WO2024252010A1

WO2024252010A1 - Tnf inhibitor combination therapies

Info

Publication number: WO2024252010A1
Application number: PCT/EP2024/065836
Authority: WO
Inventors: Martyn Leslie FOSTER; Lisa Patel
Original assignee: Istesso 2 Ltd
Current assignee: Istesso 2 Ltd
Priority date: 2023-06-08
Filing date: 2024-06-07
Publication date: 2024-12-12
Anticipated expiration: 2025-12-08
Also published as: MX2025014530A; EP4724054A1; IL325051A; AU2024284360A9; GB202308547D0; AU2024284360A1; KR20260022395A

Abstract

The invention provides combination therapies comprising TNF inhibitor compounds and mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compounds, which find utility in the medical field of inflammatory and progressive disorders such as RA, IBD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and MS.

Description

TNF inhibitor combination therapies

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to combination therapies that can have reparative effects on a range of progressive and/or degenerative diseases. In particular instances, the combination therapies can be used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, and in particular rheumatoid arthritis. In particular instances, the combination therapies comprise a Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor and a therapeutic agent which can act by binding mitochondrial Complex I. The therapeutic agent which can act by binding mitochondrial Complex I are referred to herein as Mitochondrial Complex I Modulator compounds (or MCIM compounds).

Background

Mitochondrial Complex I (also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Type I NADH dehydrogenase, respiratory Complex I, or simply ‘Complex I’) is the first enzyme complex of the respiratory chain (Yoga et al, 2021 , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Complex I is a very large protein complex comprising 45 subunits (Gutierrez-Fernandez, 2020) which is highly conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, it couples the transfer of electrons from NADH to the coenzyme ubiquinone (Q) with the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, although the mechanism linking the spatially distinct proton translocation and electron transfer remains unknown (Gutierrez-Fernandez, 2020).

In humans, the most common form of ubiquinone is known as ‘Q10’ because it has ten isoprenyl subunits in its ‘tail’ region. Q10 is hydrophobic and it enters the Complex I enzyme from the mitochondrial inner membrane through a long binding channel (Bridges et al, 2020), which is often called the ‘Q tunnel’. The Q-tunnel is long and heterogenous in nature. Various compounds are known to bind within the Q tunnel, but there is no single consensus site for compound binding. For example, piericidin A is reported to bind within the Q-tunnel as a ‘short-form’ ubiquinone, with interactions at multiple residues from the top of the Q-tunnel to its midway point (Gutierrez- Fernandez, 2020; Bridges et al, 2020; Chung et al, 2021 , each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Aureothin and pyridaben, which are also quinone-like compounds, are also observed to bind at a similar site in T. thermophilus (Gutierrez-Fernandez, 2020; Chung et al, 2021). IACS-2858 and BAY-87-2243 act like a “cork in a bottle”, binding a cluster of residues of subunits ND1 and NDUFS7 in the central charged region of the ubiquinone-binding pocket of mouse Complex I (Chung et al, 2021 ; Kurelac et al, 2022). Biguanides such as metformin are similarly thought to interact with Phe244 of ND1 and Arg77 of NDUFS7 in the Q-tunnel with a mode dependent on the active or inactive state of the enzyme. Furthermore, evidence indicates that the biguanides may be i non-selective in their binding, with a putative additional binding site on Complex IV, another subunit of the electron transport chain (LaMoia et al, 2021). The binding sites of several Complex I inhibitors are reviewed by Schiller and Zickermann (2022).

Classical Complex I inhibitors, such as those mentioned above, often cause cytotoxicity and cell death. For instance, piercidin A is insecticidal and antibacterial, pyridaben is an acaricide (killing ticks and mites) and aureothin exhibits antitumor, antifungal and insecticidal activity. IACS-010579 and IM156 (also known as HL156A) have been reported to possess anti-tumour effects due to profound impacts on cancer cell viability (Tsogbadrakh et al, 2018 and Izreig et al, 2020). However, despite these properties, the known, classical, C1 inhibitors have not found use as approved therapeutics. Indeed, as well as showing mechanism-based toxicity (Yap, T et al, 2023), these agents have been used to elicit disease in mouse models of neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson disease (PD; Xiong et al, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and Alzheimer's disease (AD; Joh et al, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). As such, for classical complex I inhibitors, identifying a suitable approach for therapeutic use that provides a benefit without toxicity has proved to be a challenge. An alternative approach which might elicit a benefit without adverse effects may have potential benefits for the treatment of a variety of progressive diseases.

***

The goal of therapeutic tissue repair is to restore the tissue to its original state of structure and function (Krafts, 2010 and Paul and Sharma, 2021). Attaining this goal has proved elusive, with the only effective examples being organ transplantation or surgical implants using natural or biomimetic structures such as aortic valves or joint replacement). Further, whilst there has been a significant increase in research into strategies to achieve repair in different organ systems, these approaches aim to remove the primary driver to tissue injury (e.g., the calcified heart valve) or to replace the dysfunctional matrix environment with an environment which favours homing of repair cells or local augmentation of soluble pro-repair factors (e.g., fibrin). Such examples include biomimetic scaffolds in orthopaedics, which simulate normal structural matrix for cell homing, and cellular products to simulate the soluble matrix microenvironment for cutaneous and ocular wound repair. As such, the identification of a therapeutic agent(s) which both attenuates the drive to tissue injury and concurrently promotes a pro-repair microenvironment, has proved elusive.

Tissue repair (healing) is a highly orchestrated and complex process involving a sequence of overlapping events that are precisely timed. The process has three broad phases which were first delineated in the 19^th Century (Virchow, 1859) and have been since augmented by the addition of data on their cellular genotypes, phenotypes, and molecular mediators (Liehn, 2011 , Takeo, 2015, and Somer et al, 2021). However, there are limited, if any, data available regarding the mechanisms underpinning repair in most chronic disease settings (Peyrin-Biroulet, 2020) and current understanding of tissue repair processes has not led to substantial improvements in the clinical care of tissue damage (Eming et al, 2014).

As shown in Figure 1 , the three phases of tissue repair are:

1. Inflammation

2. Proliferation (fibrogenesis and angiogenesis)

3. Tissue Remodelling (Lokmic et al, 2012.)

In the healthy, functional healing/repair process, these phases proceed in an overlapping sequence, with resolution of inflammation progressing alongside proliferation and matrix remodelling to restore tissue architecture. In conditions of chronic disease, this process is interrupted or dysregulated, resulting in persistent non-healing tissue damage.

Functional repair involves the resolution of the primary inflammatory response to injury and the simultaneous activation of the inflammatory response consequent upon repair. These phases show different qualitative and kinetic properties; the first phase induces a proliferative response in both infiltrating and resident cells whilst the second involves repolarisation of the infiltrating cells.

Furthermore, the cells involved in the repair process show different responses to stress dependent on the progressing phase of repair. For example, immune cells of the myeloid lineage (short-lived cells with high bioenergetic demand) respond to stress by reducing proliferation and activating apoptosis pathways such that the overall phenotype of the myeloid lineage is anti-inflammatory, and in the context of repair, a reduced population showing immunomodulatory effects. By contrast, mesenchymal and epithelial cells respond to similar microenvironmental stressors by activating effector pathways. For example, mesenchymal cells typically respond to low oxygen tension (hypoxia) by the expansion and activation of a repair phenotype.

There is an urgent need for therapeutics which exert a dual pharmacology of reducing disease progression whilst supporting tissue repair in chronic progressive disease, medical conditions that worsen over time without medical intervention. Prominent examples are autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and progressive fibrosis such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and chronic kidney disease. Without treatment these conditions typically progress in severity over time and may, as in the case of pulmonary fibrosis, be fatal.

The current treatments for these conditions inhibit the progression of the diseases. However, in general these agents typically fail to promote tissue repair by exerting a direct effector response on repair processes. Indeed, their suppression of the pro-inflammatory effector cell and molecular response proceeds cyclically, perhaps for months or years. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, persistent inflammation within the bone erosion prevents erosions from healing (Berardi et al, 2021) whilst a similar unresolved inflammation preventing repair is seen in chronic skin wounds (Li et al, 2021), ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Examples of conditions where effective antiinflammatory effects by a therapeutic do not result in effective repair include:

• rheumatoid arthritis, in which suppression of synovitis and pannus formation does not result in complete suppression of erosions and bone loss;

• inflammatory bowel disease, in which suppression of mucosal inflammation does not result in complete suppression of ulceration;

• neurodegeneration, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), in which suppression of the inflammatory drive to de-myelination does not result in concomitant increase in oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell-induced re-myelination;

Furthermore, in other chronic diseases, the kinetic interplay between the drive to injury and sequential activation of repair, often results in ‘futile’ repair, i.e., creation of maladapted restitution of tissue remodelling to a normal state. Such futile repair is seen in settings such as osteoarthritis and fibrosis.

The result of either failure to repair or futile repair is that most patients with chronic disease experience ongoing symptoms, and disease progression despite treatment. As such, there is a pressing need for therapeutics with a dual pharmacology that can act on both the inflammatory and repair arms of a lesion. Such a therapeutic would:

• display a pharmacology-dependent, differential transduction of microenvironmental stress signals.

• mitigate the drive to injury and simultaneously, augment and capitalise upon the stressor events that constitute the inflammatory to proliferative phase of tissue repair.

• orchestrate repair, in an anatomically appropriate manner to restore key aspects of tissue function (Eming et al, 2014).

In addition, the pharmacological intervention might elicit cellular changes consistent with those required to orchestrate a controlled repair response. For example, the approach might elicit production of the key basement membrane collagen IV in a controlled manner, alongside production of growth factors important for angiogenesis, epithelialisation and matrix remodelling, such as VEGF, FGF21 and GDF15. Were this approach to be successful it would elicit repair in a pathology agnostic manner, i.e. the repair response would be seen in multiple settings regardless of the nature of the original injury. In addition, it might alter the activation response of resident cells and de-sensitize' the microenvironment to the effects of a pro-inflammatory cell infiltrate, resulting in a ‘permission’ to repair.

One proposed approach to eliciting a tissue repair response has been to repair the cell first (Fu, 2021). The induction of an integrated stress response (ISR) may be an effective means of achieving this goal. The ISR is a cytoprotective mechanism that maintains cellular proteostasis (i.e., protein homoeostasis) in response to stress conditions. The ISR is highly conserved across cell types, and is triggered in response to changes in mitochondrial function (Savu and Moisoi, 2022). Activation of a controlled ISR has been shown to have beneficial effects in multiple disease settings. For example, in mouse models of multiple sclerosis the ISR can be harnessed to protect oligodendrocytes and myelin during inflammation (Way and Popko, 2016). In addition, the ISR has been shown to regulate the health of cardiac progenitor cells by removing unhealthy cells to prevent their differentiation and selfrenewal (Searfoss et al, 2019), a property that may be shared across progenitor cells in other settings such as oligodendrocyte progenitors in the brain and spinal cord, alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT2) in the lung and mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow progenitor cells. Roles for the ISR in obesity, neurodegeneration and heart failure have also been proposed. Importantly, to achieve these outcomes the ISR should be moderate and tightly regulated, like a rheostat, in order to avoid pushing cells towards apoptosis (Kaspar et al, 2021).

An agent which could both control symptoms and elicit tissue repair/healing may have greater benefits for patients than existing therapy and lead to improved treatment outcomes.

***

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (previously known as TNF-a, referred to herein as TNF) is a cytokine which has pleotropic effects on various cell types. TNF is a major regulator of inflammation and dysregulation and/or overstimulation of TNF can lead to chronic inflammation and development of pathological conditions such as various autoimmune diseases. For example, excessive production of TNF is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and non-infectious uveitis (NIU) (Jang, DI., et al 2021).

Due to TNF involvement in the above-mentioned diseases, several TNF inhibitors have been investigated and applied clinically for the treatment of, for example, CD and RA. These drugs include the antibody-based therapies Remicade (infliximab), Humira (adalimumab), Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) and Simponi (golimumab), and the fusion protein-based therapy Enbrel (etanercept).

However, despite the widespread availability of these therapies, they suffer from several limitations. For example, they are associated with high failure rates, waning of response, and inability to achieve the ultimate goal of therapy, to elicit a deep and sustained remission enabling therapy to ultimately be removed. Patients receiving these drugs furthermore experience ongoing symptoms and disease progression, as well as the potential for serious adverse effects such as increased infection rates and malignancy.

***

The inventors have previously discovered that compounds which can bind to and modulate the activity of mitochondrial complex I (see European patent application No. 23162131.9, which is incorporated herein by reference) are beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory and/or progressive diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis, multiple sclerosis (MS), or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The inventors demonstrated that such compounds could slow down and even prevent disease progression in mice with the conditions. Even more surprisingly, however, was the observation that these compounds additionally promoted repair of affected tissues thereby reversing disease progression.

While this newly discovered class of compounds provides an exciting new avenue for treatment of inflammatory and/or progressive disease, there is still an ongoing need to improve the efficacy of these nascent drug treatment regimens to further improve patient quality of life.

The present invention has been devised in light of the above considerations.

Summary of the Invention

Current treatments for chronic, progressive conditions inhibit disease progression but fail to promote tissue repair. Consequently, patients with chronic disease experience ongoing symptoms and progression, and poor quality of life. Despite the attractiveness of restoring normal tissue architecture as a means to treat chronic disease, pharmacological interventions to achieve this have not been studied, and as a result practical applications of this approach do not yet exist. One potential approach to achieve pharmacological tissue repair is through changes in mitochondrial function. However, the literature currently teaches that eliciting changes in mitochondrial function suppresses repair and promotes inflammation (Cai et al, 2022), and indeed, alterations in mitochondrial function to alter disease progression through control of inflammation, or tissue remodelling, have not been extensively studied. The mitochondrial Complex I modulator (MCIM) compounds of this invention, and disclosed in EP23162131.9, modulate the activity of mitochondrial Complex I in a manner that differs from that of conventional complex I inhibitors. This elicits an adaptive phase which directs cell fate choices and mimics a wound repair-like microenvironment. Phenotypically, this can control inflammation, alter the activation response of resident cells and desensitizes the microenvironment to the effects of a pro-inflammatory cell infiltrate, and concurrently initiate repair signals in affected tissues, such as the lung and joint. In addition, the MCIM compounds can stimulate the production of key growth factors such as VEGF, and collagen I, and the basement collagen IV. Together, these mechanisms support a reduction in inflammation and restoration of tissue architecture in multiple organ/tissue settings.

In addition to the effects of MCIM compounds described in EP23162131 .9, the inventors have further found that MCIM compounds can be used in combination with TNF inhibitors to further improve treatment of disease in which TNF dysregulation/overstimulation plays a role. Such combinations lead to a surprising and synergistic improvement in the levels of protection against the progression of disease pathology, and tissue repair observed compared to when either an MCIM compound or TNF inhibitor is administered alone. For example, a synergistic reduction in the level of bone damage is observed in arthritic mouse models when mice are treated with an MCIM compound of the invention and the TNF inhibitor compound etanercept.

At its broadest, the invention provides a combination of an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. The combination may be for use in therapy. The MCIM compound and the TNF inhibitor compound may be administered separately, sequentially, or simultaneously, and may be administered in any order. The combination may achieve reparative effects when used to treat inflammatory and/or progressive diseases in which TNF plays a role in disease pathology. Preferably, the MCIM compounds bind complex I and are able to modulate complex I function.

Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical combination comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. The pharmaceutical combination may be formulated as a single composition comprising the MCIM compound and the TNF inhibitor compound. The pharmaceutical combination may be formulated as two separate compositions, wherein each of the two separate compositions comprises either an MCIM compound or a TNF inhibitor compound. In some embodiments, the combination may comprise two or more TNF inhibitor compounds. Where the combination comprises two or more TNF inhibitor compounds, the pharmaceutical combination may comprise a single composition comprising the two or more TNF inhibitor compounds, or the two or more TNF inhibitor compounds may be comprised in separate compositions.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound and TNF inhibitor compound.

