WO2024254627A1 - Verbundkörper - Google Patents
Verbundkörper Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024254627A1 WO2024254627A1 PCT/AT2024/060221 AT2024060221W WO2024254627A1 WO 2024254627 A1 WO2024254627 A1 WO 2024254627A1 AT 2024060221 W AT2024060221 W AT 2024060221W WO 2024254627 A1 WO2024254627 A1 WO 2024254627A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- tungsten
- composite body
- molybdenum
- base body
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63G—MERRY-GO-ROUNDS; SWINGS; ROCKING-HORSES; CHUTES; SWITCHBACKS; SIMILAR DEVICES FOR PUBLIC AMUSEMENT
- A63G31/00—Amusement arrangements
- A63G31/16—Amusement arrangements creating illusions of travel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B18/00—Layered products essentially comprising ceramics, e.g. refractory products
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
- C04B35/5607—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on refractory metal carbides
- C04B35/5626—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on refractory metal carbides based on tungsten carbides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/4505—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements characterised by the method of application
- C04B41/4529—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements characterised by the method of application applied from the gas phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C14/024—Deposition of sublayers, e.g. to promote adhesion of the coating
- C23C14/025—Metallic sublayers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C14/027—Graded interfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0635—Carbides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
- C23C14/16—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon
- C23C14/165—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon by cathodic sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
- C23C14/5846—Reactive treatment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/016—Input arrangements with force or tactile feedback as computer generated output to the user
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B19/00—Teaching not covered by other main groups of this subclass
- G09B19/003—Repetitive work cycles; Sequence of movements
- G09B19/0038—Sports
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
- G09B9/02—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
- G09B9/02—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
- G09B9/08—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer
- G09B9/10—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer with simulated flight- or engine-generated force being applied to aircraft occupant
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63G—MERRY-GO-ROUNDS; SWINGS; ROCKING-HORSES; CHUTES; SWITCHBACKS; SIMILAR DEVICES FOR PUBLIC AMUSEMENT
- A63G31/00—Amusement arrangements
- A63G2031/005—Skydiving
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
- G06F2203/01—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/01
- G06F2203/012—Walk-in-place systems for allowing a user to walk in a virtual environment while constraining him to a given position in the physical environment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite body comprising a base body made of a molybdenum-based material with a coating.
- Molybdenum shows excellent chemical resistance to various media. However, molybdenum is only resistant to around 250°C under oxygen. When molybdenum is used in oxidizing gases and elements, molybdenum is usually coated to protect against oxidation. Common coatings include silicon and boron-based coatings (e.g. SIBOR ⁇ ). Another limiting factor for the resistance of molybdenum is the presence of carbon at high temperatures, since molybdenum reacts with the carbon above around 800°C to form MoC and then Mo2C.
- Mo2C and molybdenum have different thermal expansion coefficients, which means that thermal stresses lead to flaking and destruction of the surface. Therefore, coatings are also proposed for the use of molybdenum under carburizing conditions.
- Kardoulaki et al. described the problem of the reaction of molybdenum in graphitic reactors and discussed various nitride, oxide and carbide layers as a solution.
- TiC, ZrC, TaC, NbC and SiC are proposed as protective layers for molybdenum. See: Kardoulaki, E., Nizolek, T., Luther, E., & Swartz, M.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a composite body with a base body made of a molybdenum-based material that is resistant to carburizing conditions.
- the public Composite body does not lead to any contamination of an atmosphere of a heat treatment facility in which the composite body is used.
- the object is achieved by a composite body with the features of claim 1. Furthermore, a method for producing a composite body is described.
- the composite body having: a base body made of a molybdenum-based material, on which at least in sections a coating comprising tungsten carbide is formed, wherein the coating has a microstructure which essentially consists of fine-crystalline and/or nanocrystalline grains of tungsten carbide, a composite body is created which is particularly stable under carburizing conditions.
- molybdenum-based material means a material with at least 50 at.% (atomic percent) molybdenum. In particular, the molybdenum content is greater than 90 at.%, more preferably greater than 95 at.%.
- the base body can consist entirely of the molybdenum-based material.
