WO2024258829A1 - Compositions de vaccin contre le sars-cov-2 et procédés associés - Google Patents

Compositions de vaccin contre le sars-cov-2 et procédés associés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024258829A1
WO2024258829A1 PCT/US2024/033365 US2024033365W WO2024258829A1 WO 2024258829 A1 WO2024258829 A1 WO 2024258829A1 US 2024033365 W US2024033365 W US 2024033365W WO 2024258829 A1 WO2024258829 A1 WO 2024258829A1
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cov
sars
spike protein
amino acid
immunogenic
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Ellen Lovisa Larsdotter AFZELIUS
Daniel William Menon ACKER
Alexander Patrick GOLDSMITH
Patrick Leo JONES
Jeremy Andrew YETHON
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Flagship Pioneering Innovations VII Inc
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Flagship Pioneering Innovations VII Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/53—DNA (RNA) vaccination
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55555—Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2770/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
    • C12N2770/00011—Details
    • C12N2770/20011—Coronaviridae
    • C12N2770/20022—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2770/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
    • C12N2770/00011—Details
    • C12N2770/20011—Coronaviridae
    • C12N2770/20034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides (e.g., SARS- CoV-2 spike protein and polypeptide immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), that comprise at least one set of amino acid substitutions (e.g., described herein) and nucleic acid molecules encoding the same.
  • the disclosure further relates to compositions comprising of the same e.g., vaccine compositions, pharmaceutical compositions) and methods of making and utilizing the same.
  • Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide variety of mammalian and avian species.
  • the viral genome is packaged into a capsid that is comprised of the viral nucleocapsid protein and surrounded by a lipid envelope. Embedded in the lipid envelope are several proteins, including, the membrane protein, the envelope small membrane protein, hemagglutinin-esterase, and the spike protein.
  • Human coronaviruses typically cause respiratory illnesses, and include, e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS- CoV-1), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV).
  • SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
  • SARS- CoV-1 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
  • MERS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome
  • SARS-Cov-2 emerged in humans in 2019, spread rapidly, and led to a global pandemic.
  • SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • COVID-19 caused a continuing public health crisis, with millions of deaths and severe illness attributed to COVID-19 worldwide.
  • Protection against COVID- 19 is mediated in large part by an immune response directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a main target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
  • the spike protein mediates binding and entry into host cells, through binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and polypeptide immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • nucleic acids encoding the same compositions (e.g., vaccine compositions, pharmaceutical compositions) comprising the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and polypeptide immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) or nucleic acids encoding the same
  • methods of manufacturing, and methods of use including, e.g., methods of preventing, reducing, or treating a SARS-CoV-2 infection, methods of vaccination against a SARS-CoV-2 infection, etc.
  • nucleic acid molecules comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one (e.g., one) set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises or consists of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RED).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RED).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike protein consists of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises or consists of a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) consists of a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one (e.g., one) set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises from about 10-15, 10-20, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 10-90, 10-100, 10-200, 10-300, 10-400, 10-500, 10-600, 10-700, 10-800, 10-900, 10-1000, 10-1100, 10-1200, or 10-1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ( .g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44)
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitution
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%) amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44)
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is stabilized in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2), that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally N-glycosylation sites.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the addition of one or more N-glycosylation sites relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 7-12.
  • the amino acid sequence of encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one (e.g., one) set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises from about 10-15, 10-20, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 10-90, 10-100, 10-200, 10-300, 10-400, 10-500, 10-600, 10-700, 10-800, 10-900, 10-1000, 10-1100, 10-1200, or 10-1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44)
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43- 44)
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%) amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises 1 or more e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44)
  • the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is stabilized in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2), that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally N-glycosylation sites.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the addition of one or more N-glycosylation sites relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 25-30.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1 100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises from about 10-15, 10-20, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 10-90, 10-100, 10-200, 10-300, 10-400, 10-500, 10-600, 10-700, 10-800, 10-900, 10-1000, 10-1100, 10-1200, or 10-1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1 100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1- 6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%) amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%) amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is stabilized in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2), that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally N-glycosylation sites.
  • amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the addition of one or more N-glycosylation sites relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is an immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof).
  • the nucleic acid molecule is RNA or DNA.
  • the RNA is messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises at least one modified nucleotide.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises Nl-methyl-pseudouridine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a heterologous 5 ’-untranslated region (UTR), 3’-UTR, or both a 5’-UTR and 3’-UTR.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a poly(A) sequence.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a 5’cap structure.
  • the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule is codon optimized.
  • the nucleic acid molecule further encodes a heterologous polypeptide or protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a homologous or heterologous signal peptide. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule does not encode a signal peptide.
  • vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein.
  • the vector is a non-viral vector (e.g., a plasmid) or a viral vector.
  • conjugates comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein operably connected (e.g., directly or indirectly (e.g., via a linker)) to a heterologous moiety (e.g., a heterologous polypeptide or protein).
  • compositions comprising at least one nucleic acid molecules described herein, a vector described herein, or a conjugate described herein.
  • the composition comprises a plurality of nucleic acid molecules described herein, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by each nucleic acid molecule of the plurality is different.
  • the plurality comprises at least two nucleic acid molecules described herein, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by each of the at least 2 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules set forth in any one of claims 1-66, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules set forth in any one of claims 1-66, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 nucleic acid molecules set forth in any one of claims 1-66, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • compositions comprising (a) at least one nucleic acid molecule comprising amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2; (b) at least one nucleic acid molecule comprising amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4; and/or (c) at least one nucleic acid molecule comprising amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • compositions comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by of each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • compositions comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by of each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • compositions comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 nucleic acid molecules, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) encoded by of each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 nucleic acid molecules comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • compositions comprising any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS
  • compositions comprising any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises amino acid substitution set G (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N) set forth in Table 4; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein
  • compositions comprising any one or more (e.g., any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) of (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV
  • compositions comprising a plurality of nucleic acid molecules SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein (a) the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 4
  • nucleic acid molecule(s) of a composition described herein are comprised in one or more vectors.
  • the nucleic acid molecule(s) or the one or more vectors of a composition described herein are formulated in one or more carrier.
  • the carrier is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), liposome, lipoplex, or nanoliposome.
  • the carrier is an LNP.
  • the LNP comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and/or a PEG lipid.
  • the LNP has a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm.
  • the composition further comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that does not comprise a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a vaccine composition.
  • the composition further comprises an adjuvant.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises or consists of the receptor binding domain (RED) of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises or consists of a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises from about 10-15, 10-20, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 10-90, 10-100, 10-200, 10-300, 10-400, 10-500, 10-600, 10-700, 10-800, 10-900, 10-1000, 10- 1100, 10-1200, or 10-1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%) amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2) that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally N-glycosylation sites.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the addition of one or more N-glycosylation sites relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 7-12.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises from about 10-15, 10-20, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 10-90, 10-100, 10-200, 10-300, 10-400, 10-500, 10-600, 10-700, 10-800, 10-900, 10-1000, 10- 1100, 10-1200, or 10-1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1- 6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g, substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen is stabilized in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: l-2)that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally N-glycosylation sites.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the addition of one or more N-glycosylation sites relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 25-30.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises 10-15, 10-20, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 10-90, 10- 100, 10-200, 10-300, 10-400, 10-500, 10-600, 10-700, 10-800, 10-900, 10-1000, 10-1100, 10- 1200, or 10-1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g, any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 e.g, any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a plurality of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4.
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2), that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) comprises one or more non-naturally N-glycosylation sites.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises the addition of one or more N-glycosylation sites relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44 (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1 -2, 4-5, or 43-44).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises an inactive furin cleavage site.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation in the furin cleavage site that inactivates the furin cleavage site.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) further comprises a heterologous protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a signal peptide.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) does not comprise a signal peptide.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is an immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof).
  • fusion proteins comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein operably connected (e.g., directly or indirectly (e.g., via a linker)) to a heterologous polypeptide or protein.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein operably connected (e.g., directly or indirectly (e.g., via a linker)) to a heterologous polypeptide or protein.
  • conjugates comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein operably connected (e.g, directly or indirectly (e.g., via a linker)) to a heterologous moiety.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a heterologous moiety e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • compositions comprising at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a conjugate described herein, or a nucleic acid molecule described herein.
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) set forth in any one of claims 92-51, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) wherein the amino acid sequence each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) wherein the amino acid sequence each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) wherein the amino acid sequence each of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • compositions comprising (a) at least one SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that comprises a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2; (b) at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that comprises a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4; and/or (c) at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that comprises a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • Table 2 e.g
  • compositions comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • compositions comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • compositions comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • compositions comprising any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2; (b) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set B (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P) set forth in Table 2; (c) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set C (403S/444E/455
  • compositions comprising any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set G (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N) set forth in Table 4; (b) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set H (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P/383N/396T/468N) set forth in Table 4; (c) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set H (4
  • compositions comprising any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) of (a) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2; (b) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS- CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set B (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P) set forth in Table 2; (c) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS- CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set C (403
  • compositions comprising a plurality of SARS-CoV- 2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein (a) the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins are formulated in one or more carrier.
  • the carrier is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), liposome, lipoplex, or nanoliposome.
  • the carrier is an LNP.
  • the LNP comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and/or a PEG lipid.
  • the LNP has a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm.