In a third aspect, the combination according to the first aspect or the composition of the second aspect may be for use as a medicament.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound for use in the treatment of an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject. The treatment comprises the separate, sequential or simultaneous administration of the pharmaceutical composition and a TNF inhibitor compound to the subject. The treatment may achieve disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

In a fifth aspect, the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound for use in the treatment of an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject. The treatment comprises the separate, sequential or simultaneous administration of the pharmaceutical composition and a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound to the subject. The treatment may achieve disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

In a related sixth aspect, the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound and a TNF inhibitor compound for use in the treatment of an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject. The treatment comprises administration of the composition to the subject. The treatment may achieve disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

In a seventh aspect, the invention further provides a method of treating an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a MCIM compound to the subject. The method further comprises the separate, sequential, or simultaneous administration of a TNF inhibitor compound to the subject. The treatment may achieve disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

In an eight aspect, the invention further provides a method of treating an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound to the subject. The treatment further comprises the separate, sequential or simultaneous administration of a MCIM compound to the subject. The treatment may achieve disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

In a ninth aspect, the invention further provides a method of treating an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound to a subject. The treatment may achieve disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments of the aspects of the invention, the treatment elicits disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the treatment achieves disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the treatment initiates an adaptive response in certain cell types that leads to pharmacodynamic evidence of disease control, regression or tissue repair, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the adaptive response leads to tissue repair and/or disease regression. In some embodiments, the tissue repair and/or disease regression induces a restoration of tissue architecture towards its healthy state, which is characterised by anatomically normal architecture. In some embodiments of the aspects of the invention, disease control comprises inhibition of disease progression. In some embodiments, inhibition of disease progression includes a prevention of disease progression. In some embodiments, inhibition of disease progression includes a reduced rate of disease progression. In some embodiments, disease control comprises the prevention of a loss of anatomically normal tissue architecture, or a reduction in the speed of the loss of anatomically normal tissue architecture. In some embodiments, the tissue repair and/or disease regression is characterised by an increased clinical repair score and/or comprises increased wound healing.

The inflammatory and/or progressive disease may be any condition in which an imbalance is seen between cellular pathology and cellular repair. In some embodiments, the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is associated with or caused by Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) overexpression, secretion, or stimulation. In some embodiments, the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may be an autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, a fibrotic condition such as interstitial lung disease, a neurological disorder such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or a skeletal disorder such as osteoarthritis or osteoporosis. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder may be RA, psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, reactive arthritis, gout, septic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, or osteoarthritis. In some embodiments, the tissue repair and/or disease regression is characterised by an increased clinical repair score and/or comprises increased wound healing.

Clinical repair scores can be used to objectively assess clinical repair in inflammatory and/or progressive diseases. Increased clinical repair score can be indicated by a decreased disease score. In some embodiments, disease control is characterised by a decreased rate of change in the disease score. In some embodiments, disease control is characterised by no change in disease score following treatment. - for example, disease control may be characterised by an inhibition of disease progression associated with an increase in disease score. Disease score may be calculated using any suitable method known in the art. For example, in some embodiments wherein the disease is an arthritis, tissue repair and/or disease regression may be characterised by a decrease in the average arthritic index score, ACR/EULAR score, DAS38 score, HAQ-DI score, CDAI score, SDAI score, ACR20/50/70 score, EULAR score, mTSS score, or RAPID3 score, or any combination thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, tissue repair and/or disease regression may be characterised by; i) a decrease in the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP); ii) a decrease in serum concentration of Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (TRAP5); iii) an increase in the serum concentration of procollagen 1 intact N-terminal (P1 NP); iv) an increase in the serum concentration of osteocalcin; or v) any combination of i)-iv).

In some embodiments, the disease control or regression and/or tissue repair comprises an increased cell count of reparative cells and/or a decreased cell count of pathology driving cells. In some embodiments, the disease control or regression and/or tissue repair regression comprises an increased count of mesenchymal and/or epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the adaptive response is characterised by an increased count of mesenchymal and/or epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the adaptive response is characterised by an increase in the differentiation of mesenchymal and/or epithelial cells. For instance, when the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an IBD, the reparative cells may comprise epithelial cells and/or mucus cells. For instance, in the gastrointestinal tract the cells may comprise fibroblasts or epithelial cells, or alternatively repair may be indicated by an increase in the overall number of mucus cells which indicate that epithelial differentiation is proceeding normally. In the bone, an increase in the number or activity of osteoblasts and/or myeloid cells, such as M2 macrophages, may be seen. In addition, in the bone, a decrease in the number or activity of osteoclasts, transformed fibroblasts, fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells, proinflammatory macrophages, effector memory T-cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells or transformed fibroblasts, or any combination thereof, may be seen.

In some embodiments, the adaptive response comprises a change in the function of mesenchymal or epithelial cells. For instance, in IBD the cells may comprise PAS positive cells, or surfactant producing epithelial cells. In some embodiments, the tissue repair and/or disease regression comprises a decreased cell count or decreased function of activated immune cell subtypes. For instance, when the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is RA, the disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression may comprise a decrease in the number of myeloid cells such as macrophages or osteoclasts, lymphocytes such as T-, B-, or Th17 cells, or fibroblasts such as FLS cells. Preferably, the decrease in immune cell activity or activated immune cell numbers is not accompanied by a decrease in the activity, function or numbers of adapting mesenchymal or epithelial cells. When the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is MS, the reparative cells may comprise oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs).

In some embodiments, the tissue repair and/or disease regression induces a restoration of tissue architecture towards its healthy state, which is characterised by anatomically normal architecture. For example, in some embodiments, the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is RA and the tissue repair and/or disease regression comprises increased bone formation and/or decreased bone resorption, optionally alongside reduced oedema and/or erythema. In some embodiments, disease control comprises decreased bone resorption and/or preventing further loss of anatomically normal architecture. In some embodiments, the disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression comprises a reduction in inflammatory cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells. In some embodiments, the disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression comprises an increase in growth factors that are important for angiogenesis, epithelialisation and matrix remodelling, such as VEGF, FGF21 and/or GDF15. Cytokine and growth factor levels can be measured by any suitable method, e.g. via ELISA as described herein, or via ELISpot. In some embodiments, the disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression comprises an increase in basement collagen IV. Collagen IV levels can be measured by any suitable method, e.g. via ELISA as described herein and/or by immunohistochemical analysis.

Relatedly, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound for use in combination with a TNF inhibitor to increase reparative cells and/or decrease destructive cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, to achieve disease control and/or tissue repair and, as a result, disease, regression or resolution, or improved symptom control and quality of life. Relatedly, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor for use in combination with an MCIM compound to increase reparative cells and/or decrease destructive cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, to achieve disease control and/or tissue repair and, as a result, disease, regression or resolution, or improved symptom control and quality of life. Relatedly, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor to increase reparative cells and/or decrease destructive cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, to achieve disease control and/or tissue repair and, as a result, disease, regression or resolution, or improved symptom control and quality of life. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions trigger an adaptive response in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease. The invention also provides methods for increasing reparative cells and/or decreasing destructive cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to achieve disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression or resolution, or improved symptom control and quality of life. In some embodiments, the method increases the adaptive response of mesenchymal or epithelial cells and/or decreases the activation of or numbers of pro-inflammatory/fibrotic/erosive cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease. Relatedly, the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions for use in reducing cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, to achieve disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression. The invention also provides methods for reducing cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells in a subject with an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to achieve disease control, tissue repair and/or disease regression. The compounds and inflammatory and/or progressive diseases are defined herein.

Preferably, the compound binds to Complex I and modulates Complex I activity. The modulation of Complex I activity may be determined by detecting a reduction in cellular O2 consumption. In some embodiments, the reduction in cellular O2 consumption is not associated with a reduction of cell viability. O2 consumption may be measured by any standard technique known in the art, for example, using a real-time cell metabolic analyser (e.g. a Seahorse Analyzer). The modulation of Complex I activity may also lead to a reversible reduction of cell proliferation. The reversibility of the reduction of cell proliferation means that the reduction of proliferation is reversed when the compound is removed. This contrasts with the reduction of proliferation that is observed following treatment of the same cell type with a classical complex I binder, where reduced cell proliferation is not reversed by removal of the classical complex I binder. To assess the reversibility of the reduction of cell proliferation, an MCIM is applied to a cell culture, at a concentration to substantially reduce cell proliferation, for 24 hours at 37°C / 5% CO2. After 24 hours, the cell culture is washed and cultured under conditions conducive to cell growth and proliferation. Recovery of cell proliferation is measured after 24-hours incubation in these ‘growth’ conditions (37°C / 5% CO2, without MCIM present). Recovery of cell proliferation is observed. This contrasts to observations made on the same cells that have undergone the same culture/wash/grow cycle with a classical complex I binder in the culture step. The reversable reduction of cell proliferation may be assessed using human primary lung fibroblasts, e.g. as described in Example 4 (as illustrated in Figure 6). Preferably, the compound interacts with Complex I at a binding site at the top of or outside the Q tunnel. In some embodiments, the binding site comprises one or more amino acid residues from NDUSF2 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and/or NDUSF7 (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the compound interacts with at least one amino acid residues in NDUFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 1), for instance His92, Gly85, Tyr141 , His88, Leu95, Asp193, or Phe458. In some embodiments, the compound interacts with one or more amino acid residues in NDUFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 1) selected from Tyr141 , His92 and Asp193.

In some embodiments, the response may include promotion of a repair phenotype during the same time course as control of inflammation. The control of inflammation induced by compounds of the invention may be distinct from the control of inflammation induced by other anti-inflammatory drugs which rely on the suppression of inflammation before activation of tissue repair as a secondary effect.

In some embodiments, the compound comprises four or more of the pharmacophore features of the pharmacophore model represented in Figure 24. The three-dimensional arrangement of the pharmacophore features may be as described in Tables 7-A, 7-B and 7-C.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, of the following formula:

defined in claim 1 of WQ2010/032009 as follows: wherein:

-A is independently:

-Ar is independently phenyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl; and p is independently an integer from 0 to 3; and wherein: q is independently an integer from 0 to 3; and wherein:

-R^SN is independently -H or saturated aliphatic Chalky I; and wherein:

-DQ is independently -D¹-Q¹ or -D²=O; -D¹- is independently cyclopentane-di-yl, cyclohexane-di-yl, cycloheptane-di-yl, bicyclo[3.1 .1]heptane-di-yl, or bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-di-yl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R^D;

-D²= is independently cyclopentane-yl-ylidene, cyclohexane-yl-ylidene, cycloheptane-yl-ylidene, bicyclo[3.1 .1]heptane-yl-ylidene, or bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-yl-ylidene, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R^D; each -R^D is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -R^DD, -CF3, -OH, -OR^DD, -NH2, -NHR^DD, and -NR^DD ₂; and each -R^DD is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl; and wherein -Q¹ is independently selected from: 1^N

wherein: each -R^1N is independently -H, -R^CN, or -R^CF; each -R^2N is independently -H, -R^CN, or -R^CF; each -R^CN is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl ; each -R^CF is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4fluoroalkyl; or:

-NR^1NR^2N is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl;

-R^1A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R^2A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^1A and -R^2A together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group; -R^1B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R^2B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^1B and -R^2B together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group; or -R^1B and -R^2B together form =0;

-R^3A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R^4A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^3A and -R^4A together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group;

-R^5A is independently -H, -R^c, -R^F, or -R^J; and

-R^6A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^5A and -R^6A together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group;

-R^3B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R^4B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^3B and -R^4B together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group;

-R^5B is independently -H, -R^c, -R^F, -OH, or -OR⁰; and

-R^6B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^5B and -R^6B together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group; each -R^c is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl; each -R^F is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4fluoroalkyl;

-R° is independently saturated aliphatic Chalky I;

-R^J is independently -NH₂, -NHR^JN1, -NR^JN1 ₂, or -NR^JN2R^JN3; each -R^JN1 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl; and

-NR^JN2R^JN3 is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl; and wherein each -R^x is independently:

-F, -Cl, -Br, -I,

-R ,

-OH, -OR , -SH, -SR^XX,

-CF₃, -OCF₃, -SCF₃,

-NH₂, -NHR^XX, -NR^, -NRYYR²²,

-C(=O)R^XX, -OC(=O)R^XX,

-C(=O)OH, -C(=O)OR^XX,

-C(=O)NH₂, -C(=O)NHR^XX, -C(=O)NR^XX ₂, -C(=O)NR^YYR^ZZ,

-OC(=O)NH₂, -OC(=O)NHR^XX, -OC(=O)NR^XX ₂, -OC(=O)NR^YYR^ZZ,

-NHC(=O)R^XX, -NR^C^C R ,

-NHC(=O)OR^XX, -NR^XXC(=O)OR^XX,

-NHC(=O)NH₂, -NHC(=O)NHR^XX, -NHC(=O)NR^XX ₂, -NHC(=O)NR^YYR^ZZ,

-NR^XXC(=O)NH₂, -NR^XXC(=O)NHR^XX, -NR^XXC(=O)NR^XX ₂, -NR^XXC(=O)NR^YYR^ZZ,

-CN,

-NO₂,

-S(=O)₂NH₂, -S(=O)₂NHR^XX, -S(=O)₂NR^XX ₂, -S(=O)₂NR^YYR^ZZ,

-S(=O)R^XX, -S(=O)₂R^XX, -OS(=O)₂R^XX, -S(=O)₂OH, or -S(=O)₂OR^XX; wherein: each -R^ is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-salkyl , phenyl, or benzyl, wherein said phenyl and benzyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CF₃, -OCF₃, -R^XXX, -OH, -OR^XXX, or -SR^XXX, wherein each -R^xxx is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl; and each -NR^YYR^ZZ is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl.

Claim 1 of WO2010/032009 is hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore, WO2010/032009 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the compound is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof as defined in WO2014/207445 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, in some embodiments, the compound is a compound selected from compounds of the following formulae, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

HMC-N-03, and

HMC-N-04.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of the following formula, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

HMC-C-01-A.

In one embodiment, the compound is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof as defined in WO2016/097001 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, in some embodiments, the compound is a compound selected from compounds of the following formulae, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

HMC-C-10, and

HMC-C-11 .

Note for the “HMC” compounds as defined in WO2014/207445 A1 and WO2016/097001 A1 , and as described above, the substituents on one side of the cyclohexyl ring (i.e. , OH and CH3 on the righthand side) may be positioned “trans” / “cis” or “cis” / “trans” with respect to the rest of the molecule (that is, on the cyclohexyl ring to which they attached, with respect to the rest of the compound which is attached at the para position of the cyclohexyl ring).

Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all such conformations are encompassed by a reference to a compound that does not specify a particular conformation.

defined in claim 1 of WO2010/032010, wherein:

-A is independently:

-R^SN is independently -H or saturated aliphatic Chalky I; and wherein:

-R^S1 is independently -H or saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl;

-R^S2 is independently -H or saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl;

-R^S3 is independently -H or saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl ;

-R^S4 is independently -H or saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl ; and wherein -Q is independently selected from:

wherein: each -R^1N is independently -H or -R^CN; each -R^2N is independently -H or -R^CN; each -R^CN is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl ; or:

-NR^1NR^2N is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from saturated aliphatic Chalky I;

-R^1A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R^2A is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^1A and -R^2A together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group;

-R^3A is independently -R^c, -R^F, or -R^J; and

-R^5A is independently -R^c or -R^F; and

-R^1B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R^2B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; or -R^1B and -R^2B together form a saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene group;

-R^3B is independently -H, -R^c, -R^F, -OH, or -OR⁰; and

-R^5B is independently -H, -R^c, or -R^F; and

-R° is independently saturated aliphatic Chalky I;

-R^J is independently -NH₂, -NHR^JN1, -NR^JN1 ₂, or -NR^JN2R^JN3; each -R^JN1 is independently -R^J1, -R^J2-OH, -R^J2-O-R^J1; each -R^J1 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci -4alky I; each -R^J2- is independently saturated aliphatic C2-4alkylene;

-NR^JN2R^JN3 is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from saturated aliphatic Chalky I; and wherein each -R^x is independently:

-F, -Cl, -Br, -I,

-R^xx,

-OH, -OR^XX,

-SH, -SR^XX,

-CF₃, -OCF₃, -SCF3, -NH₂, -NHR^XX, -NR^XX2, -NRYYRZZ,

-C(=O)R^XX, -OC(=O)R^XX,

-C(=O)OH, -C(=O)OR^XX,

-C(=O)NH₂, -C(=O)NHR^XX, -C(=O)NR^XX ₂, -C(=O)NRYYRZZ_J

-OC(=O)NH₂, -OC(=O)NHR^XX, -0C(=0)NR^XX2, -OC(=O)NRYYRZZ_I

-NHC(=O)R^XX, -NR^XXC(=O)R^XX,

-NHC(=O)OR^XX, -NR^XXC(=O)OR^XX,

-NHC(=O)NH₂, -NHC(=O)NHR^XX, -NHC(=O)NR^XX ₂, -NHC(=O)NRYYRZZ_J

-NR^XXC(=O)NH₂, -NR^XXC(=O)NHR^XX, -NR^XXC(=0)NR^XX2, -NR^XXC(=O)NRYYRZZ_I

-CN,

-N0₂,

-S(=O)₂NH₂, -S(=O)₂NHR^XX, -S(=O)₂NR^XX2, -S(=O)₂NRYYRZZ_I

-S(=O)R^XX, -S(=O)₂R^XX, -OS(=O)₂R^XX, -S(=O)₂OH, or -S(=O)₂OR^XX; wherein: each -R^ is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-ealkyl , phenyl, or benzyl, wherein said phenyl and benzyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CF3, -OCF3, -R^xxx, -OH, -OR^XXX, or -SR^XXX, wherein each -Rxxx is independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl; and each -NRYYRZZ j_s independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, imidazolidino, pyrazolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, azepino, or diazepino, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from saturated aliphatic Chalky I.