- the base body is designed as a material composite.
- the substrate carrying the coating and possibly an intermediate layer is in this case a molybdenum-based material.
- the coating comprises tungsten carbide.
- the coating consists essentially of tungsten carbide. “Essentially” in this context means that the coating consists of at least 80 vol.% tungsten carbide, more preferably at least 90 vol.% tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide is defined as
- the coating particularly preferably consists entirely of tungsten carbide, optionally with usual impurities.
- the level of usual impurities is less than 1 at.% (atomic percent), preferably less than 0.1 at.%.
- the microstructure of the coating consists essentially of fine crystalline and/or nanocrystalline grains of tungsten carbide. “Essentially” here means that the microstructure consists largely of fine crystalline and/or nanocrystalline grains of tungsten carbide. In particular, at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% of the microstructure is fine crystalline and/or nanocrystalline grains of tungsten carbide. The percentages refer to a quantitative microstructure analysis.
- the coating has a predominantly fine-grained microstructure.
- the structure is entirely fine crystalline and/or nanocrystalline.
- nanocrystalline refers to grains with a grain size of up to 100 nm (nanometers).
- fine crystalline refers to a structure with grain sizes of 100 nm to several ⁇ m, preferably grain sizes of 100 nm to 5 ⁇ m (micrometers), in particular grain sizes of 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- coarse grains refer to grains with a grain size of greater than or equal to 10 ⁇ m.
- the coating is particularly fine-grained. This has the advantage, among other things, that even with the smallest layer thicknesses, the coating comprises a large number of grains along its thickness. Another significant advantage of a fine-grained structure of the coating is that the coating is very hard and strong. It is known that grain refinement is associated with an increase in the yield strength. A fine grain therefore leads to an increase in strength and hardness. Furthermore, a coating with a fine-grained structure has a high fracture toughness. The fine-grained structure is advantageous with regard to crack propagation. These mechanical properties of the coating are particularly advantageous when the composite body is used under cyclic thermal stress.
- the pore proportion in the coating is preferably less than 10%, more preferably the pore proportion in the coating is less than 5%, more preferably less than 3%, even more preferably less than 1.5%.
- the pore proportion can be determined using quantitative metallographic methods. An evaluation is proposed in such a way that a surface area of pores in the coating is determined on a metallographic section of a sample and this surface area is compared to the image section under consideration. An example of such a determination of the pore proportion of the coating is explained in the description of the figure.
- Advantages of the low pore proportion in the coating according to this development include: - the coating has a high level of strength and hardness - the coating is particularly impermeable. In particular, there are no channels through the coating to the surface of the base body. Diffusion of undesirable species through the coating, in particular the diffusion of carbon, is made more difficult - the coating shows homogeneous thermal expansion
- the coating has a high thermal conductivity - heat is transported homogeneously through the layer into the substrate.
- the coating has a thickness of between 0.2 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m, more preferably a thickness of between 1 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m.
- the coating is particularly preferably between 3 and 10 ⁇ m thick. Advantages of a coating thickness in the specified range, in particular in the preferred range, include excellent layer adhesion even when the composite body is subjected to cyclic thermal stress.
- a thickness in the specified range promotes a faithful representation of a surface morphology of the substrate (here: the base body) and a substrate geometry such as recesses or steps.
- the coating reflects the surface morphology of the base body.
- the coating is present in the same thickness along the surface of the base body. Any structures on the surface of the base body are thus continued in the coating and are reflected in a coating surface.
- the variation in the thickness of the coating is less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%.
- the coating levels out any structures on the surface of the base body. This means that locally different layer thicknesses can exist.
- the variation in the thickness of the coating is preferably small, preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%, diffusion paths through the layer are, for example, essentially the same length at all locations on the coating.
- the feature of the small variation in the thickness of the coating is advantageous for the stability of the coating in use, particularly under cyclic thermal stress and/or diffusion of elements into the coating, particularly the diffusion of carbon.
- a small variation in the thickness of the coating also means a good representation of the surface morphology of the base body.
- the feature of the small variation in the thickness of the coating can be determined, for example, using quantitative microstructure analysis.
