WO2024256864A2 - Électrolytes et composants d'électrolyte, additifs, précurseurs de ceux-ci et procédés de fabrication - Google Patents

Électrolytes et composants d'électrolyte, additifs, précurseurs de ceux-ci et procédés de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024256864A2
WO2024256864A2 PCT/IB2024/000280 IB2024000280W WO2024256864A2 WO 2024256864 A2 WO2024256864 A2 WO 2024256864A2 IB 2024000280 W IB2024000280 W IB 2024000280W WO 2024256864 A2 WO2024256864 A2 WO 2024256864A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reagent
salt
fluorination
composition
hours
Prior art date
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Ceased
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PCT/IB2024/000280
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English (en)
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WO2024256864A3 (fr
Inventor
Gabriele PUPO
Francesco IBBA
Jamie FERGUSON-LEITCH
Jasraj Singh BABRA
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Fluorok Ltd
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Fluorok Ltd
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Application filed by Fluorok Ltd filed Critical Fluorok Ltd
Priority to KR1020267001122A priority Critical patent/KR20260025373A/ko
Priority to CN202480053451.3A priority patent/CN121752526A/zh
Priority to EP24740972.5A priority patent/EP4727896A2/fr
Priority to AU2024302261A priority patent/AU2024302261A1/en
Publication of WO2024256864A2 publication Critical patent/WO2024256864A2/fr
Publication of WO2024256864A3 publication Critical patent/WO2024256864A3/fr
Priority to IL325230A priority patent/IL325230A/en
Priority to MX2025015032A priority patent/MX2025015032A/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
    • C01D15/005—Lithium hexafluorophosphate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/10—Halides or oxyhalides of phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
    • C01B25/26—Phosphates
    • C01B25/455—Phosphates containing halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D13/00—Compounds of sodium or potassium not provided for elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • methods for manufacturing battery electrolyte precursors comprise providing a fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • the fluorination reagent comprises a first salt and a second salt.
  • the first salt comprises calcium and fluorine.
  • methods provided herein comprise contacting a fluorination reagent with a starting reagent to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • methods for manufacturing battery electrolyte precursors can comprise the second salt comprising an anion.
  • the anion of the second salt when combined with Ca 2+ to form a third salt, has a lattice energy greater than 2450 KJ/mol.
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of the fluorination reagent comprises characteristic 29 reflections at about 21.9°, 30.3°, 31.6°, 43.4° and/or combinations thereof.
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of the fluorination reagent comprises characteristic 29 reflections at about 28.1°, 49.0°, 52.3°, 54.1°, 60.0°, 69.7°and/or combinations thereof.
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • methods provided herein comprise combining a first salt with a second salt to form a mixed composition.
  • the first salt can comprise calcium and fluorine.
  • methods provided herein comprise applying mechanical force to a combination of a first salt and a second salt to form a mixed composition.
  • methods provided herein comprise subjecting the mixed composition to a fluid composition and collecting a resultant fluid thereof.
  • subjecting the mixed composition to a fluid composition produces a solid component and a resultant fluid.
  • methods provided herein comprise concentrating the resultant fluid.
  • concentrating the resultant fluid forms a crude fluorination reagent that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • concentrating the resultant fluid produces a reagent concentrate or precipitate.
  • methods provided herein comprise washing the fluorination reagent with a solvent to produce a reagent wash.
  • washing the fluorination reagent provides a second solid component and fluid reagent wash.
  • the reagent wash comprises a fluorination reagent.
  • the reagent wash comprises a purified fluorination reagent.
  • methods provided herein comprise concentrating the reagent wash to form a fluorination reagent.
  • concentrating the reagent wash provides a purified fluorination reagent.
  • the purified fluorination reagent has a higher concentration of fluorine compared to the crude fluorination reagent.
  • methods provided herein comprise contacting fluorination reagents with starting reagents to provide fluorinated products.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • methods provided herein comprise contacting fluorination reagents with starting reagents to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • methods for manufacturing battery electrolyte precursors, and methods for manufacturing fluorination reagents for providing battery electrolyte precursors can comprise contacting fluorination reagents with starting reagents in an alkyl carbonate solvent (e.g., dimethyl carbonate).
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • alkyl carbonate solvent is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the alkyl carbonate solvent is a fluoroalkyl carbonate solvent (e.g., trifluoroethyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl) carbonate, trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate, and/or combinations thereof).
  • a combination of the fluorination reagent, the alkyl carbonate solvent, and the starting reagent is at any suitable temperature.
  • a combination of the fluorination reagent, the alkyl carbonate solvent, and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 50 to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, a combination of the fluorination reagent, the alkyl carbonate solvent, and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 80 °C about or more (e.g., about 100 °C or more).
  • methods for manufacturing battery electrolyte precursors comprise providing a fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • the fluorination reagent comprises an alkali metal, fluoride, and at least one additional ion.
  • the alkali metal is lithium, potassium, or sodium.
  • methods provided herein comprise contacting the starting reagent with the fluorination reagent to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • methods for manufacturing battery electrolyte precursors comprise providing a fluorination reagent.
  • the fluorination reagent comprises calcium and fluorine.
  • methods provided herein comprise contacting the starting reagent with the fluorination reagent to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • methods for manufacturing fluorination reagents and methods for manufacturing fluorination reagents for providing battery electrolyte precursors provided herein can comprise adjusting the pH of the resultant fluid prior to concentrating the resultant fluid.
  • the resultant fluid can be adjusted to a pH of about 6 to about 8.
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • pH of the resultant fluid is adjusted with an acid.
  • the acid can comprise a strong acid, a weak acid, a polyprotic acid, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the acid can comprise phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, silicic acid, oxalic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, carbonic acid, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the acid can comprise hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the resultant fluid can be adjusted to a pH of about 5 to about 10 (e.g., about 6 to about 9).
  • the fluid composition has a pH of about 7 or more (e.g., about 10 or more).
  • the fluid composition has a pH of about 12 to about 13.
  • a combination of the fluid composition and the mixed composition is at any suitable temperature.
  • a combination of the fluid composition and the mixed composition is at a temperature of about 0 to about 120 °C.
  • a combination of the fluid composition and the mixed composition is at a temperature of 80 °C or more.
  • a combination of the fluid composition and the mixed composition is at a temperature of 110 °C or less.
  • the mixed composition is subjected to the fluid composition for any suitable time.
  • the mixed composition is subjected to the fluid composition for about 0 hours to about 8 hours.
  • the mixed composition is subjected to the fluid composition for about 1 hour or more.
  • the mixed composition is subjected to the fluid composition for about 6 hours or less.
  • the mixed composition is subjected to the fluid composition for about 2 hours.
  • the fluid composition has a boiling point of about 30 °C or more (e.g., about 70 °C or more, about 120 °C or more). In some embodiments, the fluid composition has a boiling point of about 240 °C or less.
  • a combination of the solvent and fluorination reagent is at any suitable temperature.
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent. In some embodiments, fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • a combination of the solvent and fluorination reagent is at a temperature of about - 20 to about 240 °C. In some embodiments, a combination of the solvent and fluorination reagent is at a temperature of about 80 °C or more. In some embodiments, a combination of the solvent and the fluorination reagent is at a temperature of about 60 °C. In some embodiments, a combination of the solvent and fluorination reagent is at a temperature of about 235 °C or less.
  • fluorination reagents are washed with a solvent for about 4 hours to about 48 hours (e.g., about 8 hours to about 36 hours, about 10 hours to about 28 hours). In some embodiments, fluorination reagents are washed with a solvent for about 8 hours or more. In some embodiments, fluorination reagents are washed with a solvent for about 36 hours or less. In some embodiments, fluorination reagents are washed with a solvent for about 18 hours. In some embodiments, a solvent has a boiling point of about 30 °C or more (e.g., about 70 °C or more, about 120 °C or more).
  • a solvent has a boiling point of about 240 °C or less.
  • a solvent is an organic solvent, water, an alcohol, a polar aprotic solvent, a halocarbon, and/or combinations thereof.
  • a fluid composition is an organic solvent, water, an alcohol, a polar aprotic solvent, a halocarbon, and/or combinations thereof.
  • a solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, toluene, 1,2- di chlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, di chloroethane, trifluorotoluene, chloroform, sulfolane, DMF, DMSO, an alcohol (e.g., tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol), water, and/or combinations thereof.
  • an alcohol e.g., tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol
  • a fluid composition is acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, toluene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, di chloroethane, trifluorotoluene, chloroform, sulfolane, DMF, DMSO, an alcohol (e.g., tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol), water, and/or combinations thereof.
  • a solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, and/or combinations thereof.
  • a fluid composition is acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the mixed composition subjected to the fluid composition is provided as the first salt.
  • the first salt is a recovered waste material.
  • the first salt comprises low purity calcium and fluoride.
  • the first salt can comprise calcium and fluorine in less than 80 weight percent in total.
  • the first salt is CaF2 or Cas PC jsF.
  • the second salt is a metal hydroxide, a metal sulphite, a metal sulphate, a carbonate, or an inorganic phosphate (e.g., a pyrophosphate).
  • the second salt comprises NaOH, KOH, ISfeSCh, K2SO3, KHSO4, CaCO 3 , H2CO3, K2CO3, Na 2 CO 3 ., K4P2O7, Na 4 P 2 O7, Na 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 , KHCO3, K2CO3, NaHCO 3 , CS2CO3, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, K3PO4, KPO3, K5P3O10, K2SO4, titanium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, uranium phosphate, and/or combinations thereof.
