12 is very small compared to the diameter D2 of the wire 2, i.e. less than 0.5% of the diameter D2 and, preferably, less than 0.25% of the diameter D2 .
- the average thickness e12 of the layer 12 is between 100 nm and 522 nm and, preferably, between 100 nm and 400 nm or between 100 nm and 300 nm.
- Composition analyses carried out using XPS (“X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy”) spectra have shown that the zinc oxide of the layer 12 is composed, in atomic percentages: - of more than 90% zinc, oxygen and chlorine, and - the remainder being copper and various manufacturing residues.
- XPS X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- the zinc oxide corresponds to zincite.
- the desired thickness e12 is first chosen between 100 nm and 522 nm. For example, here, the thickness e12 is taken equal to 200 nm. Then, the value of a coefficient c1 described later is chosen between 1.15 and 6. For example, here, the coefficient c 1 is chosen equal to two. Finally, a diameter D0 is chosen based on the previously chosen coefficient c1 and the desired final diameter D2 and respecting the constraints set out in the following paragraph. As an illustration, the final diameter D2 is taken to be equal to 0.25 mm.
- a brass roughing wire is first provided.
- the roughing wire is a brass wire having a diameter D0 between 1.15*D2 and 6*D2 and, preferably, between 2*D2 and 6*D2.
- the diameter D2 is equal to 0.25 mm so that the diameter D0 is between 0.288 mm and 1.5 mm and, preferably, between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.
- the diameter D0 is taken to be equal to 0.5 mm.
- the zinc concentration of this rough wire is chosen as described previously in the case of core 10.
- the zinc concentration of the rough wire is 40 atomic %. Indeed, the higher the zinc concentration, the more the performance of wire 2 is improved.
- the blank wire having the desired diameter D0 is obtained by drawing a brass wire of standard diameter D ini until the desired diameter D 0 is obtained.
- the diameter D ini is equal to 1.25 mm.
- the blank wire is oxidized to obtain an oxidized blank wire.
- the oxidized blank wire has a layer of zinc oxide directly on its peripheral face. This layer of zinc oxide completely covers the peripheral face of the oxidized blank wire.
- the blank wire provided is subjected to a heat treatment in the presence of oxygen and chlorine. This heat treatment is carried out in a gaseous medium containing oxygen and at a pressure greater than 50 kPa or 100 kPa.
- this heat treatment is simply carried out in the Earth's atmosphere, that is to say in a gaseous medium comprising more than 20%, by volume, of dioxygen, at ambient pressure of approximately 101 kPa.
- the rough wire is dipped in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride whose zinc chloride concentration makes it possible to deposit a quantity of zinc chloride on the outer face of the rough wire greater than 0.5 g/m2 or 1 g/m2.
- the quantity of zinc chloride deposited on the outer face of the rough wire is preferably greater than 5 g/m2 or 10 g/m2.
- the temperature of the aqueous solution of zinc chloride is equal to ambient temperature and the concentration of zinc chloride in the solution is equal to 250 g/l.
- the rough wire is dipped in this solution for a period of more than 1 s.
- the dipping time is between 1 s and 10 s and, preferably, between 3 s and 6 s. Throughout the dipping time, the solution is stirred to ensure a homogeneous concentration of zinc chloride.
- the zinc wire passes inside the aqueous solution of zinc chloride, for example, at a speed equal to 2 m/s.
- the rough wire After being dipped in the zinc chloride solution, the rough wire is drained to remove any drops of solution that may remain on its surface and thus avoid local excesses of zinc chloride on the outer face of the rough wire. Under these conditions, the quantity of zinc chloride ZnCl 2 deposited on the outer face of the rough wire is approximately 6 g/m2.
- the zinc chloride coated rough wire is then wound onto a steel coil and the steel coil is placed in a furnace, under air and pressure. ambient, to apply the heat treatment. Here, the furnace is not airtight and the air is stirred throughout the heat treatment.