- the thickness of the coating can be determined at several positions on a test specimen across the coating. Edge areas of the base body and areas with steps, flanks, radii or similar are excluded. The feature of a variation in the thickness of the coating of less than 20% expresses that the thickness of the coating at the positions considered is within a range of ⁇ 20% with respect to the average thickness of the coating determined for the positions considered. According to a further development, it can be provided that at least one intermediate layer is formed between the surface of the base body and the coating comprising tungsten carbide. This also means that the coating is not necessarily formed directly on a surface of the base body. An intermediate layer can be beneficial for layer adhesion of the coating and/or for increasing the barrier effect against the diffusion of carbon.
- the intermediate layer consists of tungsten or a tungsten-based alloy. Accordingly, it is provided that a metallic layer of tungsten or a tungsten-based alloy is formed on the surface of the base body and under the coating.
- a tungsten-based alloy is understood to mean a composition with at least 50 at.% tungsten.
- the intermediate layer made of tungsten or a tungsten-based alloy comprises columnar tungsten grains. Columnar grains have a pronounced elongation. Typically, a grain elongation ratio, i.e.
- a ratio of the extension along a longitudinal axis to a grain width, measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, is greater than or equal to two, in particular greater than or equal to five.
- a columnar microstructure has a significantly higher thermal conductivity in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the columnar grains than transversely to it. This can be explained by a smaller number of grain boundaries to be overcome.
- the formation of the intermediate layer of tungsten in the form of columnar tungsten grains is particularly advantageous.
- the columnar tungsten grains have a preferred orientation such that a majority of the columnar tungsten grains are oriented essentially normal to the surface of the base body.
- “Normal to the surface” means that the grains are oriented with respect to their longitudinal axis (the axis with the greatest extension of the grain) at an angle of around 90° to the surface of the base body, whereby angular deviations of ⁇ 15° are also included. It is preferred that at least 80% of the columnar tungsten grains have such a preferred orientation, based on a total area proportion of columnar tungsten grains.
- the formation of the intermediate layer of tungsten in the form of columnar tungsten grains with such a preferred orientation is particularly advantageous, in particular with regard to thermal conductivity.
- One possibility for producing the intermediate layer made of tungsten or a tungsten-based alloy is to deposit it by sputtering from a target of corresponding composition.
- the intermediate layer comprises a mixture of tungsten and molybdenum.
- the intermediate layer of tungsten and molybdenum creates an additional barrier against the diffusion of carbon into the base body.
- the diffusion constant of carbon is significantly reduced compared to diffusion in pure molybdenum.
- tungsten if it is present through diffusion along grain boundaries of the molybdenum, can act as a carbon getter and intercept harmful carbon diffusion.
- the composition of the intermediate layer is between 1 at.% tungsten and 100 at.% tungsten, with the remainder optionally molybdenum and usual impurities.
- the intermediate layer contains grains of a molybdenum-based material, at the grain boundaries of which tungsten is present. It is therefore preferably provided that the grain boundaries of the grains are enriched with a molybdenum-based material, for example through diffusion.
- Such an intermediate layer is preferably produced by coating with tungsten and subsequent heat treatment, which causes tungsten to diffuse into a surface zone of the base material.
- the intermediate layer is also preferably designed to be graded.
- the intermediate layer preferably has a gradient with respect to the tungsten content such that the tungsten content in the intermediate layer decreases starting from the coating in the direction of the base body.
- the above tungsten contents in the intermediate layer refer to an average composition along the thickness of the intermediate layer.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is between 500 nm and 20 ⁇ m.
- the intermediate layer is preferably between 500 nm and 8 ⁇ m thick, more preferably between 3 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m thick.
- the base body comprises a molybdenum alloy with carbide components.
- carbide components are present as dispersoids.
- Dispersoids are particles that are finely distributed in a matrix. Dispersoids can be added as particles or obtained by precipitation.
- the molybdenum alloy known as TZM with contents of titanium, zirconium and carbon is particularly suitable as a base body.
- the molybdenum alloy TZM contains carbides of zirconium and titanium in particular.