  • crude fluorination reagents are purified at least in part using a filtration process.
  • a filtrate is concentrated and/or dried during any step or process of any method described herein.
  • the filtration process comprises passing any solution described herein through the same or a plurality of filtration modules a plurality of times (e.g., by making three or more consecutive passes through the same module and/or by passing once each through three consecutively coupled modules).
  • a fluorine recovery of a filtration process employed herein is greater than 90% (e.g., greater than 95% or greater than 99%).
  • a rejection of one or more contaminants by a filtration process employed in any method described herein is greater than 90% (e.g., greater than 95% or greater than 99%).
  • an amount of phosphorous in the fluorination reagent is about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm (e.g., about 1 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 25 ppm). In some embodiments, an amount of phosphorous in the fluorination reagent is about 0.015 % to about 12.5 % by weight (wt %). In some embodiments, an amount of calcium in the fluorination reagent is about 0.01 % to about 15 % by weight (wt %).
  • an amount of phosphorous in the fluorination reagent is about about 0.02 % to about 10 % by weight (wt %) (e.g., about 0.05 wt % to about 8 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 6 wt %, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt %, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt %). In some embodiments, an amount of phosphorous in the fluorination reagent is about 0.015 % by weight (wt %) or more (e.g., about 0.05 wt % or more, about 0.1 wt % or more, about 0.5 wt % or more).
  • an amount of phosphorous in the fluorination reagent is about 5 % by weight (wt %) or less (e.g., about 3 wt % or less, about 2 wt % or less, about 1 wt % or less, about 0.5 wt % or less, about 0.1 wt % or less, about 0.05 wt % or less).
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of the fluorination reagent comprises characteristic 29 reflections at about 5.2°, 31.5°, 36.8° and/or combinations thereof.
  • methods for manufacturing battery electrolyte precursors and methods for manufacturing fluorination reagents for providing battery electrolyte precursors provided herein can comprise fluorination reagents.
  • fluorination reagents are crude fluorination reagents that can be further purified to provide a purified fluorination reagent.
  • fluorination reagents are purified fluorination reagents.
  • a combination of the fluorination reagent and the starting reagent comprises a reaction mixture.
  • the reaction mixture is at any suitable temperature.
  • the reaction mixture is at a temperature of about 55 to about 150 °C.
  • the reaction mixture is at a temperature of about 100 °C or less.
  • the fluorination reagent is contacted with the starting reagent for any suitable time. In some embodiments, the fluorination reagent is contacted with the starting reagent for about 12 hours or more. In some embodiments, the fluorination reagent is contacted with the starting reagent for about 14 hours to about 22 hours. In some embodiments, the fluorination reagent is contacted with the starting reagent for about 84 hours or less. In some embodiments, the fluorination reagent is contacted with the starting reagent for about 60 hours to about 80 hours.
  • the reaction mixture further comprises a phase transfer agent, a base, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the phase transfer agent is a crown ether (e.g., 18 crown 6), a cryptand, an ionic transfer agent (e.g., tetramethylammonium chloride), and/or a hydrogen-bonding phase transfer agent.
  • the phase transfer agent is a crown ether (e.g., 18 crown 6).
  • the base is a pyridine or a derivative thereof (e.g., DMAP).
  • the reaction mixture comprises acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, toluene, 1,2-di chlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, di chloroethane, trifluorotoluene, chloroform, sulfolane, DMF, DMSO, an alcohol (e.g., tertbutanol, tert-amyl alcohol), water, and/or combinations thereof.
  • an alcohol e.g., tertbutanol, tert-amyl alcohol
  • the reaction mixture further comprises a reaction solvent.
  • the reaction solvent is an organic solvent, water, an alcohol, a polar aprotic solvent, a halocarbon, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, pyridine, butyronitrile, toluene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, di chloroethane, trifluorotoluene, chloroform, DMF, DMSO, an alcohol (e.g., tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol), water, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, pyridine, butyronitrile, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the starting reagent comprises a leaving group.
  • the leaving group is chlorine, iodine, or bromine.
  • the battery electrolyte precursor comprises at least one additional fluorine (e.g., at least two additional fluorine) compared to the starting reagent.
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is PF3, PF5, KPFe, or salts thereof.
  • the at least one additional ion of the fluorination reagent comprises (i) at least one cation and at least one anion; or (ii) at least one zwitterion (e.g., psilocybin).
  • the at least one cation comprises K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Li + , or Cs + .
  • the at least one anion comprises a hydroxide, a sulphate, a carbonate, a phosphate, a pyrophosphate.
  • a molar ratio of the phase transfer agent to the starting reagent is about 0 to about 4.
  • a molar ratio of the base to the starting reagent is about 0 to about 2. In some embodiments, a molar ratio of a fluorine equivalent content in the fluorination reagent to the starting reagent is about 0.1 or more.
  • a yield of the battery electrolyte precursor is about 10% or more. In some embodiments, a yield of the battery electrolyte precursor is about 20% to about 80%. In some embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction solvent and/or alkyl carbonate solvent is about 0.01 M to about 3 M. In some embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction solvent is about 1 M or less. In some embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the alkyl carbonate solvent is about 1 M or less. In some embodiments, the fluorination reagent is contacted with the starting reagent under mechanochemical conditions (e.g., ball mill).
  • mechanochemical conditions e.g., ball mill
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with an electrolyte agent (e.g., lithium salt) to provide a battery electrolyte.
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., lithium salt
  • the starting reagent is PCI3, PCI5, PF5, LiPCk, P4O6, P2O5.
  • the battery electrolyte is LiPFe.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a mechanochemical method for combining one or more salts provided herein.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a process for manufacturing a fluorinating reagent provided herein.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary schematic of using a fluorination reagent (e.g., a purified fluorination reagent) provided herein to synthesize a battery electrolyte or a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • a fluorination reagent e.g., a purified fluorination reagent
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a method of using a fluorination reagent provided herein to synthesize a battery electrolyte or a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary scheme of fluorinating a starting reagent provided herein.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary scheme of fluorinating a starting reagent provided herein.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary scheme of fluorinating a starting reagent provided herein.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary scheme of fluorinating a starting reagent provided herein.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary scheme of fluorinating a starting reagent provided herein.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary scheme of preparing a battery electrolyte provided herein.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary scheme of preparing a battery electrolyte provided herein.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary scheme of preparing a battery electrolyte provided herein.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a process for manufacturing a fluorination reagent useful for preparing a battery electrolyte by methods provided herein.
  • FIG 14 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a process for manufacturing a battery electrolyte precursor useful for preparing a battery electrolyte by methods provided herein.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a method of using a fluorination reagent provided herein to synthesize a battery electrolyte or a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • fluorination reagents and compositions useful for synthesizing battery electrolytes are provided herein.
  • such reagents and compositions are useful in producing battery electrolytes in high-yields and/or without using toxic reagents, such as HF.
  • fluorination reagents and compositions useful for synthesizing battery electrolyte precursors are provided herein.
  • such reagents and compositions are useful in producing battery electrolyte precursors in high-yields and/or without using toxic reagents, such as HF.
  • a method of manufacturing a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., LiF, PFs.
  • any of the methods provided herein can comprise contacting a fluorination reagent with a starting reagent to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • a method of manufacturing a battery electrolyte comprising lithium phosphorous hexafluoride or a salt thereof.
  • any of the methods provided herein can comprise contacting a fluorination reagent with a starting reagent (e.g., a starting reagent provided herein) to provide a battery electrolyte.
  • a starting reagent e.g., a starting reagent provided herein
  • fluorination reagents and compositions are provided herein, as well as methods of making and using such fluorination reagents and compositions.
  • such reagents and compositions are useful in producing fluorinated products in high yield and/or without the need for use of toxic reagents, such as HF.
  • a method of manufacturing a fluorination reagent comprises (1) combining (e.g., in the solid state, in solution, and/or combining a solid with a solution or liquid) a first salt with a second salt, the first salt comprising fluoride (e.g., and calcium); and (2) subjecting a combination of the first salt and the second salt to a (e.g., aqueous) fluid composition.
  • the resultant fluid composition is subsequently concentrated (e.g., by evaporation or other suitable method) to produce a fluorination reagent composition.
  • the fluorination reagent composition is further washed and/or purified with a (e.g., organic) solvent (e.g., an alcohol, such as methanol) to produce a reagent wash.
  • a (e.g., purified) fluorination reagent composition is recovered from the reagent wash (e.g., after filtering residual solids from the reagent wash).
  • separating a purified fluorination reagent from residual solids and/or separating contaminants from a resultant solution can independently comprise: centrifugation (e.g., using a decanter centrifuge and/or a disk stack centrifuge), press filtration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration crossflow membrane filtration and/or combinations thereof.
  • centrifugation e.g., using a decanter centrifuge and/or a disk stack centrifuge
  • press filtration microfiltration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration crossflow membrane filtration and/or combinations thereof.
  • crude fluorination reagents are purified at least in part using a filtration process.
  • a filtrate is concentrated and/or dried during any step or process of any method described herein.
  • the filtration process comprises passing any solution described herein through the same or a plurality of filtration modules a plurality of times (e.g., by making three or more consecutive passes through the same module and/or by passing once each through three consecutively coupled modules).
  • a fluorine recovery of a filtration process employed herein is greater than 90% (e.g., greater than 95% or greater than 99%).