Claim 1 of WO2010/032010 is hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore, WO2010/032010 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

defined in claim 1 of W02020/035560 A1 , wherein:

=X- is independently -CH= or -N=; -R¹ is independently -H or -R^1X;

-R^1X is independently -F, -Cl, -R^1C, -R^1F, or -CN;

-R^1C is independently saturated linear or branched Ci -salky I;

-R^1F is independently saturated linear or branched Ci-3fluoroalkyl;

-R² is independently -H or -R^2X;

-R^2X is independently -F, -Cl, -R^2C, -R^2F, or -CN;

-R^2C is independently saturated linear or branched Ci -salky I;

-R^2F is independently saturated linear or branched Ci-3fluoroalkyl;

-R³ is independently -H or -R^3X;

-R^3X is independently -F, -Cl, -R^3C, -R^3F, or -CN;

-R^3C is independently saturated linear or branched Ci -salky I;

-R^3F is independently saturated linear or branched Ci-3fluoroalkyl;

-R⁴ is independently -H or -R^4X;

-R^4X is independently -F, -Cl, -R^4C, -R^4F, or -CN;

-R^4C is independently saturated linear or branched Ci -salky I;

-R^4F is independently saturated linear or branched Ci-3fluoroalkyl;

-R⁵ is independently -H or -R^5X;

-R^5X is independently -F, -R^5C, or -R^5F;

-R^5C is independently saturated linear or branched Ci -salky I;

-R^5F is independently saturated linear or branched Ci-3fluoroalkyl;

-R⁶ is independently -H or -R^6X;

-R^6X is independently -F, -R^6C, or -R^6F;

-R^6C is independently saturated linear or branched Ci -salky I; and

-R^6F is independently saturated linear or branched Ci-3fluoroalkyl; or -R⁵ and -R⁶, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form saturated Cs ecycloalkyl.

Claim 1 of W02020/035560 A1 is hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore, W02020/035560 A1 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, of the following formula:

as defined in claim 1 of WO2020/212581 A1 , wherein

-X= is independently -CH= or -N=;

“m” is independently 0, 1 , 2, or 3; each -RA is independently -F, -Cl, -RAC, -RAF, or -CN;

-RAC is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3alkyl;

-RAF is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3fluoroalkyl;

“n” is independently 0, 1 , or 2; each -RB is independently -F, -Cl, -RBC, -RBF, or -CN;

-RBC is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3alkyl;

-RBF is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3fluoroalkyl;

-R1 is independently -H or -R1X;

-R1X is independently -F, -R1C, or -R1 F;

-R1C is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3alkyl;

-R1 F is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3fluoroalkyl;

-R2 is independently -H or -R2X;

-R2X is independently -F, -R2C, or -R2F;

-R2C is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3alkyl;

-R2F is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3fluoroalkyl; or -R1 and -R2, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form saturated C3-6cycloalkyl;

-R3 is independently -H or -R3X;

-R3X is independently -R3C or -R3F;

-R3C is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3alkyl; -R3F is independently saturated linear or branched C1-3fluoroalkyl;

-R4 is independently -R4C, -R4CC, or -N(R4N1)(R4N2);

-R4C is independently saturated linear or branched C1-6alkyl;

-R4CC is independently saturated C3-6cycloalkyl;

-R4N1 is independently -H or -R4N1C;

-R4N1C is independently saturated linear or branched C1-4alkyl;

-R4N2 is independently -H or -R4N2C; and

-R4N2C is independently saturated linear or branched C1-4alkyl, or -N(R4N1)(R4N2) is independently azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more saturated linear or branched C1-4alkyl groups.

Claim 1 of WO2020/212581 A1 is hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore, WO2020/212581 A1 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

NASMP-01-A. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of the following formula, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

06.

In some embodiments of the aspects of the invention, the TNF inhibitor compound is an antibody or a fusion protein. In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound is etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab.

The invention includes the combination of the aspects and preferred features described except where such a combination is clearly impermissible or expressly avoided.

Summary of the Figures

Embodiments and experiments illustrating the principles of the invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures in which:

Figure 1 . A graph of response over time of each of the three phases of repair (Inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling) which are proposed to be broadly similar across tissues. Cell types and soluble factors involved in each phase are shown below the graph along with changes in the extracellular matrix.

Figure 2. High throughput integrative biology platform (BioMAP®) profile of the effects of MCIM compounds of the invention on multiple disease-associated regulatory pathways identified that these compounds have the potential to regulate inflammatory responses and the tissue remodelling collagen, collagen type IV, for ABD599 (A) and HMC-C-01-A (B) and (C).

Figure 3. High throughput integrative biology platform (BioMAP®) profile of the effects of approved TNF inhibitors on multiple disease-associated regulatory pathways identified that these compounds show specific and restricted inflammatory responses for adalimumab and etanercept (A) and infliximab (B).

Figure 4. Electron micrographs of human primary myeloid cells (osteoclasts) treated with Complex I binders of the invention show an adaptive response by changing mitochondrial morphology, with an increase in mitochondrial area without an overt increase in mitochondrial mass. Figure 5. A) Three graphs showing the change in intracellular ATP levels (top left), nuclei count (top middle) and ATP readout per cell (top right) in response to increasing MCIM compound dose in standard, glucose supplemented media (squares), media supplemented with glucose and L-glutamine (open circles) or media supplemented with glucose, L-glutamine, and pyruvate (close circles). B) A graph showing the change in VEGF secretion in response to increasing MCIM compound concentration in standard, glucose and L-glutamine supplemented media containing pyruvate (closed circles), or medium containing glucose and L-glutamine but without pyruvate (open circles). MCIM compounds of the invention promote an adaptive response by increasing VEGF secretion in metabolically restricted human primary lung fibroblasts without a change in cell number.

Figure 6. Cell proliferation inhibition measured by BrdU incorporation (A) and nucleic count (B) as a function of increasing dosage of either Rotenone (squares), IACS-010759 (closed circles) or MCIM compound (open circles). Comparison of cells without washout vs washout of test compounds on cell proliferation measure by BrdU incorporation (C) and nuclei count (D). Non-washout and washout of rotenone are shown in grey and open grey, respectively. Non-washout and washout of IACS-010759 are shown in black and open black, respectively. Non-washout and washout of MCIM compound are shown in checkboard fill and open fill pattern, respectively. MCIM compounds of the invention reversibly inhibit cell proliferation whereas cells treated with typical Complex I inhibitors IACS-010759 and rotenone do not recover cell proliferative capacity after compound washing out.

Figure 7. Seven graphs each showing the average arthritic index as a function of time (dosing day) for test compound dosed at 10 mg/kg/day by oral gavage (open circles) and control (solid circles), for each of (A) HMC-C-02-A, (B) HMC-C-01-A, (C) HMC-N-02-A, (D) HMC-N-01 -A, (E) NASMP-01-A, (F) CHMSA-01-A, (G) CHMSA-03-A.

Figure 8. Graphs showing the average bone resorption counts in mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with (A) vehicle control, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept, or 10 mg/kg/day of either HMC-C-01-A, HMC-C-01-B, or HMC-N-01-B and (B) vehicle control, or 10 mg/kg/day of either ABD900, NASMP-01 , CHMSA-03-A, or NASMP-06. MCIM compounds of the invention protect against bone resorption in mice suffering from collagen-induced arthritis at levels comparable or exceeding approved treatment etanercept. Data are mean ± s.e.m.. ** p<0.01 *** p<0.005 vs vehicle §§§ p <0.005 vs etanercept.

Figure 9. Graphs showing the (A) average osteoid counts in mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with vehicle control, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept, or 10 mg/kg/day of either HMC-C-01-A, HMC-C-01-B, or HMC-N-01-B, and (B) average osteoid zones in mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with vehicle control, or 10 mg/kg/day of either ABD900, NASMP-01 ,CHMSA-03-A, or NASMP- 06. MCIM compounds of the invention promote the formation of osteoid, an indicator of bone formation, in mice with established collagen-induced arthritis. The new bone formation in animals with existing bone erosion indicates a repair effect, occurring to a much greater extent than seen with the approved therapeutic drug etanercept. Data are mean ± s.e.m.. ** p<0.01 *** p<0.005 vs vehicle §§§ p <0.005 vs etanercept.

Figure 10. Histological sections (160x magnification, stained with toluidine blue) of limbs from mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with either vehicle control (top panels), 10 mg/kg/day MCIM compound (middle panels) or 3 mg/kg/day etanercept (bottom panels). MCIM compounds of the invention promote bone formation in established arthritis, indicating an adaptive repair response. Top panel shows bone from collagen-induced arthritic mice treated with vehicle showing no clear signs of bone formation. Middle panel shows bone from collagen-induced arthritis mice which have clear indications of osteoid (new bone) formation in a structured manner as indicated by the black arrows. In contrast, mice treated with etanercept show only low levels of reactive and sporadic new bone formation.

Figure 11. Graph showing the relative inflammatory (left two bars) and osteoid (right two bars) scores in mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with either vehicle control or a very low dose MCIM compound at 0.03 mg/kg per day for 14 days. MCIM compounds of the invention promote adaptive responses leading to repair (osteoid formation) in mice with established collagen-induced arthritis at doses which don’t control inflammation, showing that the response is not a consequence of control of inflammation, but an independent, adaptive response. Data are mean ± s.e.m.. *** p<0.005 vs vehicle.

Figure 12. Graphs showing the mean change in (A) synovitis score (B) cartilage damage, (C) bone resorption and (D) bone pathology in mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with either 1 mg/kg/day etanercept, 0.03 mg/kg/day MCIM compound or a combination of 1 mg/kg/day etanercept and 0.03 mg/kg/day MCIM compound. Mean changes were calculated relative to mice with collagen- induced arthritis treated with vehicle control. Data are mean ± s.e.m.. * p<0.05 ** p<0.01 vs vehicle.

Figure 13. Graph showing the mean change in osteoid score in mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with either 3 mg/kg/day etanercept (black bar), 0.03 mg/kg/day MCIM compound (white bar) or a combination of 3 mg/kg/day etanercept and 0.03 mg/kg/day (grey bar). Mean changes were calculated relative to mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with vehicle control. Data are mean fold increase above vehicle control.

Figure 14. A graph showing a comparison of disease activity index in mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with vehicle control, sulfasalazine, etanercept and MCIM compound. MCIM compounds of the invention reduce the severity of symptoms of mice with DSS-induced colitis compared to mice treated with vehicle control, sulfasalazine or etanercept. Data are mean ± s.e.m.. * p<0.05, *** p<0.005 vs vehicle, §§§ p <0.005 vs sulfasalazine, ^aaa p<0.005 vs etanercept.

Figure 15. Two graphs showing a comparison of mucosal erosion in mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with (A) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or ABD900 and (B) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or HMC-C-01-A. MCIM compounds of the invention inhibit mucosal erosion to a greater extent in mice with established DSS-induced colitis compared to mice treated with vehicle control, Sulfasalazine (A), or Etanercept (B). Data are mean ± s.e.m.. * p<0.05 vs vehicle § p<0.05 vs sulfasalazine.

Figure 16. Two graphs showing a comparison of glandular loss in mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with (A) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or ABD900 and (B) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or HMC-C-01-A. MCIM compounds of the invention reduce glandular loss to a greater extent in mice with established DSS-induced colitis compared to mice treated with vehicle control, Sulfasalazine (A) or Etanercept (B). Data are mean ± s.e.m.. ** p<0.01 vs vehicle, § p<0.05 vs sulfasalazine.

Figure 17. Two graphs showing a comparison of epithelial hyperplasia in mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with (A) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or ABD900 and (B) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or HMC-C-01-A. MCIM compounds of the invention can promote epithelial hyperplasia in mice with established DSS-induced colitis at a comparable level compared to mice treated with Sulfasalazine

(A) but to a greater extent than mice treated with Etanercept (B). Data are mean ± s.e.m.. * p<0.05 vs vehicle.

Figure 18. Two graphs showing a comparison of fibroplasia, which is indicative of tissue or wound repair, in mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with (A) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or ABD900 and

(B) vehicle control, sulfasalazine or HMC-C-01-A. MCIM compounds of the invention promote increased ‘healthy’ fibroplasia in mice with established DSS-induced colitis compared to mice treated with vehicle control, Sulfasalazine (A) or Etanercept (B). Data are mean ± s.e.m.. *** p<0.005 vs vehicle, §§§ p <0.005 vs sulfasalazine, ^aaa p<0.005 vs etanercept.

Figure 19. Histological sections from mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with either vehicle control (top panels), etanercept (middle panels) or an HMC-C-01-A (bottom panels). Ulceration, loss of architecture, oedema/inflammation and erosion is seen in the vehicle control (arrows). The positive control, etanercept, shows general conservation of tissue architecture but with underlying inflammation and oedema (arrows). The MCIM of the invention shows a general conservation of architecture, with no inflammation or oedema and with radial distribution of repair (arrows).

Figure 20. Homology model of the complete Complex I constructed from publicly available structures for 5 different organisms. The putative targets were resolved in all 5 structures.

Figure 21. In silica homology model of NDUFS2. Druggability assessment was performed using SiteMap and identified two binding pockets in the Complex I subunit NDUFS2 (spheres).

Figure 22. In silica SiteFinder model of NDUFS2 when in Complex I. A narrow channel was identified for Q10 and drug-like compound binding in the Q-tunnel. Spheres are used to illustrate the space/channels around NDUFS2 when in the Complex I structure.

Figure 23. In silica model of a MCIM compound of the invention docked in the Q-site of Complex I. This model reveals interactions between a Complex I inhibitor of the invention and NDUFS2 and additional interactions with the neighbouring Complex I subunit NDUFS7. Figure 24. 3D representation of a pharmacophore model built from in silica modelling of drug docking in Complex I.

Figure 25. Overlay of a MCIM compound of the invention on the ligand-protein pharmacophore model illustrating successful docking of the MCIM compound of the invention in the Q-tunnel of Complex I.

Figure 26. Overlay of a MCIM compound of the invention, CHMSA-02-A, on the ligand-protein pharmacophore model (top panel) and the chemical structure of CHMSA-02-A (bottom panel). This illustrates successful docking of CHMSA-02-A in the Q-tunnel of Complex I.

Figure 27. Graph showing the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model used to identify further Complex I binders of the invention and to predict their activity in vivo. Predicted pAct of Complex I binders of the invention correlates well with their experimentally validated pAct, with a coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.8322 demonstrating that this QSAR model can be used to accurately identify Complex I binders of the invention.

Detailed Description of the Invention

Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures. Further aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All documents mentioned in this text are incorporated herein by reference.

The present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical combination and a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. The combination or composition may be for use as a medicament. The present disclosure also provides a composition comprising an MCIM compound for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, wherein the method further comprises administering a TNF inhibitor compound. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, wherein the method further comprises administering an MCIM compound. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease. Also provided is the use of an MCIM compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treatment, for example for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, wherein the method further comprises administering a TNF inhibitor compound. Also provided is the use of a TNF inhibitor compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treatment, for example for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, wherein the method further comprises administering an MCIM compound. Further provided is a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically- or prophylactically-effective amount of (i) an MCIM compound and (ii) a TNF inhibitor compound to a subject in need of treatment.

The present disclosure also provides an MCIM compound and TNF inhibitor compound (e.g. in the form of a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound and TNF inhibitor compound) for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease. Also provided is the use of an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound (e.g. in the form of a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease. Also provided is a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory and/or progressive disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically- or prophylactically-effective amount of an MCIM compound and TNF inhibitor compound (e.g. in the form of a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound and TNF inhibitor compound) to a subject in need of treatment.