- this heat treatment is configured to generate a layer of zinc oxide on the peripheral face of the roughing wire whose average thickness e0 is between 115 nm and 600 nm.
- a thickness e0 less than 115 nm does not allow a thickness e12 greater than or equal to 100 nm to be obtained after the drawing step 84 described below.
- a thickness e 0 greater than 600 nm leads to a layer of zinc oxide which does not adhere well and which is torn off, at least in places, during the drawing step 84.
- This stripping off of a portion of the zinc oxide layer during the wire drawing step 84 constitutes a waste of material that should be avoided or limited since the stripped zinc oxide is not used in the wire 2 produced.
- the thickness e 0 is determined by successive experiments by testing several thicknesses e0 included in this range until finding the thickness e0 which, after wire drawing, makes it possible to obtain the desired thickness e12 of zinc oxide.
- the thickness e0 it must be taken into account that, even if the thickness e 0 remains less than 600 nm, a fraction of the zinc oxide is stripped off during the wire drawing step. It has been estimated that, currently, this fraction of zinc oxide can reach 45% or 30%. It is emphasized that such a fraction of zinc oxide lost during wire drawing remains much lower than the fraction of zinc oxide lost if the thickness e0 was chosen to be greater than 600 nm or 800 nm.
- the fraction of zinc oxide lost during wire drawing is greater than 60% or 75%.
- the thicknesses e0 tested are generally chosen in the range [c1*e12; Min(1.8*c1*e12; 600)] and, preferably, in the range [1.2*c1*e12; Min(1.8*c1*e12; 600)] and, even more often, in the range [1.35*c1*e12; Min(1.7*c1*e12; 600)], where: - c 1 is equal to the reduction coefficient of the diameter of the oxidized rough wire during drawing step 84, and - Min(a;b) is the function that returns the smallest of the values a and b.
- the reduction coefficient c 1 is defined as being equal to the ratio D 0 /D 2 .
- the thickness e0 which makes it possible to obtain the desired thickness e12 after drawing is typically between 540 nm and 600 nm.
- the heat treatment parameters to be configured are the time evolution of the temperature Tfour of the furnace during the heat treatment and the total duration Dfour of this heat treatment.
- the temperature Tfour is chosen to be constant throughout the duration Dfour.
- Tfour In the temperature range Tfour from 130°C to 260°C, the oxidation kinetics of brass coated with zinc chloride depends little on the temperature.
- the value of the duration D four retained at the end of these tests is included in the interval [0.8*DfourT ; 1.2*DfourT] or in the interval [0.9*DfourT ; 1.1*DfourT] or even in the interval [0.95*DfourT ; 1.05*DfourT].
- the duration Dfour is advantageously chosen to be greater than four hours or six hours in order to ensure that the temperature is homogeneous in the coil.
- the coil of blank wire is removed from the furnace.
- the blank wire is covered with a layer of zinc oxide of thickness e 0. It is therefore called "oxidized blank wire".
- the coil is cooled. For this, conventionally, the coil is exposed to ambient air for the time necessary to cool to room temperature. Step 82 is then complete.
- the oxidation of the zinc consumes the zinc present in the brass.
- the zinc concentration of the brass core of the rough wire near the zinc oxide layer is generally lower than that of the same brass located at the axis 4.
- the rough wire, oxidized and cooled is cold drawn to obtain the wire 2.
- step 84 we mean the fact that the drawing step 84 is carried out without heating the rough wire prior to reducing its diameter.
- the diameter reduction coefficient c1 makes it possible to bring the diameter D0 of the rough wire to the desired diameter D2 for the wire 2, i.e. here to a diameter of 0.25 mm.
- the oxidized blank wire is drawn under the same conditions as those suitable for a non-oxidized brass wire.
- the diameter reduction is achieved by passing the oxidized blank wire successively through several dies of decreasing diameter so as to progressively reduce the diameter of the oxidized blank wire until reaching the desired diameter D2. For example, dies with elongations of between 15% and 22% are used.