  • a rejection of one or more contaminants by a filtration process employed in any method described herein is greater than 90% (e.g., greater than 95% or greater than 99%).
  • a method of manufacturing a purified fluorination reagent comprising: a.
  • a first salt with a second salt to form a mixed composition, the first salt comprising calcium and fluoride; b. subjecting the mixed composition to a fluid composition (to produce a solid component and a resultant fluid) and collecting a resultant fluid thereof; c. concentrating the resultant fluid to produce a crude fluorination reagent (e.g., a reagent concentrate or precipitate); d. washing the crude fluorination reagent with a solvent (e.g., an alcohol) to produce a reagent wash (a second solid component and fluid reagent wash); and e. concentrating the reagent wash to form a purified fluorination reagent (e.g., the purified fluorination reagent having a higher concentration of fluorine compared to the crude fluorination reagent).
  • a solvent e.g., an alcohol
  • a method of manufacturing a purified fluorination reagent comprising: a. combining a first salt with a second salt to form a mixed composition, the first salt comprising calcium and fluoride; b. applying mechanical force to the mixed composition; c. subjecting the mixed composition to a fluid composition (to produce a solid component and a resultant fluid) and collecting a resultant fluid thereof; d. concentrating the resultant fluid to produce a crude fluorination reagent (e.g., a reagent concentrate or precipitate); e.
  • a crude fluorination reagent e.g., a reagent concentrate or precipitate
  • a solvent e.g., an alcohol
  • a reagent wash a second solid component and fluid reagent wash
  • concentrating the reagent wash to form a purified fluorination reagent (e.g., the purified fluorination reagent having a higher concentration of fluorine compared to the crude fluorination reagent).
  • compositions or methods of providing comprising battery electrolytes or battery electrolyte precursors.
  • a battery electrolyte provided herein comprises lithium phosphorous hexafluoride or a salt thereof (e.g., the product of any of the reactions illustrated in FIGs. 3 and 4).
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., as provided herein is the precursor to lithium phosphorous hexafluoride, a Li-ion battery electrolyte.
  • battery electrolytes or battery electrolyte precursors are useful for producing battery electrolytes without the use of toxic reagents such as HF.
  • compositions or methods of providing e.g., making, manufacturing, or the like) compositions comprising reagents or reagent compositions.
  • reagents or reagent compositions provided herein are high purity and/or low- phosphorous reagents or reagent compositions.
  • presence of high purity and/or low phosphorous allows for the use of a reagent or reagent composition that produces high yield fluorination (e.g., relative to otherwise similar reagents/compositions having lower purity and/or higher phosphorous content).
  • reagent or reagent compositions provided herein provide an improved rate of fluorination (e.g., at least about 10% improved).
  • purified reagents or reagent compositions provided herein have a higher fluorine content compared to (e.g., crude) reagents or reagent compositions provided herein.
  • reagents or reagent compositions provide a rate of fluorination of a starting reagent (e.g., aromatic compound) that is higher when compared to a rate of fluorination provided by a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a starting reagent e.g., aromatic compound
  • any reagent e.g., fluorination reagent, such as a purified fluorination reagent, or crude fluorination reagent
  • reagent or reagent composition e.g., any reagent or mixed composition, such as used in making of a reagent
  • a first salt e.g., calcium fluoride
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a first salt and a second salt (e.g., K2HPO4) provided herein.
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a first salt provided herein.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a metal (e.g., alkali metal, alkaline earth metal).
  • a reagent or reagent composition comprises an alkali metal.
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises an alkali metal (such as lithium, potassium, or sodium), fluoride, and (e.g., at least one additional) ion.
  • any composition provided herein comprises an ion (e.g., at least one additional ion herein).
  • a reagent e.g., fluorination reagent, such as a purified fluorination reagent, or crude fluorination reagent
  • reagent e.g., any reagent or mixed composition, such as used in making of a reagent
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises at least one additional ion.
  • a (e.g., salt or salt comprising a) composition provided herein comprises (e.g., at least one additional) ion.
  • a (e.g., salt or salt comprising a) composition provided herein comprises at least one additional ion.
  • an (e.g., at least one additional) ion provided herein comprises a cation, anion, and/or zwitterion.
  • an (e.g., at least one) cation provided herein comprises an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, other metal, cationic complex or ligand, or the like.
  • an (e.g., at least one) cation provided herein is K + , Na + , Rb + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu + , Cu 2+ , Ag + , Li + , NH 4 + , Sr + , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Al 3+ , [Co(NH3)e] 3+ , or Cs + .
  • (e.g., at least one) cation is K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Li + , Co 3+ , Co 2+ , U 2+ , U 4+ , U 6+ , Ni 2+ , and/or Cs. +
  • an (e.g., at least one) anion provided herein comprises a hydroxide, a sulphate, a carbonate, a phosphate, a pyrophosphate, a halide, a chlorate, a nitrate, a carbonate, a hydride, a sulfite, or the like.
  • an (e.g., at least one) anion provided herein is a hydroxide, a sulphate, a carbonate, a phosphate, and/or a pyrophosphate.
  • an (e.g., at least one) zwitterion provided herein comprises an amino acid, a betaine, sulfamic acid, an acid, an aromatic compound, and/or a phospholipid.
  • an (e.g., at least one) zwitterion provided herein is an amino acid, trimethylglycine, cocamidopropyl betaine, sulfamic acid, anthranilic acid, psilocybin, and/or phosphatidylcholine.
  • an (e.g., at least one) zwitterion provided herein is psilocybin.
  • reagents and reagent compositions with high purity and/or low levels of impurities e.g., phosphorous, calcium, or the like.
  • impurities e.g., phosphorous, calcium, or the like.
  • high purity and low-content phosphorous allows for the use of a reagent or reagent composition that produces high-yield fluorination relative to other reagent or reagent compositions having low purity and/or higher phosphorous content.
  • high purity and low-content calcium allows for the use of a reagent or reagent composition that produces high- yield fluorination relative to other reagent or reagent compositions having low purity and/or higher calcium content.
  • low-content calcium and/or phosphorous and high purity reagent or reagent compositions allow substantially improved fluorination capabilities.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein (and/or produced or used herein) comprises low-content phosphorus.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein (and/or produced or used herein) comprises phosphorous in an amount of about 0.015 % to about 12.5 % by weight (wt %) (w/w).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises phosphorous in an amount of about 0.015 % by weight (wt %) or more (e.g., about 0.05 wt % or more, about 0.1 wt % or more, about 0.5 wt % or more).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises phosphorous in an amount of about 1 % by weight or less (e.g., about 1 wt % or less, about 0.5 wt% or less, about 0.1 wt% or less, about 0.05 wt % or less).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises phosphorous in an amount of about 0.05 % to about 10 wt % (e.g., about 0.1 wt % to about 6 wt %, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt %, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt %). In certain embodiments, a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises phosphorous in an amount of about 5 wt % or less (e.g., about 3 wt % or less, about 2 wt % or less, about 1 wt % or less, about 0.5 wt % or less, about 0.1 wt % or less).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises phosphorous in an amount of about 0.05 wt % to about 0.2 wt %.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises low-content calcium.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein (and/or produced or used herein) comprises calcium in an amount of about 0.01 % to about 15 % by weight (wt %) (w/w).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises calcium in an amount of about 0.01 % by weight (wt %) or more (e.g., about 0.05 wt % or more, about 0.1 wt% or more, about 0.5 wt % or more, about 1 wt % or more).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises calcium in an amount of about 2 % by weight or less (e.g., about 1 wt% or less, about 0.5 wt% or less, about 0.1 wt % or less, about 0.05 wt% or less).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises calcium in an amount of about 0.05 wt % to about 12 wt % (e.g., about 0.1 wt % to about 8 wt %, about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt %). In certain embodiments, a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises calcium in an amount of about 6 wt % or less (e.g., about 4 wt % or less, about 2 wt % or less, about 1 wt % or less, about 0.5 wt % or less, about 0.1 wt % or less, about 0.05 wt % or less). [0070] In specific embodiments, a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises calcium in an amount of about 0.01 % to about 0.05 wt %.
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at about 28.1°. In some embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 28.1°, 49.0°, and/or 52.3°. In some embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 28.1°, 49.9°, 52.3°, 54.1°, 69.9°, and/or 69.7°.
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 28.1°, 49.9°, 52.3°, 54.1°, 69.9°, and 69.7°.
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at about 21.9°. In some embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 21.9°, 30.3°, and/or 31.6°. In certain embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 21.9°, 39.3°, 31.6°, and/or 43.4°. In specific embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 21.9°, 39.3°, 31.6°, and 43.4°.
  • a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at about 5.2°. In some embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 5.2°, 31.5°, and/or 36.8°. In certain embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein may further comprise peaks corresponding ⁇ 9.2°29 to one or more 2-theta values from Table 2. In specific embodiments, a powder x-ray diffraction spectrum of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises characteristic 29 reflections at 5.2°, 31.5°, and 36.8°.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises high-content fluorine.
  • fluorine conversion refers to a relative proportion or percentage (%) of fluorine from a (e.g., first) salt or salt composition provided herein that is converted to a reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • about 19 % to about 89 % of fluorine from a (e.g., first) salt or salt composition provided herein is converted into a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • Fluorine wt% or F wt% refers to fluorine content by weight in a reagent or reagent composition provided herein. In certain embodiments, Fluorine wt% or F wt% is measured by any suitable method (e.g., quantitative 19 F NMR).
