WO2024256546A1 - Reacteur nucleaire calogene a caloporteur en metal liquide et a cœur comprenant des tubes etanches au caloporteur logeant chacun des particules de combustible nucleaire, dites triso - Google Patents
Reacteur nucleaire calogene a caloporteur en metal liquide et a cœur comprenant des tubes etanches au caloporteur logeant chacun des particules de combustible nucleaire, dites triso Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024256546A1 WO2024256546A1 PCT/EP2024/066378 EP2024066378W WO2024256546A1 WO 2024256546 A1 WO2024256546 A1 WO 2024256546A1 EP 2024066378 W EP2024066378 W EP 2024066378W WO 2024256546 A1 WO2024256546 A1 WO 2024256546A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- liquid metal
- core
- nuclear reactor
- nuclear
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
- G21C1/06—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated
- G21C1/14—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor
- G21C1/16—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor moderator and coolant being different or separated, e.g. sodium-graphite reactor, sodium-heavy water reactor or organic coolant-heavy water reactor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
- G21C15/02—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices
- G21C15/04—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices from fissile or breeder material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
- G21C15/24—Promoting flow of the coolant
- G21C15/26—Promoting flow of the coolant by convection, e.g. using chimneys, using divergent channels
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/28—Fuel elements with fissile or breeder material in solid form within a non-active casing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
- G21C3/62—Ceramic fuel
- G21C3/626—Coated fuel particles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
- G21C5/12—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by composition, e.g. the moderator containing additional substances which ensure improved heat resistance of the moderator
- G21C5/126—Carbonic moderators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D9/00—Arrangements to provide heat for purposes other than conversion into power, e.g. for heating buildings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of solid fuel nuclear reactors cooled with liquid metal type heat transfer fluid(s), in particular with liquid sodium.
- the main objective of the invention is therefore to provide a nuclear reactor for calogenic purposes which operates at low pressure, typically less than 5 bars and which is intended to provide relatively high thermal power, of the order of a few tens to hundreds of MWth.
- the invention aims to achieve a mainly thermal coupling between a nuclear reactor and an industrial production site, for example chemical installations for the production of ammonia or sodium carbonate.
- heat-generating is meant here and within the scope of the invention, a nuclear installation, a nuclear power plant or a nuclear reactor whose power can be dedicated mainly to the supply of heat.
- the power of a heat-generating reactor can be 100% to supply heat. In its heat-generating configuration, a small part of its power can still be used to supply electricity.
- the invention can be applied to any other liquid metal, such as lead, as a heat transfer fluid for a primary circuit of a nuclear reactor.
- the invention can also be applied to reactors with fast neutron spectra.
- SMR reactor small power reactors or SMR in English (acronym for “Small Modular Reactor”), typically with an operating power less than or equal to 150 MWth.
- SMR reactor is meant here and within the scope of the invention, the usual technological meaning, namely a nuclear fission reactor, of smaller size and power than those of conventional PWR reactors, which is manufactured in a factory and transported to a nuclear installation site to be installed there.
- pressurized water reactors are the most suitable for providing heat at relatively low temperatures.
- REPs are those which make it possible to immediately supply a power level of a few dozen MWth, mainly for the purpose of supplying so-called urban heat, i.e. in urban networks, for towns/agglomerations of several hundred thousand inhabitants.
- Boiling water reactors are designed to produce steam in a primary circuit directly used in a turbo-alternator group, in order to produce electricity.
- candidate SMR reactors In addition to their ease of use and the compactness that would allow them to be transported by land, candidate SMR reactors must present intrinsic safety. The inventor took stock of existing mature technologies that could be implemented in SMR nuclear reactors to provide relatively high-temperature heat on site to industries that are difficult to decarbonize by electricity, such as ammonia or sodium carbonate production facilities.
- High temperature reactors are thermal spectrum reactors, with graphite moderators and cooled by a heat transfer fluid called “transparent” to neutrons. They offer the possibility of reaching high heat transfer fluid temperatures, typically of the order of 750°C at the core outlet.
- this heat transfer fluid is helium under pressure.