  • the composition further comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that does not comprise a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the composition does not comprise a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the composition further comprises an adjuvant.
  • the carrier is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), liposome, lipoplex, or nanoliposome.
  • the carrier is an LNP.
  • the LNP comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and/or a PEG lipid.
  • the LNP has a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof
  • carriers comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • a protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a vector described herein e.g., a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the carrier is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), liposome, lipoplex, or nanoliposome.
  • the carrier is an LNP.
  • the LNP comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and/or a PEG lipid.
  • the LNP has a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm.
  • vaccine compositions comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • a protein e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a vector described herein e.g, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition.
  • the vaccine composition is a boost vaccine composition.
  • the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition and a boost vaccine composition.
  • the vaccine composition can be utilized as a prime vaccine composition and/or a booster vaccine composition in a homologous or heterologous prime boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition further comprises an adjuvant.
  • vaccine compositions comprising a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that comprises at least one amino acid substitution set forth in Table 2 or Table 4, formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, the vaccine composition having the following characteristics: (a) the LNPs comprise a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and a PEG lipid, (b) the LNPs have a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm, and (c) the mRNA comprises: (i) a 5'-cap structure; (ii) a 5'- UTR; (iii)Nl-methyl-pseudouridine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine; (iv) a 3'-UTR; and (v) a messenger ribonucleic acid (m
  • the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition is a boost vaccine composition. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition and a boost vaccine composition. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition can be utilized as a prime vaccine composition and/or a booster vaccine composition in a homologous or heterologous prime boost vaccine regimen. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition further comprises an adjuvant.
  • compositions comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, or a vaccine composition described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an adjuvant.
  • compositions comprising a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) that comprises at least one amino acid substitution set forth in Table 2 or Table 4, formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, the pharmaceutical composition having the following characteristics: (a) the LNPs comprise a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and a PEG lipid, (b) the LNPs have a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm, and (c) the mRNA comprises: (i) a 5'-cap structure; (ii) a 5'-UTR; (iii) Nl-methyl-pseudouridine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine; (iv) a 3'- UTR; and (v)
  • host cells comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • a protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a vector described herein e.g., a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • kits comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the kit comprises instructions for use of the nucleic acid molecule, vector, protein (or immunogenic fragment or immunogenic variant thereof), conjugate, fusion protein, carrier, composition, vaccine composition, or pharmaceutical composition.
  • nucleic acid molecule e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein, to thereby deliver the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein,
  • a protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • kits for inducing or enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein, to thereby induce or enhance an immune response the subject.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • kits for preventing, ameliorating, or treating a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein, to thereby prevent, ameliorate, or treat the SARS-CoV-2 infection the subject.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • kits for vaccinating a subject against SARS- CoV-2 comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid molecule described herein, a protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a vector described herein, a conjugate described herein, a fusion protein described herein, a host cell described herein, a composition described herein, a carrier described herein, a vaccine composition described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition described herein, to thereby vaccinate the subject against SARS- CoV-2.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • kits for vaccinating a subject against SARS- CoV-2 comprising administering to the subject (a) an mRNA molecule (e.g., an mRNA molecule described herein) encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a conjugate or fusion protein thereof), (b) a vector comprising the mRNA molecule, (c) a carrier comprising the mRNA molecule or the vector, (d) a vaccine composition comprising the mRNA molecule, the vector, or the carrier, or (e) a pharmaceutical composition comprising the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, or the vaccine composition, to thereby vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2, to thereby vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • the subject is a
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • kits for vaccinating a subject against SARS- CoV-2 comprising administering to the subject a vaccine composition described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein, to thereby vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject at least twice.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the conjugate, the fusion protein, the carrier, the composition, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g., described herein
  • proteins e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • vectors e.g., described herein
  • conjugates e.g., described herein
  • fusion proteins e.g., described herein
  • host cells e.g., described herein
  • compositions e.g., described herein
  • vaccine compositions e.g., described herein
  • carriers e.g., described herein
  • pharmaceutical compositions e.g., described herein for use in inducing or enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof; preventing, ameliorating, or treating a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject in need thereof; or vaccinating a subject against SARS-CoV- 2.
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g., described herein
  • proteins e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • vectors e.g., described herein
  • conjugates e.g., described herein
  • fusion proteins e.g., described herein
  • host cells e.g., described herein
  • compositions e.g., described herein
  • vaccine compositions e.g., described herein
  • carriers e.g, described herein
  • pharmaceutical compositions e.g., described herein for use as a medicament.
  • the subject is a human.
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g., described herein
  • proteins e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • vectors e.g., described herein
  • conjugates e.g., described herein
  • fusion proteins e.g., described herein
  • host cells e.g., described herein
  • compositions e.g., described herein
  • vaccine compositions e.g., described herein
  • carriers e.g., described herein
  • pharmaceutical compositions e.g., described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the induction or enhancement of an immune response in a subject in need thereof; the prevention, amelioration, or treatment a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject in need thereof; or the vaccination a subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • the subject is a human.
  • FIGS. 1A-1C depict a sequence alignment of the amino acid sequence of a reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Wuhan-Hu-1 Spike protein sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and a variant thereof (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve into new variants comprising a variety of amino acid variations, e.g., substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Many of the variations are found in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, which is vital for SARS-CoV-2 entry into a cell. As most of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and current antibody therapies target the RBD of the spike protein, this creates the potential for the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade vaccine-induced immunity, infection-induced immunity, and/or current antibody therapies.
  • RBD receptor binding domain
  • novel SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g., mRNAs, encoding such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins
  • the current disclosure provides, inter alia, novel immunogens for use in pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines to induce a desired immune response against one or more variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • compositions e.g., Vaccine Compositions
  • Non-Cationic Lipids e.g., Phospholipids
  • any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated.
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • DNA nucleic acid molecules encoding the protein or polypeptide
  • polypeptides or sets of polypeptides are described herein, it is understood that proteins comprising the polypeptides or sets of polypeptides folded into their three-dimensional structure (i.e., tertiary or quaternary structure) are also provided herein and vice versa.
  • adjuvant refers to a substance that causes stimulation of the immune system of a subject when administered to the subject.
  • administering refers to the physical introduction of an agent, e.g., a vaccine or therapeutic agent (or a precursor of the agent (e.g., a vaccine or therapeutic agent) that is metabolized or altered (e.g., translation of a nucleic acid molecule) within the body of the subject to produce the agent (e.g., a vaccine or therapeutic agent) in vivo) to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art.
  • Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods.
  • agent is used generically to describe any macro or micro molecule.
  • exemplary moieties include, but are not limited to polypeptides, proteins, peptides, nucleic acid molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA), small molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, synthetic polymers (e.g., polymers of PEG).
  • the term “derived from,” with reference to a polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide that has at least 70% sequence identity to a reference polynucleotide (e.g., a naturally occurring polynucleotide) or a fragment thereof.
  • the term “derived from,” with reference to a polypeptide or protein refers to a polypeptide or protein that comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide or protein (e.g., a naturally occurring polypeptide or protein).
  • the term “derived from” as used herein does not denote any specific process or method for obtaining the polynucleotide, polypeptide, or protein.
  • the polynucleotide, polypeptide, or protein can be recombinant produced or chemically synthesized.
  • disease refers to any abnormal condition that impairs physiological function.
  • the term is used broadly to encompass any disorder, illness, abnormality, pathology, sickness, condition, or syndrome in which physiological function is impaired, irrespective of the nature of the etiology.
  • the term disease includes infection (e.g., a viral (e.g., a SARS-Cov-2 infection), bacterial, fungal, protozoal infection).
  • the term disease includes an abnormal condition associated with, caused by, or otherwise related to an infection (e.g., a viral (e.g., a SARS-Cov-2 infection), bacterial, fungal, protozoal infection).
  • DNA and “polydeoxyribonucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to macromolecules that include multiple deoxyribonucleotides that are polymerized via phosphodiester bonds.
  • Deoxyribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.
  • full-length with reference to a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein refers to a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, wherein the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises substantially the same number of amino acids as a reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the reference can be a naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • fuse refers to the operable connection of at least a first polypeptide or protein to a second polypeptide or protein, wherein the first and second polypeptides or proteins are not naturally found operably connected together.
  • first and second polypeptides or proteins are derived from different proteins.
  • fuse encompasses both a direct connection of the at least two polypeptides or proteins through a peptide bond, and the indirect connection through a linker (e.g., a peptide linker).
  • a polypeptide comprising a “heterologous moiety” means a polypeptide that is joined to a moiety (e.g., small molecule, polypeptide, polynucleotide, carbohydrate, lipid, synthetic polymer (e.g., polymers of PEG), etc.) that is not joined to the polypeptide in nature.
  • fusion protein and grammatical equivalents thereof refers to a protein that comprises at least one polypeptide operably connected to another polypeptide, wherein the first and second polypeptides are not naturally found operably connected together.
  • the first and second polypeptides of the fusion protein are each derived from different proteins.
  • the first and second polypeptides are different.
  • the at least two polypeptides of the fusion protein can be directly operably connected through a peptide bond; or can be indirectly operably connected through a linker (e.g., a peptide linker).