- TZM Compared to pure molybdenum, TZM is stronger and has a higher recrystallization temperature and a higher creep strength.
- the applicant has determined that the adhesion of the tungsten carbide coating to a base body made of a molybdenum alloy with carbide components is further improved compared to a base body made of pure molybdenum. Without committing to a scientific explanation, it is assumed that the bonding of the tungsten carbide coating is further improved by the carbide species in the substrate (here: the base body). As a preferred development, it is therefore provided that the base body consists of a molybdenum alloy with carbide components, in particular TZM.
- the composite body according to the invention is particularly suitable for applications of molybdenum-based materials in a carburizing atmosphere.
- diffusion of carbon into the base body made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy is effectively prevented by the coating comprising tungsten carbide.
- the coating comprising tungsten carbide forms an effective diffusion barrier against diffusion of carbon into the molybdenum base material.
- the diffusion constant of carbon in tungsten carbide is several orders of magnitude lower than the diffusion constant of carbon in molybdenum. If molybdenum is used unprotected in a carburizing atmosphere, molybdenum carbide, particularly Mo 2 C, forms on the surface.
- molybdenum carbide, particularly Mo 2 C forms on the surface.
- the compound Mo 2 C has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than metallic molybdenum.
- CTE mismatch A difference in the thermal expansion coefficients, particularly in connection with a layer and a substrate, is referred to as a "CTE mismatch". Carburization of the base material molybdenum and the described CTE mismatch can, among other influencing factors, lead to flaking and loss of substance in the base material.
- Public Protection is also sought for the use of a previously described composite body as a component in a high-temperature furnace. This includes, in particular, radiation shields as well as holders and charging devices. Protection is also sought for the use of a previously described composite body as a substrate in the production of synthetic diamonds. Also relevant are applications of the composite body as components in chemical reactors. Protection is sought for a method for producing a composite body. The method provides for a coating comprising tungsten carbide to be formed at least in sections on a base body made of a molybdenum-based material, for example molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy.
- the method comprises the steps of: providing a base body made of a molybdenum-based material, a) coating a surface of the base body with metallic tungsten in order to form a metallic film of tungsten on the surface and then at least partially carburizing the metallic film to tungsten carbide or b) coating a surface of the base body by depositing tungsten carbide by sputtering from a tungsten carbide target or by reactive sputtering from a tungsten-containing target in a carburizing atmosphere.
- a layer is applied via a gas phase process, which results in the previously explained advantages of the coating.
- the formation of the coating of tungsten carbide can take place indirectly, according to the first alternative, or directly, according to the second process alternative. It would also be conceivable to combine the two process variants.
- a surface of the base body on which the coating of tungsten carbide is subsequently applied can be coated with tungsten carbide.
- an intermediate layer can be formed.
- the intermediate layer can be formed as a layer of tungsten.
- An intermediate layer made of tungsten is obtainable, for example, by not completely carburizing the previously deposited metallic film of tungsten in the process variant of the indirect production of the coating from tungsten carbide. The parameters for this can be determined by a person skilled in the art through experiments.
- the intermediate layer is formed in particular from molybdenum with tungsten.
- An intermediate layer made of tungsten and molybdenum creates an additional barrier against the diffusion of carbon into the base body.
- it is preferably provided to deposit metallic tungsten on the base body, for example by sputtering from a tungsten target.
- the base body coated in this way is then subjected to a heat treatment such that tungsten diffuses into the molybdenum-based base body.
- the process for producing the composite body is explained in more detail below.
- Production example 1 Molybdenum and TZM discs measuring 10 mm x 5 mm were first coated with a 5 ⁇ m thick metallic film of tungsten by sputtering from a tungsten target. The samples were then heat-treated in a tube furnace (manufacturer: Reetz GmbH) under a carburizing atmosphere. Ar/CH4 (argon/methane) with the composition argon 99 vol.% + methane 1 vol.% with a flow rate of 10 L/h was used as the carburizing gas mixture. It was heated to 1000 °C with a ramp of 15 K/min and to the corresponding test temperature with 10 K/min. Cooling took place under the same gas mixture.