In some aspects and embodiments, the MCIM compound and the TNF inhibitor compound may be provided as a combination therapy. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound and the TNF inhibitor compound may be administered simultaneously or sequentially. Simultaneous administration refers to administration of the two or more agents together, for example as a pharmaceutical composition containing both agents (i.e. as a combined preparation), or immediately after one another (e.g. within 1 , 4, 6, 8 or 12 hours), and optionally via the same route of administration, e.g. to the same artery, vein or other blood vessel. Sequential administration refers to administration of one of the agents followed after a given time interval by separate administration of another agent. It is not required that the agents are administered by the same route, although this is the case in some embodiments. The time interval may be any time interval.

Also provided is the use of an MCIM compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating or preventing inflammatory and/or progressive disease, wherein treating or preventing the inflammatory and/or progressive disease further comprises administering a TNF inhibitor compound.

The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound for use in a method of treatment, wherein the method comprises administering a TNF inhibitor compound. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound as disclosed herein for use in a method of treatment, wherein the method further comprises administering a TNF inhibitor compound, wherein the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound for use in a method of treatment, wherein the method further comprises administering etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound for use in medicine, wherein the method further comprises administering an MCIM compound as disclosed herein. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound, wherein the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein for use in medicine, wherein the use further comprises administering an MCIM compound as disclosed herein. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab for use in medicine, wherein the method further comprises administering an MCIM compound as disclosed herein. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound as disclosed herein and a TNF inhibitor compound for use in medicine. The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an MCIM compound as disclosed herein and etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab for use in medicine.

Pharmacophores

The term “pharmacophore” is used herein as defined in Wermuth, C.G., Ganellin, C.R., Lindberg, P., Mitscher, L.A.; Glossary of Terms Used in Medicinal Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1998); Pure & Appl. Chem. 70:5 (1998) 1129-1143: A pharmacophore is an ensemble of aromatic steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular interactions with a specific biological target and to trigger (or block) its biological response. The ensemble of aromatic steric and electronic features represent so-called “pharmacophoric features”. Typical pharmacophoric features include, for example, hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrophobic, aromatic, and positively and negatively ionized areas.

As used herein, the term “pharmacophore model” relates to a pharmacophore hypothesis for the binding interactions in a particular active site. A pharmacophore model is made up of a set of annotation points which are interrelated in 3D space. The annotation points show the location and type of biologically important atoms and groups, i.e., each annotation point relates to a pharmacophore feature of the model. Each annotation point is associated with a radius that describes the permissible variation in 3D space for the location of the given pharmacophoric feature.

As used herein, the phrase “conform to a pharmacophore model” means that a compound described herein binds to the target binding site (i.e., the NDUSF2 and/or NDUSF7 binding site) in a 3D conformation (i.e., “pose”) whereby, 4 or more of the annotation points of the pharmacophore model described herein are occupied by corresponding features of the MCIM compound described herein, as determined the unified annotation scheme in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2022.02 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7, 2022. In some embodiments, four or more of the annotation points of the pharmacophore model described herein are occupied by corresponding features of the MCIM compound described herein. In some embodiments, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, or all nine of the annotation points of the pharmacophore model described herein are occupied by corresponding features of the MCIM compound described herein. The conformance of a compound described herein with the pharmacophore features is as determined using the unified annotation scheme in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2022.02 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7, 2022

Annotation points can be broadly divided into three categories: atom, projected, and centroid. Annotation points are determined for a given compound by the unified annotation scheme in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2022.02 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7, 2022.

The annotation points used herein are described below.

Atom

Don: H-bond Donor

Acc: H-bond Acceptor

Atom annotations are located directly on an atom of a molecule and typically indicate a function related to protein-ligand binding.

Don annotates an H-bond donor heavy atom. A Don annotation is added to all oxygen and nitrogen atoms with at least one (possibly implicit) hydrogen attached.

Acc annotates an H-bond acceptor heavy atom. O, S, and N elements can be hydrogen bond acceptors provided that they conform to the following rules:

1 . Sulfur atoms are not acceptors except that sulfur in S=C groups and anionic sulfurs are acceptors and are given Acc annotations.

2. Nitrogen atoms are acceptors and given Acc annotations provided that they are not buried. A buried nitrogen is one of {=N=, -N#, >N=, >N<} or a non-3-ring conjugated nitrogen of the form {>N-TT, >N-[C+], >N-B, >N-S=O, >N-P=O}.

3. Oxygen atoms are acceptors and are given Acc annotations provided that they are not buried and provided that they are not in certain exception groups. A buried oxygen is one of {=O=, -O#;

>O=, >O<} or a non-3-ring conjugated oxygen of the form {>O-ir, >O-B, >O-[C+]}. Non-buried oxygen atoms are acceptors unless they are part of the following exception groups:

Acc2: Projected Acceptor

Projected annotations are (typically) located along implicit lone pair or implicit hydrogen directions and are used to annotate the location of possible hydrogen bond or metal ligation partners, or possible R-group atom locations. Projected Don2 annotations are added according to the hybridization and the heavy atom coordination of the donor. In the following table the d denotes a Don2 feature.

Hydrogen bond Acc2 projected annotations are added to those heavy atoms that qualify as H-bond acceptors (see above) and are given Acc annotations. The Acc2 projected annotations are added in the same locations as those for the Don2 projected annotations and according to the same rules. (That is, the donors and the acceptors are projected using the same angles and the same distances.) An atom that is both a Don and an Acc will be annotated with “Don2&Acc2” projected annotations.

Projected annotations such as Don2, and Acc2 are located at potential heavy atom positions. For example, Don2 indicates a potential hydrogen bond partner heavy atom. Realistically, this partner atom cannot have too much overlap with any of the atoms of the molecule generating the projected annotation. This condition depends on the particular conformation of a molecule and cannot be reliably predicted by topological means. Consequently, a solvent exposure test must be applied to validate any hits resulting from a Pharmacophore Search, i.e., a test to verify that applicable projected features are not covered by other parts of the conformation (that would prevent the putative projection atom from occupying the intended position). Centroid

Aro Aromatic

Hyd Hydrophobic

Centroid annotations (Aro, Hyd) are located at the geometric center of a subset of the atoms of a molecule.

Aro annotation centroids are used for aromatic and pseudo aromatic rings. The Aro annotation centroid is placed at the centroid of each aromatic ring (e.g. two centroids in naphthalene).

The definition of aromaticity is generous (a Daylight-style definition) in which each ring is treated in isolation and a Huckel 4n+2 rule is applied. C=O carbons count 0 electrons, otherwise C=R count as 1 ; N=X nitrogens count 1 and >N- nitrogens and -O- oxygens count 2 electrons. Thus, the following are treated as (pseudo) aromatic and are given an Aro annotation centroid in the center of the ring:

Hydrophobic atoms are annotated with HydA and hydrophobic centroids are annotated with Hyd.

Hydrophobic groups are determined by graph theoretic algorithms.

The fundamental rules for deciding whether an atom is hydrophobic are summarized below:

1 . Nitro nitrogen atoms (not in nitrate anions) are hydrophobic.

2. Divalent sulfur atoms with two heavy neighbors bonded only to carbon or sulfur are hydrophobic.

3. Halogens are hydrophobic.

4. Carbon atoms are hydrophobic except a) aliphatic carbons ir bonded to non-carbon atoms; or b) IT carbon atoms adjacent to univalent oxygen; or c) aromatic carbon adjacent to aromatic oxygen in 5-rings; or d) carbon atoms adjacent to two or more {N,O} atoms; or e) anionic carbons in c1cccc1 ;

The assignment of hydrophobic annotations proceeds by first applying the preceding hydrophobic atom typing rules but leaving out fluorine atoms on the grounds that they are small and should not affect annotation placement. The Unified scheme provides an atom-centered hydrophobic annotation, HydA and a centroid hydrophobic feature Hyd. The HydA annotation is used for hydrophobic atoms that are deemed to have sufficiently high (potential) exposure to a potential receptor. This means that, for example, sp3 carbons with 4 heavy neighbors are not marked (since they are buried) and aromatic carbons with two heavy neighbors and two ortho substituents are not annotated.

The Hyd annotations are assigned by a procedure that groups connected hydrophobic atoms and assigns centroids weighted by an estimate of the likely exposed surface area of each hydrophobic atom; that is, the Hyd centroid will be placed closer to more exposed hydrophobic atoms in a hydrophobic group.

The following grouping algorithm is used:

1. Strip Fluorines. Remove all fluorines that are not bonded to {H,F} from further consideration. Note that estimates of exposed surface area use a fluorine suppressed molecule.

2. Rings. Find all 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-member rings that are not composed of smaller rings. For each such ring, extract each contiguous stretch of hydrophobic atoms with at least three atoms that have a sufficiently high total exposed surface area, and generate a surface area weighted centroid annotation. Remove all annotated ring atoms from further consideration.

3. Components. Find all connected components (single-linkage clusters) among the remaining hydrophobes and remove from consideration those clusters with an exposed surface area sum deemed too small (less than a -CH2- group).

4. Small Components. For the remaining hydrophobic components with three or fewer atoms, generate an exposed surface area weighted centroid annotation.

5. Large Components. Identify the center of the component graph and generate a weighted centroid at the center including its neighbors. Remove the annotated atoms, splitting the component and apply the Small Components step and/or the Large Components step (recursively) to group the hydrophobes.

The MCIM compounds described herein conform to a pharmacophore model as described herein.

The MCIM compounds for use in combination with a TNF inhibitor compound (e.g. Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab, and/or Certolizumab) described herein conform to a pharmacophore model as described herein.

Inflammatory and/or progressive diseases

As described herein, a combination of the mitochondrial Complex I modulator (MCIM) compound with a TNF inhibitor compound is suitable for use in treating inflammatory and/or progressive diseases.

The disease may be a chronic progressive disease associated with fibrosis of the affected tissue(s), such as: interstitial lung disease (ILD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); pulmonary fibrosis; liver fibrosis; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); kidney fibrosis; chronic kidney disease (CKD); cardiac fibrosis; ischaemia reperfusion injury; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; myelofibrosis; retroperitoneal fibrosis; atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction; stroke; neurodegenerative disease; multiple sclerosis; fronto-temporal dementia (FTD); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD); osteoporosis, osteopenia; osteoarthritis; endometriosis; bone loss associated with endometriosis; neoplasia of bones (including, e.g., as a primary tumour or as metastases and including, e.g., bone cancer; osteosarcoma; or osteoma); cancer associated bone disease (including, e.g., metastatic bone disease associated with, e.g., breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, or multiple myeloma; changes in bone mineralisation and density associated with cancer, including, e.g., hypercalcaemia associated with cancer); and bone metastases (including, e.g., osteolytic bone metastases).

The disease may be an autoimmune disease, such as: rheumatoid arthritis (RA); psoriatic arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; spondyloarthritis; reactive arthritis; infectious arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; scleroderma; juvenile idiopathic arthritis; psoriasis; systemic lupus erythematosus; lupus nephritis; uveitis; systemic sclerosis; scleroderma; hepatitis; Sjogren's syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; ulcerative colitis; Crohn’s disease; multiple sclerosis; atherosclerosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); uveitis; allergic disease (including, e.g., atopy, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic gastroenteritis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis); type I diabetes; celiac disease; oophoritis; primary biliary cirrhosis; insulin-resistant diabetes; Behpet’s disease; myasthenia gravis; autoimmune polyneuritis; pemphigus; rheumatic carditis; Goodpasture’s syndrome; postcardiotomy syndrome; polymyositis; dermatomyositis; irritable bowel syndrome; pancreatitis; gastritis, chronic pulmonary inflammation; pulmonary alveolitis; polycystic kidney disease; cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS); Muckle-Wells Syndrome; Guillain-Barre syndrome; chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; dermatitis; atopic dermatomyositis; Graves’ disease; autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis; bronchitis; cystic fibrosis; pulmonary embolism; sarcoidosis; emphysema; respiratory failure; acute respiratory distress syndrome; BENTA disease; or polymyositis; SSC-ILD, hidradenitis suppurative, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis. The disease may be an autoinflammatory disease, such as: Chron’s disease, gout, Behpet’s disease, or Muckle-Wells Syndrome.

Disease control may be achieved by treatment with the compositions of the invention. Disease control can comprise inhibition of disease progression and/or control of disease symptoms. Inhibition of disease progression includes prevention of disease progression and slowing down disease progression. Standard methods in the art may be employed to determine disease progression.

Evaluating disease repair in humans

Chronic autoimmune diseases are amenable to treatment with a combination of the Complex I modulator (MCIM) compound as described herein with a TNF inhibitor compound. Such diseases include RA, IBD, Ulcerative colitis (UC), Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and psoriasis. As described herein, the MCIM compound can elicit tissue repair and disease regression.

In some embodiments, a histopathological assessment can be used to determine the effect of the MCIM compound and the MCIM compound in combination with a TNF inhibitor compound on arthritis: For this assessment of arthritis, the following signs are monitored in digits or limbs of each subject three times per week and summed to generate the Arthritic Index (Al). (The maximum Al for one animal is 16):

0: no visible effects of arthritis. 1 : oedema and/or erythema of 1 digit. 2: oedema and/or erythema of 2 digits. 3: oedema and/or erythema of more than 2 digits. 4: severe arthritis of entire paw and digits. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound in combination with a TNF inhibitor compound reduces the average score compared with subject treated with a negative control, MCIM compound alone and/or a TNF inhibitor compound alone.

In a subject suffering from arthritis, inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by a stable Arthritic Index (Al) score, or any other suitable method known in the art. Other suitable clinical scoring methods known in the art include the ACR/EULAR 2010 scoring criteria (ACR/EULAR score), “disease activity score at 28 joints” criteria (DAS28 score), “health assessment questionnaire disability index” (HAQ-DI score), “clinical disease activity index” (CDAI score), “simplified disease activity index” (SDAI score), “American College of Rheumatology response criteria" (also known as “ACR20/50/70 response"; ACR20/50/70 score), European league against rheumatism response criteria (EULAR score), “Modified total Sharp/van der Heijde score” (mTSS score), and/or the “routine assessment of patient index data 3 score” (RAPID3 score). For example, inhibition of disease progression may be determined by comparing the Al score, ACR/EULAR score, DAS38 score, HAQ-DI score, CDAI score, SDAI score, ACR20/50/70 score, EULAR score, mTSS score, and/or RAPID3 score of a subject before, during and/or after receiving treatment with an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the Al score, ACR/EULAR score, DAS38 score, HAQ-DI score, CDAI score, SDAI score, ACR20/50/70 score, EULAR score, mTSS score, and/or RAPID3 score being stable (i.e. not changing) over time following treatment. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the Al score, ACR/EULAR score, DAS38 score, HAQ-DI score, CDAI score, SDAI score, ACR20/50/70 score, EULAR score, mTSS score, and/or RAPID3 score progressing or increasing at a slower rate following treatment. Disease control in Arthritis may be determined by any suitable method known in the art. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound in combination with the TNF inhibitor compound is for use in the treatment of arthritis to reduce the average arthritic score (e.g, Al score, ACR/EULAR score, DAS38 score, HAQ-DI score, CDAI score, SDAI score, ACR20/50/70 score, EULAR score, mTSS score, and/or RAPID3 score) compared to administration of MCIM compound or TNF inhibitor compound alone. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound in combination with a TNF inhibitor compound reduces the Al score, ACR/EULAR score, DAS38 score, HAQ-DI score, CDAI score, SDAI score, ACR20/50/70 score, EULAR score, mTSS score, and/or RAPID3 score in a subject by at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.

In IBD, repair/healing can be clinically assessed using gut transit time, occult blood, endoscopy, histopathology, electrolytes and/or by measuring biomarkers such as pANCA, ASCA, GP2, CUZD1 , CHI3L1 , GM-CSF, ACA, PS/PT, ALCA, ACCA, AMCA, OmpC, I2, CBirl , Laminarin, Chitin, IFI16, IL- 1 p, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IFN-y, TNF, CCL2, IL-22, IL-2, and/or IL-6, as disclosed in Chen et al (2020) which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

In some embodiments, a histopathological assessment can be used to determine the effect of the MCIM compound and the MCIM compound in combination with a TNF inhibitor compound on IBD: lleo-caecal issue sections can be stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and parameters of inflammation, mucosal erosion, epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial metaplasia, mucus cell metaplasia, and fibroplasia are assessed on a scale of 0-5 as follows:

0: normal. 1 : minimal, focal. 2: moderate, focal. 3: moderate, multi-focal or diffuse. 4: marked, focal. 5: marked, multi-focal or diffuse. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound in combination with the TNF inhibitor compound reduces the average score compared with a subject treated with a negative control, MCIM compound alone and/or a TNF inhibitor compound alone. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound in combination with the TNF inhibitor compound is for use in the treatment of IBD to reduce the average IBD score compared to administration of MCIM or TNF inhibitor compound alone. In some embodiments, the average score is reduced by at least 1 , at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or 5.