  • fusion polypeptide encompasses embodiments, wherein Polypeptide A is directly operably connected to Polypeptide B through a peptide bond (Polypeptide A - Polypeptide B), and embodiments, wherein Polypeptide A is operably connected to Polypeptide B through a peptide linker (Polypeptide A - peptide linker - Polypeptide B).
  • half-life extension protein or “half-life extension polypeptide” refers to a protein or polypeptide that when operably connected to another moiety (e.g., a subject moiety) (e.g., a protein), increases the half-life of the subject moiety (e.g., the subject protein) in vivo when administered to a subject (e.g., a human subject).
  • a subject moiety e.g., a protein
  • the pharmacokinetic properties of the protein can be evaluated utilizing in vivo models known in the art.
  • a polypeptide comprising a “heterologous moiety” means a polypeptide that is joined to a moiety (e.g., small molecule, polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, carbohydrate, lipid, synthetic polymer (e.g., polymers of PEG), etc.) that is not joined to the polypeptide in nature.
  • heterologous signal peptide refers to a signal peptide that is not operably connected to a subject polypeptide or protein in nature.
  • the human IL-2 signal peptide would constitute a heterologous signal peptide.
  • the term “heterologous prime boost” refers to a prime boost vaccine regimen wherein the prime vaccine composition and the boost (or booster) vaccine composition are different (e.g., the immunogen is different, the form of the immunogen is different (e.g., a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) molecule-based vaccine versus a protein-based vaccine), the immunogen is expressed from a different vector (e.g., plasmid, viral vector), the method of delivering the immunogen to the subject is different, etc.).
  • the prime vaccine composition and the boost (or booster) vaccine composition are different (e.g., the immunogen is different, the form of the immunogen is different (e.g., a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) molecule-based vaccine versus a protein-based vaccine), the immunogen is expressed from a different vector (e.g., plasmid, viral vector), the method of delivering the immunogen to the subject is different, etc.).
  • homologous signal peptide refers to a signal peptide that is operably connected to a subject polypeptide or protein in nature.
  • the human IL-2 signal peptide would constitute a homologous signal peptide.
  • homologous prime boost refers to a prime boost vaccine regimen wherein the prime vaccine composition and the boost (or booster) vaccine composition are the same.
  • the term “immunogen” refers to a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response (e.g., an adaptive immune response) in a subject (e.g., a human subject).
  • an immune response e.g., an adaptive immune response
  • immunogen refers to a fragment of a reference polypeptide or protein that retains an immunogen.
  • the term “immunogenic variant” refers to a variant of a reference polypeptide or protein that retains an immunogen.
  • the polypeptide or protein comprises at least one but no more than 25%, (e.g., no more than 20%, no more than 15%, no more than 12%, no more than 10%, no more than 8%) amino acid variation e.g., substitutions, deletions, additions) compared to the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide or protein.
  • the term “in combination with” means that two (or more) different agents or treatments are administered to a subject as part of a defined treatment regimen for a particular disease.
  • the treatment regimen defines the doses and periodicity of administration of each agent such that the effects of the separate agents on the subject overlap.
  • the delivery of the two or more agents is simultaneous or concurrent and the agents may be coformulated.
  • the two or more agents are not co-formulated and are administered in a sequential manner as part of a prescribed regimen e.g., a prime-boost vaccine regimen).
  • administration of two or more agents or treatments in combination is such that the reduction in a symptom, or other parameter related to the disease is greater than what would be observed with one agent or treatment delivered alone or in the absence of the other.
  • the effect of the two treatments can be partially additive, wholly additive, or greater than additive (e.g., synergistic).
  • Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
  • the agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
  • isolated with reference to an agent (e.g., a polypeptide, protein, or nucleic acid molecule) refers to an agent (e.g., the polypeptide, protein, or nucleic acid molecule) that is substantially free of other cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state.
  • modification in reference to a nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleic acid molecule that comprises at least one nucleotide comprising a chemical modification, e.g., a modified sugar moiety, a modified nucleobase, and/or a modified internucleotide linkage, or any combination thereof.
  • exemplary nucleotide modifications are provided herein, see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3 (e.g., ⁇ 5.3.2).
  • RNA molecule e.g., an mRNA molecule
  • inclusion of a deoxynucleotide - which is acknowledged as a naturally occurring form of nucleotide - if present within an RNA molecule is considered to constitute a modified nucleotide.
  • nucleic acid molecule and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer of DNA or RNA.
  • the nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded; contain natural, non-natural, or altered nucleotides; and contain a natural, nonnatural, or altered internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphoroamidate linkage or a phosphorothioate linkage, instead of the phosphodiester found between the nucleotides of an unmodified nucleic acid molecule.
  • Nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, all nucleic acid molecules which are obtained by any means available in the art, including, without limitation, recombinant means, e.g., the cloning of nucleic acid molecules from a recombinant library or a cell genome, using ordinary cloning technology and polymerase chain reaction, and the like, and by synthetic means.
  • recombinant means e.g., the cloning of nucleic acid molecules from a recombinant library or a cell genome
  • synthetic means e.g., the cloning of nucleic acid molecules from a recombinant library or a cell genome, using ordinary cloning technology and polymerase chain reaction, and the like, and by synthetic means.
  • recombinant means e.g., the cloning of nucleic acid molecules from a recombinant library or a cell genome, using ordinary cloning technology and polymerase chain reaction, and the like, and
  • any of the RNA polynucleotides encoded by a DNA identified by a particular sequence identification number may also comprise the corresponding RNA (e.g., mRNA) sequence encoded by the DNA, where each thymidine (T) of the DNA sequence is substituted with uracil (U).
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • operably connected refers to the linkage of two moieties in a functional relationship.
  • a polypeptide is operably connected to another polypeptide when they are linked (either directly or indirectly via a peptide linker) in frame such that both polypeptides are functional (e.g., a fusion protein described herein).
  • a transcription regulatory polynucleotide e.g., a promoter, enhancer, or other expression control element is operably connected to a polynucleotide that encodes a protein if it affects the transcription of the polynucleotide that encodes the protein.
  • the term “operably connected” can also refer to the conjugation of a moiety to e.g., a polynucleotide or polypeptide (e.g., the conjugation of a PEG polymer to a protein).
  • peptide refers to a polymer of at least two amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • the term “peptide” does not limit the length of the polymer chain of amino acids. It is common in the art to refer to shorter polymers of amino acids (e.g., approximately 2- 50 amino acids) as peptides; and to refer to longer polymers of amino acids (e.g., approximately over 50 amino acids) as polypeptides.
  • the terms “peptide” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul SF et al., (1997) Nuc Acids Res 25: 3389-3402, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • PSI BLAST can be used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.).
  • the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., of XBLAST and NBLAST
  • NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
  • Another specific, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, 1988, CABIOS 4: 11-17, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • composition means a composition that is suitable for administration to an animal, e.g., a human subject, and comprises a therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent” means a substance for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and/or non-human animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable therapeutic benefit/risk ratio.
  • the term “plurality” means 2 or more (e.g., 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 9 or more, or 10 or more).
  • poly(A) sequence refers to a sequence of adenosine nucleotides, typically located at the 3 ’-end of a linear RNA (or in a circular RNA), of up to about 1000 adenosine nucleotides.
  • the poly(A) sequence is essentially homopolymeric, e.g., a poly(A) sequence of e.g., 100 adenosine nucleotides has essentially the length of 100 nucleotides.
  • the poly (A) sequence may be interrupted by at least one nucleotide different from an adenosine nucleotide, e.g., a poly(A) sequence of e.g., 100 adenosine nucleotides may have a length of more than 100 nucleotides (comprising 100 adenosine nucleotides and in addition said at least one nucleotide - or a stretch of nucleotides - different from an adenosine nucleotide).
  • a poly(A) sequence of e.g., 100 adenosine nucleotides may have a length of more than 100 nucleotides (comprising 100 adenosine nucleotides and in addition said at least one nucleotide - or a stretch of nucleotides - different from an adenosine nucleotide).
  • poly(A) sequence typically relates to RNA - however in the context of the invention, the term likewise relates to corresponding sequences in a DNA molecule (e.g. a “poly(T) sequence”).
  • prime boost refers to a vaccine regimen comprising at least an initial vaccine dose and one or more subsequent vaccine doses.
  • the initial vaccine dose comprises the prime vaccine composition and the one or more subsequent vaccine doses are referred to as boost (or booster) vaccine compositions.
  • boost vaccine regimens can comprise more than one booster (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more, etc.).
  • a “prophylactic” treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease or exhibits only early signs for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology.
  • protein refers to a one or more peptides folded into its three- dimensional structure.
  • RNA and “polyribonucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to macromolecules that include multiple ribonucleotides that are polymerized via phosphodiester bonds. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose.
  • RNA may contain modified nucleotides; and contain natural, non-natural, or altered internucleotide linkages, such as a phosphoroamidate linkage or a phosphorothioate linkage, instead of the phosphodiester found between the nucleotides of an unmodified nucleic acid molecule.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein refers to the SARS-CoV-2 protein that mediates binding to the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
  • ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein includes naturally occurring and engineered variants.
  • signal peptide or “signal sequence” refers to a sequence (e.g., an amino acid sequence) that can direct the transport or localization of a protein to a certain organelle, cell compartment, or extracellular export.
  • the term encompasses both the signal peptide (the amino acid sequence of the signal peptide) and the nucleic acid sequence encoding the signal peptide.
  • references to a signal peptide in the context of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the signal peptide.