  • a weight % of fluorine (F wt%) in a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is about 8% to about 75% (e.g., about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 45% to about 55%).
  • a weight % of fluorine (F wt%) in a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is about 20% or more (e.g., about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more).
  • a weight % of fluorine (F wt%) in a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is about 75% or less.
  • a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein can have an XRPD pattern comprising peaks corresponding ⁇ 0.2°29 to at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, and/or at least 70 of the 2-theta values reported in Table 2 provided herein.
  • a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein can have an XRPD pattern comprising peaks corresponding ⁇ 0.2°29 to at least 10%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 70%, at least 90%, and/or 100% of the 2-theta values reported in Table 2 provided herein.
  • a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein can have an XRPD pattern comprising peaks corresponding ⁇ 0.2°29 to at least 30% of the 502-theta values reported in Table 2 provided herein (the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition may have an XRPD pattern comprising peaks corresponding to at least 15 of the 2-theta values, modified ⁇ 0.2°29, in Table 2).
  • a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein (e.g., fluorination reagent C as provided herein in Example 2).
  • a method provided herein comprises combining a first salt and a second salt.
  • any of the methods or compositions provided herein comprise a first salt.
  • a first salt provided herein comprises fluoride.
  • the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride.
  • the first salt further comprises additional ions, such as cations and/or anions provided herein.
  • the first salt comprises CaF2, Cas/PCUfF, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises fluoride. In specific embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride. In some embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt further comprises additional ions, such as cations and/or anions provided herein. In specific embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises CaF2, CasfPCU ⁇ F, and/or combinations thereof.
  • a first salt e.g., a first salt provided herein
  • a composition comprising a first salt provided herein is sourced from a material with low-value, low-purity, such as a waste material.
  • the first salt provided herein is sourced from a waste material (e.g., calcium fluoride).
  • a composition comprising the first salt provided herein is sourced from a waste material.
  • provided herein are methods for manufacturing reagents or reagent composition with waste materials.
  • a waste material e.g., a waste material provided herein
  • a waste material provided herein is a (e.g., recovered) waste product (e.g., sourced from an industrial process).
  • a waste material herein is a (e.g., recovered) waste product from an industrial process such as semiconductor manufacturing, fluorochemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, or the like.
  • a waste material provided herein comprises fluorine (or a fluorinated salt), fluorapatite, calcium fluoride (e.g., in low purity), CFC-12, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PF As), or the like.
  • a waste material provided herein comprises fluorine, or a fluorinated salt (e.g., in low purity).
  • a waste material provided herein comprises fluorine and calcium (e.g., in low purity).
  • a waste material provided herein may be used as a raw, processed, or treated waste material to provide reagent or reagent compositions provided herein.
  • the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 20% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 30% or less. In certain embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 40% or less. In certain embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 50% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 60% or less.
  • the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 70% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt or composition comprising the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 80% or less.
  • the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 20% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 30% or less. In certain embodiments, the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 40% or less. In certain embodiments, the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 50% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 60% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 70% or less. In some embodiments, the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride in a collective amount of about 80% or less.
  • any of the methods or compositions provided herein comprise a second salt.
  • a second salt provided herein comprises a metal, such as an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
  • the second salt comprises a metal (e.g., an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal) and an anion (e.g., a phosphate, hydroxide, sulphate, carbonate, and/or sulphite).
  • the second salt comprises sodium, lithium, cesium, potassium, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the second salt further comprises phosphate (e.g., such as an inorganic phosphate or a pyrophosphate), hydroxide, carbonate, sulphite, and/or a sulphate.
  • the second salt is NaOH, Na2SOs, K2SO3, KOH, KHSO4, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, K3PO4, Na 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 , K2CO3, Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , CS2CO3, K2SO4, KPO3, K5P3O10, K4P2O7, Na4?2O7, titanium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, uranium phosphate, and/or combinations of one or more thereof.
  • the second salt further comprises additional ions, such as cations and/or anions provided herein.
  • the second salt or composition comprising the second salt comprises a metal, such as an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
  • the second salt or composition comprising the second salt comprises a metal (e.g., an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal) and an anion (e.g., such as a phosphate, hydroxide, sulphate, carbonate, and/or sulphite).
  • the second salt or composition comprising the second salt comprises sodium, lithium, cesium, potassium, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the second salt further comprises phosphate (e.g., such as an inorganic phosphate or a pyrophosphate), hydroxide, carbonate, sulphite, and/or a sulphate.
  • the second salt or composition comprising the second salt is NaOH, Na2SOs, K2SO3, KOH, KHSO4, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, K3PO4, Na 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 , K2CO3, Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , K2SO4, KPO3, K5P3O10, K4P2O7, Na4?2O7, titanium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, uranium phosphate, and/or combinations of one or more thereof.
  • the second salt or composition comprising the second salt further comprises additional ions, such as cations and/or anions provided herein.
  • any of the methods or compositions provided herein comprise a third salt.
  • a third salt provided herein comprises calcium.
  • a third salt provided herein further comprises an anion provided herein.
  • a third salt provided herein comprises calcium and an anion provided herein (e.g., a phosphate, hydroxide, sulphate, carbonate, and/or sulphite).
  • a combination of a first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and a second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) of any method provided herein provides a third salt.
  • a third salt provided herein comprises any cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) of a first salt or composition comprising a first salt provided herein and any anion of a second salt or composition comprising a second salt provided herein.
  • the third salt provided herein or a composition comprising the third salt comprises calcium.
  • the third salt or composition comprising the third salt further comprises an anion provided herein.
  • the third salt or a composition comprising the third salt comprises calcium and an anion provided herein (e.g., a phosphate, hydroxide, sulphate, carbonate, and/or sulphite).
  • a combination of a first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and a second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) of any method provided herein provides a third salt or composition comprising a third salt.
  • a third salt or a composition comprising the third salt comprises any cation (e.g., Ca 2+ ) of a first salt or composition comprising a first salt provided herein and any anion of a second salt or composition comprising a second salt provided herein.
  • a third salt or composition comprising a third salt provided herein has a lattice energy of about 2400 kJ/mol or more (e.g., about 2600 kJ/mol or more, about 3000 kJ/mol or more). In specific embodiments, the third salt or composition comprising the third salt has a lattice energy of about 2450 kJ or more. In still more specific embodiments, the third salt or composition comprising the third salt has a lattice energy of about 2630 kJ/mol or more.
  • a lattice energy of a third salt or composition comprising the third salt provided herein is greater than a lattice energy of a first salt or composition comprising the first salt provided herein and/or a lattice energy of a second salt or composition comprising the second salt provided herein.
  • reactivity of a third salt or composition comprising the third salt provided herein with a high lattice energy is low.
  • a composition or a method comprising combining a first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and a second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) provided herein.
  • a ratio of a first ion in a first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) provided herein to a second ion in a second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) provided herein is about 0.1 :5 to about 5:0.1.
  • a ratio of the first ion in the first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) to the second ion in the second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) is about 1 : 1. In yet more specific embodiments, a ratio of the first ion in the first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) to the second ion in the second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) is about 1 :2.
  • the first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and the second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) of any method provided herein are combined in any suitable manner (e.g., thereby providing a mixed composition described herein).
  • both the first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and the second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) are combined as solids.
  • the first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and the second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) are combined to form a solid salt combination.
  • a method provided herein comprises applying a mechanical force to a mixed composition provided herein (e.g., comprising the first salt or a composition comprising the first salt and the second salt or a composition comprising the second salt).
  • a mechanical force e.g., any suitable mechanical force provide herein is used.
  • the first salt (or a composition comprising the first salt) and the second salt (or a composition comprising the second salt) of any method provided herein are combined in any suitable manner to provide a third salt provided herein or a composition comprising the third salt.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition provided herein comprises a first salt.
  • the first salt comprises fluoride.
  • the first salt comprises calcium and fluoride.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition provided herein comprises a second salt.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition provided herein comprises a reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a mixed composition provided herein is useful for directly fluorinating a compound (such as a starting reagent provided herein).
  • a mechanical force e.g., a mechanical force provided herein
  • comprises any suitable mechanical force such as by using a ball mill, a planetary mill, a mortar and pestle, a twin-screw-extruder, an attritor, a drum mill, an ultrasonic bath, a mechanical press, and/or combinations of one or more thereof.
  • a mechanical force is applied using a high-shear mixer, an in-line homogenizer, one or more bead mills, and/or combinations thereof.
  • mechanical force provided herein is provided with a ball mill.
  • a ball mill provided herein comprises a jar and balls (e.g., with a weight of about 1 g to about 20 g).
  • a first (e.g., salt) composition provided herein and a second (e.g., salt) composition provided herein are combined in a jar and balls are added.
  • mechanical force provided herein is provided with a twin screw-extruder, such as by extruding a combination of (e.g., salt) compositions provided herein at varying screw speeds, screw temperatures, residence times, or the like.
  • a twin screw-extruder provided herein is fixed with a gravimetric single screw feeder (e.g., hopper) for programmed addition of (e.g., salt) compositions provided herein.
  • mechanical force is applied under any suitable condition, such as at a selected or varying frequency, time, temperature, cycles, or the like.
  • a mechanical force provided herein is applied at a frequency of about 0.5 Hz to about 60 kHz (e.g., about 10 Hz to about 20 kHz).