Disease control may be achieved by treatment with an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. Disease control can comprise inhibition of disease progression, control of disease symptoms and/or supporting tissue repair. Inhibition of disease progression includes prevention of disease progression and slowing down disease progression. Standard methods in the art may be employed to determine disease progression.

Inhibition of disease progression, for example in subjects suffering from IBD, may be determined by the histopathological methods described above, or any other suitable method known in the art. For example, inhibition of disease progression may be determined by comparing histopathological results from a subject before and after treatment with the compositions disclosed herein. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the histopathological score being stable (i.e. not changing) over time following treatment. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the histopathological score progressing at a slower rate following treatment compared to disease progression before treatment.

In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or a combination of any of the foregoing, and the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is RA. In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or any combination of the foregoing, and the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or a combination of any of the foregoing, and the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is lupus erythematosus. In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or a combination of any of the foregoing, and the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is psoriatic arthritis. In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound comprises an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or a combination thereof, and the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is reactive arthritis.

In some embodiments, tissue repair, disease regression, disease control (which includes, for example, preventing or slowing disease progression), increase in reparative cells, decrease in destructive cells and/or reduction in cytokine production from peripheral mononuclear cells or lymphoid cells (such as T-, B- or NK-cells) can be determined as defined herein. For instance, in some embodiments, the MCIM compound reduces the levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNFa, eSEL, CD38, CD40, CD69, slgG, slL-17A, slL-17F, slL-2 and/or slL-6 that are produced by a target cell. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound reduces the levels of collagen type I and/or MMP1 , and/or increases collagen type IV production. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound increases ETC efficiency, without an increase in biomass. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound decreases ETC efficiency. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound reduces cellular proliferation without reducing ATP concentration/cell and viability, dependent on the environmental composition such as in the absence of pyruvate. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound induces an adaptive/repair response under conditions of metabolic stress conditions. For instance, the MCIM compound modulates Complex I activity and attenuates high energy processes such as proliferation and/or differentiation and concurrently induces an adaptive/repair response by increasing the production of pro-angiogenic/repair factors such as VEGF to restore tissue metabolic homeostasis, particularly under metabolic stress conditions. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound reduced cell viability, particularly in cell types which are heavily dependent on Complex I metabolism and lack the metabolic flexibility to adapt. Each of these effects on tissue repair, disease control, disease regression, increase in reparative cells, decrease in destructive cells and/or reduction in cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells can be determined by comparing the effect in the presence and absence of the MCIM compound. In some embodiments, lung fibroblasts are used as a target cell to determine the effect of the MCIM compound. For example, cellular adaptation may be determined in human primary lung fibroblasts, e.g. by measuring vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. (VEGF can be induced in a cell that is not receiving enough oxygen or nutrients to support ATP production. This can indicate how metabolic signalling pathways interact and integrate with angiogenic signalling events and repair). In some embodiments, VEGF secretion can be measured by plating primary human lung fibroblasts at 2 x 10³ cells/well in 96-well plates in 100 pL DMEM complete medium with: 1 g/L glucose and 110 mg/L pyruvate; or 1 g/L glucose without pyruvate (each supplemented with 1 % penicillinstreptomycin and 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum), and incubating in a humidified 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 for 24 hours. The test compound is prepared as a 10x final concentration solution in culture medium and added to final concentrations before further incubating the cells at 37°C / 5% CO2 for 24 hours. VEGF secretion is measured in the cell supernatants using Quantikine® ELISA Human VEGF kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance at 450 nm is measured on a BMG Plate reader (CLARIOstar plus) using pathlength correction. Background absorbance is measured at 540 nm. Preferably, treatment with the test compound results in an increase in VEGF secretion in the absence of pyruvate, but not in the presence of pyruvate as a metabolic substrate for the cell. This indicates the induction of an adaptive/repair response under conditions of metabolic stress conditions via the attenuation of highly energy-consuming processes such as proliferation and concurrent production of pro-angiogenic/repair factors such as VEGF to restore tissue metabolic homeostasis.

0: normal. 1 : minimal, focal. 2: moderate, focal. 3: moderate, multi-focal or diffuse. 4: marked, focal. 5: marked, multi-focal or diffuse. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound in combination with the TNF inhibitor compound reduces the average score compared with a subject treated with a negative control, MCIM compound alone and/or a TNF inhibitor compound alone.

Disease control may be achieved by treatment with the compositions of the invention. Disease control can comprise inhibition of disease progression, control of disease symptoms and/or supporting tissue repair. Inhibition of disease progression includes prevention of disease progression and slowing down disease progression. Standard methods in the art may be employed to determine disease progression.

Inhibition of disease progression, for example in subjects suffering from IBD, may be determined by the histopathological methods described above, or any other suitable method known in the art. For example, inhibition of disease progression may be determined by comparing histopathological results from a subject before and after treatment with the composition of the invention. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the histopathological score being stable (i.e. not changing) over time following treatment. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the histopathological score progressing at a slower rate following treatment compared to disease progression before treatment.

In a subject suffering from arthritis, inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by a stable Arthritic Index (Al) score, or any other suitable method known in the art. For example, inhibition of disease progression may be determined by comparing the Al score from a subject before and after treatment with the composition of the invention. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated b the Al score being stable (i.e. not changing) over time following treatment. Inhibition of disease progression may be indicated by the Al score progressing or increasing at a slower rate following treatment. Disease control in Arthritis may be determined by any suitable method known in the art.

***

In some embodiments, tissue repair, disease regression, disease control, increase in reparative cells, decrease in destructive cells and/or reduction in cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells can be determined as defined herein. For instance, in some embodiments, the combination therapy reduces the levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNFa, eSEL, CD38, CD40, CD69, slgG, slL-17A, si L-17F, slL-2 and/or slL-6 that are produced by a target cell. In some embodiments, the combination therapy increases Coll IV expression. In some embodiments, the combination therapy increases ETC efficiency, without an increase in biomass. In some embodiments, the combination therapy reduces cellular proliferation without reducing ATP concentration/cell and viability, in the absence of pyruvate. In some embodiments, the combination therapy induces an adaptive/repair response under conditions of metabolic stress conditions, reducing cell death. For instance, the MBS compound modulates Complex I activity and attenuates high energy processes such as proliferation and concurrently induces an adaptive/repair response by increasing the production of pro-angiogenic/repair factors such as VEGF to restore tissue metabolic homeostasis, particularly under metabolic stress conditions. Each of these effects on tissue repair, disease regression, increase in reparative cells, decrease in destructive cells and/or reduction in cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells can be determined by comparing the effect in the presence and absence of the combination therapy.

***

Pharmaceutical combinations

A pharmaceutical combination as disclosed herein refers to a combination comprising two or more active compounds. A pharmaceutical combination may comprise two or more compositions each comprising at least one active compound. In such embodiments, the two or more compositions may be administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously. For example, the pharmaceutical combination may comprise a first composition comprising an MCIM compound, such as HMC-C-01-A, and a second composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound, such as an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or any combination of the foregoing. The first and second composition may be administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical combination may comprise a single composition comprising two or more active compounds. For example, the combination may comprise a single composition comprising an MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. In some embodiments, the MCIM compound comprises HMC-C-01-A. In some embodiments, the TNF inhibitor compound comprises one or more compounds selected from an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or any combination of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the composition comprises the MCIM compound HMC-C-01-A and a TNF inhibitor compound selected from an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab, or a combination thereof.

Pharmaceutical compositions

Medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions according to the aspects disclosed herein may be formulated for administration by a number of routes, including but not limited to, parenteral i.e. nonoral route (for example, by injection: sub-cutaneous, intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, or intratumoural; by topical or intradermal; by inhalation or intranasal; or by rectal), and peroral i.e. oral route. The medicaments and compositions may be formulated in a solid, semi-solid, or liquid dosage form. The pharmaceutical compositions according to this invention may be delivered by a route which facilitates exposure in the systemic circulation or by a route or method which gives rise to localised, targeted, delivery of the active compounds to a selected region in the body. The pharmaceutical compositions according to this invention may also be administered to humans or animals. Administration is preferably in a "therapeutically effective amount", this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of the disease being treated. For example, the rate of release of the active compounds from the pharmaceutical composition may be immediate, sustained, extended, controlled, pulsatile or follow a pattern that is optimal for the intended therapeutic application. The frequency of dosing can be fixed or variable depending on the rate of drug release, the required level in the systemic circulation or at the target site to provide the desired therapeutic effect. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc., is within the responsibility of physicians and other medical doctors, and typically takes account of the disorder to be treated, the condition of the individual patient, the site of delivery, the method of administration and other factors known to practitioners. Examples of the techniques and protocols mentioned above can be found in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23rd Edition, 2020, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. The disclosure provides pharmaceutical combinations comprising a MCIM compound and a TNF inhibitor compound. In some embodiments, the combination may comprise a single composition comprising the MCIM compound and the TNF inhibitor compound. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical combination may comprise a first composition comprising a MCIM compound and a second composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound. In other embodiments, the combination comprises a first composition comprising a MCIM compound and a second compositions comprising two or more TNF inhibitor compounds. In embodiments wherein the combination comprises two or more TNF inhibitor compounds, the two or more TNF inhibitor compounds may be formulated as individual compositions comprising a single TNF inhibitor compound.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable “carrier” composed of materials that are considered safe and effective. "Pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that are "generally regarded as safe", e.g., that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset and the like, when administered to a human. In some embodiments, this term refers to molecular entities and compositions approved by a regulatory agency of the US federal or a state government, as the GRAS list under section 204(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, that is subject to premarket review and approval by the FDA or similar lists, the U.S. Pharmacopeia or another generally recognised pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

The term “carrier” refers to diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrants. Those with skill in the art are familiar with such pharmaceutical carriers and methods of compounding pharmaceutical compositions using such carriers. The pharmaceutical compositions, when formulated as a solid dosage form, may further be uncoated or coated with an outer layer to impart aesthetic features, physical protection, enhance the physical and/or chemical stability of the active compounds or other constituents of the pharmaceutical compositions, and/or alter the rate of dissolution and release of the active compounds from the pharmaceutical compositions. The pharmaceutical compositions, when formulated as a parenteral injectable dosage form, may additionally contain aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, co-solvent mixtures, buffering agents, surfactants, tonicity modifying agents, chelating agents, pH modifiers, viscosity modifiers, and/or suspending agents. The pharmaceutical compositions, when formulated as a parenteral dosage form for inhalation, may additionally contain particle carriers for the pulmonary delivery of the active compounds, absorption penetration enhancers, and/or propellants, dependent on the inhalation delivery device to be used. Those with skill in the art are familiar with such pharmaceutical carriers, excipients therein, and methods of compounding these excipients into pharmaceutical compositions. Suitable excipients for use in the pharmaceutical compositions can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 9th edition, Pharmaceutical Press, American Pharmaceutical Association, 2020.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may include one or more excipients, e.g., solvents, solubility enhancers, suspending agents, buffering agents, isotonicity agents, antioxidants or antimicrobial preservatives. When used, the excipients of the compositions will not adversely affect the stability, bioavailability, safety, and/or efficacy of the active ingredients, i.e. the MCIM compound and/or the TNF inhibitor compound used in the composition. Thus, the skilled person will appreciate that compositions are provided wherein there is no incompatibility between any of the components of the dosage form. Excipients may be selected from the group consisting of buffering agents, solubilizing agents, tonicity agents, chelating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and preservatives.

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding solvate of the active compound(s). The term "solvate" is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a dihydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.

Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound also includes the solvate forms thereof.

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding salt of the active compound(s), for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of an MCIM compound, for example HMC-C-01-A, or a TNF inhibitor compound. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, "Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts," J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 66, pp. 1- 19. For example, if the compound is anionic, or has a functional group which may be anionic (e.g., COOH may be COO), then a salt may be formed with a suitable cation. If the compound is cationic or has a functional group which may be cationic (e.g., NH2 may be NH3+), then a salt may be formed with a suitable anion. Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound also include salt forms thereof.

Specific Co-formulations

The pharmaceutical compositions according to this invention include, but are not limited to, dosage forms wherein the active compounds are co-formulated uniformly in a common excipient base, such as a conventional single-layer tablet or conventional powder-in-capsule for oral administration; a solution, suspension or dispersed system for parenteral administration; a lotion, cream, ointment for topical administration; a transdermal patch, microneedle or autoinjector system for transdermal administration; a dry powder, solution or suspension for inhalation administration; and a solution or suspension for intranasal administration.

Alternative pharmaceutical compositions, particularly useful for solid dosage forms for oral administration, are provided according to this invention wherein the active compounds are physically separated within a single pharmaceutical composition to avoid the potential for physical and chemical interactions and incompatibilities. Such pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, a bi-/multi-layer tablet, wherein the formulation of each layer is optimised for each active compound, which can be combined in a single pharmaceutical composition by conventional tablet compression. Such pharmaceutical compositions may also include a single-layer or bi-/multi-layer tablet wherein one of the active compounds is contained within a layer that is coated on the outside of the singlelayer or bi-/multi-layer compressed tablet core, thus, providing a physical separation of the active compounds and their associated excipient systems. A further alternative pharmaceutical composition according to this invention is a multi-particulate capsule, wherein the formulation of each active compound in a particulate/granular form can be optimised, then combined and encapsulated into a conventional capsule as a single pharmaceutical composition.

The methods for the preparation of the pharmaceutical compositions accordingly to this invention are well known to the skilled person in the art and are well described in standard pharmaceutical formulation textbooks, such as Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Editor: Adeboye Adejare, 23rd edition, 2020, publisher: Elsevier, Aulton’s Pharmaceutics, The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, editors: Kevin Taylor and Michael Aulton, 6th edition, 2021 publisher: Elsevier, and Lachman/Liebermans: The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Editors: Roop Khar, SP Vyas, Farnham Ahmad, Gaurav Jain, 4th edition, 2014, publisher: CBS.

Sequence Listing

Human NDUFS2 amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 :

MAALRALCGFRGVAAQVLRPGAGVRLPIQPSRGVRQWQPDVEWAQQFGGAVMYPSKETAHWKPP PWNDVDPPKDTIVKNITLNFGPQHPAAHGVLRLVMELSGEMVRKCDPHIGLLHRGTEKLIEYKTYLQA LPYFDRLDYVSMMCNEQAYSLAVEKLLNIRPPPRAQWIRVLFGEITRLLNHIMAVTTHALDLGAMTPFF WLFEEREKMFEFYERVSGARMHAAYIRPGGVHQDLPLGLMDDIYQFSKNFSLRLDELEELLTNNRIW RNRTIDIGVVTAEEALNYGFSGVMLRGSGIQWDLRKTQPYDVYDQVEFDVPVGSRGDCYDRYLCRV EEMRQSLRIIAQCLNKMPPGEIKVDDAKVSPPKRAEMKTSMESLIHHFKLYTEGYQVPPGATYTAIEA PKGEFGVYLVSDGSSRPYRCKIKAPGFAHLAGLDKMSKGHMLADWAIIGTQDIVFGEVDR

Human NDUFS7 amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:2:

MAVLSAPGLRGFRILGLRSSVGPAVQARGVHQSVATDGPSSTQPALPKARAVAPKPSSRGEYWAK LDDLVNWARRSSLWPMTFGLACCAVEMMHMAAPRYDMDRFGWFRASPRQSDVMIVAGTLTNKMA PALRKVYDQMPEPRYWSMGSCANGGGYYHYSYSVVRGCDRIVPVDIYIPGCPPTAEALLYGILQLQ RKIKRERRLQIWYRR

The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or in the following claims, or in the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for obtaining the disclosed results, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.

While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

For the avoidance of any doubt, any theoretical explanations provided herein are provided for the purposes of improving the understanding of a reader. The inventors do not wish to be bound by any of these theoretical explanations.

Any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” and “include”, and variations such as “comprises”, “comprising”, and “including” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term “about” in relation to a numerical value is optional and means for example +/- 10%.

Examples

EXAMPLE 1 - BioMAP profiling

A high-throughput integrative biology platform (BioMAP ®) was used to profile the effect of MCIM compounds on multiple disease-associated regulatory pathways. BioMAP® has been developed as a method to assess efficacy, safety and the mechanism of action of drugs in multiple human cell types stimulated with inflammatory challenges as described in US6656695, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. The BioMAP system reflects human disease pathology and has the ability to detect and distinguish the effects of approved drugs and investigational human therapeutic compounds. BioMAP technology enables rapid determination of efficacy, side effects and mechanism of action of drug candidates.