- a water-soluble lubricant is used.
- the lubricant is an aqueous solution containing the water-soluble lubricant.
- an in-line stress-relieving anneal is performed before it is wound. This stress-relieving annealing makes it possible to minimize the residual stresses in the wire 2 and therefore to obtain a fairly straight wire, when a length of one meter is hung vertically, attached to its upper end. This facilitates the threading of the electrode wire into the machining machine.
- This stress-relieving annealing does not modify the structure of the wire 2 and has little effect on its breaking load.
- the temperature for stress-relieving annealing is between 250°C and 450°C and its duration is less than one tenth of a second.
- the temperature T furnace is sufficiently low so that, under the effect of the heat treatment, the brass does not recrystallize so that the breaking load of the oxidized rough wire is greater than 700 N/mm2.
- the coefficient c1 can therefore be as small as desired.
- the coefficient c1 is chosen to be greater than or equal to at 1.3 or 1.6.
- the coefficient c1 must also preferably be less than 6 so that the thickness e0 remains less than 600 nm when the thickness e12 is equal to 100 nm.
- a reference EDM machining job was defined. This involves cutting a punch from a 50 mm high piece of steel with guides located less than 0.2 mm from the piece. The cutting is carried out on a CUT200MS machine marketed by the company "GF Machining Solution”. This cutting is carried out in three machining passes, with technology adapted to brass. During each pass, the speed of movement of the part relative to the electrode wire was adapted to cut the punch as quickly as possible with the same final surface condition.
- this final surface state corresponds to a roughness Ra of 0.6 ⁇ m. More precisely, in the tests carried out, only the speeds of movement of the part relative to the electrode wire of the first and second passes were adapted according to the wire used. The speed of movement of the part relative to the electrode wire during the third pass is the same for all the tests carried out. [76] Using the manufacturing process of Figure 2, a first wire was manufactured. Then, a second wire was manufactured by implementing exactly the same manufacturing process as that used to obtain the first wire except that, during step 82, the dipping of the rough wire in the zinc chloride solution was omitted. Thus, the heat treatment implemented to manufacture this second wire is carried out in the absence of chlorine.
- the thickness of the oxide layer of the second wire is different from the thickness e 12 of the first wire.
- the machining times of the punch using the first and second wires were measured.
- the amounts of zinc oxide in the first and second wires were also measured.
- E G/qZnO, where G and qZnO are, respectively, the measured time gain and the measured amount of zinc oxide of this wire.
- Figure 3 shows a second method of manufacturing wire 2. The method of Figure 3 is identical to the method of Figure 2 except that step 80 is replaced by a step 90 and the final drawing step 84 is omitted.
- Step 90 is identical to step 80 except that the diameter D 0 of the supplied brass blank wire is equal to D2 - e12. Then, during step 82, the thickness e0 is chosen equal to the thickness e12. Thus, after step 82, the wire 2 of diameter D2 is directly obtained without it being necessary to carry out a wire drawing step to reduce the diameter of the oxidized rough wire. [81] In this second method, the elimination of step 84 is possible because during the oxidation step 82 the temperature of the rough wire does not exceed 250°C or 200°C so that even without final wire drawing, the breaking load remains greater than 700 N/mm2.
- FIG. 1 shows a third process for manufacturing the wire 2. This process is similar to the previous processes except that the oxidation of the zinc and the enrichment in chlorine are not carried out at the same time.
- This process begins with a step 92 of providing a rough wire. This step 92 is identical to step 80 except that the diameter D0 is between 1.3*D2 and 6*D2.
- the rough wire is oxidized to obtain an oxidized rough wire.