- Ar/CH4 argon/methane
- test specimens made of TZM were coated by sputtering from a WC target. The samples were sandblasted before coating. In order to compensate for the different sputtering rates of tungsten and carbon, the target was doped with graphite in a WC/C (tungsten carbide to carbon) ratio of 85/15 mol.% (mol percent).
- the grains of the coating By growing the grains of the coating on the surface of the base body in a gas phase process, there is a chemical bond between the base body and the coating and thus a more intimate cohesion than with a purely mechanical entanglement such as with powder application.
- Another feature that can be achieved by depositing the coating via a gas phase is the formation of a microstructure with at least partially stalked grains.
- Fig.1 a composite body in a first embodiment
- Fig.2 a step in the production of a composite body Fig.3 a next step in the production of a composite body
- Fig.4 a further step in the production of a composite body
- Fig.5 a scanning electron micrograph of an intermediate stage in the production of a composite body
- Fig.6 a scanning electron micrograph of a composite body
- Fig.7 a scanning electron micrograph (fracture image) of a composite body with intermediate layer
- Fig.8 schematically the structure of a composite body with intermediate layer
- Fig.9 a scanning electron micrograph (fracture image) of a composite body in a further embodiment
- Public Figure 1 shows a schematic of a composite body 1 in a first exemplary embodiment.
- the composite body 1 comprises a base body 2 made of a molybdenum-based material, on the surface of which a coating 3 based on tungsten carbide is formed at least in sections.
- the proportions are not shown to scale for reasons of clarity. In reality, the coating 3 is usually significantly thinner in relation to the thickness of the base body 2.
- Figure 2 shows a schematic of a first step in the production of a composite body 1 according to a first process variant.
- Metallic tungsten is deposited on a surface 21 of the base body 2 by sputtering a target 5.
- tungsten could also be deposited using CVD (chemical vapor deposition).
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- tungsten hexafluoride (WF 6 ) is used as a precursor for the deposition of tungsten.
- the aids used to transport the metallic element here: tungsten
- the base body 2 shown in Figure 3 can be obtained with a metallic film 51 of tungsten using the process step illustrated in Figure 2.
- Figure 4 illustrates a subsequent process step in which the metallic film 51 of tungsten is carburized with carbon ("C").
- C carbon
- the composite body 1 By carburizing the metallic tungsten into tungsten carbide, a composite body 1 according to Figure 1 is obtained.
- the metallic film 51 of tungsten therefore serves as a precursor layer for the coating 3.
- the composite body 1 can be obtained by forming a coating 3 based on tungsten carbide directly on a base body 2. This can be done, for example, by cathode sputtering from a target based on tungsten carbide.
- Optional processing steps can be carried out to smooth and/or clean the composite body 1. For example, it can be useful to gently blast or grind the coating 3.
- Tungsten carbide is preferably used as the blasting material in order to avoid contamination of the coating 3.
- Figure 5 shows a scanning electron micrograph of a base body 2 made of a molybdenum-based material, in the present embodiment made of TZM, with a metallic film 51 made of tungsten, as corresponds to the situation in Figure 3.
- the film 51 made of tungsten was deposited by cathode sputtering. The sample coated with tungsten was broken as sample preparation. A fracture pattern is therefore shown here.
- a layer thickness t W of the metallic film 51 made of tungsten was around 5 ⁇ m in this example.
- the columnar grains made of tungsten which have a preferred orientation with respect to the surface 21 of the base body 2, are clearly visible.
- the columnar tungsten grains are oriented essentially perpendicular to the surface 21.
- the longitudinal axes of the columnar tungsten grains run essentially parallel to a surface normal N of the surface 21 of the base body 2.
- An extension of the columnar tungsten grains parallel to the surface normal N in the present example is such that at least one to two grains are formed along the layer thickness t W.
- a grain width of the columnar tungsten grains normal to their longitudinal axis was around 200 nm in the present example.
- the columnar tungsten grains typically have grain lengths that correspond to half the layer thickness of the metallic film 51 made of tungsten. Public A grain aspect ratio of the columnar tungsten grains is therefore around 12.5 from the ratio of half the layer thickness (2.5 ⁇ m) to a grain width (0.20 ⁇ m).
