WO2024256056A1 - Séparation de cu et de ni à partir de minerai à l'aide de h2o2 - Google Patents

Séparation de cu et de ni à partir de minerai à l'aide de h2o2 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024256056A1
WO2024256056A1 PCT/EP2024/059456 EP2024059456W WO2024256056A1 WO 2024256056 A1 WO2024256056 A1 WO 2024256056A1 EP 2024059456 W EP2024059456 W EP 2024059456W WO 2024256056 A1 WO2024256056 A1 WO 2024256056A1
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Prior art keywords
ore
process according
conditioning
amount
concentrate
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Inventor
Mitchell LANCASTER
Alun Pryce James
Oscar VASQUEZ
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Solvay SA
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Solvay SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/02—Froth-flotation processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/001—Flotation agents
    • B03D1/002—Inorganic compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/02—Froth-flotation processes
    • B03D1/028—Control and monitoring of flotation processes; computer models therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/001—Flotation agents
    • B03D1/004—Organic compounds
    • B03D1/008—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/001—Flotation agents
    • B03D1/004—Organic compounds
    • B03D1/01—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/001—Flotation agents
    • B03D1/004—Organic compounds
    • B03D1/012—Organic compounds containing sulfur
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D1/00—Flotation
    • B03D1/001—Flotation agents
    • B03D1/004—Organic compounds
    • B03D1/014—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
    • B03D2201/007—Modifying reagents for adjusting pH or conductivity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
    • B03D2201/02—Collectors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
    • B03D2201/06—Depressants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
    • B03D2203/00—Specified materials treated by the flotation agents; Specified applications
    • B03D2203/02—Ores