  • a mechanical force provided herein is applied at a frequency of about 5 Hz or more (e.g., about 10 Hz or more, about 20 Hz or more, about 30 Hz or more).
  • a mechanical force provided herein is applied at about 35 Hz.
  • a mechanical force provided herein is applied for about 1 cycle to about 50 cycles (e.g., about 5 to about 40 cycles, about 10 to about 30 cycles). In some embodiments, a mechanical force provided herein is applied for 1 cycle or more. In specific embodiments, a mechanical force provided herein is applied for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, mechanical force is applied to one or more compositions in solution-phase. In some embodiments, mechanical force is applied to one or more compositions in solid-phase.
  • mechanical force provided herein is applied at a temperature of about 20 to about 300 ° C (e.g., about 50 to about 250 ° C, about 100 to about 200 ° C). In some embodiments, mechanical force provided herein is applied at a temperature of about 20 ° C or more (e.g., about 50 ° C or more, about 100 ° C or more, about 150 ° C or more). In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is refluxed at a reaction temperature. In some embodiments, the reaction temperature and/or a reflux temperature is about 100 to about 175 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is stirred in a pressure vessel. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a heated twin-screw extruder. In specific embodiments, mechanical force provided herein is applied at a temperature of about 25 ° C (e.g., at room temperature).
  • a mechanical force provided herein is applied for about 5 minutes to about 3 hours (e.g., about 10 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 20 minutes to about 2 hours, about 30 minutes to about 1.5 hours). In some embodiments, a mechanical force provided herein is applied for about 5 minutes or more (e.g., about 15 minutes or more, about 30 minutes or more, about 45 minutes or more, about 1 hour or more, about 2 hours or more). In specific embodiments, mechanical force provided herein is applied for about 45 minutes.
  • varying time, frequency, temperature, and/or the like provides high yields of a reagent (e.g., fluorination reagent, such as a purified fluorination reagent, or crude fluorination reagent) or composition (e.g., any reagent or mixed composition, such as used in making of a reagent) provided herein.
  • a reagent e.g., fluorination reagent, such as a purified fluorination reagent, or crude fluorination reagent
  • composition e.g., any reagent or mixed composition, such as used in making of a reagent
  • a method provided herein comprises combining a first composition and a second composition, the first composition comprising a first salt and the second composition comprising a second salt.
  • the first and/or the second composition is a waste material provided herein (e.g., raw, processed, or treated waste material).
  • a composition or a method comprising subjecting a (e.g., mixed) composition to a (e.g., fluid) composition.
  • a (e.g., fluid) composition e.g., a composition or a method comprising subjecting a (e.g., mixed) composition to a (e.g., fluid) composition.
  • the (e.g., mixed) composition of any method provided herein is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition (e.g., thereby forming a reagent or reagent composition, such as described herein).
  • the (e.g., mixed) composition is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition under any suitable conditions, such as at any selected temperature, with any selected volume of fluid composition, with stirring or other agitation, at any selected pH (e.g., using a buffer), for any selected period of time, or the like.
  • a (e.g., fluid) composition under any suitable conditions, such as at any selected temperature, with any selected volume of fluid composition, with stirring or other agitation, at any selected pH (e.g., using a buffer), for any selected period of time, or the like.
  • an (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein comprises any suitable solvent.
  • a fluid composition provided herein comprises a solvent (e.g., a solvent provided herein).
  • a fluid composition provided herein comprises any suitable solvent (e.g., water or an organic solvent).
  • a fluid composition provided herein comprises a solvent (e.g., water).
  • a solvent provided herein is any suitable solvent, such as a polar aprotic solvent, water, an alcohol, an alkyl carbonate solvent, a halocarbon and/or a combination thereof.
  • a solvent provided herein is acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, toluene, 1,2-di chlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, di chloroethane, trifluorotoluene, chloroform, sulfolane, DMF, DMSO, tert-butanol, dichloromethane (DCM), tert-amyl alcohol, water, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, trifluoroethyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl carbonate, bis
  • a solvent provided herein is selected according to its characteristics, such as boiling point, ability to solubilize a composition provided herein, polarity, pH, or the like.
  • a solvent e.g., a solvent provided herein
  • a solvent provided herein has a boiling point of about 30 °C or more.
  • a solvent provided herein has a boiling point of about 70 °C or more.
  • a solvent or (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein has a boiling point of about 120 °C or more.
  • a solvent or (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein has a boiling point of about 240 °C or less.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition provided herein is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein for about 0 to about 8 hours.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition for about 1 hour or more.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition for about 6 hours or less.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition for about 2 hours.
  • a combination of a (e.g., mixed) composition provided herein and a (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein is at a temperature of about 0 to about 120 °C. In some embodiments, a combination of a (e.g., mixed) composition and a (e.g., fluid) composition is at a temperature of about 80 °C or more. In certain embodiments, a combination of a (e.g., mixed) composition and a (e.g., fluid) composition is at a temperature of about 110 °C or less.
  • the selected temperature of a combination of a (e.g., mixed) composition and (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein increases a yield of a reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition provided herein is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition at a selected pH of about 3 to about 12.
  • pH of a (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein can be modified in any suitable manner (e.g., by using a buffer).
  • the selected pH is about 4 or more.
  • the selected pH is about 7 or more.
  • the selected pH is about 10 or more.
  • a (e.g., mixed) composition of any method provided herein is subjected to a (e.g., fluid) composition provided herein, thereby forming a resultant fluid (e.g., comprising a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition that can be further purified to provide a (e.g., purified reagent or reagent composition) and a washed (e.g., mixed) composition.
  • the washed (e.g., mixed) composition is a solid.
  • the resultant fluid comprises a reagent or reagent composition, such as described herein.
  • the resultant fluid comprises a crude reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a method provided herein comprises adjusting pH (e.g., by any suitable means) of a (e.g., resultant) fluid described herein.
  • the pH of a resultant fluid of any method provided herein is adjusted (e.g., using an acid, base, and/or buffer).
  • pH of a resultant fluid provided herein is adjusted to a pH of about 5 to about 10.
  • pH of a resultant fluid is adjusted to a pH of about 6 to about 9.
  • pH of a resultant fluid is adjusted to a pH of about 6 to about 8 (e.g., thereby neutralizing the resultant fluid).
  • a pH of a resultant fluid is adjusted based on a presence of an alkaline impurity in the first salt (e.g., to a pH of about 6).
  • a pH of the resultant fluid is adjusted to a pH compatible with one or more downstream processes of a method described herein (e.g., a pH may be adjusted to about 7, about 8, or about 9 for a process requiring neutral or mildly basic solutions, such as when using a pH sensitive filtration media).
  • the pH of the resultant fluid is adjusted for compatibility with and/or separation on one or more ion exchange columns.
  • pH of a resultant fluid provided herein is adjusted to a pH of about 8 to about 14. In certain embodiments, pH of a resultant fluid is adjusted to a pH of about 12 to about 13.
  • pH of a (e.g., resultant) fluid provided herein is adjusted with any suitable acid or base.
  • pH of a resultant fluid is adjusted (e.g., neutralized) with a (e.g., polyprotic) acid.
  • a resultant fluid described herein is neutralized.
  • an acid is any suitable acid, such as a strong acid, a weak acid, a polyprotic acid, and/or a combination thereof.
  • an acid provided herein is phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, carbonic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, silicic acid, oxalic acid, and/or a combination thereof.
  • polyprotic acids e.g., phosphoric acid
  • use of polyprotic acids e.g., phosphoric acid
  • a base is any suitable base, such as a strong base, a weak base, an organic base, or the like.
  • a base provided herein comprises a hydroxide, an amine, ammonia, a pyridine, and/or a combination thereof.
  • a base provided herein is NaOH, KOH, or LiOH.
  • a base provided herein is KOH.
  • the washed (e.g., mixed) composition comprises a salt (e.g., a first salt as described herein).
  • a method provided herein comprises combining the washed (e.g., mixed) composition and a second salt as provided herein (e.g., thereby forming a mixed composition described herein).
  • a mixed composition provided herein comprises the washed (e.g., mixed) composition.
  • a washed (e.g, mixed) composition described herein is provided as a first salt provided herein (e.g., thereby providing for sustainable manufacturing of a reagent or reagent composition described herein).
  • providing a washed (e.g., mixed) composition described herein as the first salt in methods and compositions described herein provides for sustainable manufacturing of reagents or reagent compositions.
  • providing a washed (e.g., mixed) composition described herein as the first salt in methods and compositions described herein reduces the cost of waste disposal and/or the cost manufacturing a reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a composition or a method comprising concentrating a resultant fluid described herein (e.g., thereby forming a reagent or reagent composition, such as described herein).
  • a resultant fluid provided herein is concentrated by any suitable method and/or to any suitable endpoint provided herein.
  • concentrating a resultant fluid described herein provides a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition (e.g., a reagent concentrate or precipitate).
  • concentrating a resultant fluid described herein provides a crude reagent or reagent composition (e.g., a reagent concentrate or precipitate).
  • the (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition is useful for directly fluorinating an organic compound provided herein (e.g., a starting reagent).
  • any suitable concentration method is used, such as by drying, lyophilizing, evaporating (e.g., using a rotary evaporator), distilling, or the like.
  • any fluid or wash provided herein is concentrated to any suitable endpoint (e.g., by about 10% or more).
  • a resultant fluid described herein is concentrated by drying, evaporation, and/or a combination thereof.