- step 94 is identical to step 82 except that the heat treatment is carried out in the absence of chlorine. For this, the soaking of the roughing wire in the aqueous solution of zinc chloride is omitted. Because of the absence of chlorine, during step 94, the oxidation rate of the zinc is slower. It has been estimated that the values of the parameters k and Q of the relation (4) are then equal, respectively, to 2.418*10 -7 m 2 /s and 152 kJ/mol. To compensate for this speed slower oxidation while maintaining an acceptable oven duration D, the temperature Toven is generally chosen between 400°C and 500°C. [85] At the end of step 94, the zinc oxide of the oxidized rough wire is not enriched with chlorine.
- step 94 the rough wire, oxidized and cooled, is drawn to the desired diameter D2 during a step 96.
- Step 96 is, for example, identical to step 84.
- step 98 the zinc oxide is enriched with chlorine.
- step 98 is illustrated in the case where it is carried out after step 96. In all cases, this step 98 is carried out after the heat treatment, that is to say after the oxidized roughing wire has been cooled to room temperature.
- step 98 the zinc oxide produced during step 94 is placed in the presence of a chlorinated compound.
- the wire is dipped in a solution containing the chlorinated compound such as an aqueous solution of zinc chloride at room temperature.
- the wire can also be enclosed in an enclosure containing chlorine in the gaseous state.
- the time for bringing the zinc oxide into contact with the chlorine compound is chosen to be long enough for Cl - anions to have time to replace O 2 - anions in the zinc oxide of initial composition [Zn 2+ , O 2 - ] in order to obtain a zinc oxide enriched in chlorine of composition [Zn 2+ , O 2 - 1 -x , Cl - 2 x ], where x is a molar fraction of between 0.01 and 0.25.
- Step 98 can be carried out at room temperature.
- a chlorine compound in the gaseous state that can be used during this step 98, mention may be made of hydrogen chloride (HCl) at room temperature.
- Hydrogen chloride is naturally found in the gaseous state above an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, concentrated to about 10%, at room temperature.
- HCl hydrogen chloride
- FIG. 5 shows part of the cross-section of an electrode wire 100.
- This wire 100 is identical to the wire 2 except that the coating 12 is replaced by a coating 102.
- the coating 102 comprises successively, starting from the core 10 towards the outside: - a layer 104 of copper-zinc alloy in beta phase, and - a superficial fractured layer 106.
- the layer 106 is formed of blocks 110 of copper-zinc alloy separated from each other by fractures 112 more or less filled with zinc oxide.
- the reference numerals 110 and 112 point only, for illustration purposes, to a few examples of blocks and fractures.
- the majority, and typically, more than 90%, of these blocks are essentially gamma-phase copper-zinc alloy.
- these gamma-phase blocks have a thin beta-phase layer on their faces that have been directly exposed to oxygen during the oxidation step 122, described below.
- This thin beta-phase layer represents only a small fraction of the gamma-phase block. For example, in a cross-section or longitudinal section of a gamma-phase block whose length is greater than 5 ⁇ m, the thin beta-phase layer represents less than 20% and, generally, less than 10% of the surface of this block in this section.
- gamma-phase block refers both to a block composed entirely of gamma-phase brass and to a block composed essentially of gamma-phase brass with, on its surface, a thin layer of beta-phase brass.
- the zinc oxide contained in the layer 106 is zinc oxide enriched in chlorine identical to that described previously.
- a method of manufacturing the wire 100 is now described with reference to FIG. 6.
- a step 120 a blank wire is provided.
- this blank wire is manufactured by implementing a method in accordance with that described in patent US8378247B2. For example, a brass wire with a diameter of 1.25 mm is first provided.
- the concentration of zinc in this wire is equal to 40 atomic %.
- the brass wire is first electrolytically zinc-plated to obtain a zinc-plated brass wire having on its surface a 13.4 ⁇ m thick zinc layer.
- This zinc-plated brass wire is then drawn to obtain a zinc-plated brass wire with a diameter of 0.512 mm and a thickness of pure zinc coating of 5.5 ⁇ m.