  • the term “subject” includes any animal, such as a human or other animal.
  • the subject is a vertebrate animal (e.g., mammal, bird, fish, reptile, or amphibian).
  • the subject is a human.
  • the method subject is a nonhuman mammal.
  • the subject is a non-human mammal is such as a non-human primate (e.g., monkeys, apes), ungulate (e.g., cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, camel, llama, alpaca, deer, horses, donkeys), carnivore (e.g., dog, cat), rodent (e.g., rat, mouse), or lagomorph (e.g., rabbit).
  • a non-human primate e.g., monkeys, apes
  • ungulate e.g., cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, camel, llama, alpaca, deer, horses, donkeys
  • carnivore e.g., dog, cat
  • rodent e.g., rat, mouse
  • lagomorph e.g., rabbit
  • the subject is a bird, such as a member of the avian taxa Galliformes (e.g, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail), Anseriformes (e.g., ducks, geese), Paleaognathae (e.g, ostriches, emus), Columbiformes (e.g., pigeons, doves), or Psittaciformes (e.g., parrots).
  • avian taxa Galliformes e.g, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail
  • Anseriformes e.g., ducks, geese
  • Paleaognathae e.g, ostriches, emus
  • Columbiformes e.g., pigeons, doves
  • Psittaciformes e.g., parrots
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent refers to any amount of the agent (e.g., the therapeutic agent, the vaccine) that, when used alone or in combination with another agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent, a vaccine), protects a subject against the onset of a disease (e.g., an infection), ameliorates the severity of a disease (e.g., an infection), and/or promotes disease (e.g., infection) regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease (e.g., infection) symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease (e.g., infection) symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease (e.g., infection) affliction.
  • an agent e.g., a therapeutic agent, a vaccine
  • an agent e.g., a therapeutic agent, a vaccine
  • a variety of methods known to the skilled practitioner such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays.
  • translatable RNA refers to any RNA that encodes at least one polypeptide or protein and can be translated to produce the encoded polypeptide or protein in vitro, in vivo, in situ or ex vivo.
  • a translatable RNA may be an mRNA or a circular RNA encoding a polypeptide or protein.
  • the terms “treat,” treating,” “treatment,” and the like refer to reducing or ameliorating a disease or infection and/or symptom(s) associated therewith or obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. It will be appreciated that, although not precluded, treating a disease or infection does not require that the disease or infection, or symptom(s) associated therewith be completely eliminated. In some embodiments, the effect is therapeutic, i.e., without limitation, the effect partially or completely reduces, diminishes, abrogates, abates, alleviates, decreases the intensity of, or cures a disease and/or adverse symptom attributable to the disease or infection.
  • the effect is preventative, i.e., the effect protects or prevents an occurrence or reoccurrence of a disease or infection.
  • the presently disclosed methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compositions as described herein.
  • the term “variant” or “variation” with reference to a nucleic acid molecule refers to a nucleic acid molecule that comprises at least one substitution, alteration, inversion, addition, or deletion of nucleotide compared to a reference nucleic acid molecule.
  • the term “variant” or “variation” with reference to a peptide or protein refers to a peptide or protein that comprises at least one substitution, alteration, inversion, addition, or deletion of an amino acid residue compared to a reference peptide or protein.
  • 5 ’-untranslated region refers to a part of a nucleic acid molecule located 5’ (i.e., “upstream”) of a coding sequence and which is not translated into protein.
  • a 5’-UTR starts with the transcriptional start site and ends before the start codon of the coding sequence.
  • a 5’-UTR may comprise elements for controlling gene expression, also called regulatory elements. Such regulatory elements may be, e.g., ribosomal binding sites, miRNA binding sites etc.
  • the 5’-UTR may be post-transcriptionally modified, e.g., by enzymatic or post-transcriptional addition of a 5’-cap structure.
  • 3 ’-untranslated region refers to a part of a nucleic acid molecule located 3’ (i.e., downstream) of a coding sequence and which is not translated into protein.
  • a 3’-UTR may located between a coding sequence and an (optional) terminal poly(A) sequence of a nucleic acid sequence.
  • a 3'-UTR may comprise elements for controlling gene expression, also called regulatory elements. Such regulatory elements may be, e.g., ribosomal binding sites, miRNA binding sites etc.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates viral entry into host cells.
  • the spike protein comprises two functional subunits responsible for binding to the host cell receptor (SI subunit) and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes (S2 subunit).
  • SI subunit the host cell receptor
  • S2 subunit fusion of the viral and cellular membranes
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is cleaved at the boundary between the SI and S2 subunits, which remain non-covalently associated in the prefusion conformation.
  • the distal SI subunit comprises the RED and contributes to stabilization of the prefusion state of the membrane anchored S2 subunit that contains the fusion machinery.
  • the RBD mediates binding to the host cell receptor ACE2.
  • the spike protein is cleaved by host proteases at the so-called S2’ site located immediately upstream of the fusion peptide.
  • the amino acid sequence of a first reference immature full length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is provided in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the signal peptide is underlined (amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO: 1); the amino acid sequence of the corresponding mature first reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein lacking the native signal peptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the RBD of the first reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of a second reference immature full length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is provided in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the signal peptide is underlined (amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO: 4); the amino acid sequence of the corresponding mature second reference SARS- CoV-2 spike protein lacking the native signal peptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the amino acid sequence of the second reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises a proline at amino acid positions 986 and 987, amino acid numbering relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 (the Wuhan-Hu- 1 Spike Numbering System described herein). This diproline amino acid substitution stabilizes said SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the RBD of the second reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of a third reference immature full length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is provided in SEQ ID NO: 43.
  • the signal peptide is underlined (amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO: 43); the amino acid sequence of the corresponding mature first reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein lacking the native signal peptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the RBD of the first reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • amino acid positions within a given SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein according to the corresponding amino acid position in the Wuhan-Hu- 1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 the designation of amino acid positions in the amino acid sequence of a SARS-Cov-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) herein is relative to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art can determine the corresponding amino acid for a given amino acid position by (i) aligning the amino acid sequence of the Wuhan-Hu-1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the amino acid sequence of the query spike protein, (ii) locating the relevant amino acid position in the Wuhan-Hu- 1 Spike reference sequence, and (iii) determining the amino acid located at the corresponding amino acid position in the query spike protein.
  • FIGS. 1A-1C shows an alignment of the Wuhan-Hu-1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the amino acid sequence of a query spike protein (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • the query spike protein comprises, inter alia, a deletion of at least three amino acids relative to the Wuhan-Hu- 1 Spike reference sequence (amino acids L24, P25, P26).
  • the alignment keeps the corresponding amino acids in the query spike protein (SEQ ID NO: 4) correctly aligned to the Wuhan-Hu-1 Spike reference sequence.
  • a query spike protein e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4
  • one would generate the alignment in FIGS. 1A-1C locate amino acid position 440 in the Wuhan-Hu- 1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and subsequently locate the corresponding amino acid in the query spike protein (SEQ ID NO: 4), in this example position 440 (according to Wuhan-Hu-1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) numbering) in the query spike protein (SEQ ID NO: 4) is lysine (K).
  • Amino acid residue 440 (according to Wuhan-Hu- 1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) numbering) in the Wuhan-Hu-1 Spike reference sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) is asparagine (N). This numbering system is indicated throughout the present disclosure by noting, “amino acid numbering relative to SEQ ID NO: 1” or the like.
  • amino acid positions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are defined herein relative to the full-length immature SARS-Cov-2 spike protein that contains the native signal sequence; it should be understood that this does not require the SARS-Cov-2 spike proteins (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein to include a native signal sequence.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and polypeptide immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • nucleic acids encoding the same that comprise at least one amino acid substitution (e.g., one set of amino acid substitutions described herein, see, e.g., Table 2 and Table 4).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and polypeptide immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • nucleic acids encoding the same that comprise any combination of amino acid substitutions described herein (see, e.g., Table 2 and Table 4), e.g., at least one set of amino acid substitutions described in Table 2 and at least one set of amino acid substitutions described in Table 4; at least two sets of amino acid substitutions described in Table 2; at least two sets of amino acid substitutions described in Table 4, etc.
  • amino acid substitution Set A set forth in Table 2 incudes the substitution of any amino acid with glutamic acid (E) at amino acid position 440 (amino acid numbering is relative to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455 S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1 ) and comprises or consists of one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455 S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 amino acid variations that are not set forth in
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455 S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises or consists of at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the following amino acid substitution
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) comprises or consists of any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T, 468N (amin
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and comprises or consists of any one or more of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T, 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and comprises or consists of any one or more of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T, 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set A (440E/456L/478JL484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K z 440N/456V/478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K 439K/455S/505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F 478R), and/or substitution set F (405D/417Y/440R/478I/490F) as set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K 440N/456V/478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K/439KZ455S/505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), or substitution set F (405D/ / 417Y/440 478L / 490F) as set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (i.e., set A, B, C, D, E, or F).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (i.e., set A, B, C, D, E, or F).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 2 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4,
  • amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc. that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455 S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455 S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455 S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T, 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO:
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and comprises any one or more of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T, 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and comprises any one or more of the following amino acid substitutions of 383N, 396T, 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises substitution set A (440E/456L/478R484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K 439K/455S/505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), and/or substitution set F (405D 417Y/440R/478I/490F) as set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises substitution set A (440E 456L 478R 484V 5O5Y), substitution set B (405K / 440N/456V/478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K/439K/455S/505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), or substitution set F (405D/417Y/440RA78I 90F) as set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (i.e., set A, B, C, D, E, or F).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (i.e., set A, B, C, D, E, or F).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 2 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g, less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 2, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins comprising at least one of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth above in Table 2 is provided in Table 3.