- the demonstrator of the company Kairos Power named Hermès, a so-called ionic heat transfer fluid was considered, consisting of molten salts based on fluoride salts.
- the nuclear fuel used consists of particles called TRISO (acronym for “TRIStructural ISOtropic”).
- TRISO acronym for “TRIStructural ISOtropic”.
- Each of the particles is formed of a uranium oxide core coated with layers based on carbon compounds that serve as a first containment barrier to retain the fission products.
- the particles thus have the appearance of balls approximately 1 millimeter thick. They are compacted in graphite matrices (called compacts or balls) so that the coolant is not in direct contact with the first containment barrier.
- HTR reactors are generally of the loop type, i.e. with heat exchangers between primary and secondary circuits connected to the core by tubular connections, and implements fluid circulators, i.e. pumps, blowers, and heat exchangers towards the fluids of the secondary circuit, which can be helium, pressurized water, supercritical CO2, etc.
- fluid circulators i.e. pumps, blowers, and heat exchangers towards the fluids of the secondary circuit, which can be helium, pressurized water, supercritical CO2, etc.
- the TRISO fuel particles used make it possible to accommodate high temperatures and pressures in the event of incidental or accidental situations.
- the fuel temperature can be above 1500°C and the internal pressure of the heat transfer fluid (helium) between 10 and 100 bars;
- a neutron spectrum can be very thermal, which results in a high moderating and Doppler coefficient, typically equal to -15pcm/°C, and therefore leads to a rapid variation in the reactor power during temperature variations within the graphite and/or fuel;
- the core has a high thermal inertia due to the mass of graphite and therefore helps to limit the impacts of thermal shocks, hot or cold;
- the fast neutron reactor sector was developed to enable better management of nuclear fuel, in particular through sustainable management of the plutonium stock and the capacity to recover the inventory of the uranium isotope 238, an isotope that is not very recoverable in thermal neutron reactors.
- Solid-fuel fast neutron reactors rely on a physical separation between the solid fuel and the liquid metal coolant, by a casing (rod or needle) forming a first physical containment barrier (cladding).
- the fuel itself is made of solid materials at the target operating temperatures (in particular in the form of oxides, silicon carbides (SIC) or nitrides of fissile materials or directly in the form of a metal alloy).
- the casings are assembled in bundles and are immersed with all the other components of the primary circuit (bars of neutron absorbing material, exchangers, instrumentation) directly in the liquid metal coolant which therefore ensures heat transfer.
- the vessel of an RNR reactor is generally designed to be suspended from a metal slab itself connected to a civil engineering vessel shaft.
- liquid metal-cooled RNR reactors particularly Na-RNRs
- They make it possible to envisage closing the fuel cycle (possibility of breeding) and the management of certain high-level long-lived waste (americium, etc.) and that they have a high power density, typically of the order of 200 W/ cm3 .
- the aim of the invention is to meet at least part of this need.
- the invention relates, in one of its aspects, to a liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactor, comprising a vessel, called the primary vessel, axisymmetric about a central axis (X), filled with a fluid containing at least one liquid metal as a heat transfer fluid for the primary circuit of the reactor, the vessel comprising a core comprising a plurality of hollow, sealed and fixed tubes, arranged parallel to the axis X so that during operation of the reactor, the liquid metal circulates in contact with their outer periphery, each hollow tube housing a stack of fuel assemblies, housing nuclear fuel particles, called TRISO, mixed with a matrix.
- a liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactor comprising a vessel, called the primary vessel, axisymmetric about a central axis (X), filled with a fluid containing at least one liquid metal as a heat transfer fluid for the primary circuit of the reactor, the vessel comprising a core comprising a plurality of hollow, sealed and fixed tubes, arranged parallel to the axis X so that during operation of the reactor, the liquid metal
- the matrix in which the TRISO particles are mixed is in the form of a compact block.
- the reactor comprises a structure forming a step, with a central axis coincident with that of the primary tank, the structure being arranged in the primary tank to separate the interior of the latter into a central zone and a peripheral zone so that when the reactor is operating, the liquid metal heat transfer fluid circulates by natural convection, in a closed loop from the bottom of the central zone.