- the metallic film 51 made of tungsten depicts a morphology of the base body 2. Structures on the surface 21 of the base body 2 continue in the metallic film 51 made of tungsten.
- the layer thickness tW of the metallic film 51 made of tungsten is essentially constant along the surface 21 of the base body 2.
- the metallic film 51 made of tungsten has excellent layer adhesion to the base body 2.
- Figure 6 shows a scanning electron micrograph of a composite body 1 with a base body 2, here made of TZM, with a coating 3 made of tungsten carbide. A fracture pattern is shown here.
- the coating 3 in this embodiment was obtained by carburizing a metallic precursor layer made of tungsten.
- the composite body 1 has an intermediate layer 4 made of metallic tungsten, which is present between the surface 21 of the base body 2 and the coating 3 made of tungsten carbide.
- a thickness t of the coating 3 in the example was about 2 ⁇ m
- a thickness t ZW of the intermediate layer 4 was about 3 ⁇ m.
- the variation of the total thickness (t + tZW) of the coating 3 and the intermediate layer 4 was less than 10% in the present example, as is particularly preferred.
- the total thickness (t + tZW) was measured under the scanning electron microscope at ten different locations, with the locations having at least one public total thickness from each other and the section under consideration was within 5000 ⁇ m. An average total thickness was determined from the ten measurements. The deviation of the individual thicknesses from the average layer thickness was less than 10%. Rod-like grains of tungsten can be seen in the intermediate layer 4.
- the zone carburized to tungsten carbide, which corresponds to coating 3, has fine-crystalline grains of tungsten carbide.
- Figure 7 shows a scanning electron microscope image of the same embodiment as shown in Figure 6; in this case the image was taken on an etched section.
- the rod-like grains of tungsten in the intermediate layer 4 are clearly visible.
- the rod-like tungsten grains are oriented essentially perpendicular to the surface 21.
- the longitudinal axes of the columnar tungsten grains run essentially parallel to a surface normal N of the surface 21 of the base body 2.
- the phrase "essentially perpendicular” also includes angular deviations of d 15 ° in terms of the amount. It corresponds to a preferred development that columnar tungsten grains have a preferred orientation as essentially normal to the surface 21 of the base body 2, whereby angular deviations of d 15 ° are also included.
- the microstructure of the carburized area i.e. the coating 3, comprises fine-crystalline grains of tungsten carbide.
- a dashed box highlights an image section "D" in which a pore proportion was measured using quantitative microstructure analysis.
- the expert can recognize pores in the microstructure and mark them in a suitable image processing program.
- the image processing program can add up the marked pore areas.
- the section shown in Figure 7 could be used for comparison if necessary. Public
- the total area of the selected image section was around 82 ⁇ m 2 .
- the total area of pores in the selected image section was 0.75 ⁇ m 2 .
- the pore proportion results from the ratio of the total area of pores to the total area of the selected image section and was determined to be 0.92% in the present example.
- Figure 8 shows a schematic of the structure of a composite body 1 with a coating 3 made of tungsten carbide.
- the composite body 1 has an intermediate layer 4 made of metallic tungsten, which is present between the surface 21 of the base body 2 and the coating 3 made of tungsten carbide.
- Figure 9 shows a scanning electron microscope image of a composite body 1 with a base body 2, here made of TZM, with a coating 3 made of tungsten carbide.
- the image shows a fracture pattern.
- the coating 3 made of tungsten carbide was applied directly by sputtering with a tungsten carbide target.
- the thickness t of the coating in the exemplary embodiment is around 4 ⁇ m and has a particularly small variation in thickness. It is clearly visible that the coating 3 depicts surface contours of the substrate (here: the base body).
- the microstructure of the coating 3 is extremely fine and consists of nanocrystalline grains made of tungsten carbide.
- the grain size is a few nanometers and cannot be resolved with the scanning electron microscope used in the selected contrast mode.
- the coating is entirely nanocrystalline.
- the coating 3 formed in this way has excellent layer adhesion to the substrate, the base body 2.