BioMAP® provides an unbiased, target-agnostic and data-driven approach to understanding compound or combination therapy impact on human disease models and translational biomarkers. The system is validated with clinically approved drugs and known test agents. The principle of the assay is to test compounds in human primary cell-based disease systems, and compare the data with a Reference Database of over 4,500 compounds. The profile of a compound can be compared against a reference compound to see if the biological activity of the test item is differentiated from the reference.

The activity of MCIM compounds was determined in three BioMAP systems; Fibrosis panel, Autoimmune panel HDFSAg and Diversity Plus.

Thirteen primary human cell and co-culture assays were used to assess the effects of MCIM compounds on clinically relevant protein biomarkers of inflammation, cell growth, and fibrosis as part of the quality controlled BioMAP® Diversity PLUS, commercially available service (Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation, Freemont, CA, USA; for full details https://www.discoverx.com). Briefly, the BioMAP® panels consist of human primary cell-based systems designed to model different aspects of the human body in an in vitro format. The 12 cell assays utilised in the Diversity PLUS panel allow characterisation of test agent responses in an unbiased way across a broad set of systems modelling various human disease states compared to historical controls. BioMAP® panels are constructed with primary cell types from healthy human donors, with stimuli (such as cytokines or growth factors) added to capture relevant signalling networks that naturally occur in human tissue or pathological conditions.

MCIM Compounds were tested in these assays at four concentrations: 4000 nM, 1300 nM, 400 nM & 150 nM. Human primary cells employed in the BioMAP® systems were used at passage 4 or earlier, derived from multiple donors (n = 2-6), commercially purchased and handled according to the recommendations of the manufacturers. Human blood derived CD14 + monocytes were differentiated into macrophages in vitro before being added to the LPS system (Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation).

The human cell types and stimuli used in each assay system were as follows: 3 C system [human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) + (IL-1 p, TNFa and IFNy)], 4H system [HUVEC + (IL-4 and histamine)], lipopolysaccharide (LPS) system [peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC) and HUVEC + LPS (TLR4 ligand)], Sag system [peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC and HUVEC + TCR ligands], HDFSAg system [peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC and human neonatal dermal fibroblasts + TCR ligands], BT system [CD19 + B cells and PBMC + (a-IgM and TCR ligands)], BF4T system [bronchial epithelial cells and human neonatal dermal fibroblasts, HDFn, + (TNFa and IL-4)], BE3C system [bronchial epithelial cells + (IL-1 p, TNFa and IFNy)], CASM3C system [coronary artery smooth muscle cells + (IL-1 p, TNFa and IFNy)], HDF3CGF system [HDFn + (IL-1 p, TNFa, IFNy, EGF, bFGF and PDGF-BB)], KF3CT system [keratinocytes and HDFn + (IL-1 p, TNFa, IFNy and TGFp)], MyoF system [differentiated lung myofibroblasts + (TNFa and TGFp)], SAEMyoF system [small airway epithelial cells and differentiated lung myofibroblasts + (TNFa and TGFp)], ReMyoF system [renal epithelial cells and differentiated lung myofibroblasts + (TNFa and TGFp)] and IMphg system [HUVEC and M1 macrophages + Zymosan (TLR2 ligand)].

Assays were derived from either single cell types or co-culture systems. Adherent cell types were cultured in 96 or 384-well plates until confluence, followed by the addition of PBMC (Sag and LPS systems). The BT system consisted of CD19 + B cells co-cultured with PBMC and stimulated with a BCR activator and low levels of TCR stimulation. Test agents prepared in either DMSO (small molecules; final concentration < 0.1 %) or PBS (biologies) were added at the indicated concentrations 1 h before stimulation, and cells remained in culture for 24 h or as otherwise indicated [48 h, MyoF system; 72 h, BT system (soluble readouts); 168 h, BT system (secreted IgG)]. Each assay plate contained negative controls (e.g., non-stimulated conditions) and vehicle controls (e.g., 0.1 % DMSO) appropriate for each system. Direct ELISA was used to measure biomarker levels of cell-associated and cell membrane targets. Soluble factors from supernatants were quantified using either HTRF® detection, bead-based multiplex immunoassay, or capture ELISA. Overt adverse effects of (compounds) on cell proliferation and viability (cytotoxicity) were detected by sulforhodamine B (SRB) staining for adherent cells, and alamarBlue® reduction for cells in suspension. For proliferation assays, individual cell types were cultured at subconfluence and measured at time points optimised for each system (48 h: 3 C and CASM3C systems; 72 h: BT and HDF3CGF systems; 96 h: HDFSAg and Sag system). Cytotoxicity for adherent cells was measured by SRB (24 h: 3 C, 4H, LPS, Sag, HDFSag, BF4T, BE3C, CASM3C, HDF3CGF, KF3CT, and IMphg systems; 48 h: MyoF system), and by alamarBlue® staining for cells in suspension (24 h: HDFSAg and Sag system; 42 h: BT system) at the time points indicated. Biomarker measurements in treated samples were divided by the average of the control samples (at least 6 vehicle controls from the same plate) to generate a ratio that was then Iog10 transformed. Significance prediction envelopes were calculated using proprietary historical vehicle control data at a 95% confidence interval. Biomarker activities were annotated when two or more consecutive concentrations change in the same direction relative to vehicle controls were outside of the significance envelope and had at least one concentration with an effect size > 20% (Iog10 ratio> 0.1). Biomarker key activities were described as modulated if these activities increase in some systems but decrease in others. Cytotoxic conditions were noted when total protein levels decreased by more than 50% (Iog10 ratio of SRB or alamarBlue® levels < -0.3) and were indicated by a thin black arrow above the X-axis. A compound was considered to have broad cytotoxicity when cytotoxicity was detected in 3 or more systems. Concentrations of test agents with detectable broad cytotoxicity were excluded from biomarker activity annotation and downstream benchmarking, similarity search and cluster analysis. Antiproliferative effects were defined by an SRB or alamar Blue® Iog10 ratio value < -0.1 from cells plated at a lower density and were indicated by grey arrows above the X-axis. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative arrows only require one concentration to meet the indicated threshold for profile annotation.

Figure 2 shows the BioMAP profile of several MCIM compounds. (A) ABD599 tested in the full bioMAP profile shows decreased inflammation and immune modulation, and tissue remodelling with increased collagen IV levels. (B) HMC-C-01-A shows anti-inflammatory and immune modulation activity in the BT and Sag systems and (C) HMC-C-01-A in the fibrosis panels increases Collagen type IV.

Figure 3 shows the BioMAP profile of three anti-TNF compounds in the HDFSAg inflammation system. (A) adalimumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody against TNF approved for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis and etanercept, a biologic fusion protein that blocks TNF approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis shows anti-inflammatory activity and reduced tissue remodelling. (B) infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against TNF approved for the treatment of psoriarsis, Crohn’s disease, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and ulcerative colitis shows anti-inflammatory activity and reduced tissue remodelling.

Table I shows the bioMAP activities of the compounds and known TNF inhibitors.

The data demonstrated that MCIM compounds have a distinct phenotypic profile with multi-modal actions; having specific effects in different cell types following stimulation with different inflammatory mediators. In particular, MCIM compounds modulated immune activities with reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNFa, eSEL, CD38, CD40, CD69, slgG, slL-17A, slL-17F, slL-2 and slL-6, in common with TNF inhibitors. However, importantly the compounds increased Coll IV, a critical basement membrane collagen which is involved in tissue repair and remodelling activities. This activity was differentiated compared with TNF inhibitors.

The data demonstrate that MCIM compounds have a distinct phenotypic profile with multi-modal actions, having specific effects in different cell types following stimulation with different inflammatory mediators. In particular, the MCIM compounds modulate immune activities by reducing the levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNFa, e-Selectin, CD38, CD40, CD69, slgG, slL-17A, slL-17F, slL-2 and slL-6. In addition, the MCIM compounds show potential for tissue remodelling as indicated by the decrease in Col I and MMP1. Particularly of note, the MCIM compounds increase production of Coll IV, a critical basement membrane collagen which is involved in tissue repair and remodelling activities. This activity was differentiated compared with TNF inhibitors.

EXAMPLE 2 - Mitochondrial phenotype assessment in osteoclasts

The ability of mitochondria to undergo fusion and fission processes is essential to mitochondrial function and cellular health. Qualitative and/or quantitative changes in the mitochondrial reticulum are also observed under pathological conditions that are caused by inherited mutations in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear OXPHOS genes and suggest a tight relationship between mitochondrial structure and function. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that the damage response of injured cells can be ameliorated by the presence of healthy mitochondria (Jin,et al, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Studying mitochondrial form and function may therefore yield important insights into the potential of cells and tissues to recover from damage. Osteoclasts are a highly energetic cell type sensitive to changes in mitochondrial metabolism that are suitable for evaluating such relationships. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from human whole blood by differential centrifugation over Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare Biosciences). CD14+ monocytes were purified from the freshly isolated PBMCs using the CD14+ selection kit (StemCells. UK) by positive magnetic selection according to manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were differentiated to osteoclasts by adding 1x10⁶ ml-1 cells in complete minimum essential medium-alpha supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, lnvitrogen,UK),2mM glutamine (lnvitrogen,UK) 20U ml-1 penicillin, 100ug/ml streptomycin (Sigma ALdrich, UK) along with 25ng ml-1 recombinant human M- CSF (Peprotech, UK) and 25 ng ml-1 RANKL for 6 days. On th^e 6th day, the cells were treated with test compound (final concentration 0.03-1 uM, 0,05 % DMSO) or a control, rotenone (100 nM).

Adherent cells were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, for 1 h, post fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Science), dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, and embedded in Epon (Electron Microscopy Science). The embedded samples were sectioned by an ultramicrotome (Ultracut E, Richert-Jung, Leica Microsystem). Thin sections (90 nm thick) were collected on 300 mesh nickel grids and stained with uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Science) and lead citrate. Samples were observed by using a Zeiss EM 109 apparatus (Zeiss). Images were captured using a Nikon digital camera Dmx 170 1200F and ACT-1 software.

Representative images are shown in Figure 4. (A) Control cells show a heterogenous and dynamic population of mitochondria with a good balance of fusion and fission (mitochondria (M) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)). (B) cells treated with the archetypal Complex I inhibitor, rotenone show increased numbers of abnormal mitochondria which were more rounded and had condensed cristae with evidence of fragmentation, and evidence of lysosomes (L) close by. (C) 0.03 pM ABD900 showed increased tubular mitochondrial with evidence of extrusion budding, consistent with an adaptive change in mitochondrial structure to increase mitochondrial area without an overt increase in organelle biomass. Dumbbell morphology, consistent with the formation of electron transport chain (ETC) super-complexes, were also observed. (D) 0.1 pM ABD900 showed a similar profile with evidence of cristae refraction. (E) 0.3 pM ABD900 shows filamentous extensions in many mitochondria consistent with an attempt to enlarge cristae volume. (F) 1 pM ABD900 shows a heterogenous mitochondrial population with rounded morphology and condensed cristae.

The results demonstrate that, in contrast to the classical Complex 1 blocker, rotenone, the MCIM compounds of the invention elicit a mitochondrial phenotype consistent with differentiation based on maturity. For example, older mitochondria, which are usually cleared by mitophagy, are retained as part of an integrated stress response. To increase ETC efficiency, without an overt increase in biomass, structural adaptation occurs to maintain cellular free energy.

EXAMPLE 3 - Cellular metabolism and viability The in vitro effects of test compounds on cellular metabolism and viability were determined by incubation with human primary lung fibroblasts followed by measurement of cellular ATP concentrations and cell counts.

ATP is an organic compound which can be produced by several cellular processes such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. However, if levels of oxygen, or substrates to fuel oxidative phosphorylation are insufficient, cells can reprogramme their metabolism towards glycolysis or other pathways to maintain their availability of ATP. Depending on the environment of the cell, such changes in metabolism may be accompanied by adaptive changes in gene expression. For example, under certain culture conditions, cells may upregulate an ‘adaptive response’ gene known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); VEGF encodes a proangiogenic protein (VEGF), whose function to induce new blood vessel formation to seek out new sources of oxygen and nutrients. This is critical to eliciting a functional repair response. By modulating the activity of Complex I, the MCIM compounds of the invention modulate ATP production, and thereby induce a cellular adaptation response.

The effects of the MCIM compounds on cellular adaptation was assessed in vitro in human primary lung fibroblasts (HLF). Cells were cultured with different metabolic substrates- glucose, L-glutamine, and pyruvate- to explore potential changes according to the microenvironment of the cell. Cells cultured in these conditions were treated with compound at various concentrations, and intracellular ATP concentrations, nucleus counts, and VEGF secretion were measured to quantify cell viability, metabolism, and indications of adaptive response.

Human primary lung fibroblasts were plated at a concentration of 2 x 10³ cells/well in 96-well plates in 100 pL DMEM complete media (5.5 mM glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1 mM pyruvate) containing 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum. Cells were incubated at 37°C / 5% CO₂ overnight to allow cell attachment. On the day of the treatment, cell culture medium was removed, and the cells were washed three times with Gibco™ DMEM, no glucose, no L- glutamine, no pyruvate, no phenol red + 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (termed ‘basal’ culture medium). Fresh cell culture supplemented with 5.5 mM glucose alone, 5.5 mM glucose and 2 mM L-glutamine, or 5.5 mM glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1 mM pyruvate was added to the wells. Test compounds were prepared as 10x final concentration solutions in each appropriate culture medium. Compounds were added to the cultures at 1x final concentration and incubated at 37°C / 5% CO2 for 1 or 3 days. On day 1 , VEGF secretion was measured from cell culture supernatants; 72 hours post treatment, cells were assayed for nucleus counts and ATP generation.

To assess nucleus counts, formaldehyde was added to a final concentration of 4%. Following a further 20-minute incubation at room temperature, the medium was aspirated, the cells were washed twice with 200 pL TBS-T (1x TBS + 0.1% Tween 20) and the nuclei were stained with 50 pL of PBS containing 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum, 0.1% Triton-X-100 and 2 pM Hoechst dye. Following a 30-minute incubation at room temperature, protected from light, the cells were washed twice with TBS-T, and cells were counted in 100 pL PBS solution using an I mageXpress Pico system with stitched plate acquisition (4x magnification), DAPI channel (50ms exposure, -3 digital confocal setting).

To assess ATP concentration, 50 pL of reconstituted ATPIite substrate solution (ATPIite 1step Luminescence Assay System, Perkin Elmer) was added to the cells. After a 5-minute incubation at room temperature on a plate shaker, luminescence was measured on a BMG Plate reader (PHERAstar) using LUM plus module, gain 3000, CR 96/384 aperture spoon (type A3).

The average values across the concentrations tested were then plotted and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the effect on ATP or nuclei counts was calculated by fitting the data to a four-parameter IC50 equation using GraphPad Prism software (v9). ATP readout per nuclei count was calculated by dividing ATPIite luminescence readout values by the Hoechst-stained nuclei count number per test concentration.

To assess VEGF secretion, cell supernatants of three replicate wells were combined and VEGF secretion was measured following the Quantikine® ELISA Human VEGF kit manufacturer instructions. Absorbance at 450 nm was measured on a BMG Plate reader (CLARIOstar plus) using pathlength correction. Background absorbance was measured at 540 nm.

Data were normalised to a VEGF standard curve and expressed as the average of the control wells in pg/mL. Data were plotted and the IC50 for the effect on VEGF secretion was calculated by fitting the data to a four-parameter IC50 equation using GraphPad Prism software (v9).

The results are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5A consists of 3 panels showing intracellular ATP (left panel), nucleus counts (middle panel) and ATP readout per cell (right panel) after 72 hrs incubation with MCIM compound. In cells cultured in glucose-supplemented media (squares), there was no effect of the MCIM compound on intracellular ATP levels, nuclei count or ATP readout per cell. In cells cultured in media supplemented with glucose and glutamine (open circles), there was an increase in intracellular ATP levels and nucleus counts given vehicle compared to cells cultured with glucose alone. Treatment of cells cultured in medium supplemented with glucose and glutamine with the MCIM compound reduced intracellular ATP levels and nucleus counts, in a concentration-dependent manner, with no effect on ATP levels per cell. When the basal culture media supplemented with glucose, L-glutamine was enriched with pyruvate (filled circles), the effect of the MCIM compound on intracellular ATP and nucleus counts seen in the medium supplemented with glucose and L-glutamine alone was eliminated.