- This wire is then heat treated to form a layer of beta-phase copper-zinc alloy surrounded by a surface layer of gamma-phase copper-zinc alloy. For example, a coil of this drawn zinc-plated brass wire is placed in a furnace initially at room temperature.
- the temperature of the furnace evolves temporally as follows: - the temperature is raised to 300°C following a ramp of 300°C/h, then - the temperature of the furnace is maintained equal to 300°C for three hours, then - the temperature of the furnace is raised to 330°C following a ramp of 20°C/h, then - the temperature of the furnace is maintained equal to 330°C for seven hours, then - the temperature of the furnace is lowered to 300°C following a ramp of 30°C/h, then - the coil is removed from the furnace and left in the ambient air to cool to room temperature. [96] Under these conditions, the thicknesses of the beta-phase and gamma-phase layers obtained are equal, respectively, to 13 ⁇ m and 6 ⁇ m.
- a thin film of non-chlorine-enriched zinc oxide is also present on the surface of the gamma-phase layer.
- the thickness of this thin zinc oxide film is 78 nm.
- the heat-treated wire is drawn. This drawing causes the fracturing of the surface layer in gamma phase while the layer in beta phase remains continuous. The fractures which separate the blocks in gamma phase open outwards.
- This rough wire thus manufactured comprises successively, going from the longitudinal axis towards the outside: - the core 10, - the layer 104 in copper-zinc alloy in beta phase, - a fractured layer similar to the fractured layer 106 with blocks in copper-zinc alloy in gamma phase and fractures which are not or practically not filled with zinc oxide.
- step 120 the heat-treated wire is drawn to a diameter of 0.355 mm.
- the thickness of the 104 layer is then 9 ⁇ m, the thickness of the fractured layer is 6 ⁇ m and the thickness of the thin zinc oxide film is 52 nm.
- the rough wire is oxidized to obtain an oxidized rough wire.
- the rough wire provided is subjected to a heat treatment in the presence of oxygen and chlorine.
- step 122 is carried out by applying the teachings given in the particular case of oxidation step 82.
- the rough wire is placed in an oven at 120°C for 24 h.
- This oxidation step 122 consumes part of the zinc present on the surface of the gamma-phase blocks, which causes, in certain cases, the appearance of the thin beta-phase layer on certain of the faces of these gamma-phase blocks.
- a layer of zinc oxide enriched with chlorine covers the fractured layer. In this example, the thickness of the layer of zinc oxide enriched with chlorine is 1200 nm.
- the oxidized wire obtained at the end of step 122 is drawn to the desired final diameter.
- Step 124 is carried out under the same conditions as step 84.
- the oxidized wire passes successively through four dies to reduce the diameter of the oxidized wire successively to 0.324 mm, 0.296 mm, 0.270 mm and finally 0.25 mm.
- a stress-relieving anneal similar or identical to that implemented after step 84, is carried out.
- a portion of the zinc oxide that is on the surface of the oxidized wire is pushed inside the fractures of the fractured layer.
- the majority of the fractures 112 between the blocks 110 are at least partially filled with chlorine-enriched zinc oxide.
- the amount of zinc oxide contained inside the fractures 112 depends on the thickness of the zinc oxide layer produced during step 122. The greater the thickness of the zinc oxide layer produced during step 122, the more the fractures 112 are filled with chlorine-enriched zinc oxide.
- a portion of the outer faces of the blocks 110 may still be covered with a layer of chlorine-enriched zinc oxide.
- the outer faces of the blocks 110 are the faces of these blocks facing outwards, that is to say on the side opposite the longitudinal axis of the wire.
- the thickness of the layer of zinc oxide enriched with chlorine obtained after this last drawing is equal to 500 nm.
- the machining speed of the wire 100 was compared to the machining speed of a reference wire manufactured using the same manufacturing process except that the dipping in the aqueous zinc chloride solution was omitted. He observed that the machining speed of the wire 100 is 1.1 times higher than the machining speed of the reference wire.
- the metal core is not necessarily made entirely of brass.