Definitions

  • the present relates to a process for extracting Ni and Cu from an ore comprising Ni and Cu and separating Ni from Cu.
  • Ni and Cu are of economic importance. Such Ni-and Cu- containing ores can be subjected to froth flotation to recover the desired mineral and discard any gangue minerals.
  • this process comprises aeration of a dispersion of the ground ore to form a froth on the surface.
  • the froth contains hydrophobic particles whereas the underflow contains hydrophilic particles.
  • the froth is then separated from the underflow to produce a purified concentrate.
  • a process for extracting Ni and Cu from an ore comprising Ni and Cu and separating Ni from Cu comprising the steps of: a) conditioning the ore to provide a conditioned ore, b) subjecting the conditioned ore to froth flotation to provide a concentrate and an underflow, and c) recovering Cu in the concentrate and Ni in the underflow, wherein conditioning the ore is conducted in the presence of H2O2 at a pH value of above 7.0, and
  • H2O2 is used in an amount of 50 g to 500 g H2O2 per It of the ore.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of H2O2 in a conditioning step for extracting Ni and Cu from an ore and separating Ni from Cu by froth flotation.
  • wt.-% refers to the amount of the respective component by weight based on the total amount of the composition, unless noted otherwise.
  • a depressant means one depressant or more than one depressant.
  • ore refers to a naturally occurring mineral from which a metal and other elements can be extracted. Metals are commonly present as oxides, aresenides, sulfides, sulfates or silicates.
  • conditioning refers to treating a ground ore with reagents, such as collectors, frothers, froth phase modifiers, dispersants, depressants, suppressants, pH regulators, and activators for a certain time period before subjecting the conditioned ore to froth flotation. Conditioning is applied to increase yield and/or ease of separation during froth flotation.
  • reagents such as collectors, frothers, froth phase modifiers, dispersants, depressants, suppressants, pH regulators, and activators for a certain time period before subjecting the conditioned ore to froth flotation. Conditioning is applied to increase yield and/or ease of separation during froth flotation.
  • froth flotation refers to a method for separating minerals from a dispersion of ground ore by applying a gas, usually air, through the dispersion to form a froth or float on the surface.
  • the float contains hydrophobic particles whereas the underflow contains hydrophilic particles.
  • the float can also synonymously be called “froth” or “concentrate” and the underflow can also synonymously be called “tails” or “tailings”.
  • the concentrate refers to material produced after removal of gangue minerals, leaving minerals of value in the concentrate. Froth flotation can be carried out using equipment and procedures known in the art.
  • Froth flotation can be carried out using equipment and procedures known in the art, such as a Denver, Galigher, Wemco, Outokumpo, Sala, or a Jameson cell.
  • the conditioning step ends and the froth flotation step starts.
  • the conditioning step takes place before the gas is starting to be applied or until the gas is started to be applied.
  • the froth flotation step starts as soon as the gas is started to be applied.
  • ore comprising Ni and Cu refers to an ore comprising minerals containing Ni and Cu ions, e.g., nickel sulfides and copper sulfides. Such an ore may comprise as nickel containing mineral violarite, millerite, lattice substituted/doped pyrrhotite and/or pentlandite. Such an ore may comprise as copper containing mineral chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and/or bornite.
  • collector refers to a compound that increases the amount of desired mineral that is formed in the froth, i.e., a compound that renders the minerals water-repellents and increase attachment of the desired mineral to the air bubbles during froth flotation.
  • Alkyl xanthate salts and dialkyl xanthogen formate are widely used collectors, in particular for Cu.
  • frother refers to a compound that increases the amount and/or stability of the froth that is formed during froth flotation.
  • frothers are surface-active compounds that commonly contain a polar group and a hydrocarbon chain.
  • Non-limiting examples of frothers include phenols, alkylaryl sulfonates, aliphatic alcohols, alkoxy paraffins, , and polyglycol ethers.
  • Different flotation reagents are disclosed in the “ Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice” , vol 2, 2007, Elsevier B.V. by S. M. Bulatovic.
  • froth phase modifier refers to a compound that controls the interaction of collectors between specific minerals. These compounds show an activating or depressing action in flotation.
  • froth phase modifier is a generic term that may encompass depressants, pH regulators and activators.
  • dispenser refers to compounds, usually polymers, that either increase the stability of the ore in the slurry or that prevent the formation of slimes during flotation.
  • depressant refers to a compound that reduces the amount of specific minerals that attach to air bubbles during froth flotation.
  • depressants selectively inhibit the interaction of a specific mineral with the collector.
  • the depressant is selective for certain minerals and not others, it is preferred that the depressant is a depressant for gangue minerals and/or a Ni depressant.
  • pH regulator refers to a compound that regulates the pH value.
  • inorganic acids such as aqueous HC1
  • inorganic bases such as lime.
  • lime can be a pH regulator and a froth phase modifier.
  • the present invention relates to a process for extracting Ni and Cu from an ore comprising Ni and Cu and separating Ni from Cu, the process comprising the steps of: a) conditioning the ore to provide a conditioned ore, b) subjecting the conditioned ore to froth flotation to provide a concentrate and an underflow, and c) recovering Cu in the concentrate and Ni in the underflow, wherein conditioning the ore is conducted in the presence of H2O2 at a pH value of above 7.0, and
  • H2O2 is used in an amount of 50 g to 500 g H2O2 per It of the ore.
  • the term “for extracting Ni and Cu” encompasses partial extraction of Ni and Cu.
  • the term “for separating Ni from Cu” encompasses partial separation of Ni from Cu.
  • Ni and Cu do not need to be separated completely from each other and the Ni to Cu wt. -ratio in the concentrate is different than in the ore.
  • the Ni to Cu wt.-ratio in the concentrate is lower than the Ni to Cu wt.-ratio in the ore.
  • the concentrate can be enriched with Cu.
  • the Ni to Cu wt.-ratio is larger in the underflow than the Ni to Cu wt.-ratio in the ore.
  • the term “recovering” can comprise further process steps, such as drying and/or a further froth flotation.
  • the pH value during the froth flotation process is important, yet plays a complex role.
  • the conditioning is conducted at a pH value of 8.0 to 13.0, preferably at a pH value of 9.0 to 11.0. It is preferred that the conditioning is conducted at a uniform pH value. It is further preferred that the pH value is adjusted before the ore is conditioned. Without being bound by theory, it is believed under basic pH, the H2O2 will alter the surface structure of the Ni-containing minerals while not altering the surface structure of Cu- containing minerals, thus making the Ni-containing minerals more hydrophilic and increasing the amount of Ni-containing minerals in the underflow.
  • the pH is measured by a glass pH electrode placed into the slurry present during conditioning, preferably following the grind of the ore.
  • the probe is calibrated with commercially available, certified buffer solutions.
  • a flotation reagent selected from collectors, frothers, froth phase modifiers, dispersants, depressants, suppressants, pH regulators, activators, and two or more thereof is added during the process. It is preferred that at least a collector, a frother, and a depressant are added during the process. In particular, said reagents are added during the conditioning of the ore. In an embodiment, during the conditioning step of the ore, first a collector is added, followed by frother, followed by a depressant.