The results show that in cells cultured in basal medium containing glucose, the MCIM compound had showed no cytotoxicity and had no effect on cell viability. When the cells were cultured in medium supplemented with glucose and L-glutamine, there was an increase in intracellular ATP levels and nucleus counts reflecting that L-glutamine is a precursor amino acid essential for cellular proliferation. The reduction in intracellular ATP and nucleus counts seen in the cells cultured with glucose and L- glutamine, and lack of effect on ATP levels per cells shows that the cells were adapting to the metabolic effects of Complex I modulation by the MCIM compound by limiting highly energydemanding processes, such as cellular proliferation, in order to maintain their intracellular levels of ATP. In addition, the reversal of this effect with the medium was supplemented further with pyruvate (glucose + L-glutamine + pyruvate condition) shows that the adaptive response observed (reduction of cell proliferation) is dependent on nutrient availability to the cell.

Figure 5B shows that in complete medium, there is no effect of the MCIM compound on VEGF secretion (filled circles (•),), but in the absence of pyruvate in the media (open circles (O)), the MCIM compound elicited a concentration-dependent increase in VEGF secretion (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 112 nM).

The results show that by modulating Complex I, in the absence of an excess of substrate, cells trigger an adaptive response to cause growth and repair by upregulating VEGF. The absence of an effect when pyruvate was present in the medium, shows that the adaptive repair response is also dependent on nutrient availability.

In summary, the results show that treatment with MCIM compounds of the invention induces an adaptive response to enable cells to maintain their supply of ATP. When cells are treated with MCIM compound, they attempt to restore tissue homeostasis by reducing energy-intensive activities such as proliferation and increasing production of growth factors such as VEGF. This occurs without any effect on cell viability.

EXAMPLE 4

Classical Complex I inhibitors often cause cytotoxicity and cell death and despite reports of antitumour effects for compounds such as IACS-010579 the known inhibitors have not found use as approved therapeutics, largely due to mechanism-based toxicity (Yap, T et al, 2023). As such, identifying a suitable approach for complex I inhibition that provides a benefit without toxicity has proved to be a challenge. An alternative approach which does not elicit adverse effects may have potential benefits for the treatment of a variety of progressive diseases. In this study we evaluated whether the MCIM compounds of the invention showed differences in their cellular behaviour compared with known Complex I inhibitors, IACS-010579 and rotenone.

Human primary lung fibroblasts were plated at a concentration of 5 x 10³ cells/well in 96well plates in 100 pL DMEM complete media (5.5 mM glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1 mM pyruvate) containing 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum. Cells were incubated overnight at 37°C / 5% CO₂ to allow cell attachment. On the day of the treatment, cell culture medium was removed, and the cells were washed three times with Gibco™ DMEM, no glucose, no L- glutamine, no pyruvate, no phenol red + 1 % penicillin-streptomycin and 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (termed ‘basal’ culture medium). Fresh cell culture media (without pyruvate) was added to the wells. Test compounds were prepared as 10x final concentration solutions in pyruvate-free medium. Following 24-hours compound treatment (in 5% CO₂, 37°C cell incubator), spent medium was removed from all wells and were thoroughly washed thrice with basal cell culture medium. For washout assay condition, 100 pL of pyruvate-free media was added per well. For No Washout, 90 pL of pyruvate-free media and 10 pL of 10x final assay concentration prepared test agents (or assay media) were added per well. Recovery of cell proliferation was measured after 24-hours incubation at 37°C / 5% CO₂ with either pyruvate-free media (without re-addition of the compound) or re-addition of compounds in pyruvate-free media.

To assess nucleus counts, formaldehyde was added to a final concentration of 4%. Following a further 20-minute incubation at room temperature, the medium was aspirated, the cells were washed twice with 200 pL TBS-T (1x TBS + 0.1 % Tween 20) and the nuclei were stained with 50 pL of PBS containing 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum, 0.1 % Triton-X-100 and 2 pM Hoechst dye. Following a 30-minute incubation at room temperature, protected from light, the cells were washed twice with TBS-T, and cells were counted in 100 pL PBS solution using an I mageXpress Pico system with stitched plate acquisition (4x magnification), DAPI channel (50 ms exposure, -3 digital confocal setting).

When cells grow and divide (termed proliferation), cells progress through the cell cycle, a tightly regulated process that consists of two main activities: DNA replication and mitosis/cell division. As a method of accurately quantifying cellular proliferation rate, the pyrimidine analogue, BrdU can be utilised to measure DNA replication. BrdU can be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA in place of thymidine. Following incubation of proliferating cells with BrdU for 20 hours, labelling solution was removed thoroughly, and cells were fixed with 70 pL of fix solution for 30 min at room temperature. Fix solution was aspirated, and anti-BrdU-Eu antibodies were added for 2 hours at room temperature in the dark. Wells were washed thrice with wash solution and 70 pL of DELFIA inducer per well was added and incubated for 30 min, in the dark. Eu-fluorescence was measured in a time- resolved manner using the PHERAstar FSX (Ex337/ Em620 nm). Data were plotted and a curve was fitted using a 4-parameter equation with GraphPad Prism software.

The results are shown in Figure 6. The figure shows 4 panels: cell proliferation inhibition measured by BrdU incorporation (A) and nucleus counts (B), and effects of compound washout on cell proliferation by BrdU incorporation (C) and nucleus counts (D) at the highest tested concentration. In panels A and B, ABD900 is shown in filled circles (•), rotenone is shown in grey squares (■) and IACS-010759 in open circles (O). In panel C-D, cells without washout are shown in solid black (IACS-010759) and grey (Rotenone) fill, and washout in open black (IACS-010759) and grey (rotenone) bars. For ABD900, washout cells are shown with an open fill pattern and cells not washed out are shown in a checkerboard fill. Data are mean ± s.e.m.. The results show that typical Complex I inhibitors such as IACS-010759 and rotenone reduce cell proliferation (BRdU incorporation and nucleus counts) when cells are cultured in pyruvate-restricted conditions. For known Complex 1 inhibitors such as IACS-010759 and rotenone, there is no recovery from these effects when the compounds are washed out. However, for the MCIM compound, there is a recovery in the proliferative capacity (BrdU incorporation and nucleus counts) of the cells after the compound is washed out. Overall, the data together show that the MCIM compounds of the invention display different cellular effects to the known, archetypal, inhibitors of Complex I.

EXAMPLE 5 - Single agent and combination treatment of mice with collagen-induced arthritis

Seven- to eight-week-old male DBA/1j mice were used for all procedures. Animals were housed in groups of 10 and were maintained at 21 °C ± 2°C on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with food and water ad libitum. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was prepared by emulsifying bovine type II collagen at 4 mg/mL with a 4 mg/mL suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra in Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) (0.85 mL paraffin oil and 0.15 mL mannide monooleate) in a 1 :1 (v/v) ratio. All mice were immunised subcutaneously with 200 pg of bovine type II collagen in CFA. 21 days later, all mice were immunised subcutaneously with 100 pg of bovine type II collagen in IFA. The mice started to develop signs and symptoms of arthritis following the ‘booster’ immunisation.

For macroscopic assessment of arthritis, the following signs were monitored in each paw of each mouse three times per week and summed to generate the Arthritic Index (Al) (the maximum Al for one animal is 16):

0 = no visible effects of arthritis.

1 = oedema and/or erythema of 1 digit.

2 = oedema and/or erythema of 2 digits.

3 = oedema and/or erythema of more than 2 digits.

4 = severe arthritis of entire paw and digits.

Figure 7 shows seven graphs, each of average arthritic index as a function of time (dosing day) for test compound dosed at 10 mg/kg/day by oral gavage (open circles (O)) and control (solid circles (•)), for each of: (A) HMC-C-02-A, (B) HMC-C-01-A, (C) HMC-N-02-A, (D) HMC-N-01-A, (E) NASMP- 01-A, (F) CHMSA-01-A, (G) CHMSA-03-A. These data indicate that the MCIM compounds described herein show excellent oral in vivo activity in preventing the progression of established, severe arthritis.

Animals were sorted into treatment groups with a mean arthritic index of 2.5 and then dosed once daily for 14 days with compound by oral gavage. On Day 14, animals were sacrificed, and limbs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The fixed limbs were processed into paraffin blocks and sectioned, and then stained using Toluidine Blue.

For histopathological assessment of the biological effects of MCIM compounds in arthritis, bone resorption was assessed by a direct count per bone of areas showing evident Howship’s lacunae or active osteolytic foci. To assess the frequency of new bone formation, a total count of cancellous bone osteoid zones was performed.

The data were analysed by generating an aggregate score for each parameter in each treatment group. Test groups were compared to vehicle group by ANOVA using the Kruskal Wallis test statistic with exact P value comparisons. The data are summarised in the Table 3. Data shown as sum from all limbs per animal per group. * p<0.05, “ p<0.01 , “* p<0.005 vs vehicle. §§§ p<0.005 vs etanercept.

The data for several of the compounds are also illustrated in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Figure 8 and 9, shows a decrease in bone resorption with approved drugs, etanercept (Figure 8A) and tofacitinib (Figure 8C) and various MCIM compounds (Figure 8A and B). Figure 9A shows a modest increase in bone formation in mice treated with etanercept compared to vehicle control. In contrast, mice treated with HMC-C-01-A, HMC-C-01-B, and HMC-N-01-B have significantly increased bone formation compared to vehicle control and etanercept (Figure 9A). Figure 10 shows the appearance of the osteoid/new bone formed in response to treatment with vehicle (top panel), an approved disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (etanercept; bottom panel) and compound HMC-C-01-A (middle panel). Figure 10, middle panel, demonstrates the new bone formed in response to treatment with HMC-C-01-A has a regular appearance with conservation of the tide-mark (arrows). This indicates that the bone formed is responsive to pressure and has structural integrity in contrast to the reactive and sporadic deposits generated with etanercept (bottom panel) or tofacitinib (data not shown).

Figure 11 shows that improvements in osteoid are achieved in mice treated with HMC-C-01 without control of inflammation. This indicates a direct remodelling effect that is not dependant on control of inflammation.

Figures 7-11 show the effects of the MCIM compounds in a model of joint inflammation and bone loss. The results show that the MCIM compounds alone reduce total bone resorption, and local focal areas of bone resorption as well as, or better than, anti-biologic drugs such as etanercept or Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors such as tofacitinib. In addition, the MCIM compounds trigger an adaptive repair response resulting in an increase in new bone deposition (osteoid), both in terms of osteoid counts and the areas of osteoid formation.

The new bone formed in response to treatment with the MCIM compounds has a regular appearance with conservation of the tide-mark. This indicates that the bone formed is responsive to pressure and has structural integrity in contrast to the reactive and sporadic deposits generated with etanercept.

Together, the above data indicate that the MCIM compounds show excellent oral in vivo activity in preventing the progression of bone loss in established, severe arthritis, but importantly that they increase bone formation, indicating repair, in established arthritis.

Given the improved response of mice to treatment with the MCIM compounds, it was next investigated whether combining MCIM compounds with approved drugs used to treat arthritis further improve arthritic pathology in the mouse model. The data are summarised in Table 4 and illustrated in Figure 12. Table 4 - Inhibition of Arthritis

Figure 12 shows 4 graphs demonstrating the anti-arthritic effects of TNF inhibitor compound etanercept, the MCIM compound HMC-C-01 , and the combination of etanercept and HMC-C-01 on (A) synovitis, (B) cartilage damage, (C) bone resorption, and (D) overall mean change in bone pathology.

Figure 13 shows 1 graph demonstrating the effects of TNF inhibitor compound etanercept, the MCIM compound HMC-C-01 , and the combination of etanercept and HMC-C-01 on osteoid, or new bone formation.

These data show that etanercept and HMC-C-01 have an additive effect on synovitis, bone resorption and cartilage damage. Importantly, however, the combination of HMC-C-01 and etanercept reduces overall bone pathology to a greater extent than either agent alone, with a synergistic effect observed when used in combination compared to either compound alone (Figure 11 D). Furthermore, HMC-C- 01 shows a strong effect on osteoid formation when given alone, an indicator of its pro-repair phenotype. The TNF inhibitor compound etanercept shows limited effects on osteoid formation. Importantly, however, the combination of HMC-C-01 and etanercept improves overall bone osteoid formation to a greater extent than either agent alone. The effect of the MCIM and TNF inhibitor combination in reducing bone pathology is thought to be due to the remodelling and repair activities of the MCIM compound, augmenting control of pathology over what can be achieved simply through control of synovitis.

EXAMPLE 6 - Enhanced therapy in IBP model

DSS-induced colitis is a widely used model of IBD (Chassaing et al, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Eight- to nine-week-old female C57BI/6 mice were used for all procedures. Animals were housed in groups of 10 and were maintained at 21 °C ± 2°C on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with food and water ad libitum. Dextran sulphate (DSS) was prepared by dissolving DSS in water to a final concentration of 1 .5%. All mice were given ad libitum access to the DSS-containing water for 6 hours prior to dosing with vehicle control, 300 mg/kg sulfadiazine, 3 mg/kg etanercept or 10 mg/kg MCIM test compound by oral gavage, once daily for 8 days. The mice started to develop signs and symptoms of colitis within 1 day.

For assessment of colitis, mouse body weight, stool consistency and presence/absence of blood in stool were monitored. Depending on the severity of the change in each of these observed parameters, the mice were assigned a score based on the criteria in Table 5. The disease scores were summed to generate the Disease Activity Index (DAI) (the maximum DAI for one animal is 9). The data are presented as mean s.e.m. across the group, and statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (GraphPad Prism v 9.2.0). *p<0.05, ***p <0.005 vs vehicle, ^§§§p <0.005 vs sulfasalazine, ^aaap<0.005 vs etanercept.

Figure 14 shows the mean disease activity index for mice with DSS-induced colitis following treatment with vehicle, 300 mg/kg/d sulfasalazine, 3 mg/kg/d etanercept or 10 mg/kg/d MCIM compound, HMC- C-01-A. These data indicate that the MCI compounds described herein show excellent in vivo activity in preventing the progression of established DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, the data shows that the MCIM compound has greater efficacy than both prior art treatments, sulfasalazine and etanercept.

For histopathological assessment of the biological effects of MCIM compounds in colitis, on Day 9, the colon from the rectum to the ileo-caecal junction was removed and the length recorded. The faeces were then removed and the weight of the colon recorded. The colon was preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed to paraffin blocks.

Tissue sections were then stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and parameters of inflammation, mucosal erosion, epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial metaplasia, mucus cell metaplasia, and fibroplasia were assessed on a scale of 0-5 as follows: 0: normal

1 : minimal, focal

2: moderate, focal

3: moderate, multi-focal or diffuse

4: marked, focal

5: marked, multi-focal or diffuse

The data were analysed by generating an average histopathology score across each treatment group. Test groups were compared to the vehicle and positive control groups using two-way ANOVA with correction for multiple comparisons (Prism 9.2.0). Data shown as mean ± s.e.m.. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 , *** p<0.005 vs vehicle. ^aaa p<0.005 vs sulfasalazine. § p<0.05, §§ p<0.01 , §§§ p<0.005 vs etanercept. The data are summarised in Figures 12-16.

Figure 14 shows one graph, showing the average disease activity index for vehicle control, 300 mg/kg/day sulfasalazine, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept and 10 mg/kg/day HMC-C-01-A. Figure 15 shows two graphs, each of average mucosal erosion score for (A) vehicle control, 300 mg/kg/day sulfasalazine and 10 mg/kg/day ABD900and (B) vehicle control, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept and 10 mg/kg/day HMC-C-01-A. Figure 16 shows two graphs, each of average glandular loss score for each of: (A) vehicle control, 300 mg/kg/day sulfasalazine and 10 mg/kg/day ABD900 and (B) vehicle control, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept and 10 mg/kg/day HMC-C-01-A. Figure 17 shows 2 graphs, each of average epithelial hyperplasia score for each of: (A) vehicle control, 300 mg/kg/day sulfasalazine and 10 mg/kg/day ABD900 and (B) vehicle control, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept and 10 mg/kg/day HMC-C-01-A. Figure 18 shows 2 graphs, each of average fibroplasia score for each of: (A) vehicle control, 300 mg/kg/day sulfasalazine and 10 mg/kg/day ABD900, (B) vehicle control, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept and 10 mg/kg/day HMC-C-01-A.