- the reactor core is arranged within which the fission reactions occur, from which it rises by heating, to the top of the central zone where it enters through an inlet of at least one heat exchanger outside the reactor vessel to exit through an outlet of the exchanger then towards the top of the peripheral zone to descend towards the bottom of the peripheral zone where it is diverted towards the core of the reactor.
- the reactor core houses at least one moderator material.
- the reactor core may also include a reflector made of moderating material arranged below each sealed tube.
- the core of the reactor may also include at least two blocks of moderating material arranged around each sealed tube, allowing the liquid metal to circulate around and in contact with the latter.
- each sealed tube comprises a blind tubular part forming a glove finger in which the fuel assemblies are stacked prior to operation of the reactor.
- the liquid metal of the heat transfer fluid can be chosen from sodium (Na), lead (Pb) or a lead-bismuth alloy (Pb-Bi).
- the material of the TRISO particle matrix and/or core may be graphite.
- the material of the sealed tubes can be ceramic.
- the reactor comprises a reactivity control system consisting either of control rods internal to the primary tank.
- modifier material means any material that can slow down neutrons.
- the kinetic energy of a fast neutron is greater than IMeV, while that of a thermal neutron is less than leV, typically of the order of 0.025eV.
- publication [2] and in particular to figure 4, which indicates, for several types of reactors, the thermal fraction and the fast fraction of the neutron flux.
- the invention essentially consists of a nuclear reactor with liquid metal coolant, in particular liquid sodium, and a solid fuel assembly in the form of TRISO particles compacted in a matrix stacked with other assemblies, in sealed tubes, which separate the fuel from the liquid metal flow.
- liquid metal coolant in particular liquid sodium
- solid fuel assembly in the form of TRISO particles compacted in a matrix stacked with other assemblies, in sealed tubes, which separate the fuel from the liquid metal flow.
- the flow of liquid metal circulates outside a sealed barrier. This guarantees the absence of contamination during normal operation of the liquid metal, the primary coolant, by fission products because two independent sealed barriers separate it from the fissile material contained in the TRISO particles.
- the design of the reactor according to the invention essentially makes it possible to combine the advantages of HTR reactors and those of liquid metal-cooled RNR reactors.
- the design of the reactor according to the invention makes it possible to significantly increase the power density of existing HTR reactors.
- a low-pressure liquid metal typically 1 to 2 bars, replacing pressurized helium, typically at 10 to 100 bars, allows normal operation of the reactor with higher fuel temperatures than that of existing HTRs, the TRISO particles being able to withstand these higher temperatures.
- the fuel, the control rods and most of the instrumentation consisting of “consumable” components or those requiring regular replacement or inspection are positioned in a fluid zone separate from that of the liquid metal primary heat transfer fluid. This feature allows for handling of components not polluted by the liquid metal heat transfer fluid in order to protect most of the consumable components from any interaction with the metal.
- the inventor estimates this power density at about 10 MW/m 3 with liquid sodium, which is 5 times higher than that of an HTR reactor.
- this allows for radiation cooling during handling of the spent fuel, even with high residual power, immediately after the fission reaction has stopped.
- heat transfer between the fuel and the liquid metal can be achieved by simple thermal conduction.
- the neutron weight of a fuel assembly is low, which allows simple online refueling, i.e. at full power, without strong neutron disturbances.
- This online refueling allows increased availability of the reactor, and reduces the risks inherent in refueling operations by reducing the time pressure on this critical operation.
- TRISO particles also make it possible to obtain dry storage in racks, cooled only by ventilation, then by radiation once placed in drums, a few weeks after unloading the core.
- the reactor according to the invention can operate with a primary liquid metal under low pressure and at high temperature, typically of the order of 750°C at the outlet of the core for liquid sodium, which ultimately allows the reactor to be guaranteed its calogenic vocation for the purposes of supplying heat to industrial production sites, for example chemical installations for the production of ammonia or sodium carbonate.
- Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactor according to the invention, with a loop exchanger configuration.
