WO2024256781A1 - Matériau comprenant des microsphères poreuses à base d'un oxyde d'actinide et ses utilisations dans la fabrication de combustibles nucléaires - Google Patents
Matériau comprenant des microsphères poreuses à base d'un oxyde d'actinide et ses utilisations dans la fabrication de combustibles nucléaires Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024256781A1 WO2024256781A1 PCT/FR2024/050767 FR2024050767W WO2024256781A1 WO 2024256781 A1 WO2024256781 A1 WO 2024256781A1 FR 2024050767 W FR2024050767 W FR 2024050767W WO 2024256781 A1 WO2024256781 A1 WO 2024256781A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
- G21C3/62—Ceramic fuel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of the nuclear fuel cycle.
- the invention relates to a material comprising porous microspheres based on an actinide oxide which is obtained by an internal gelation process.
- this material in the manufacture of nuclear fuels, in particular as a sintering additive in the manufacture of pellets of a MOX (Mixed OXide Fuel) type nuclear fuel and, more specifically, as a pore-forming agent replacing that conventionally used in this manufacture, namely azodicarbonamide.
- MOX Mated OXide Fuel
- MIMAS Mlcronized MASter Blend
- the sintered pellets deemed to be compliant after rectification are then introduced into metal sheaths to form the fuel rods which are themselves assembled into bundles to form the fuel assemblies, while the pellets deemed to be non-compliant are used to manufacture the chamotte.
- sintering additives and, in particular, a porogenic agent whose function is to create a certain porosity in the pellets during their sintering.
- internal gelation consists of preparing a solution called "sol", comprising a uranyl salt and polymerization precursors, dispersing the sol in the form of droplets in a heated liquid, immiscible with the sol, to obtain spherification by internal gelation of the droplets, in particular by the formation of a three-dimensional polymer network within which the uranyl ions are complexed. After various aging, washing and drying operations leading to the formation of uranyl hydroxides.
- the gelled microspheres obtained are subjected to a consolidation heat treatment during which the three-dimensional polymer network is eliminated and the uranyl hydroxides are transformed into UO2 if the heat treatment is carried out in a reducing atmosphere or into U3O8 if the heat treatment is carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the first solution which is described in US patent 4,218,430, hereinafter reference [2], consists in impregnating the microspheres in the gelled state with an organic compound, such as polyethylene glycol, glycerol or mannitol, which is subsequently eliminated by decomposition into volatile compounds during the heat treatment for consolidating the microspheres.
- an organic compound such as polyethylene glycol, glycerol or mannitol
- the second solution which is described by G. Colak et al. in Journal of Nuclear Materials 2022, 562, 153587 and in Journal of Nuclear Materials 2023, 577(1), 154319, respectively hereinafter references [3] and [4], consists in incorporating into the sol, before it is dispersed in the heated liquid medium, starch or graphite particles which are, there too, subsequently eliminated by decomposition into volatile compounds during the heat treatment of consolidation of the microspheres.
- the invention aims precisely to fill the shortcomings of the state of the art by proposing, firstly, a material which comprises porous microspheres, in which:
- each porous microsphere comprises a matrix comprising an actinide oxide and one or more closed pores dispersed in the matrix, the microspheres have a size of between 20 LIIYI and 1,000 p.m, and
- the size of the pore(s) is calibrated; and which is obtained by a process comprising the steps of: a) preparing an aqueous suspension, or sol, by mixing an aqueous solution Al comprising a first and a second polymerization precursor, capable of forming together a polymer gel, and an aqueous suspension A2 comprising an actinide salt and beads of a sacrificial material; b) converting the sol into gelled microspheres by dispersing the sol in the form of droplets in a bath of an organic liquid immiscible with water, by means of whereby microspheres are obtained which are formed of a polymeric gel containing beads of sacrificial material; c) separating the gelled microspheres from the bath of organic liquid; d) washing and then drying the gelled microspheres; e) selective chemical dissolution of the beads of sacrificial material present in the gelled microspheres; and f) calcining the gelled microspheres, and in which, in which
- the term "size", applied to microspheres, is understood as corresponding to their diameter in the case where the microspheres are perfect spheres or to the diameter of circles which would have the same surface area as them (or equivalent diameter) in the case where the microspheres are not perfect spheres.
- the size of the microspheres can be determined by light diffraction particle size analysis, for example by means of a laser particle size analyzer such as that marketed under the reference MastersizerTM 3000 by Malvern Panalytical, or by morphogranulometry, for example by means of the morphogranulometer marketed under the reference MorphologiTM G3, also by Malvern Panalytical.