- the coating is extremely strong and at the same time tough due to its fine grain.
- the coating is virtually pore-free. No pores 5 could be detected.
- Such a pore-free layer is - as already described at the beginning - particularly advantageous in terms of strength and impermeability, among other things.
- an additional intermediate layer 10 can also be formed for the variant of the coating deposited from a WC target. Public
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Abstract
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| EP24735852.6A EP4728111A1 (de) | 2023-06-15 | 2024-06-06 | Verbundkörper |
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| ATGM50104/2023 | 2023-06-15 | ||
| ATGM50104/2023U AT18281U1 (de) | 2023-06-15 | 2023-06-15 | Verbundkörper |
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| WO2024254627A1 true WO2024254627A1 (de) | 2024-12-19 |
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| PCT/AT2024/060221 Ceased WO2024254627A1 (de) | 2023-06-15 | 2024-06-06 | Verbundkörper |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP4728111A1 (de) |
| AT (1) | AT18281U1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024254627A1 (de) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4038190A1 (de) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-06-13 | Gen Electric | Einkristalliner diamant sehr hoher thermischer leitfaehigkeit |
| US5277987A (en) * | 1991-02-01 | 1994-01-11 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | High hardness fine grained beta tungsten carbide |
| CN110541150A (zh) * | 2019-08-22 | 2019-12-06 | 沈阳科友真空技术有限公司 | 一种干簧管继电器触点用多层膜结构及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1296069B (de) * | 1963-01-18 | 1969-05-22 | Sigri Elektrographit Gmbh | Hochtemperaturbestaendiger Formkoerper |
| AT278983B (de) * | 1968-08-12 | 1970-02-25 | Plansee Metallwerk | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Drehanoden für Röntgenröhren |
| US6815052B2 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2004-11-09 | P1 Diamond, Inc. | Filled diamond foam material and method for forming same |
| EP2495226B1 (de) * | 2011-03-01 | 2018-10-31 | United Technologies Corporation | Kompositgegenstand mit einer keramischen Nanokompositschicht |
| DE102012210355A1 (de) * | 2012-06-20 | 2013-12-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Drehanode und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| EP3070073B1 (de) * | 2015-03-19 | 2019-09-18 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Diffusionsbarriereschicht für keramische verbundwerkstoffe |
-
2023
- 2023-06-15 AT ATGM50104/2023U patent/AT18281U1/de unknown
-
2024
- 2024-06-06 EP EP24735852.6A patent/EP4728111A1/de active Pending
- 2024-06-06 WO PCT/AT2024/060221 patent/WO2024254627A1/de not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4038190A1 (de) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-06-13 | Gen Electric | Einkristalliner diamant sehr hoher thermischer leitfaehigkeit |
| US5277987A (en) * | 1991-02-01 | 1994-01-11 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | High hardness fine grained beta tungsten carbide |
| CN110541150A (zh) * | 2019-08-22 | 2019-12-06 | 沈阳科友真空技术有限公司 | 一种干簧管继电器触点用多层膜结构及其制备方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
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| KARDOULAKI ET AL.: "das Problem der Reaktion von Molybdän in graphitischen Reaktoren beschrieben und verschiedene Nitrid-, Oxid und Karbidschichten als Lösungsansatz diskutiert", ALS SCHUTZSCHICHTEN FÜR MOLYBDÄN WERDEN DARIN TIC, ZRC, TAC, NBC, UND SIC VORGESCHLAGEN |
| KARDOULAKI, E.NIZOLEK, T.LUTHER, E.SWARTZ, M: "On the Interactions of Molybdenum and Graphite, a Promising Material System for Microreactors", JOM, vol. 73, 2021, pages 3499 - 3512, XP037611724, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-> DOI: 10.1007/s11837-021-04876-8 |
| PLANSEE /: "PDS - PRODUKTDATENBLATT", 11 July 2022 (2022-07-11), XP093208182, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.plansee.com/download/?DOKNR=PSE-030-PDS-018&DOKAR=QM1&DOKTL=000> * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| AT18281U1 (de) | 2024-08-15 |
| EP4728111A1 (de) | 2026-04-22 |
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