  • Table 3 provides the amino acid sequence of the RBD (SEQ ID NOS: 7-12) and the full-length spike protein (immature SEQ ID NOS: 19-24 and mature SEQ ID NOS: 13-18) of six exemplary SARS-CoV-2 immunogens (A-F) that comprise the corresponding set of amino acid substitutions set forth above in Table 2 (i.e., set A, B, C, D, E, or F).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids of any SARS-CoV-2 protein set forth in Table 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1), and the other than the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set A (440E/456L/478R484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K 439K/455S/505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), and/or substitution set F (405D 417Y/440B/478E490F) as set forth in Table 2; and other than said substitution set (i.e., A, B, C, D, E, and/or F) is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 9
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K/440N/456V 478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K/439K/455S 505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), or substitution setF (405D/417Y/440R/478E490F) as set forth in Table 2; and other than said substitution set (i.e., A, B, C, D, E, or F) is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 7-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 7-12.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-18.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 19-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g, 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g, 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of any SARS-
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1), and the other than the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 4
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises substitution set A (440E/456L/478R484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K 439K/455S/505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), and/or substitution set F (405D 417Y/440B/478E490F) as set forth in Table 2; and other than said substitution set (i.e., A, B, C, D, E, and/or F) is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y), substitution set B (405K/440N/456V 478Q/490P), substitution set C (403S/444E/455W), substitution set D (346K/439K/455S 505D), substitution set E (403K/444T/453F/478R), or substitution setF (405D/417Y/440R/478E490F) as set forth in Table 2; and other than said substitution set (i.e., A, B, C, D, E, or F) is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 7-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 7-12.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 13-18.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 19-24.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D,
  • amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises or consists of at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set G (440E / 456L/478R/484V / 505Y/383N / 396T/468N), substitution set H (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490PZ383N/396T/468N), substitution set I (403 S/444E/455W/383N/396T 468N), substitution set J (346IG439K7455 S/505D/383N/396T Z 468N), substitution set (403K/444T/453F/478R/383N/396T/468N), and/or substitution set L
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N), substitution set (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P 383N/396T/468N), substitution set
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least one but no more than 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4. .
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 4 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g, less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1)
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises from 1-10, 1-9, 1 -8, 1-7, 1-6, 1 -5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1) and comprises at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set
  • amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic
  • I l l fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) comprises substitution set G
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set G (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N), substitution set H
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one but no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not set forth in Table 4. .
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 4 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more variations that are not set forth in Table 4, relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins comprising at least one of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth above in Table 4 is provided in Table 5.
  • Table 5 provides the amino acid sequence of the receptor binding domain (SEQ ID NOS: 25-30) and the full-length spike protein (immature SEQ ID NOS: 37-42 and mature SEQ ID NOS: 31-36) of six exemplary SARS-CoV-2 immunogens (G-L) that comprise the corresponding set of amino acid substitutions set forth above in Table 4 (i.e., set G, H, I, J, K, or L).
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids of any SARS-CoV-2 protein set forth in Table 3.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1), and the other than the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) of any of the following amino acid
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of substitution set G (440E/456L/478R 484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N), substitution set H (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P 383N/396T/468N), substitution set I
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein r polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein r polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • substitution set G 440E/456L/478R 484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N
  • substitution set H 405K 440N 456V 478Q 490P 383N 396T 468N
  • substitution set I 403S/444E/455W/383N/396T/468N
  • substitution set J 346K/439K455S/505D/383N/396T/468N
  • substitution set K 403K/444T/453F/478R 83N/396T/468N
  • substitution set L as set forth in Table 4; and
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 25-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 25-30.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-36.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 37-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of any SARS-
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1), and the other than the one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) of any of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises substitution set (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N), substitution set (405KA40N/456VA78Q/490P/383NZ396T/468N), substitution set I (403S 444E/455W /383N/396T/468N), substitution set (346R/439K/455S 05D/383N 396T/468N), substitution set K (403KA44T/453F/478R/383N/396T/468N), and/or substitution set L
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises substitution set (440E/456L/478R484V/505 383N/396T/468N), substitution set (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490PZ383N/396T/468N), substitution set I (403S/444E/455W/383N/396T 468N), substitution set (346K/439K/ 455 S/505 D 383N/396T 468 N ), substitution set (403K/444T/453FZ478R/383N/396T/468N), or substitution set L
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1 100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 25-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 25-30.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31-36.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a contiguous stretch of at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200 amino acids set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 37-42.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4, and the other than the at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) of the sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (e.g., 1) sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g, less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprisesl or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprisesl or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g, less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g, substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 43-44.
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 2 or Table 4 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not listed in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variations that are not listed in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 2 or Table 4 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least about 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises no more than about 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 amino acids.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises from about 10-1300, 10-1200, 10-1100, 10-1000, 10-900, 10-800, 10-700, 10-600, 10-500, 10-400, 10-500, 10-400, 10-300, 10-250, 10- 200, 10-100, 10-90, 10-80, 10-70, 10-60, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20, 10-1300, 20-1300, 30-1300, 40-1300, 50-1300, 60-1300, 70-1300, 80-1300, 90-1300, 100-1300,10-250, 20-250, 30-250, 40- 250, 50-250, 60-250, 70-250, 80-250, 90-250, or 100-250 amino acids.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides can exhibit additional structural and functional features. Exemplary additional structural and functional features are provided below.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) consists of a full- length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises a fragment of a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that is capable of binding the ACE2 receptor.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least a portion of a RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide consists of at least a portion of a RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least a portion of the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide consists of at least a portion of the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide does not include the transmembrane domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide does not include the cytoplasmic domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide does not include the transmembrane domain or the cytoplasmic domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is stabilized in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one amino acid variation that stabilizes said SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises a proline at one or more of position 817, 892, 899, 986, and/or 987, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises a proline at positions 817, 892, 899,
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid variation relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 43, or SEQ ID NO:44 that stabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) in a prefusion state.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof))comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof))comprises a proline at amino acid position 986 and/or a proline at amino acid position 987, amino acid numbering relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises an inactive furin cleavage site.
  • the spike protein of SARS-Cov-2 has to be cleaved into the SI and S2 subunit.
  • the cleavage site in SARS-Cov-2 is a polybasic motif (RRAR (SEQ ID NO: 45)) (for example, amino acids 682-685 of SEQ ID NO: 1) that can be activated by furin-like proteases.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid variation in the furin cleavage site that inactivates the furin cleavage site.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises a replacement of the RRAR (SEQ ID NO: 45) cleavage site with a single alanine.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises a replacement of the RRAR (SEQ ID NO: 45) cleavage site with the amino acid sequence QQAQ (SEQ ID NO: 46).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises a multimerization (e.g., trimerization) domain.
  • the multimerization domain e.g., trimerization domain
  • Suitable multimerization (e.g., trimerization) domains are known in the art, including e.g., a fibritin - based trimerization domain.
  • This fibritin domain or ‘Foldon’ is derived from T4 fibritin and was previously described as an artificial natural trimerization domain. See, e.g., (Letarov et al., 1993) Biochemistry Moscow 64: 817- 823; S-Guthe et al., (2004) J. Mol. Biol. 337: 905-915). See, also, Meier et al., J Mol Biol. (2004) 344(4): 1051-69; WO 2018/081318; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site (e.g., compared to a reference protein).
  • the inclusion of one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site facilitates glycan masking of an immunodominant epitope of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the subject does not generate an effective number of neutralizing antibodies that specifically bind to the immunodominant epitope.
  • the inclusion of one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site shifts an immune response generated from the administration of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) to produce more neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-10.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: Hn some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non- naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non- naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises one or more non- naturally occurring glycosylation motif comprising a non-naturally occurring glycosylation site relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif is an N-linked glycosylation motif (e.g., NXT or NXS (wherein X is any amino acid except for proline)).
  • the non-naturally occurring glycosylation motif is an O-linked glycosylation motif (e.g., a serine or threonine).
  • the non-naturally occurring glycosylation site is an N-linked glycosylation site (an asparagine (N) residue within a N-linked glycosylation motif (e.g., NXT or NXS (wherein X is any amino acid except for proline)).
  • the non-naturally occurring glycosylation site is an O-linked glycosylation site (e.g., a serine or threonine).
  • O-linked glycosylation motifs are known in the art. For example, NX1X2, wherein XI can be any amino acid except for proline, and X2 can be S, T, or C, is known as a consensus N- glycosylation sequence.
  • O-linked glycosylation motifs include single serine or threonine residues.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) is hyperglycosylated relative to a reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1) (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that does not contain the one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation sites).
  • a reference SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that does not contain the one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation sites.
  • Standard methods known in the art can be utilized to evaluate the glycosylation of a protein or peptide, including e.g., the level of glycosylation, the sites of glycosylation, etc. See, e.g., Roth et al, Identification and Quantification of Protein Glycosylation (2012) International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 201, Article ID 640923, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/640923; Lebede et al, Exploring the Chemical Space of Protein Glycosylation in Noncovalent Protein Complexes: An Expedition along Different Structural Levels of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin by Employing Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem.