  • a resultant fluid described herein is concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • a resultant fluid described herein is concentrated under reduced pressure thereby providing a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • alternate concentration methods may be performed prior to, during, after, or in place of drying, lyophilizing, evaporating, distilling or the like.
  • alternate concentration methods comprise reverse osmosis, ultra-high pressure reverse osmosis, falling film evaporation, agitated thin film evaporation, spray-drying, and/or any combination of two or more thereof (e.g., up to, and including, a combination of all methods thereof).
  • a composition or a method comprising washing a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition with a (e.g., solvent) composition.
  • a (e.g., solvent) composition is any suitable solvent.
  • a (e.g., solvent) composition is any (e.g., organic) solvent (e.g., a solvent provided herein).
  • the (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition of any method provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent (e.g., thereby forming a reagent or reagent composition, such as described herein).
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent under any suitable conditions, such as at a targeted temperature, with any selected volume of fluid composition, with stirring or other agitation, at any selected pH (e.g., using a buffer), at any selected temperature, for any selected period of time, or the like.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with an organic solvent (e.g., an alcohol).
  • the reaction mixture is refluxed at a reaction temperature.
  • the reaction temperature and/or a reflux temperature is about 100 to about 175 °C.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred in a pressure vessel.
  • the reaction is performed in a heated twin-screw extruder.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent for about 4 hours to about 48 hours.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent for about 8 hours to about 36 hours.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent for about 10 hours to about 28 hours.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent for 8 hours or more.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent for 36 hours or less.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent for about 18 hours.
  • a combination of a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided and a (e.g., organic) solvent is at a temperature of about -20 to about 240 °C. In some embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition and the (e.g., organic) solvent is at a temperature of about 80 °C or more. In certain embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition and the (e.g., organic) solvent is at a temperature of about 235 °C or less.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition of any method provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent described herein, thereby providing a reagent wash (e.g., a fluid reagent wash) and a washed (e.g., reagent) composition.
  • a (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition of any method provided herein is washed with a (e.g., organic) solvent, thereby providing a reagent wash (e.g., comprising a (e.g., purified) reagent or reagent composition).
  • the (e.g., fluid) reagent wash comprises a reagent or reagent composition, such as described herein.
  • the (e.g., fluid) reagent wash comprises a purified reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • provided herein is a composition or a method comprising concentrating a (e.g., fluid) reagent wash described herein (e.g., thereby forming a reagent or reagent composition, such as described herein).
  • a (e.g., fluid) reagent wash provided herein is concentrated by any suitable method and/or to any suitable endpoint provided herein.
  • concentrating (e.g., fluid) reagent wash provided herein provides and/or produces a (e.g., purified) reagent or reagent composition (e.g., a reagent wash concentrate or reagent precipitate).
  • a (e.g., purified) reagent or reagent composition is useful for directly fluorinating an organic compound provided herein (e.g., a starting reagent).
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein is activated, whereby the reagent or reagent composition comprises an (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition that can be used to fluorinate a starting reagent (e.g., organic compound) in that form.
  • any reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a fluorination reagent or reagent composition.
  • an (e.g., crude) reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a fluorination reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a (e.g., purified) reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a fluorination reagent or reagent composition provided herein.
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein comprises a fluorination reagent or reagent composition provided herein (e.g., a mixed composition provided herein and/or a first salt provided herein).
  • starting reagents provided herein comprise a leaving group (e.g., chlorine, iodine, bromine). In specific embodiments, a leaving group of a starting reagent provided herein is chlorine. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for fluorinating a starting reagent (e.g., a starting reagent provided herein) or a salt thereof to provide a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., the product of any of the reactions illustrated in FIGs. 3-9).
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., the product of any of the reactions illustrated in FIGs. 3-9
  • provided herein are methods for fluorinating a starting reagent (e.g., a starting reagent provided herein) or a salt thereof to provide a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., KPFe)
  • a starting reagent e.g., a starting reagent provided herein
  • a salt thereof e.g., KPFe
  • provided herein are methods for fluorinating PCI3.
  • provided herein are methods for fluorinating PCI5.
  • provided herein are methods for fluorinating P4O6.
  • provided herein are methods for fluorinating LiPCk.
  • provided herein are methods for fluorinating P2O5.
  • the starting reagent is PCI5.
  • a reagent or reagent composition provided herein is used to fluorinate a starting reagent (e.g., a starting reagent provided herein) to provide a high value, high yield battery electrolyte or battery electrolyte precursor without the use of toxic chemicals such as HF.
  • a starting reagent e.g., a starting reagent provided herein
  • methods for isolating a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein e.g., phosphorous hexafluoride or a salt thereof.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein is isolated and/or concentrated (e.g., purified) by any suitable method such as by distillation, crystallization, recrystallization, sublimation, any suitable chromatography method (e.g., column, HPLC, or the like), trituration or the like.
  • an isolation and/or concentration method e.g., purification
  • an isolation and/or concentration method e.g., an isolation or concentration method provided herein further comprises triturating a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein using any suitable method.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein is triturated with any suitable solvent (e.g., a solvent provided herein) to provide a (e.g., isolated) battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • the triturating comprises crushing a solid in a solvent selected to remove impurities.
  • triturating comprises evaporating the solvent from the crushed solid.
  • a battery electrolyte provided herein (e.g., lithium phosphorous hexafluoride).
  • a battery electrolyte comprises lithium phosphorous hexafluoride or a salt thereof.
  • a method comprising contacting a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) with an electrolyte agent (e.g., thereby providing a battery electrolyte).
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a battery electrolyte e.g., a battery electrolyte provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent provided herein is any suitable electrolyte salt such as a lithium salt (e.g., lithium perchlorate, lithium sulphate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium tetrafluorob orate).
  • an electrolyte agent provided herein is any suitable electrolyte salt such as a lithium salt or a sodium salt (e.g., NaCl, NaCIC ).
  • an electrolyte agent is lithium sulphate.
  • the electrolyte agent is lithium perchlorate.
  • the electrolyte agent is lithium chloride.
  • the electrolyte agent is lithium bromide.
  • the electrolyte salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate.
  • the electrolyte salt is NaCl.
  • the electrolyte salt is NaCICh.
  • the starting reagent e.g., a starting reagent provided herein
  • reactivity e.g., low
  • solubility provide difficulties for obtaining high yields of a battery electrolyte precursor or battery electrolyte.
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent under any suitable conditions, such as at any selected temperature, with stirring or other agitation, at any selected pH, for any selected period of time, or the like.
  • an amount of an electrolyte agent is about 0 equivalents to about 5 equivalents of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) (e.g., about 0.5 to about 4 equivalents, about
  • the amount of the electrolyte agent is about 0.5 or more (e.g., about 1 or more, about 2 or more, about 4) equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor. In certain embodiments, the amount of the electrolyte agent is about 4 or less (e.g., about
  • the amount of the electrolyte agent is about 1.1 equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the electrolyte agent is about 2 equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor. In still more embodiments, the amount of the electrolyte agent is about 1.5 equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor. In yet more embodiments, the amount of the electrolyte agent is about 1.16 equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • any suitable solvent e.g., a solvent provided herein.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a selected solvent e.g., a solvent provided herein
  • a (e.g., selected) solvent is any suitable solvent (e.g., as provided herein).
  • the selected solvent is an organic solvent.
  • the selected solvent is acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), an alcohol (e.g., ethanol, methanol), dioxane, methyl /butyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), an alkyl carbonate (e.g., dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate), and/or combinations of one or more thereof.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with an electrolyte agent (e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein) in methanol.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • a combination of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) and an electrolyte agent (e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein) is at a temperature of about 10 to about 80 °C (e.g., about 20 to about 70 °C, about 30 to about 60 °C). In some embodiments, a combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent is at a temperature of about 10 °C or more (e.g., about 15 °C or more, about 20 °C or more).
  • a combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent is at a temperature of about 60 °C or less (e.g., about 50°C or less, about 40°C or less, about 30°C or less). In specific embodiments, a combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent is at a temperature of about 25 °C. In yet more specific embodiments, a combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent is at room temperature.
  • lowering the temperature (e.g., to about 20 °C or less) of a combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and electrolyte agent after a predetermined amount of time (e.g., about 6 hours to about 48 hours) provides an increased yield of the battery electrolyte.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 30 hours or less (e.g., about 24 hours or less, about 18 hours or less, about 12 hours or less, about 8 hours or less).
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 84 hours or less (e.g., about 72 hours or less). In some certain embodiments, the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 2 hours or more (e.g., about 4 hours or more, about 8 hours or more, about 16 hours or more, about 32 hours or more). In certain embodiments, a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) is contacted with an electrolyte agent (e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein) for about 0.5 hours to about 10 hours (e.g., about 1 hours to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 6 hours).
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 8 hours or less (e.g., about 6 hours or less, about 4 hours or less, about 3 hours or less, about 1 hour or less). In certain embodiments, the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 1 hour or more (e.g., about 2 hours or more, about 4 hours or more, about 8 hours or more). In specific embodiments, the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 2 hours. In yet more specific embodiments, the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 18 hours.
  • the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 1 hour. In yet more specific embodiments, the battery electrolyte precursor is contacted with the electrolyte agent for about 8 hours. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the combination is changed (e.g., lowered to 0 °C or less) after a period of time.
  • a drying agent is added to a combination of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) and an electrolyte agent (e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein).