- Figure 1 A is a detailed view of Figure 1, at the level of a sealed tube housing TRISO particle assemblies between two blocks of moderator material.
- Figure 2 is another cross-sectional and perspective view of a liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor according to the invention, with a loop exchanger configuration.
- Figure 2A is a perspective view showing the insertion of a TRISO particle assembly into a sealed tube of the core of Figure 2.
- Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a core of a nuclear reactor according to the invention, showing the relative arrangements between fuel assemblies, sealed tubes, and blocks of moderator material.
- the arrows symbolize the circulation of primary liquid sodium in the reactor vessel and in the exchanger between the primary and secondary circuits.
- Figures 1 to 3 show a nuclear reactor cooled with liquid metal and fuel in the form of TRISO particles according to the invention.
- Such a reactor 1 comprises a primary vessel 2 or reactor vessel filled with liquid sodium, which is a straight cylinder with a central axis X and inside which is present the core 3 where a plurality of fixed sealed tubes 4 housing removable fuel assemblies 5 with particles 50 of TRISO fuel are installed, which generate thermal energy by the fissions of the fuel.
- the liquid sodium is therefore the heat transfer fluid of the primary circuit: it stores and transports the heat of the core 3.
- each fixed sealed tube may comprise a blind tubular portion forming a glove finger in which the fuel assemblies 5 are stacked prior to the operation of the reactor. If necessary, they may be replaced during the operation of the reactor.
- the arrangement of each sealed tube 4 is such that its opening through which the fuel assemblies are stacked is at a distance from the primary liquid metal.
- Solid nuclear fuels are assemblies 5 housing TRISO 50 particles compacted in a matrix of moderating material 51, preferably graphite. Each of these particles is formed of a uranium oxide core coated with layers based on carbon compounds which serve as a first containment barrier to retain the fission products.
- a sheath 52 in particular made of graphite, can surround the matrix 51.
- a sheath 52 can surround the matrix 51.
- a ring configuration of the compact 50, 51 and at the center of the latter a volume 53 empty or filled with inert gas, preferably helium, at low pressure.
- This volume 53 makes it possible to limit the core temperature of the fuel and also makes it possible to accommodate any expansions of the matrix 51.
- Each sealed assembly 5 may have a hexagonal (Figure 2A) or cylindrical ( Figure 3) external cross-section.
- the outer coating of the TRISO particles constitutes the primary containment barrier for radioactive materials contained in core 3.
- a support slab 6 supports the primary tank 2 as well as the weight of the liquid metal of the primary circuit and the internal components. This slab 6 is arranged directly above the core 3 and closes the primary tank 2 to contain the liquid metal, acting as a barrier between said liquid metal and the external environment.
- the reactor vessel 2 is separated into two distinct zones by a separation structure consisting of at least one shell 7 arranged inside the reactor vessel 2.
- This separation device is also known as a redan.
- the redan 7 is arranged in the primary vessel 2 by forming a central chimney, to separate the interior of the primary vessel 10 into a central zone and a peripheral zone so that during operation of the reactor, the liquid metal circulates by natural convection in a loop from the bottom of the central zone where the reactor core 3 is arranged above a base 8, from which it rises by heating to the top of the central zone where it enters through an inlet 90 of at least one heat exchanger 9 outside the reactor vessel 2 to exit through an outlet of the exchanger 91 then towards the top of the peripheral zone to descend towards the bottom of the peripheral zone where it is diverted towards the core 3.
- the primary liquid metal therefore circulates only in natural convection in the reactor vessel 2 in a closed loop through at least one exchanger 9 and exchanges its heat within it with a secondary fluid which enters cold through the inlet 92 and exits hot through its outlet 93.
- the temperature of the secondary fluid at the outlet 93 can be equal to 700°C.
- the shape of the redan 7 improves the circulation by natural convection of the liquid metal.
- Reactor 1 includes a reactivity control system (not shown) which may consist of control rods internal to primary vessel 2.
- the reactor vessel 2 includes a sky, usually called a pile sky, which can be filled with an inert gas, such as argon or helium, above the liquid metal.