- the metal core has only a surface layer of brass. This surface layer of brass typically has a thickness greater than 5 ⁇ m or 10 ⁇ m.
- the core of the metal core is made of another material, such as steel, copper or another metal or another metal alloy.
- the outer face of the coating 12 or 102 may be covered with a thin film of the lubricant used during the wire drawing step 84 or 124.
- the thickness of the oxide layer 12 may also be greater than 461 nm.
- the thickness of the oxide layer 12 may be greater than 500 nm or 600 nm.
- Variants of the manufacturing methods [111] Alternatively, the blank wire provided during steps 80, 90 and 92 comprises a metal core, for example devoid of zinc, covered with a surface layer of zinc. The surface layer of zinc is often deposited on the metal core by electrolysis.
- the electrolysis bath may comprise a chlorinated compound such that at the outlet of the electrolysis bath, residues of this chlorinated compound may remain on the outer face of the zinc layer.
- the residual quantity of this chlorine compound from the electrolysis bath is too low to obtain, after the oxidation step, zinc oxide enriched in chlorine with a molar fraction x greater than 0.01.
- special measures are taken to preserve, on the outer face of the zinc layer, a substantial quantity of the chlorine compound from the electrolysis bath, the dipping in the aqueous solution of zinc chloride cannot be omitted in this case.
- the rough wire having the desired diameter D 0 is commercially available, during step 80, it is not drawn before performing step 82.
- Other embodiments of the oxidation step 82 or 122 are possible.
- many other solutions containing a chlorine compound can be used to replace the aqueous zinc chloride solution.
- a hydrochloric acid solution or a solution containing bleach is also suitable.
- a solution containing NaCl may also be suitable.
- the chlorine is deposited on the wire to be treated not by soaking it in a liquid solution containing a chlorine component but by bringing it into contact with a gas containing a chlorine compound such as dichlorine (Cl2).
- the blank wire is unwound and then passed through a heating tunnel and then wound onto a coil at the outlet of this tunnel. Inside the tunnel, the temperature is equal to the temperature Tfurnace.
- the blank wire is heated to the temperature T oven portion by portion. Therefore, the problem of the time required to obtain a uniform temperature within an entire coil of the blank wire does not arise.
- the value of the temperature T oven can be greater than 300°C or 400°C.
- the speed of travel of the blank wire inside the tunnel is then adjusted so that the duration D oven, during which a portion of the blank wire remains inside the tunnel, makes it possible to obtain the desired thickness e 0 .
- the thickness e0 can be chosen to be greater than 600 nm or 800 nm.
- the oxidation step 82 can also be carried out in a medium other than the Earth's atmosphere. For example, step 82 can also be carried out in a medium containing more than 20% or 30%, by volume, of dioxygen or, on the contrary, depleted in oxygen but with a residual quantity of oxygen sufficient to oxidize the blank wire.
- the temperature T furnace varies during the duration D furnace.
- the temperature T furnace increases continuously during the duration D furnace.
- the manufacturing method is as follows: a brass wire with 60% copper and 40% zinc, 1.25 mm in diameter in the annealed state is provided and then drawn to a diameter of 0.464 mm. The wire with a diameter equal to 0.464 mm is then dipped in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride at 252 g/l and 20°C (+/- 5°C), for a duration of 5 seconds. After being dipped in the aqueous zinc chloride solution, the wire is wound onto a steel reel and placed in an air furnace at atmospheric pressure.
- the temperature T furnace is then gradually increased from 20°C to 260°C at a rate of 10°C per hour.
- the duration Dfurnace is therefore 24 hours.
- the wire is removed from the furnace and left in the air at room temperature to cool. It is then drawn to a diameter of 0.25 mm using dies with elongations between 15% and 22% and a lubricant consisting of an oil-in-water emulsion at a temperature between 20°C and 80°C. Finally, it undergoes stress-relieving annealing.
- the breaking load of the wire thus obtained is greater than 900 N/mm2.