  • the drying agent can be any suitable drying agent.
  • the drying agent is an organolithium compound (e.g., an alkyl lithium).
  • the drying agent is methyl lithium, tert-butyl lithium, lithium hydride, or the like.
  • the drying agent is methyl lithium (MeLi).
  • addition of a drying agent improves yield of a battery electrolyte.
  • a drying agent e.g., as provided herein is added to a combination of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) and an electrolyte agent (e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein) after the temperature of the combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent (e.g., the combination comprising the battery electrolyte) is lowered to about 20 °C or less (e.g., about 15 °C or less, about 10 °C or less, about 3 °C or less).
  • a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • an electrolyte agent e.g., an electrolyte agent provided herein
  • the combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent is lowered to about 0 °C prior to addition of the drying agent. In yet more specific embodiments, the combination of the battery electrolyte precursor and the electrolyte agent is lowered to about 5 °C prior to addition of the drying agent.
  • an amount of a drying agent provided herein is about 0.001 equivalents to about 5 equivalents (e.g., about 0.005 to about 1, about 0.01 to about 0.1) of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein).
  • the amount of the drying agent is about 0.005 or more (e.g., about 0.01 or more, about 0.05 or more) equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor.
  • the amount of the drying agent is about 5 or less (e.g., about 1 or less, about 0.5 or less, about 0.1 or less, about 0.05 or less) equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor.
  • the amount of the drying agent is about 0.01 to about 0.1 equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the drying agent is about 0.024 equivalents of the battery electrolyte precursor.
  • a concentration of a battery electrolyte precursor e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein
  • a combination provided herein e.g., a combination of a battery electrolyte precursor and an electrolyte agent in a selected solvent provided herein
  • 0.05 M to about 5 M e.g., about 0.1 M to about 4 M, about 0.2 M to about 3 M, about 0.5 M to about 1.5 M.
  • the concentration of the battery electrolyte precursor in the combination is about 0.05 M or more (e.g., about 0.1 M or more, about 0.2 M or more, about 0.8 M or more). In certain embodiments, the concentration of the battery electrolyte precursor in the combination is about 0.4 M or less (e.g., about 3 M or less, about 1.5 M or less). In specific embodiments, the concentration of the battery electrolyte precursor in the combination is about 1 M. In yet more specific embodiments, the concentration of the battery electrolyte precursor in the combination is about 1.5 M.
  • a composition or a method comprising contacting a starting reagent (e.g., a starting reagent provided herein) with a reagent or reagent composition described herein (e.g., thereby fluorinating the starting reagent and providing a fluorinated product).
  • a starting reagent provided herein contacted with a reagent or reagent composition provided herein provides a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • the starting reagent is contacted with the reagent or reagent composition under any suitable conditions, such as at any selected temperature, with stirring or other agitation, at any selected pH, for any selected period of time, or the like.
  • a combination of a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein and a starting reagent provided herein is at a temperature of about - 10 to about 150 °C (e.g., about -5 to about 120 °C, about 0 to about 90 °C).
  • a combination of a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein and a starting reagent provided herein is at a temperature of about 20 to about 200 °C (e.g., about 60 to about 160 °C, about 70 to about 120 °C).
  • a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 20 °C or more. In certain embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 40 °C or more. In some embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 60 °C or more.
  • a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 80 °C or more. In some embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 100 °C or more. In certain embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 120 °C or more.
  • a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 140 °C or more. In specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting at a temperature of about 0 °C. In yet more specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at room temperature. In still more specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at temperature of about 25 °C.
  • a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 75 °C. In still more specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 80 °C. In yet more specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 90 °C.
  • a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 110 °C. In yet more specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 115 °C. In still more specific embodiments, a combination of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition and the starting reagent is at a temperature of about 150 °C.
  • a starting reagent provided herein is contacted with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein for about 0.5 hour to about 50 hours (e.g., about 1 hours to about 40 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 20 hours, about 3 hours to about 10 hours).
  • a starting reagent provided herein is contacted with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein for about 1 hour to about 84 hours (e.g., about 2 hours to about 76 hours, about 3 hours to about 24 hours, about 4 hours to about 12 hours, about 5 hours to about 10 hours).
  • the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 30 hours or less (e.g., about 24 hours or less, about 18 hours or less, about 12 hours or less, about 8 hours or less). In certain embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 84 hours or less (e.g., about 72 hours or less). In some certain embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 1 hour or more (e.g., about 4 hours or more, about 16 hours or more, about 56 hours or more).
  • the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 6 hours. In yet more specific embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 8 hours. In still more specific embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 18 hours. In yet more specific embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 66 hours.
  • the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 2 hours. In still more specific embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 3 hours. In yet more specific embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 5 hours. In still more specific embodiments, the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 12 hours.
  • the starting reagent is contacted with the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition for about 2 hours.
  • contacting a starting reagent with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein under inert conditions provides a greater yield of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein) than under conditions without an inert atmosphere.
  • contacting a starting reagent with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein under non-inert conditions provides a substantial yield of a battery electrolyte precursor (e.g., about 50% yield or more).
  • an amount of a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is about 0.1 equivalents to about 20 equivalents of a starting reagent provided herein. In certain embodiments, an amount of a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein is about 0.1 equivalents to about 10 equivalents of a starting reagent provided herein.
  • the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 1 or more (e.g., about 2 or more, about 3 or more, about 4 or more, about 5 or more, about 6 or more, about 7 or more, about 8 or more, about 9 or more) equivalents of the starting reagent. In certain embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 20 or less (e.g., about 18 or less, about 15 or less, about 12 or less, about 10 or less) equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 10 or less (e.g., about 8 or less, about 6 or less, about 4 or less, about 2 or less) equivalents of the starting reagent. In specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 1 equivalent of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 2 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 3 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 4 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 5 equivalents of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 6 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 7 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 8 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 9 equivalents of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition is about 10 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • contacting greater equivalents of an (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition relative to the starting reagent results in high yields of a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • a starting reagent provided herein is contacted with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein under mechanochemical conditions to provide a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein under mechanochemical conditions to provide a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • any suitable mechanical force is used as provided herein and under any suitable conditions (e.g., as provided herein).
  • a starting reagent provided herein is combined with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein in a laboratory mixer mill (e.g., and milled for 2 hours at 35 Hz) thereby providing a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • a starting reagent provided herein is contacted with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein in a reaction mixture.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition, and a (e.g., reaction) solvent.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition, and a reaction solvent.
  • an (e.g., reaction) solvent is any suitable solvent (e.g., as provided herein).
  • a reaction solvent is any suitable solvent (e.g., organic solvent) provided herein.
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), sulfolane, MeTHF, butyl acetate, dioxane, pyridine, butyronitrile, diethyl carbonate, NMP, and/or DMSO, and/or combinations of one or more thereof.
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, pyridine, butyronitrile, toluene, 1,2-di chlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, di chloroethane, trifluorotoluene, chloroform, sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), n-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP), DMF, DMSO, an alcohol (e.g., tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol), water, and/or combinations thereof.
  • an alcohol e.g., tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile, chloroform, sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and/or combinations thereof.
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile, propionitrile, pyridine, and/or dimethylcarbonate, and/or combinations of one or more thereof.
  • the (e.g., reaction) solvent is an alkyl carbonate solvent provided herein.
  • the reaction solvent is acetonitrile.
  • the (e.g., reaction) solvent is sulfolane.
  • the reaction solvent is chloroform.
  • the (e.g., reaction) solvent is THF.
  • the reaction solvent is NMP.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), a reaction base (e.g., a reaction base provided herein), water (e.g., deionized water), and/or an alcohol (e.g., an alcohol provided herein), and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
  • a reaction solvent e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein
  • a reaction base e.g., a reaction base provided herein
  • water e.g., deionized water
  • an alcohol e.g., an alcohol provided herein
  • a reaction mixture provided herein further comprises a phase transfer agent.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), and a phase transfer reagent (e.g., a phase transfer agent provided herein).
  • phase transfer agent e.g., a phase transfer agent provided herein
  • a phase transfer agent is any suitable phase transfer agent, such as a crown ether, a cryptand, an ionic transfer agent (e.g., an ammonium salt), a hydrogen-bonding phase transfer agent, and/or a combination thereof.
  • a phase transfer agent provided herein is Kryptofix 221, Kryptofix 222, 18-crown-6, (Dibenzo) 18-crown-6, (dicyclo)18-crown-6, 12- crown-4, 15-crown-5, 21-crown-7, cryptand-222, 30-crown-10, (dibenzo)30-crown-10, Schreiner’s urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride (e.g., tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC)), ammonium iodide, ammonium benzoate, benzyltrimethyl, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium dichromate, ammonium acetate, ammonium bromide, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, ammonium iodate and/or combinations thereof.
  • a phase transfer agent provided herein is 18-
  • phase transfer agent e.g., a phase transfer agent provided herein
  • an amount of a phase transfer agent is about 0 equivalents to about 8 equivalents of a starting reagent provided herein (e.g., about 0.05 to about 5 equivalents, about 0.1 to about 4 equivalents, about 0.5 to about 3 equivalents). In some embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 0.05 or more (e.g., about 0.1 or more, about 0.5 or more, about 1 or more, about 2 or more) equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • the amount of phase transfer agent is about 5 or less (e.g., about 3 or less, about 2 or less, about 1 or less, about 0.5 or less, about 0.1 or less) equivalents of the starting reagent. In specific embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 1 equivalent of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 2 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 0.2 equivalents of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 0.5 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 0.1 equivalents of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the phase transfer agent is about 0.08 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein further comprises a reaction base (e.g., a reaction base provided herein).