  • a Cu collector selected from metal alkyl xanthates, preferably potassium amyl xanthate, phosphonic acids, phosphoric acid esters, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, metal alkyl sulfates, metal alkyl sulfonates, dialkyl or diaryl dithiophosphoric acids and salts thereof, mercaptobenzothiazole, xanthogen formates, alkyl ethoxycarbonyl thioureas, thionocarbamates, tertiary dodecyl mercaptans, and mixtures of two or more thereof is added during conditioning of the ore. It is preferred that the Cu collector comprises a metal alkyl xanthate.
  • metal preferably refers to alkali metals in this context, such as sodium and potassium.
  • metal alkyl xanthates are sodium isopropyl xanthate, potassium isopropyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, potassium isobutyl xanthate, sodium amyl xanthate and potassium amyl xanthate. It is particularly preferred that potassium amyl xanthate is added as a Cu collector during the process.
  • the concentrate contains at least 84 % Cu based on the amount of Cu in the ore.
  • the concentrate contains at least 8.4 g Cu.
  • the amount of Cu can preferably be determined by wavelength-dispersive XRF (x-ray fluorescence) measurements, for example measured by an Epsilon 1 benchtop XRF analyzer from Malvern Panalytical.
  • the amount of Cu can be determined by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) or SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) analysis.
  • the concentrate contains not more than 60 %, not more than 50 % or not more than 45 % Ni based on the amount of Ni in the ore. In an embodiment, the concentrate has a Cu to Ni selectivity of at least 30 % at least 35 % or at least 40 %.
  • the selectivity “S” of the concentrate is defined as follows:
  • the ore comprises 0.01 to 10.0 wt.-%, 0.05 to 8.0 wt.- % or 0.1 to 5.0 wt.-% Cu. In an embodiment, the ore comprises 0.01 to 10.0 wt.- %, 0.05 to 8.0 wt.-% or 0.1 to 5.0 wt.-% Ni.
  • the ore comprises 0.10 to 2.0 wt.-% Cu and 0.10 to 2.0 wt.-% Ni. It has surprisingly been found that for ores having such a low Cu and Ni content, the Cu and Ni can efficiently be extracted and the minerals containing Cu and Ni can be separated.
  • the type of ore is not particularly limited as long as it contains Ni and Cu.
  • the ore comprises nickel sulfides, iron sulfides and/or copper sulfides, preferably pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and/or pentlandite, more preferably the ore comprises pentlandite as Ni-containing mineral and chalcopyrite as Cu-containing mineral.
  • the invention relates to a process for extracting a nickel sulfide and a copper sulfide from an ore comprising a nickel sulfide and a copper sulfide and separating the nickel sulfide from the copper sulfide, the process comprising the steps of a) conditioning the ore to provide a conditioned ore, b) subjecting the conditioned ore to froth flotation to provide a concentrate and an underflow, and c) recovering copper sulfide in the concentrate and nickel sulfide in the underflow, wherein conditioning the ore is conducted in the presence of H2O2 at a pH value of above 7.0, and
  • H2O2 is used in an amount of 50 g to 500 g H2O2 per It of the ore.
  • a depressant selected from calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium cyanide, sodium silicate, sodium sulfite, sodium metabisulfite, triethylenetetramine, diethylenetriamine, starch, guar, dextrins, carboxymethyl cellulose, and mixtures of two or more thereof is added during conditioning of the ore.
  • carboxymethyl cellulose is added as a depressant.
  • the H2O2 is added as a 10 wt.-% to 80 wt.-% H2O2 aqueous solution. It is preferred to use the H2O2 in concentrated aqueous solution, e.g. as 50 wt.-% aqueous solution. Such concentrates may comprise stabilizers.
  • H2O2 is used in an amount of 60 g to 400 g H2O2 per It of the ore, preferably in an amount of 70 g to 300 g H2O2 per It of the ore, more preferably in an amount of 80 g to 200 g H2O2 per It of the ore. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the H2O2 is added in an amount of 90 to 150 g H2O2 per It of the ore.
  • the ore is provided with a particle size Pxo of 10 pm to 300 pm, preferably by grinding the ore before conditioning the ore.
  • a ground dispersion of the ore is also referred to as pulp.
  • the ore is provided with a particle size Pxo of 50 pm to 200 pm.
  • the particle size may be determined by sieving, using a set of screens or meshes, e.g., a vibratory sieve shaker, to separate the various particles by their respective size.
  • the Pxo particle size refers to a weight-based particle size distribution.
  • the particle size is determined by sieve analysis, e.g., according to ASTM C136/C136M-19.
  • Grinding can be performed by any method known in the art, such as ball or rod milling.
  • Providing the ore with the above-mentioned particle size increases the surfaces area of the ore, thus facilitating the conditioning process.
  • this particle size range facilitates the froth flotation process.
  • the conditioned ore is subjected to froth flotation for at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes, or at least 25 minutes.
  • the concentrate may be separated continuously or in a batch-wise fashion from the underflow.
  • no H2O2 is added during the froth flotation.
  • H2O2 is added during the conditioning step only and the ore is then conditioned in the presence of H2O2.
  • the invention further relates to the use of H2O2 in a conditioning step for extracting Ni and Cu from an ore and separating Ni from Cu by froth flotation.
  • pH measurements were taken on a Sensorex S200C pH probe interfaced to a ThermoFisher Orion DualStar pH meter.
  • the pH meter was calibrated daily using pH 4, 7, and 10 buffers purchased from ThermoFisher. Calibration was completed daily prior to any flotation testing.
  • Ni and Cu containing ore comprising the minerals chalcopyrite, pentlandite and pyrrhotite.
  • the ore contained 0.31 wt.-% Cu, 0.23 wt.-% Ni, 8.89 wt.-% Fe, 1.76 wt.-% S and 19.4 wt.-% MgO.
  • H2O2 was added (Example 1 : 100 g / It ore; Comparative Example 1 : 0 g / It ore) as a 50 wt.-% aqueous solution and the slurry was stirred for 5 min to obtain a conditioned ore.
  • the H2O2 addition amount was controlled through injecting a known volume of solution into the slurry through a syringe. pH and ORP could also be used to monitor H2O2 addition. H2O2 addition only occurred prior to flotation.
  • the underflow was subjected to an additional froth flotation using a 50 g/ It of Ni collector (sodium isobutyl xanthate), additional frother (alcohol and glycol-based frother; OREPREP®) and additional depressant (carboxymethyl cellulose) and the Ni recovery from said second froth flotation was determined.
  • the Cu and Ni content were measured using an ICP-OESanalyzer.
  • the metals were dissolved by acid digestion and reference samples with a predetermined concentration of metal ions were used for calibration. The results (recovery) are based on the total amount of Ni (or Cu respectively) in the ore and are summarized in the Table below.
  • # Ni recovery from the underflow was obtained by performing a second froth flotation of the underflow with a Ni collector and measuring Ni content in the froth.
  • the amount of copper recovered from the float is increased by the addition of H2O2 and the amount of Ni that can be recovered from the underflow is also increased, thus indicating that the separation of Cu and Ni during the second froth flotation is facilitated by the addition of H2O2.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé d'extraction de Ni et de Cu à partir d'un minerai comprenant du Ni et du Cu et de séparation de Ni de Cu, le procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à: a) conditionner le minerai pour fournir un minerai conditionné, b) soumettre le minerai conditionné à une flottation par mousse pour fournir un concentré et un sous-écoulement, et c) récupérer du Cu dans le concentré et du Ni dans le sous-écoulement, le conditionnement du minerai étant effectué en présence de H2O2 à une valeur de pH supérieure à 7,0, et le H2O2 étant utilisé dans une quantité de 50 g à 500 g d'H2O2 par 1t du minerai.
PCT/EP2024/059456 2023-06-13 2024-04-08 Séparation de cu et de ni à partir de minerai à l'aide de h2o2 Pending WO2024256056A1 (fr)