- the blocks of the blank wire provided may be in gamma phase and epsilon phase.
- the temperature of the heat treatment which made it possible to form the layers in beta and gamma phase is lowered to form, instead, a superposition of a layer in gamma phase and a layer in epsilon phase.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is lowered between 130°C and 160°C.
- the thickness of the layer in epsilon phase is sufficiently small so that, during wire drawing, the layer in epsilon phase fractures at the same time as the layer in gamma phase so that the wire provided has a fractured layer comprising essentially blocks in gamma phase and epsilon phase instead of comprising only blocks in gamma phase.
- the blocks of the blank wire may also be blocks in beta phase.
- a blank wire containing gamma-phase blocks is first manufactured and then a heat treatment is applied to transform the gamma-phase blocks into beta-phase blocks.
- a heat treatment is applied to transform the gamma-phase blocks into beta-phase blocks.
- step 124 is omitted. In this case, more than 50% or 70% or 90% of the surface of the outer faces of the blocks 110 of the fractured layer is covered with a chlorine-enriched oxide layer. On the other hand, the fractures are not necessarily filled with chlorine-enriched zinc oxide.
- the cooling of the oxidized blank wire can also be carried out differently.
- the furnace is turned off and the coil is left inside the furnace until it reaches room temperature.
- stress-relieving is omitted.
- Chapter IV Advantages of the Described Embodiments:
- the fact that the coating comprises chlorine-enriched zinc oxide improves the machining speed compared to an identical or substantially identical wire in which the zinc oxide is not chlorine-enriched.
- the fact that the chlorine-enriched zinc oxide is mainly located within the fractures of a fractured layer makes it possible to both improve the machining speed while also improving the electrical contact between this wire and the electrodes used when machining a part with this wire.
- the thickness of the oxide layer is greater than 100 nm improves the machining speed and makes it possible, in particular, to obtain machining speeds equal to or greater than that of an electrode wire comprising a fractured coating of copper-zinc alloy in gamma phase such as that described in US8378247B2.
- the fact that the zinc oxide layer is directly formed on the peripheral face of the metal core makes it possible to manufacture this zinc oxide layer by simple oxidation of the brass peripheral face of a rough wire.
- the duration of the heat treatment is shorter and/or the temperature of the heat treatment is lower than, respectively, the duration and/or the temperature necessary to obtain the same quantity of zinc oxide but in the absence of chlorine. Therefore, the presence of chlorine during the oxidation makes it possible to accelerate the manufacturing process and/or to reduce the temperature of the heat treatment.
- Obtaining the desired quantity of zinc oxide using a heat treatment that does not exceed 250°C makes it possible not to degrade the breaking load of the wire during the implementation of this heat treatment. Thus, it is no longer necessary to subject the oxidized rough wire obtained at the end of this heat treatment to an additional drawing step with a high coefficient c1 to give it an acceptable breaking load.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24724299.3A EP4724225A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-05-13 | Fil électrode |
| CN202480037615.3A CN121263267A (zh) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-05-13 | 电极丝 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FRFR2305740 | 2023-06-07 | ||
| FR2305740A FR3149527B1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2023-06-07 | Fil électrode |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024251463A1 true WO2024251463A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
Family
ID=88068749
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2024/063120 Ceased WO2024251463A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-05-13 | Fil électrode |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4724225A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN121263267A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3149527B1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TW202449183A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024251463A1 (fr) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8378247B2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2013-02-19 | Thermocompact | Composite wire for electrical discharge machining |