- closed pore(s) means a pore(s) which does not communicate with the surface of the microspheres in which it is/are located and, when there are two or more of them in the same microsphere, which do not communicate with each other, and
- the size of the pore(s) is considered to be calibrated by the diameter of the spherical imprint left in the microspheres by the ball or each of the balls of sacrificial material after selective dissolution of these balls (step e)) then calcination of the microspheres (step f)).
- the imprint of the sacrificial balls which constitutes the closed porosity of the microspheres, retains its spherical shape during calcination but undergoes a partial reduction in its size depending on the temperature at which this calcination is carried out and its duration.
- the soil preparation step, or step a) advantageously comprises:
- the preparation of the aqueous suspension A2 by dissolving, with stirring, the actinide salt in water, preferably demineralized, then the addition to the resulting solution of an aqueous suspension comprising the beads of sacrificial material and, optionally, a non-ionic surfactant (such as TritonTM X-100) also in preferably demineralized water, the presence of the non-ionic surfactant makes it possible to facilitate the dispersion of the beads in an aqueous medium; and
- a non-ionic surfactant such as TritonTM X-100
- the first and second polymerization precursors are preferably hexamethylenetetramine, or HMTA, and urea, which together form a polymer gel by decomposing the HMTA into ammonia and formaldehyde (or methanal) and reacting the latter with the urea to form a urea-formaldehyde resin.
- HMTA hexamethylenetetramine
- urea urea
- the actinide salt can be, a priori, any actinide salt soluble in water, that is to say having a solubility value greater than 1 mol/L at 20 °C.
- a nitrate, a sulfate, a citrate or an actinide chloride the actinide being able to be uranium, thorium, plutonium, neptunium or americium depending on whether the matrix of the microspheres is intended to comprise a uranium oxide, a thorium oxide, a plutonium oxide, a neptunium oxide or an americium oxide.
- the beads of sacrificial material typically have a diameter of between 20 nm and 100 pm, it being understood that, for the preparation of a batch of microspheres, all the beads of sacrificial material advantageously have the same diameter.
- the beads are preferably made of an organic polymer having the following characteristics: being hydrophobic, being stable, i.e. not exhibiting a phase transition between 0 °C and 90 °C, and being able to be dissolved in step e) by an organic solvent which does not dissolve the polymer gel forming the gelled microspheres.
- polystyrene beads which can be dissolved by dimethylformamide
- poly(methyl meth)acrylate beads which can be dissolved by chloroform
- polyethylene beads which can be dissolved by xylene (hot) or by dimethylformamide.
- polystyrene beads preference is given to polystyrene beads and, even more so, to polystyrene beads whose surface has been functionalized by carboxyl groups such as those available, in sizes ranging from 20 nm to 100 pm, from the company AlphaNanotech.
- the size and the number of balls of sacrificial material present in the sol are judiciously chosen according to the size of the microspheres that one wishes to manufacture and the closed porosity rate that one wishes to confer on these microspheres, knowing that, as shown in the experimental tests reported below, a phenomenon of "shrinkage" of the microspheres must be taken into account, that is to say a reduction in their size, which occurs between the start of their gelling and the end of their calcination with, as a corollary, a reduction in the size of the pores during the calcination of the microspheres.
- the importance of this shrinkage which is a function of the operating conditions implemented in the manufacture of the microspheres, can be determined experimentally prior to this manufacture.
- the closed porosity rate of the microspheres is an overall porosity rate, i.e. defined on the scale of a batch of prepared microspheres, and corresponds to the ratio (total volume of pores/total volume of microspheres) multiplied by 100.
- the closed porosity rate of the microspheres can therefore be adjusted on the scale of a batch of microspheres by playing on the size and number of balls of sacrificial material introduced into the soil.
- the molar concentrations of HMTA and urea in aqueous solution Al, the molar concentration of actinide salt in aqueous suspension A2 as well as the volumes of aqueous solution Al and aqueous suspension A2 which are mixed together to form the sol are preferably chosen so that:
- the molar ratio between HMTA and urea present in the soil is between 0.1/2 and 1 and, better still, is equal to 2/3;
- the molar ratio between HMTA and the actinide ions present in the soil is between 1/2 and 4/3 and, better still, is equal to 1.
- the dispersion of the sol in the bath of water-immiscible organic liquid may be carried out by means of any automated device making it possible to distribute in a liquid medium an aqueous suspension in the form of droplets of homogeneous size and without the droplets coming, at the time of their distribution, into contact with each other.
- this device can in particular be an automatic syringe equipped with a needle measuring from 0.2 mm to 0.8 mm in internal diameter or, when it comes to manufacturing small microspheres, a nano-injector with a piezoelectric actuator such as that available under the reference PipejetTM from the company BioFluidix.