- This sky allows on the one hand to absorb the thermal expansion of the liquid metal within the reactor vessel, when it undergoes a level variation, and on the other hand, to recover the gaseous fission products generated by the nuclear fissions within the fuels.
- FIG. 1A An advantageous arrangement of a sealed tube 4 housing a stack of fuel assemblies 5 is shown in FIG. 1A.
- the sealed tube 4, preferably made of ceramic, is arranged between at least two blocks of moderator material 20, preferably made of graphite. This arrangement allows the primary liquid metal to circulate around and in contact with the sealed tube in a well-defined space E.
- a reflector 21 made of moderating material, preferably graphite, can be arranged below a sealed tube 4.
- FIG. 3 An advantageous arrangement is shown in Figure 3 for tight tubes 4 and fuel assemblies 5 with a straight cylindrical cross section.
- a tube 4 is arranged between two blocks 20 of moderating material, preferably graphite, arranged side by side leaving a space e between them and a larger space E in which the liquid metal circulates during operation of the reactor.
- a filling volume of an inert gas preferably helium, can be provided between a fuel assembly 5 and the interior of the sealed tube 5 in order to improve the thermal interface for the thermal conduction of the heat released by the fission of the TRISO particles.
- liquid metals than sodium can be considered for the primary fluid: this could be lead (Pb) or a lead-bismuth alloy (Pb-Bi).
- the reactor 1 can include a sealed enclosure 10, made of concrete to house the primary tank 2.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Structure Of Emergency Protection For Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24732963.4A EP4728534A1 (fr) | 2023-06-13 | 2024-06-13 | Reacteur nucleaire calogene a caloporteur en metal liquide et a c?ur comprenant des tubes etanches au caloporteur logeant chacun des particules de combustible nucleaire, dites triso |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2306024 | 2023-06-13 | ||
| FRFR2306024 | 2023-06-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024256546A1 true WO2024256546A1 (fr) | 2024-12-19 |
Family
ID=91539764
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2024/066378 Ceased WO2024256546A1 (fr) | 2023-06-13 | 2024-06-13 | Reacteur nucleaire calogene a caloporteur en metal liquide et a cœur comprenant des tubes etanches au caloporteur logeant chacun des particules de combustible nucleaire, dites triso |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4728534A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024256546A1 (fr) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN216528052U (zh) * | 2021-10-27 | 2022-05-13 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | 反应堆和移动式反应堆系统 |
| US11495363B2 (en) * | 2019-05-02 | 2022-11-08 | BWXT Advanced Technologies LLC | Small modular mobile fission reactor |
| CN116230261A (zh) * | 2023-02-14 | 2023-06-06 | 上海交通大学 | 一种适用于微型海洋堆电源系统 |
-
2024
- 2024-06-13 WO PCT/EP2024/066378 patent/WO2024256546A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-13 EP EP24732963.4A patent/EP4728534A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11495363B2 (en) * | 2019-05-02 | 2022-11-08 | BWXT Advanced Technologies LLC | Small modular mobile fission reactor |
| CN216528052U (zh) * | 2021-10-27 | 2022-05-13 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | 反应堆和移动式反应堆系统 |
| CN116230261A (zh) * | 2023-02-14 | 2023-06-06 | 上海交通大学 | 一种适用于微型海洋堆电源系统 |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| DULERA I V ET AL: "High temperature reactors", JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS, ELSEVIER B.V, NETHERLANDS, vol. 383, no. 1-2, 15 December 2008 (2008-12-15), pages 183 - 188, XP025675257, ISSN: 0022-3115, [retrieved on 20080924] * |
| HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS-COOLED REACTORS AND INDUSTRIAL HEAT APPLICATIONS, vol. 7629, 2022 |
| JIRI KREPEL ET AL.: "Self-Sustaining Breeding in Advanced Reactors: Characterization of Selected Reactors", ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NUCLEAR ENERGY, 2021, pages 801 - 819, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128197257001239?via%3Dihub> |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4728534A1 (fr) | 2026-04-22 |
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