| US20220212277A1 (en) | 2019-05-10 | 2022-07-07 | Berkenhoff Gmbh | Wire electrode for spark-erosion cutting and method for producing said wire electrode |
-
2023
- 2023-06-07 FR FR2305740A patent/FR3149527B1/fr active Active
-
2024
- 2024-05-13 WO PCT/EP2024/063120 patent/WO2024251463A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-05-13 EP EP24724299.3A patent/EP4724225A1/fr active Pending
- 2024-05-13 CN CN202480037615.3A patent/CN121263267A/zh active Pending
- 2024-06-07 TW TW113121185A patent/TW202449183A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8378247B2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2013-02-19 | Thermocompact | Composite wire for electrical discharge machining |
| US20220212277A1 (en) | 2019-05-10 | 2022-07-07 | Berkenhoff Gmbh | Wire electrode for spark-erosion cutting and method for producing said wire electrode |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4724225A1 (fr) | 2026-04-15 |
| CN121263267A (zh) | 2026-01-02 |
| TW202449183A (zh) | 2024-12-16 |
| FR3149527B1 (fr) | 2025-05-09 |
| FR3149527A1 (fr) | 2024-12-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3817880B1 (fr) | Fil électrode a couche poreuse pour électroerosion et procédés de réalisation d'un tel fil électrode | |
| EP1846189B1 (fr) | Fil composite pour electroerosion | |
| EP1949995B1 (fr) | Fil electrode pour electroerosion | |
| EP0556136B1 (fr) | Feuille pour électrode de condensateur électrolytique et procédé de fabrication | |
| FR2481632A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'articles revetus d'un materiau extremement dur | |
| FR2646173A1 (fr) | Procede et appareil pour revetir l'un de divers metaux avec un autre metal different | |
| CA2715174C (fr) | Procede de revetement d'une bande metallique et installation de mise en oeuvre du procede | |
| EP0526361A1 (fr) | Electrode en alliage de cuivre à hautes performances pour usinage par électro érosion et procédé de fabrication | |
| EP1106293B1 (fr) | Electrode pour l'usinage d'une pièce par électroérosion et son procédé de fabrication | |
| WO2024251463A1 (fr) | Fil électrode | |
| EP0673691A1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'une ébauche tubulaire en zircaloy 2 plaquée intérieurement en zirconium et apte au contrôle ultrasonore de l'épaisseur de zirconium | |
| FR2936727A1 (fr) | Fil composite pour electroerosion. | |
| EP3898051A1 (fr) | Fil electrode a laiton en phase delta pour usinage par electroerosion, et procede pour sa fabrication | |
| EP4724226A1 (fr) | Fil électrode et procédé de sa fabrication | |
| EP4433246A1 (fr) | Fil électrode | |
| EP0235067A1 (fr) | Procédé de revêtement protecteur de produits sidérurgiques | |
| WO2015049634A1 (fr) | Procédé pour la désoxydation du silicium | |
| EP4433245A1 (fr) | Fil électrode | |
| LU81564A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication de tubes,tubes obtenus par ce procede et leur utilisation dans des condenseurs et des echangeurs de chaleur | |
| WO2021130460A1 (fr) | Procédé de traitement d'une pièce en métal ferreux et pièce en métal ferreux | |
| WO2026021692A1 (fr) | Fil electrode pour l'usinage par electroerosion et procédé de fabrication d'un tel fil | |
| WO2017089658A1 (fr) | Générateur de vapeur, procédés de fabrication et utilisations correspondantes | |
| FR2689301A1 (fr) | Procédé d'obtention d'une feuille d'aluminium pour électrodes de condensateur électrolytique, feuille pour la fabrication d'électrodes de condensateur électrolytique et condensateur électrolytique obtenu. | |
| FR2850045A1 (fr) | Fil pour electroerosion a ame en laiton et couche superficielle en cuivre | |
| WO2003095696A2 (fr) | Procede et dispositif d'elimination du ou des oxydes presents a la surface d'un materiau metallique et de reconstitution d'une couche d'oxydes sur ladite surface |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 24724299 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 202537117982 Country of ref document: IN |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2025571311 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2025571311 Country of ref document: JP |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20260107 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20260107 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20260107 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20260107 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20260107 |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 202537117982 Country of ref document: IN |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2024724299 Country of ref document: EP |