  • Standard methods include for example, the enzymatic or chemical release of glycans from the subject proteins followed by chromatography or mass spectrometry based structural analysis.
  • Glycan site mapping is further standard in art through the use of enzymatic digestions and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry -based analysis. See, e.g., Roth et al, Identification and Quantification of Protein Glycosylation (2012) International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 201, Article ID 640923, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/640923, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variants that are not listed in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid variants that are not listed in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 2 or Table 4 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 and at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 44-43.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 2 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 44-43.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprisesl or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 44-43.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprisesl or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more) but less than 20% (e.g., less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%), amino acid variations (e.g., substitutions, additions, deletions, etc.) that are not listed in Table 4 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6 or 44-43.
  • the amino acid variants not listed in Table 2 or Table 4 are found in one or more circulating variants of SARS- CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is derived from a circulating strain (i.e., naturally occurring variant) of SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises one or more amino acid variation found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is derived from a strain of SARS-CoV-2 known to have previously circulated. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises one or more amino acid variation found in one or more SARS-CoV-2 variants known to have previously circulated. For example, in some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises a glycine at position 614, amino acid numbering relative to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises one or more heterologous peptide or protein element, or the nucleic acid molecules described herein encode at least one heterologous peptide or protein element.
  • the at least one heterologous peptide or protein element may impart an additional function to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), e.g., to promote or improve secretion of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), (e.g., via secretory signal peptides), promote or improve anchoring of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), described herein in the plasma membrane (e.g., via transmembrane elements), promote or improve formation of antigen complexes (e.g., via multimerization domains or antigen cluster
  • the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is modified to improve stability of the protein produced.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a homologous signal peptide.
  • the SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a heterologous signal peptide.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) does not contain a signal peptide.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is an immunogen (a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen). In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises an immunogen (a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen). In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of an immunogenic fragment of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises or consists of an immunogenic variant of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen comprises or consists of an immunogenic fragment of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen comprises or consists of an immunogenic variant of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen comprises or consists of an immunogenic fragment of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen comprises or consists of an immunogenic variant of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen.
  • an immunogen refers to a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response (e.g., an adaptive immune response) in a subject (e.g., a human subject).
  • the immunogenicity of a protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • a nucleic acid molecule encoding the same can be determined through standard in silica, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays known in the art.
  • the type of immune response measured can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., in some embodiments, an antibody based immune response and/or a T cell based immune response is evaluated.
  • a sample e.g., a blood, cell
  • a subject e.g., an animal, human
  • the protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • the sample can be utilized to evaluate indicators of an immune response.
  • a blood (or serum) sample can be utilized to assess the level of antibodies that bind the antigen. Such binding can be assessed through standard ELISAs.
  • the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the sample can also be assessed using standard assays, including, e.g., plaque reduction neutralization assays and microneutralization assays.
  • the induction of a T-cell based immune response can be measured using standard assays known in the art, including, e.g., immunospot assays to assess cytokine production utilizing peptide stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the subject.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • nucleic acid molecules comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.2).
  • the nucleic acid molecule is RNA (e.g., mRNA or circular RNA) or DNA.
  • the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA) molecule is a translatable RNA.
  • the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA) molecule is a circular RNA.
  • nucleic acid (e.g., RNA) molecule is mRNA.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises from about 30 to about 20000 nucleotides, about 50 to about 20000 nucleotides, about 500 to about 10000 nucleotides, about 1000 to about 10000 nucleotides, about 1000 to about 5000 nucleotides, or about 2000 to about 5000 nucleotides.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide comprises at least 30 nucleotides, 50 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, 300 nucleotides, 400 nucleotides, 500 nucleotides, 1000 nucleotides, 2000 nucleotides, 3000 nucleotides, or 5000 nucleotides.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is altered (e.g., compared to the sequence of a reference nucleic acid molecule, a naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule), e.g., to impart one or more of (a) improved resistance to in vivo degradation, (b) improved stability in vivo, (c) reduced secondary structures, and/or (d) improved translatability in vivo, compared to the reference nucleic acid sequence.
  • Alterations include, without limitation, e.g., codon optimization, nucleotide modifications (see, e.g., described herein), etc.
  • the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule is codon optimized, e.g., for expression in humans. Codon optimization, in some embodiments, may be used to match codon frequencies in target and host organisms to ensure proper folding; bias guanosine (G) and/or cytosine (C) content to increase nucleic acid stability; minimize tandem repeat codons or base runs that may impair gene construction or expression; customize transcriptional and translational control regions; insert or remove protein trafficking sequences; remove/add post translation alteration sites in an encoded protein (e.g., glycosylation sites); add, remove, or shuffle protein domains; insert or delete restriction sites; modify ribosome binding sites and mRNA degradation sites; adjust translational rates to allow the various domains of a protein to fold properly; and/or to reduce or eliminate secondary structures (e.g., problem secondary structures) within the nucleic acid molecule.
  • Codon optimization in some embodiments, may be used to match codon frequencies in target and host organisms to ensure proper folding; bias gua
  • the codon optimized nucleic acid sequence shows one or more of the above (compared to a reference nucleic acid sequence). In some embodiments, the codon optimized nucleic acid sequence shows one or more of improved resistance to in vivo degradation, improved stability in vivo, reduced secondary structures, and/or improved translatability in vivo, compared to a reference nucleic acid sequence. Codon optimization methods, tools, algorithms, and services are known in the art, non-limiting examples include services from GeneArt (Life Technologies) and DNA2.0 (Menlo Park Calif). In some embodiments, the open reading frame (ORF) sequence is optimized using optimization algorithms (e.g., optimization algorithms known in the art).
  • the nucleic acid sequence is modified to optimize the number of G and/or C nucleotides as compared to a reference nucleic acid sequence.
  • An increase in the number of G and C nucleotides may be generated by substitution of codons containing adenosine (A) or thymidine (T) (or uracil (U)) nucleotides by codons containing G or C nucleotides.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is DNA.
  • the DNA is a linear coding DNA construct.
  • the DNA contained within a vector (e.g., a non-viral vector (e.g., a plasmid) or a viral vector).
  • the DNA is contained within a non-viral vector (e.g., a plasmid).
  • the DNA is contained within a viral vector (e.g., described herein). A more detailed description of vectors for both RNA and DNA nucleic acids is provided in ⁇ 5.6.
  • the coding DNA molecule may also comprise one or more heterologous nucleic acid elements to mediate expression of the coding region. These include, e.g., promoter(s), enhancer(s), polyadenylation signal(s), synthetic introns, transcriptional termination signals, polyadenylation sequences, and other transcription regulatory elements.
  • heterologous nucleic acid elements include, e.g., promoter(s), enhancer(s), polyadenylation signal(s), synthetic introns, transcriptional termination signals, polyadenylation sequences, and other transcription regulatory elements.
  • promoter(s) e.g., enhancer(s), polyadenylation signal(s), synthetic introns, transcriptional termination signals, polyadenylation sequences, and other transcription regulatory elements.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art is familiar with the transcriptional regulatory elements needed for expression of coding DNA can optimize the expression construct (e.g., linear DNA, plasmid DNA, etc.) accordingly.
  • a promoter is operably connected to the respective coding nucleic acid sequence.
  • SV40 simian virus 40
  • MMTV mouse mammary tumor virus
  • HAV human immunodeficiency virus
  • BIV bovine immunodeficiency virus
  • LTR long terminal repeat
  • Moloney virus promoter an avian leukosis virus (ALV) promoter
  • AMV avian leukosis virus
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • EMV Epstein Barr virus
  • RSV Rous sarcoma virus
  • the promoter can also be a promoter from a human gene, for example, from human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, or human metalothionein.
  • the promoter can also be a tissue specific promoter, such as a muscle or skin specific promoter, natural or synthetic. Examples of such promoters are described in US Patent Application Publication No. US20040175727, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • Exemplary polyadenylation signals include, but are not limited, to the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation site, SV40 polyadenylation signals, and LTR polyadenylation signals.
  • BGH bovine growth hormone
  • the nucleic acid molecule is an RNA molecule.
  • the RNA molecule is a translatable RNA molecule.
  • the RNA molecule is selected from an mRNA, a self-replicating RNA, a circular RNA, a viral RNA, or a replicon RNA.
  • the RNA molecule a circular RNA.
  • the RNA molecule is a mRNA.
  • the basic components of an mRNA molecule typically include at least one coding region (herein a coding region encoding at least one peptide or protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or variant thereof)) (e.g., described herein), a 5 ’-untranslated region (UTR), a 3 ’-UTR, a 5’ cap, and a poly-A tail.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or variant thereof)
  • UTR 5 ’-untranslated region
  • 3 ’-UTR a 3 ’-UTR
  • a 5’ cap e.g., a poly-A tail.
  • the RNA comprises at least one heterologous UTR.
  • the UTRs may harbor regulatory sequence elements that determine the RNA (e.g., mRNA) turnover, stability, localization, and/or expression of operably connected coding sequence(s).
  • the heterologous UTRs may be derived from a naturally occurring gene or may be synthetically engineered.
  • the 5 ’-UTR comprises elements for controlling gene expression, e.g., ribosomal binding sites, miRNA binding sites.