- the water-immiscible organic liquid bath is preferably a silicone oil bath, which is advantageously heated to a temperature of between 80°C and 95°C and, ideally, equal to 90°C ⁇ 2°C so as to obtain gelation times (by polymerization of the first and second precursors) allowing gelation of the shell of the microspheres before their arrival at the bottom of the reactor in which step b) is carried out, the aim being to obtain non-deformed microspheres which do not fuse with each other.
- the temperature of the organic liquid bath must not be higher than the boiling point of water to avoid the microspheres bursting in the organic liquid bath.
- step b) advantageously comprises, in addition to the dispersion of the sol in droplets in the bath of organic liquid immiscible with water, a ripening of the microspheres resulting from the gelling of these droplets by maintaining the microspheres in this bath for 30 minutes to 2 hours.
- the separation of the gelled microspheres from the bath of water-immiscible organic liquid, or step c), can be carried out by any technique making it possible to recover gelled particles from a liquid phase without altering them, such as, for example, transferring this bath into a container through a sieve making it possible to retain the gelled microspheres.
- Step d) of washing and drying the gelled microspheres recovered in step c) can be carried out directly after this step.
- a step of aging the gelled microspheres in the open air which may consist of simply leaving the gelled microspheres recovered in step c) to rest in contact with the air for several hours, for example from 6 hours to 24 hours and, ideally, for 12 hours.
- Step d) of washing and drying the gelled microspheres obtained either at the end of step c) or at the aging step is intended in particular to eliminate from these microspheres the residues left by the organic liquid from which they were separated in step c).
- This step may comprise one or more operations of washing the microspheres, for example by soaking these microspheres in baths such as petroleum ether baths followed by ammonium hydroxide baths if the organic liquid is silicone oil, with at least the last washing operation being followed by an operation of drying the gelled microspheres, for example in an oven heated to 50°C-60°C.
- baths such as petroleum ether baths followed by ammonium hydroxide baths if the organic liquid is silicone oil
- the selective chemical dissolution of the beads of sacrificial material, or step e) preferably comprises soaking the gelled microspheres obtained at the end of step d) in a bath of an organic solvent which will infiltrate by permeation into these microspheres and will be capable of dissolving the beads of sacrificial material without dissolving the polymer gel forming the gelled microspheres.
- the organic solvent may, for example, be dimethylformamide if the sacrificial material beads are polystyrene or polyethylene beads, (hot) xylene if the sacrificial material beads are polyethylene beads or chloroform if the sacrificial material beads are poly(methyl meth)acrylate beads.
- the gelled microspheres are kept in the bath of organic solvent, optionally heated, for a sufficient time to ensure that all of the beads of sacrificial material are dissolved in their entirety. This time may be several hours, for example 24 hours.
- the calcination of the gelled microspheres, or step f), which has the function of decomposing the polymeric gel forming the microspheres, of converting the actinides, which are present in this gel in the form of hydroxides, into an actinide oxide and of consolidating the microspheres, preferably comprises a heat treatment at a temperature between 600°C and 1,500°C, and this, under a reducing, neutral or oxidizing atmosphere depending on the type of microspheres that it is desired to obtain.
- the calcination is carried out under a reducing atmosphere such as an atmosphere composed of a mixture of argon and dihydrogen, for example in an Ar/H? volume ratio of 95/5, while, to obtain microspheres whose matrix comprises triuranium octoxide, U3O8, the calcination is carried out under an oxidizing atmosphere such as air, followed by cooling under a neutral atmosphere, for example argon, from a certain temperature, for example below 600 °C.
- a reducing atmosphere such as an atmosphere composed of a mixture of argon and dihydrogen, for example in an Ar/H? volume ratio of 95/5
- an oxidizing atmosphere such as air
- a neutral atmosphere for example argon
- the calcination may also comprise two successive heat treatments, namely a first treatment at a temperature between 350°C and 700°C followed by a second treatment at a temperature between 1300°C and 1600°C (with, for each treatment, a prior temperature increase), and this, under a reducing, neutral or oxidizing atmosphere.
- the invention also relates to the use of a material as previously defined in the manufacture of nuclear fuels.
- the invention relates to the use of this material as a sintering additive in the manufacture of MOX nuclear fuel pellets and, more specifically, as a pore-forming agent.
- the material preferably comprises microspheres whose matrix comprises a uranium oxide, with particular preference being given to microspheres whose matrix comprises uranium dioxide and, more specifically, to microspheres whose average size (i.e. the mode of the particle size distribution) is between 20 LIIYI and 100 LIIYI and, even better, between 20 LIIYI and 50 pm.