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), and a reaction base (e.g., a reaction base provided herein).
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), a phase transfer agent (e.g., a phase transfer agent provided herein), and a reaction base (e.g., a reaction base provided herein).
  • a reaction solvent e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein
  • phase transfer agent e.g., a phase transfer agent provided herein
  • a reaction base e.g., a reaction base provided herein
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), a phase transfer agent (e.g., a phase transfer agent provided herein), and one or more reaction bases (e.g., a reaction base provided herein).
  • a reaction base e.g., a reaction base provided herein
  • a reaction base provided herein is 4- dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), and/or pyridine.
  • DMAP dimethylaminopyridine
  • DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
  • a reaction base provided herein is pyridine.
  • reaction base provided herein
  • reaction mixture provided herein results in high yields of a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • an amount of a reaction base is about 0 equivalents to about 5 equivalents of a starting reagent provided herein (e.g., about 0.1 to about 4 equivalents, about 0.2 to about 3 equivalents, about 0.5 to about 2 equivalents).
  • the amount of the reaction base is about 0.05 or more (e.g., about 0.1 or more, about 0.5 or more, about 1 or more, about 2 or more) equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • the amount of the reaction base is about 3 or less (e.g., about 2 or less, about 1.5 or less, about 1 or less, about 0.5 or less) equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • the amount of the reaction base is about 0.2 equivalent of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the reaction base is about 1.2 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the reaction base is about 1 equivalents of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of the reaction base is about 2 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of the reaction base is about 0.5 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein further comprises (e.g., deionized) water.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), a reaction base (e.g., a reaction base provided herein), and water.
  • an amount of water is about 0 equivalents to about 15 equivalents of a starting reagent provided herein (e.g., about 1 to about 12 equivalents, about 2 to about 9 equivalents, about 3 to about 7 equivalents). In some embodiments, the amount of water is about 1 or more (e.g., about 2 or more, about 4 or more, about 6 or more, about 8 or more) equivalents of the starting reagent. In certain embodiments, the amount of water is about 12 or less (e.g., about 10 or less, about 5 or less, about 2 or less) equivalents of the starting reagent. In specific embodiments, the amount of water is about 10 equivalents of the starting reagent. In still more specific embodiments, the amount of water is about 5 equivalents of the starting reagent. In yet more specific embodiments, the amount of water is about 7.5 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • a reaction mixture provided herein further comprises an alcohol (e.g., t-amyl alcohol).
  • a reaction mixture provided herein comprises a starting reagent provided herein, a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein, a reaction solvent (e.g., a reaction solvent provided herein), a reaction base (e.g., a reaction base provided herein), and an alcohol (e.g., an alcohol provided herein).
  • an alcohol e.g., an alcohol provided herein
  • an alcohol is any suitable alcohol, such as an alkyl alcohol, a diol, and/or a combination thereof.
  • an alcohol provided herein is ethyl alcohol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, t-amyl alcohol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or a combination thereof.
  • an alcohol provided herein is isopropyl alcohol, t-amyl alcohol, and/or ethylene glycol.
  • an amount of alcohol is about 0 equivalents to about 10 equivalents of a starting reagent provided herein (e.g., about 1 to about 9 equivalents, about 2 to about 8 equivalents, about 3 to about 7 equivalents). In some embodiments, the amount of alcoholis about 1 or more (e.g., about 2 or more, about 3 or more, about 4 or more, about 8 or more) equivalents of the starting reagent. In certain embodiments, the amount of alcohol is about 9 or less (e.g., about 8 or less, about 7 or less, about 3 or less) equivalents of the starting reagent. In specific embodiments, the amount of alcohol is about 5 equivalents of the starting reagent.
  • a starting reagent provided herein is contacted with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein with any selected volume of an (e.g., reaction) solvent.
  • a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein with any selected volume of an (e.g., reaction) solvent.
  • a concentration of a starting reagent provided herein in a reaction mixture provided herein is about 0.05 M to about 1 M (e.g., about 0.1 M to about 0.75 M, about 0.2 M to about 0.5 M). In some embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction mixture is about 0.08 M or more (e.g., about 0.1 M or more, about 0.2 M or more, about 0.4 M or more). In certain embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction mixture is about 0.75 M or less (e.g., about 0.5 M or less, about 0.25 M or less). In specific embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction mixture is about 0.25 M.
  • a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction mixture is about 0.33 M. In still more specific embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction mixture is about 0.5 M. In yet more specific embodiments, a concentration of the starting reagent in the reaction mixture is about 0.125 M.
  • a starting reagent provided herein contacted with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein provides a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein.
  • a leaving group e.g., chlorine, iodine, bromine
  • fluorine e.g., chlorine, iodine, bromine
  • contacting a starting reagent provided herein with a (e.g., fluorination) reagent or reagent composition provided herein provides a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein in a yield of about 10% or more (e.g., about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more).
  • a yield of a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein is about 10% to about 95% (e.g., about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 60%).
  • a yield of a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein is about 50% to about 98% (e.g., about 60% to about 97%, about 70% to about 96%, about 80% to about 95%). In some embodiments, a yield of a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein is about 75% to about 95%.
  • a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein comprises PF3, PF5, KPFe or salts thereof. In some embodiments, a battery electrolyte precursor provided herein comprises PF3, PF5, KPFe, NaPFe or salts thereof. In specific embodiment, the battery electrolyte precursor is KPFe. In yet more specific embodiments, the battery electrolyte precursor is NaPFe.
  • a battery electrolyte provided herein is LiPFe or NaPFe.
  • the battery electrolyte is LiPFe.
  • the battery electrolyte is NaPFe.
  • any of the steps provided herein can comprise any of the methods provided herein.
  • Example 1 applying mechanical force to a combination of a first and second salt
  • Example 2 manufacture and use of a fluorination reagent
  • Additional purified reagents were prepared using a scheme similar to that provided in FIG. 13.
  • a reactor described herein was charged with tripotassium phosphate, and mechanical force was applied according to methods described herein.
  • the reactor was charged with calcium fluoride, heated to reflux, and aged before cooling to room temperature whilst continuing to apply mechanical force.
  • a resultant suspension was charged into a benchtop centrifuge. The solids were then separated and were combined with water to form a slurry which was cycled through the centrifuge. The liquids were charged into a container equipped with an overhead stirrer and stirring commenced. The solution was charged with phosphoric acid until a pH of 6 was obtained and stirring was performed for 1 hour.
  • production of a purified fluorination reagent using a reactor equipped with an in-line homogeniser comprised charging the reactor, sealing the reactor, and applying mechanical force. The reaction mixture was and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting suspension was purified using similar methods to those described throughout this example. Further, spray-drying was tested for purification and produced similar results.
  • Fluorination reagent C 1.5 eq
  • an optional additive (1 eq) TMAC or 18-crown-6
  • a starting reagent 80 °C, 3h
  • All reaction parameters are provided in Table 3.
  • An exemplary reaction scheme is provided in FIG. 3.
  • Example 3 Mechanochemical conditions for providing a battery electrolyte precursor
  • Fluorination reagent C (1.5 eq) and a starting reagent are combined under mechanochemical conditions (milled for 2 hours at 35 Hz) to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • Reagents and reaction conditions are provided in Table 4.
  • An exemplary reaction scheme is provided in FIG. 4. Table 4
  • Example 5 Fluorination Reagent Purity and Yield of Battery Electrolyte Precursor
  • reaction does also occur with sub-stoichiometric quantities of the fluorination reagent.
  • Example 8 Formation of Battery Electrolyte Precursor varying reaction conditions [0191] A test was undertaken to determine whether running the reaction without an inert atmosphere was possible under the general procedure of Example 4, as shown in Table 8 below. An exemplary reaction scheme is provided in FIG. 9. Table 8
  • Example 10A Preparation of battery electrolyte Li Pi t, (variation of lithium salt)
  • Example 13 Mechanochemical conditions for providing a battery electrolyte precursor
  • Fluorination reagent C (6-12 eq) and a starting reagent are combined under mechanochemical conditions (milled for 2 hours at 35 Hz) to provide a battery electrolyte precursor.
  • Reagents and reaction conditions are provided in Table 4.
  • An exemplary reaction scheme is provided in FIG. 15.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et des méthodes de fabrication de compositions utiles dans la production de précurseurs d'électrolyte de batterie et d'électrolytes de batterie.
PCT/IB2024/000280 2023-06-15 2024-06-13 Électrolytes et composants d'électrolyte, additifs, précurseurs de ceux-ci et procédés de fabrication Ceased WO2024256864A2 (fr)

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CN202480053451.3A CN121752526A (zh) 2023-06-15 2024-06-13 制造电解质前驱体的方法
EP24740972.5A EP4727896A2 (fr) 2023-06-15 2024-06-13 Électrolytes et composants d'électrolyte, additifs, précurseurs de ceux-ci et procédés de fabrication
AU2024302261A AU2024302261A1 (en) 2023-06-15 2024-06-13 Method of manufacture of an electrolyte precursor
IL325230A IL325230A (en) 2023-06-15 2025-12-09 Method for producing a starting material for an electrolyte
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