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US202363507788P 2023-06-13 2023-06-13
US63/507,788 2023-06-13

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1104274A (fr) * 1978-12-04 1981-06-30 Gordon E. Agar Separation des sulfures par oxydation selective
US7004326B1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-02-28 Inco Limited Arsenide depression in flotation of multi-sulfide minerals
US9849465B2 (en) * 2012-02-16 2017-12-26 Cp Kelco Oy Mineral ore flotation using carboxymethyl cellulose with different characteristics in different flotation cells

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1104274A (fr) * 1978-12-04 1981-06-30 Gordon E. Agar Separation des sulfures par oxydation selective
US7004326B1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-02-28 Inco Limited Arsenide depression in flotation of multi-sulfide minerals
US9849465B2 (en) * 2012-02-16 2017-12-26 Cp Kelco Oy Mineral ore flotation using carboxymethyl cellulose with different characteristics in different flotation cells

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHIMONYO WONDER ET AL: "The use of oxidising agents for control of electrochemical potential in flotation", MINERALS ENGINEERING, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 109, 3 April 2017 (2017-04-03), pages 135 - 143, XP085022016, ISSN: 0892-6875, DOI: 10.1016/J.MINENG.2017.03.011 *
S. M. BULATOVIC: "Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice", vol. 2, ELSEVIER B.V., article "Flotation of Nickel and Nickel-Copper Ores"

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