- the material is advantageously introduced into the final mixture of uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide powders before this mixture is pressed into the form of raw pellets.
- the material may also be used for the manufacture of particles of a TRISO fuel for a high-temperature nuclear reactor, or HTR, in which case the microspheres preferably have a size of between 400 pm and 1,000 pm.
- HTR high-temperature nuclear reactor
- Figure 1 corresponds to an image taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), in secondary electron mode at a magnification of xl50, of a mechanically broken 1000 pm microsphere, prepared from double ammonium nitrate and cerium(IV), the image having been taken before dissolution of the polystyrene beads present in this microsphere.
- Figure 2 corresponds to an image similar to Figure 1 but taken at a magnification of x750, showing the spherical caps of the polystyrene microbeads (20 pm) protruding from the polymer gel.
- Figure 3 corresponds to a SEM image, in secondary electron mode at a magnification of xl 400, of a fractured microsphere as shown in Figures 1 and 2 but after chemical dissolution of the polystyrene beads and consolidation of this microsphere by calcination at 1200°C.
- Figure 4 corresponds to a SEM image, in secondary electron mode at a magnification of x800, of a polished section of a microsphere prepared from uranyl nitrate, the section having been carried out after chemical dissolution of the polystyrene beads and consolidation of this microsphere by calcination at 1400°C.
- microspheres were prepared following the following operating protocol. Soil preparation:
- a series of soils of identical composition was prepared by proceeding for each soil to:
- HMTA hexamethylenetetramine
- the sols obtained above were dispersed in the form of spherical droplets in a silicone oil bath heated to 90 °C using the BioFluidix PipejetTM piezoelectric nano-injector, whose frequency was set at 4 Hz, using delivery pipes with internal diameters ranging from 125 LIIYI to 500 LIIYI and capable of delivering droplets with volumes ranging from 6 nL to 63 nL.
- the gelled microspheres were subjected to a heat treatment at 1,400°C in air with:
- the mode of the particle size distribution) after calcination is between 20 LIIYI and 50 pm, i.e. in the range of average sizes which is particularly preferred for microspheres which are intended to be used as a pore-forming agent in the manufacture of a MOX nuclear fuel.
- microspheres were prepared following the following operating protocol.
- hexamethylenetetramine and urea were dissolved, with stirring, in 500 LIL of demineralized water to obtain an aqueous solution comprising 3.18 mol/L of HMTA and 3.18 mol/L of urea and the solution thus obtained was cooled in an ice bath for 30 minutes.
- the sol obtained above was dispersed in the form of droplets in a silicone oil bath heated to 90 °C using a syringe equipped with a needle with an internal diameter of 0.8 mm.
- the microspheres were allowed to mature for 2 hours in this oil, after which they were recovered and aged for 12 hours and then subjected to 3 washes of one hour each with 20 mL of petroleum ether, then to 3 washes of 15 minutes each with 10 mL of an aqueous solution of 0.5 M NH4OH, the last of these washes being followed by drying in an oven at 60 °C.
- the microspheres were immersed in 10 mL of /V,/V-dimethylformamide (DMF) and left in this solvent for 24 hours at the end of which they were recovered and dried in an oven at 60 °C.
- DMF /V,/V-dimethylformamide
- microspheres were subjected to heat treatment at 1,200°C, in air with:
- Figure 3 shows that a Consolidation of the gelled microspheres by calcination, for example at 1200°C, allows this porosity to be preserved.
- microspheres were prepared following the following operating protocol.
- hexamethylenetetramine and urea were dissolved, with stirring, in 500 LIL of demineralized water to obtain an aqueous solution comprising 2 mol/L of HMTA and 3 mol/L of urea and the solution thus obtained was cooled in an ice bath for 30 minutes.
- uranyl nitrate UC ⁇ NOsh
- 390 ⁇ L of demineralized water to obtain an aqueous solution comprising 2 mol/L of 1102(1x103)2 to which were added 100 ⁇ L of an aqueous suspension comprising 50 mg/mL of carboxylated polystyrene beads of 30 ⁇ L diameter each (AlphaNanotech) as well as 1 ⁇ L of the surfactant TritonTM X-100.
- the contents of the two beakers were mixed together and the resulting sol was cooled in an ice bath for 15 minutes.
- the sol obtained above was dispersed in the form of droplets of 50 nL each in a silicone oil bath heated to 90 °C using the piezoelectric nano-injector used in point I above, the frequency of which was set at 5 Hz.