Figure 19 shows representative histological cross sections of colon taken from mice with DSS- induced colitis treated with vehicle, 3 mg/kg/day etanercept or 10 mg/kg/day HMC-C-01-A, respectively. In vehicle treated mice, there is clear ulceration (top right panel, arrow) and a general loss of tissue architecture of the colon as demonstrated by visible oedema/inflammation and erosion (top left panel, arrow). Mice treated with etanercept display a general conservation of tissue architecture but still display a moderate degree of inflammation and oedema (middle panels, arrows). In contrast, the colon of mice treated with HMC-C-01-A have conserved tissue architecture and no visible signs of inflammation or oedema. Surprisingly, treatment with HMC-C-01 -A stimulates an adaptive repair of the colon which is not seen with Etanercept treatment (bottom panel, arrows). The histological section from mice treated with HMC-C-01 -A demonstrates that this reaction is organised and localised within the lamina propria and aligned along the basal layer, with expansion/maintenance of basement membrane and maintenance of crypt architecture. Together, these data indicate that HMC-C-01-A and ABD900 compounds have excellent activity in preventing the progression of established colitis and can stimulate repair of damaged tissues. Administration of MCIM compounds inhibited the key histological outcome of mucosal erosion/ ulceration, as shown in Figure 15. Importantly, administration also increased hyperplasia of epithelium, suggesting induction of a repair response. This is supported by the unique finding of fibroplasia in the MCIM compound treated groups (Figure 17A and 17B).

Overall, Figures 14 to 19 show the effects of the MCIM compounds in a model of gastrointestinal disease. The results show that the MCIM compounds reduce disease signs and symptoms and protect the underlying tissue damage to a greater extent than approved drugs, sulfasalazine or anti- TNF biologic, etanercept, and that the MCIM compounds promote repair responses of epithelial hyperplasia, mucus cell metaplasia and fibroplasia to a greater extent than sulfasalazine and etanercept.

EXAMPLE 7 - Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and multiplexes Quantitative mass spectrometry

Following the observation that MCIM compounds can affect mitochondrial morphology and modulate cellular metabolism it was next investigated whether the reparative properties of the MCIM compounds could be attributed to binding to/modulation of mitochondrial proteins and/or complexes. To this end, MCIM compounds were assessed using a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) coupled with quantitative mass spectroscopy (MS) to determine what pathways are modulated by the MCIM compounds.

Thp-1 cells were incubated in the presence of 2 pM MCIM compound (ABD900) or DMSO (vehicle control) for 4 hours. Following the incubation period, samples were heated to one of the following temperatures: 40.0, 42.9, 46.0, 49.6, 53.2, 56.8, 60.8, 64.0, 67.1 , 70.0°C. Each test condition was performed in duplicate.

Following heating, cells were lysed, and the samples digested with trypsin. The digested soluble peptide fractions corresponding to individual temperatures were then labelled with a different isobaric tag, using the TMTWplex system as described in Bantscheff, M., et al (2007), Bantscheff, M., et al (2012) and Franken, H., et al (2015), each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Labelling of fractions from individual temperatures with an individual TMTWPlex tag allows the samples to be pooled and analysed by mass spectroscopy in a single run.

Following TMTWPlex labelling and pooling, the samples were fractionated using hydrophilic strong anion exchange (hSAX) (24 fractions per sample) and Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) performed. The LC-MS/MS data was analysed to identify proteins whose thermal stability was shifted in the presence of the MCIM compound using the TPP R Package (Franken, H., et al (2015)) with a procedure described in Savitski., MM et al (2014). Generally, upon compound binding, proteins become more stable and thus more resistant to thermal denaturation. Therefore, a shift in thermal stability of a protein in the described CETSA assay can indicate direct binding of a compound to the protein with shifted thermal stability. Alternatively, a shift on thermal stability may indicate the protein is involved in a downstream event from the bound protein, for example, a post-translation modification as a result of an altered metabolic or signalling pathway.

Briefly, criteria for target candidate selection were as follows:

• Min p-value <0.4 (Benjamini-Hochberg corrected)

• DTm of Run 1 (R1) and Run 2 (R2) have same sign

• DTm (drug vs DMSO) > DTm (DMSO R1 vs DMSO R2)

• Minimum slope less than -0.06

Using the above criteria, 105 proteins were identified as showing a thermal shift when incubated with the MCIM compound indicating that they were either stabilised or destabilised. Of these 105 proteins, 73 were classified as high confidence and 32 as medium confidence hits.

Functional protein interactions and/or associations of the 105 identified candidate proteins were retrieved using the freely available STRING software (https://string-db.org). STRING analysis identified candidates involved in oxidative phosphorylation (e.g. NDUFA6 and SDHB), mitochondrial function and the ER to Golgi apparatus interface.

In addition, thermal shifts were observed in proteins involved in adaptive stress responses (e.g. YME1 L1 , OXSR1 , MKNK1) and other proteins which play a role in NF-KB signalling (e.g. OXSR1 , RASA1 and BIRC2).

It was therefore concluded, in line with the data in Example 3, that incubation with MCIM compounds alters the metabolic activity of cells specifically through modulation of oxidative phosphorylation, as indicated by the thermal shift of NDUFA6 (a Respiratory Complex 1 component). It was hypothesised that such modulation of Complex 1 and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway would alter NFKB and adaptive response pathways in cells, as indicated by the thermal shift observed for proteins such as YMEL1 L1 , OXSR1 , MKNK1 , RASA1 and BIRC2.

EXAMPLE 8 - Photoaffinity labelling (PAL) and Quantitative stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SI LAC)

To investigate the binding partner(s) of the MCIM compounds, and the cellular activities modulated by them, Photoaffinity labelling (PAL) and quantitative stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was performed. A clickable linker probe MCIM compound was generated to do this. This identified NDUFS2, a subunit of Mitochondrial Complex I, as a binder of the clickable linker probe MCIM compound. Together, the CETSA and PAL/SILAC-MS results strongly indicate that MCIM compounds can modulate oxidative phosphorylation and stress response pathways by binding and modulating the activity of the Mitochondrial Complex I.

EXAMPLE 9 - Computational modelling to identify binding sites in NDUFS2

Given that both CETSA and PAL/SILAC-MS methods identified Complex I subunits as targets of MCIM compounds, an in silico computer modelling approach was used to determine the binding site of MCIM compounds with the Complex I subunits. Initially, homology models were built from publicly available structures of mitochondrial Complex I from five organisms, including human (Table 6). The putative targets were fully resolve in 5 structures. Mitochondrial Complex 1 used for the following modelling approaches is show in Figure 20.

The homology modelling revealed a lid pocket in the NDUFS2 subunit of Complex I which is in contact with the Q-tunnel. In four of the models the lid pocket was seen to be in an “open” conformation while in the remaining model it was in a “closed” conformation.

A homology model of the “open” confirmation was constructed and then SiteFinder was used to map NDUFS2 in the open and closed conformations. In particular, SiteFinder (Halgren T. A., 2009) was used to build a model of the “drugability” of NDUFS2, as measured by the volume of buried non-polar available surface area (ASA; Figure 21). This model identified two binding sites on NDUFS2. The first binding site (“Pocket A”) is located on the lid pocket in the open conformation and is represented on Figure 19 by a cluster of spheres. Pocket A has a percentage buried non-polar available surface area of 72%. The second binding site (“Pocket B”) is located at the “back” of the mitochondrial Complex I, relative to the position of the mitochondrial Complex I subunits NDUFS7 and ND1 and is represented by a second cluster of spheres. Pocket B has a percentage buried non-polar available surface area of 71%.

Further modelling of Q10, the natural ligand of the Q-tunnel, within the Q-site of Complex 1 using SiteFinder indicated that the space for binding in this pocket is limited (Figure 22). The spheres in Figure 22 illustrate the space and channels around NDUFS2 when NDUFS2 is associated with Complex 1 . This modelling approach also revealed a further ligand binding site at the junction between NDUFS2 and NDUFS7 (Figure 23). In particular, the MCIM compound is predicted to interact with His38 and Tyr141 of NDUFS2.

Using these protein models it was determined that the optimal binding site of each of ABD900, HMC-C-01-A and HMC-N-01-A was the NDUFS2 lid pocket (as illustrated in Figure 19, “Pocket A”), specifically the lid pocket in the open conformation (Glide score ~6), which is close to the Q-site. Even more particularly, the inventors were able to predict which amino acid residues in NDUFS2 contributed to the binding of the compounds:

• H-bonding with backbone carbonyl of Gly85, backbone amine of Leu95 and carboxylic acid of Asp193

• H-bonding to Tyr141 and His38

• IT- IT stacking with Phe458 and His88

In conclusion, analysis of the Q-site of NDUFS2 indicates that this site needs to be in the open confirmation to accommodate Q10 or small drug-like compounds.

Example 10 - Virtual Screening to assess structure-activity relationship against the NDUFS2 pocket

As discussed in Example 9, is has been determined that the optimal binding site for MCIM compounds is in the lid pocket of NDUFS2 which is in close proximity to the Q-tunnel. From the data in Example 9, a ligand-protein pharmacophore model was built which identified 9 pharmacophoric features (Figure 24 and Tables 7A to 7C). Table 7-A describes the relationship between the type of pharmacophoric feature and the permissible variation in 3D space for the location of the given pharmacophoric feature. Table 7-B shows a distance matrix describing the 3D relationship between the centre of each pharmacophoric feature. Table 7-C describes the angle between each triplet combination of pharmacophoric features, wherein column “Y” describes the vertex of each angle. Using the parameters described in Tables 7-A to 7-C a visual representation of the pharmacophore model has been produced using the unified annotation scheme in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software tool (Figure 24). Using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), the parameters can also be used to determine if a molecule conforms to the pharmacophore model - i.e. if 4 or more of the annotation points of the pharmacophore model are occupied by a corresponding annotation point located on a test molecule.

Using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2022.02 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7, 2022 MOE docking using the pharmacophore algorithm for ligand placement and the GBVI/WSA dG scoring function, 117 compounds were assessed for their ability to dock in the predicted binding site using the pharmacophore model described above. To be treated as a successful docking in the predicted binding site, it is required that a molecule hits at least 4 features of the pharmacophore model shown in Figure 22 and has a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 1 pM.

Figure 25 shows a MCIM compound that conforms to the pharmacophore model and satisfies 7 out of the 9 annotation points determined to be important for binding to Complex I. Surprisingly, it was also found that out of the 117 compounds assessed for their ability to bind in the pharmacophore model, only 13 compounds had an IC50 > 1 pM, which indicates that these compounds would fail to dock in the predicted binding sites. The remaining 104 compounds hit at least 4 of the pharmacophore features and are predicted to have an IC50 < 1 pM. Figure 26 shows representative compound CHMSA-02-A, which fulfils the pharmacophore model and is predicted to have a pAct (-Log(IC5o) of ~7.

EXAMPLE 11 - Ultra-high throughput virtual screening (uHTVS)

Following building of the pharmacophore model, the inventors next wanted to identify additional NDUFS2 binders using this model.

The 3D model of the entire Complex 1 described in Example 9 (Figure 20) was validated by docking Q10 and active MCIM compounds. This allowed establishment of the bioactive conformation of the MCIM compounds when docked in the Q-tunnel of Complex I. This further allowed a structure-based hypothesis to be generated and to rationalise the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds and to build the pharmacophore model described in Example 10 and a QSAR model (Figure 27) for activity prediction. The QSAR model is a linear regression model which includes docking scores and parameters related to ligand energies and electrostatics.

For uHTVS, a library of compounds was screened against the pharmacophore model described in Example 10. The model identified 37.6 million compounds from the library of compounds which generally hit 3-6 of the pharmacophore features. Of these 37.6 million compounds, those up to a molecular weight of -350 Da were then virtually docked in the 3D Complex I model without imposing pharmacophore constraints. 67,000 compounds were predicted to dock in Complex I and were retained for further screening.

The retained compounds were then filtered through a more theoretically rigorous docking method and evaluated with a QSAR model to predict biological activity of each compound (Figure 27). The GBVI/WSA AG forcefield-based scoring function (Naim et al. 2007) on the MOE dock (Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), 2022.02 Chemical Computing Group ULC, 1010 Sherbooke St. West, Suite #910, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2R7) was used. Using the screening process described, 756 compounds were identified as potential drug candidates for targeting NDUFS2/NDUFS7 of Complex 1. References

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Claims

1. A pharmaceutical combination comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound and a TNF inhibitor compound.

2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound and a TNF inhibitor compound.

3. A pharmaceutical combination or composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 for use as a medicament.

4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound for use in the treatment of an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the treatment comprises the separate, sequential or simultaneous administration of the pharmaceutical composition and a TNF inhibitor compound to the subject.

5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a TNF inhibitor compound for use in the treatment of an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the treatment comprises the separate, sequential or simultaneous administration of the pharmaceutical composition and a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound to the subject.

6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a mitochondrial complex I modulator (MCIM) compound and a TNF inhibitor compound for use in the treatment of an inflammatory and/or progressive disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein treatment comprises administration of the composition to the subject.

7. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the treatment achieves disease control, regression or tissue repair, or any combination thereof.

8. The composition for the use according to claim 7, wherein disease control comprises inhibiting disease progression.

9. The composition for the use according to claim 7 or 8, wherein disease control comprises supporting tissue repair.

10. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein disease control comprises the prevention of a loss of anatomically normal tissue architecture, or a reduction in the speed of the loss of anatomically normal tissue architecture.

11 . The composition for the use according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein disease control, regression or tissue repair, or any combination thereof, comprises an increased repair score and/or increased wound healing.

12. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 7 to 11 , wherein the disease control or regression, and/or tissue repair comprises an increased cell count of reparative cells and/or a decreased cell count of pathology driving cells.

13. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 7 to 12, wherein the disease control or regression, and/or tissue repair induces a restoration of anatomically normal tissue architecture.

14. The composition for the use according to anyone of claims 4 to 13, wherein the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is associated with or caused by TNF overexpression, secretion, or stimulation.

15. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 4 to 14, wherein the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an autoimmune disease or an autoinflammatory disease.

16. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 4 to 15, wherein the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), chronic kidney disease, non-infectious uveitis (NIU).

17. The composition for the use according to any one of claim 16, wherein the arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis juvenile idiopathic arthritis, reactive arthritis, gout, septic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, or osteoarthritis.

18. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 7 to 16, wherein the tissue repair, disease control and/or disease regression comprises increased bone formation and/or decreased bone resorption.

19. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an arthritis and the pathology driving cells comprise osteoclasts (OCs) and/or transformed fibroblasts.

20. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an arthritis and the reparative cells comprise osteoblasts (OBs) and/or non-transformed fibroblasts.

21 . The composition for the use according to claim 161 , wherein the inflammatory and/or progressive disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the reparative cells comprise epithelial cells and/or mucus cells.

22. The composition for the use according to claim 21 , wherein the IBD is Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative Colitis.

23. The composition for the use according to any one of claims 7 to 22, wherein the disease control, regression, or tissue repair, or any combination thereof, comprises a reduction in cytokine production from pro-inflammatory myeloid cells.

24. The combination according to claim 1 , the composition according to claim 2, the composition for use or combination for the use according to any one of claims 3 to 23, wherein the binding of the MCIM compound to complex I modulates complex I activity, wherein complex I modulation is determined by detecting a reduction in cellular O2 consumption without a reduction of cell viability.

25. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for the use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the binding of the MCIM compound to complex I modulates complex I activity, leading to a reversible reduction in cell proliferation.

26. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for the use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCIM compound interacts with complex I at a binding site outside the Q tunnel.

27. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for the use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCIM binding site comprises one or more amino acid residues from NDUSF2 and/or NDUSF7.

28. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according claim 27, wherein the MCIM compound interacts with one or more amino acid residues in NDUFS2 selected from His92, Gly85, Tyr141 , His88, Leu95, Asp193 and Phe458.

29. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to claim 27, wherein the MCIM compound interacts with at least one amino acid residues in NDUFS2 selected from Tyr141 , His92 and Asp139.

30. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a 3D conformation of the MCIM compound as annotated by Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2022 unified annotation scheme comprises 4 or more pharmacophore features which conform to the pharmacophore model represented in Figure 22, and Tables 7-A, 7-B and 7-C.

31 . The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCIM compound is an MCIM compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, of the following formula:

defined in claim 1 of WO2010/032009.

32. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to claim 31 , wherein the MCIM compound is an MCIM compound selected from compounds of the following formulae, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof:

33. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the MCIM compound is an MCIM compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, of the following formula:

defined in claim 1 of W02020/035560 A1 .

34. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the MCIM compound is an MCIM compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, of the following formula:

as defined in claim 1 of W02020/212581 A1.

35. The combination, composition, combination for use or composition for use according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is an antibody or a fusion protein, optionally wherein the TNF inhibitor compound is selected from etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, or certolizumab.