  • the 5’-UTR may be post- transcriptionally modified, e.g., by enzymatic or post-transcriptional addition of a 5 ’cap structure.
  • the 3 ’-UTR comprises a polyadenylation signal.
  • the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the polypeptide or protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) (e.g., described herein) and 5 ’-UTR and/or a 3 ’-UTR.
  • the RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises at least one coding sequence encoding a polypeptide or protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (e.g., described herein) operably connected to at least one heterologous 5’-UTR and at least one 3 ’-UTR.
  • a polypeptide or protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the RNA comprises a poly(A) sequence.
  • the poly(A) sequence may comprise from about 10 to 500 adenosine nucleotides, 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, 20 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, 30 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, 40 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, or 50 to 200 adenosine nucleotides.
  • poly(A) sequence comprises at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 adenosine nucleotides.
  • the poly(A) sequence may comprise from about 10 to 500 adenosine nucleotides, 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, 20 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, 30 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, 40 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, or 50 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, wherein the 3’ terminal nucleotide of said nucleic acid molecule is an adenosine.
  • poly(A) sequence comprises at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 adenosine nucleotides, wherein the 3’ terminal nucleotide of said nucleic acid molecule is an adenosine.
  • the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the RNA comprises a 5’-cap structure.
  • the 5 ’-cap structure stabilizes the RNA (e.g., mRNA), enhances expression of the encoded polypeptide or protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (e.g., described herein) and/or reduces the stimulation of the innate immune system (e.g, after administration to a subject).
  • a SARS-CoV-2 protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • reduces the stimulation of the innate immune system e.g, after administration to a subject.
  • Exemplary 5’-cap structures include, but are not limited to, capO (methylation of the first nucleobase, e.g., m7GpppN), capl (additional methylation of the ribose of the adjacent nucleotide of m7GpppN), cap2 (additional methylation of the ribose of the 2nd nucleotide downstream of the m7GpppN), cap3 (additional methylation of the ribose of the 3rd nucleotide downstream of the m7GpppN), cap4 (additional methylation of the ribose of the 4th nucleotide downstream of the m7GpppN), ARCA (anti-reverse cap analogue), modified ARCA (e.g., phosphorothioate modified ARCA), inosine, Nl-methyi-guanosine, 2'-fluoro-guanosine,
  • capO
  • the RNA comprises one or more modified nucleotide (e.g., nucleotide analogue, backbone modifications, sugar modifications, and/or base modifications).
  • a backbone modification in the context of the present disclosure is a modification, in which phosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) are chemically modified.
  • a sugar modification in the context of the present disclosure is a chemical modification of the sugar of the nucleotides of the RNA (e.g., mRNA).
  • a base modification in the context of the present disclosure is a chemical modification of the base moiety of the nucleotides of the RNA (e.g., mRNA).
  • the RNA comprises at least one modified nucleotide.
  • exemplary nucleotide analogues/modifications include, but are not limited to, 2- amino-6-chloropurineriboside-5’ -triphosphate, 2-Aminopurine-riboside-5’ -triphosphate; 2- aminoadenosine-5'-triphosphate, 2’-Amino-2’-deoxycytidine-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine-5'- triphosphate, 2-thiouridine-5’ -triphosphate, 2’-Fluorothymidine-5’-triphosphate, 2’-O-Methyl- inosine-5 ’ -triphosphate 4-thiouridine-5 ’ -triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine-5 ’ -triphosphate, 5- aminoallyluridine-5’ -triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5 ’-triphosphat
  • nucleotides for base modifications selected from the group of base-modified nucleotides consisting of 5-methylcytidine-5’ -triphosphate, 7- deazaguanosine-5'-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5’ -triphosphate, and pseudouridine-5 ’- triphosphate, pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4- thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3 -methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl- uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5- taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1- taurinomethyl
  • the RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises pseudouridine, N1 - methylpseudouridine, N1 -ethylpseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4’-thiouridine, 5-methylcytosine, 5- methyluridine, 2-thio-l-methyl-l-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-l -methyl -pseudouridine, 2-thio-5- aza-uridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 4- methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-thio-l-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio- pseudouridine, 5 -aza-uridine, dihydropseudouridine, 5-methoxyuridine, and/or 2’-O-methyl
  • the RNA comprises one or more pseudouridine ( ), N 1 -methylpseudouridine (ml ⁇
  • essentially all, e.g., essentially 100% of the uracil in the coding sequence of the RNA have a chemical modification, preferably a chemical modification is in the 5- position of the uracil.
  • /), N1 - methylpseudouridine (mly), 5-methylcytosine, and/or 5-methoxyuridine into the coding sequence may be advantageous as unwanted innate immune responses (upon administration of the coding RNA or the vaccine) may be adjusted or reduced (if required).
  • the RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises: (i) a 5'-cap structure; (ii) a 5'- UTR; (iii)Nl-methyl-pseudouridine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine; (iv) a 3'-UTR; and (v) a poly - A region.
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • in vitro transcription is a method well known to those of ordinary skill in the art for the production of RNA (e.g., mRNA).
  • the RNA is obtained by DNA-dependent in vitro transcription of an appropriate DNA template, e.g., a linearized plasmid DNA template or a PCR-amplified DNA template.
  • the promoter for controlling RNA in vitro transcription can be any promoter for any DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Examples of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases include the 17, T3, SP6, or Syn5 RNA polymerases.
  • the DNA template is linearized with a suitable restriction enzyme before it is subjected to RNA in vitro transcription.
  • Reagents used in RNA in vitro transcription typically include: a DNA template (linearized plasmid DNA or PCR product) with a promoter sequence that has a high binding affinity for its respective RNA polymerase such as bacteriophage-encoded RNA polymerases (T7, T3, SP6, or Syn5); ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) for the four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil); a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase capable of binding to the promoter sequence within the DNA template (e.g., T7, T3, SP6, or Syn5 RNA polymerase); optionally, a ribonuclease (RNase) inhibitor to inactivate any potentially contaminating RNase; optionally, a pyrophosphatase to degrade pyrophosphate, which may inhibit RNA in
  • RNA (e.g., mRNA) products can be purified according to methods known in the art. For example, using PureMessenger® (CureVac, Tubingen, Germany; RP-HPLC according to W02008077592) and/or tangential flow filtration (as described in WO2016193206) and/or oligo d(T) purification (see W02016180430); or using RP-HPLC, e.g., using Reversed- Phase High pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), the entire contents of each reference is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • PureMessenger® CureVac, Tubingen, Germany
  • RP-HPLC tangential flow filtration
  • oligo d(T) purification see W02016180430
  • RP-HPLC Reversed- Phase High pressure liquid chromatography
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.2) orthe nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3) is operably connected to a heterologous moiety (e.g., a heterologous polypeptide) forming a fusion protein or polypeptide or conjugate.
  • a heterologous moiety e.g., a heterologous polypeptide
  • the heterologous moiety is a half-life extension moiety.
  • exemplary half-life extension moieties include, but are not limited to, an immunoglobulin (e.g., human immunoglobulin (hlg)), a fragment of an Ig (e.g., a hlg), an Ig (e.g., a hlg) constant region, a fragment of an Ig (e.g., a hlg) constant region, an Ig (e.g., a hlg) Fc region, human transferrin, human serum albumin (HSA), an HSA binding protein, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (and polymers thereof).
  • an immunoglobulin e.g., human immunoglobulin (hlg)
  • a fragment of an Ig e.g., a hlg
  • an Ig e.g., a hlg constant region
  • a fragment of an Ig e.g., a
  • the heterologous polypeptide is a half-life extension polypeptide.
  • exemplary half-life extension polypeptides include, but are not limited to, an Ig (e.g., a hlg), a fragment of an Ig (e.g., a hlg), one or more Ig (e.g., a hlg) heavy chain constant region, a fragment of an Ig (e.g., a hlg) constant region, an Ig (e.g., a hlg) Fc region, human transferrin, human serum albumin (HSA), and an HSA binding protein.
  • an Ig e.g., a hlg
  • a fragment of an Ig e.g., a hlg
  • one or more Ig e.g., a hlg
  • a fragment of an Ig e.g., a hlg
  • an Ig e.g., a hl
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) fused or conjugated to a half-life extending moiety (e.g., a half-life extension polypeptide)
  • a half-life extending moiety e.g., a half-life extension polypeptide
  • the heterologous moiety is a detectable agent (e.g., protein, e.g., a fluorescent protein).
  • heterologous moiety e.g., heterologous polypeptide
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • the heterologous moiety is directly operably connected to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) or the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the heterologous moiety is indirectly operably connected to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) or the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a suitable linker for the fusion or conjugation of a specific heterologous moiety.
  • a peptide linker may be employed.
  • Peptide linkers are known in the art and can be selected based on specific properties, including e.g., length, flexibility, rigidity, cleavability, etc.
  • the amino acid sequence of commonly employed peptide linkers comprises glycine amino acid residues, serine amino acid residues, glycine and serine amino acid residues, or glycine, serine, and proline amino acid residues.
  • heterologous moiety e.g., heterologous polypeptide
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • compositions e.g., Vaccine Compositions
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.2) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)) or a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g, ⁇ 5.4)) forms the basis for a composition (e.g, a vaccine composition (e.g, a prime vaccine composition, a vaccine booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition)).