- microspheres were allowed to mature for 2 hours in this oil, after which they were successively recovered on a sieve, allowed to age on this sieve for 12 hours in the open air, rinsed with demineralized water in the sieve, subjected to 3 washes of one hour each with 20 mL of petroleum ether, dried under a hood, then subjected to 3 washes of 15 minutes each with 10 mL of an aqueous solution of 0.5 M NH4OH, the last of these washes being followed by drying in an oven at 50 °C.
- Chemical dissolution of polystyrene beads Chemical dissolution of polystyrene beads:
- the microspheres were immersed in 10 mL of DM F and left in this solvent for 1 day at the end of which they were recovered and dried in an oven at 50 °C.
- microspheres were subjected to a heat treatment at 1400 °C, under an Ar/H? mixture (95/5, v/v), with:
- microspheres thus obtained were subjected to infrared spectroscopy analyses as well as to SEM analyses.
- IR spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the urea-formaldehyde resin forming the three-dimensional network at the gelation stage was completely decomposed during calcination and that the consolidated microspheres no longer comprise, as matrix, only uranium dioxide.
- FIG. 4 An SEM image of a polished section of one of the microspheres is shown in Figure 4. As visible in this figure, this microsphere is perfectly spherical and has a diameter of the order of 100 LIIYI with a closed pore size of the order of 18 ⁇ m. The closed pore, visible in Figure 4, is also perfectly spherical.
- aqueous suspension of sacrificial material beads For the preparation of a batch of N microspheres of chosen average size, it is possible to determine the volume of aqueous suspension of sacrificial material beads to be introduced into the soil in order to obtain, at the batch scale, a desired closed porosity rate.
- aqueous suspension comprising 50 mg/mL of polystyrene beads 30 LUYI in diameter and having a density (hereinafter denoted dps) equal to 1.05 g/cm 3 , and targeting a closed porosity rate of 5%, then:
- V ⁇ phère volume of a microsphere
- Vtotai the total volume of microspheres
- the volume of this suspension to be introduced into the soil will therefore be equal to: T r vsuspension aqueous to be introduced into the soil
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24738020.7A EP4728535A1 (fr) | 2023-06-14 | 2024-06-12 | Matériau comprenant des microsphères poreuses à base d'un oxyde d'actinide et ses utilisations dans la fabrication de combustibles nucléaires |
| CN202480045249.6A CN121889859A (zh) | 2023-06-14 | 2024-06-12 | 包含基于锕系氧化物的多孔微球的材料及其在核燃料制造中的用途 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FRFR2306078 | 2023-06-14 | ||
| FR2306078A FR3149807B1 (fr) | 2023-06-14 | 2023-06-14 | Matériau comprenant des microsphères poreuses à base d’un oxyde d’actinide et ses utilisations dans la fabrication de combustibles nucléaires |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024256781A1 true WO2024256781A1 (fr) | 2024-12-19 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2024/050767 Ceased WO2024256781A1 (fr) | 2023-06-14 | 2024-06-12 | Matériau comprenant des microsphères poreuses à base d'un oxyde d'actinide et ses utilisations dans la fabrication de combustibles nucléaires |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4728535A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN121889859A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3149807B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024256781A1 (fr) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH476513A (de) * | 1965-10-23 | 1969-08-15 | Atomic Energy Commission | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Mikrokügelchen aus Metalloxyd |
| US4218430A (en) | 1978-09-20 | 1980-08-19 | Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. | Process for the production of porous metal oxide microspheres and microspheres produced by said process |
-
2023
- 2023-06-14 FR FR2306078A patent/FR3149807B1/fr active Active
-
2024
- 2024-06-12 WO PCT/FR2024/050767 patent/WO2024256781A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-12 EP EP24738020.7A patent/EP4728535A1/fr active Pending
- 2024-06-12 CN CN202480045249.6A patent/CN121889859A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH476513A (de) * | 1965-10-23 | 1969-08-15 | Atomic Energy Commission | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Mikrokügelchen aus Metalloxyd |
| US4218430A (en) | 1978-09-20 | 1980-08-19 | Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. | Process for the production of porous metal oxide microspheres and microspheres produced by said process |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| "Le traitement-recyclage du combustible nucléaire usé - La séparation des actinides - Application à la gestion des déchets", 2008 |
| G. COLAK ET AL., JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS, vol. 2022, no. 562, 2023, pages 154319 |
| JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS, 15 April 2023 (2023-04-15), XP093204912 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN121889859A (zh) | 2026-04-17 |
| FR3149807A1 (fr) | 2024-12-20 |
| EP4728535A1 (fr) | 2026-04-22 |
| FR3149807B1 (fr) | 2025-05-16 |
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