  • a vaccine composition e.g
  • compositions comprising at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g, ⁇ 5.2) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)) or a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant
  • the composition is a vaccine composition.
  • the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition is a vaccine booster composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition is a vaccine prime and booster composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition can be utilized as a prime and/or a booster (e.g., as described herein).
  • the vaccine composition forms a single dose vaccine that does not require a booster.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.2) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)) forms the basis for a composition (e.g., a vaccine composition (e.g., a prime vaccine composition, a vaccine booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition)).
  • a vaccine composition e.g., a prime vaccine composition, a vaccine booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition
  • compositions e.g., vaccine compositions (e.g., a prime vaccine composition, a vaccine booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition)) comprising at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.2) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5-4)).
  • vaccine compositions e.g., a prime vaccine composition, a vaccine booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.2) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5-4)).
  • the composition is a vaccine composition.
  • the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition is a vaccine boost composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition is a vaccine prime and booster composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the prime boost composition can be utilized as a prime and/or a booster e.g., as described herein).
  • the vaccine composition forms a single dose vaccine that does not require a booster.
  • the composition (e.g., vaccine composition) comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)).
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)). In some embodiments, the plurality consists of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)).
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises from about 2-100, 2-90, 2-80, 2-70, 2-60, 2-50, 2-40, 2-30, 2-20, 2-10, 2-5, 5-100, 5-90, 5-80, 5-70, 5-60, 5-50, 5-40, 5-30, 5-20, 5-10, 10- 100, 10-90, 10-80, 10-70, 10-60, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20, 20-100, 20-90, 20-80, 20-70, 20-60, 20-50, 20-40, 20-30, 30-100, 30-90, 30-80, 30-70, 30-60, 30-50, 30-40, 40-100, 40-90, 40-80, 40- 70, 40-60, 40-50, 50-100, 50-90, 50-80, 50-70, 50-60, 60-100, 60-90, 60-80, 60-70, 70-100, 70-90, 70-80, 80-100, 80-90, or 90-100 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or e)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2 but no more than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments or immunogenic variants thereof)).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the plurality is different.
  • the amino acid sequence of at least one of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the plurality is derived from a circulating strain of SARS-CoV- 2.
  • the plurality comprises at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein.
  • the plurality comprises at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the plurality comprises at least two SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the at least two SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the at least two SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the plurality comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions described herein (e.g., in Table 2 or Table 4) or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions described herein (e.g., in Table 2 or Table 4) (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the plurality comprises (a) at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2; (b) at least one SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4; and/or (c) at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality consists of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • Table 4 for
  • the plurality consists of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • Table 2 or Table 4 for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof) described herein, e.g
  • the plurality comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • Table 2 or Table 4 for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof) described herein, e.g.,
  • the plurality consists of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, or 12 SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • Table 2 or Table 4 for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof) described herein, e.
  • the plurality comprises (a) at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one (e.g., 1) set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); and (b) at least one (e.g., 1) SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or
  • the plurality comprises (a) at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); and (b) at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the
  • the composition (e.g., vaccine composition) comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike
  • ⁇ &] proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set B 405K/440N/456V/478Q/490P
  • Table 2 for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set C 403S/444E/455
  • the composition comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set G (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N) set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); (b) a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set H (405K/440N/456V/478
  • the composition comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) of (a) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., SARS- CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); (b) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprising an amino acid sequence that comprises amino acid substitution set B (405K/440N/456V/478Q/490
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403 S, 444
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490
  • the composition comprises a plurality of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505 Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403
  • the composition further comprises a (e.g., at least one) SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), that does not comprise a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is derived from a circulating strain of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises one or more amino acid variation found in one or more circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is derived from a strain of SARS-CoV-2 known to have previously circulated. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises one or more amino acid variation found in one or more SARS-CoV-2 variants known to have previously circulated.
  • the vaccine composition further comprises at least one immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) from a non-SARS- CoV-2 virus, e.g., an influenza virus (e.g., influenza A, influenza B), a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a rhinovirus, a parvovirus, a parainfluenza virus, an adenovirus.
  • a non-SARS- CoV-2 virus e.g., an influenza virus (e.g., influenza A, influenza B), a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a rhinovirus, a parvovirus, a parainfluenza virus, an adenovirus.
  • vaccine composition comprises one or more immunogen (or immunogenic fragment or immunogenic variant thereof) from an influenza virus (e.g., influenza A, influenza B), a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a rhinovirus, a parvovirus, a parainfluenza virus, and/or an adenovirus (or any combination thereof).
  • influenza virus e.g., influenza A, influenza B
  • RSV respiratory syncytial virus
  • rhinovirus e.g., a rhinovirus
  • parvovirus e.g., a parvovirus
  • parainfluenza virus e.g., adenovirus, or any combination thereof.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof
  • ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is modified to improve expression of the protein in host cells (e.g., insect cells, mammalian cells, eggs) as described below.
  • Polypeptides and proteins described herein, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) may be produced by recombinant technology in host cells (e.g., insect cells, mammalian cells, bacteria) that have been transfected or transduced with a nucleic acid expression vector (e.g., plasmid, viral vector (e.g., a baculoviral expression vector)) encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • host cells e.g., insect cells, mammalian cells, bacteria
  • a nucleic acid expression vector e.g., plasmid, viral vector (e.g., a baculoviral expression vector)
  • a nucleic acid expression vector e.g., plasmid, viral
  • the expression vector typically contains an expression cassette that includes nucleic acid sequences capable of bringing about expression of the nucleic acid molecule encoding the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), such as promoter(s), enhancer(s), polyadenylation signals, and the like.
  • nucleic acid sequences capable of bringing about expression of the nucleic acid molecule encoding the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), such as promoter(s), enhancer(s), polyadenylation signals, and the like.
  • promoter and enhancer elements can be used to obtain expression of a nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.
  • promoters can be constitutive or regulated, and can be obtained from various sources, e.g., viruses, prokaryotic or eukaryotic sources, or artificially designed.
  • host cells containing the expression vector encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide are cultured under conditions conducive to expression of the nucleic acid molecule encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • Culture media is available from various vendors, and a suitable medium can be routinely chosen for a host cell to express a polypeptide or protein of interest, here the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the immunogen (or the immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • Host cells can be adherent or suspension cultures, and a person of ordinary skill in the art can optimize culture methods for specific host cells selected.
  • suspension cells can be cultured in, for example, bioreactors in e.g., a batch process or a fed-batch process.
  • the produced immunogenic peptide or protein may be isolated from the cell cultures, by, for example, column chromatography in either flow-flow through or bind-and-elute modes. Examples include, but are not limited to, ion exchange resins and affinity resins, such as lentil lectin Sepharose, and mixed mode cation exchangehydrophobic interaction columns (CEX-HIC).
  • the peptide or protein may be concentrated, buffer exchanged by ultrafiltration, and the retentate from the ultrafiltration may be filtered through an appropriate filter, e.g., a 0.22pm filter.
  • an appropriate filter e.g., a 0.22pm filter.
  • McPherson et al. “Development of a SARS Coronavirus Vaccine from Recombinant Spike Protein Plus Delta Inulin Adjuvant,” Chapter 4, in Sunil Thomas (ed.), Vaccine Design: Methods and Protocols: Volume 1 : Vaccines for Human Diseases, Methods in Molecular Biology, Springer, New York, 2016. See also U.S. Pat. 5,762,939, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides (e. ., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein may also be produced synthetically.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein may be produced by using an egg-based manufacturing method.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the vaccine composition are formulated in one or more carrier (e.g., a carrier described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5-7)).
  • a carrier e.g., a carrier described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5-7)
  • the vaccine compositions are pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., described herein, e.g., see ⁇ 5.8).
  • the vaccine compositions comprise an adjuvant (e.g., described herein, e.g., see ⁇ 5.9).
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)) forms the basis for a composition (e.g., a vaccine composition (e.g., a prime vaccine composition, a booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition)).
  • a vaccine composition e.g., a prime vaccine composition, a booster composition, a vaccine prime and booster composition
  • compositions comprising a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)).
  • vaccine compositions e.g., prime vaccine compositions, booster compositions, vaccine prime and booster compositions
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.3) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.4)).
  • the composition is a vaccine composition.
  • the vaccine composition is a prime vaccine composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition is a vaccine booster composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the vaccine composition is a vaccine prime and booster composition of a prime-boost vaccine regimen.
  • the prime boost is a boost to the prime boost.
  • ⁇ TI composition can be utilized as a prime and/or a booster e.g., as described herein).
  • the vaccine composition forms a single dose vaccine that does not require a booster.
  • the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • each of the nucleic acid molecules of the plurality are part of the same larger nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, each of the nucleic acid molecules of the plurality are separate (i.e., not connected) nucleic acid molecules. In some embodiments, at least two of the nucleic acid molecules of the plurality are part of the same larger nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, at least two of the nucleic acid molecules of the plurality are separate (i.e., not connected) nucleic acid molecules.
  • At least two of the nucleic acid molecules of the plurality are part of the same larger nucleic acid molecule; and at least one (e.g., at least 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) of the nucleic acid molecules of the plurality is a separate (i.e., not connected) nucleic acid molecule.
  • the plurality comprises or consists of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleic acid molecules.
  • the plurality comprises or consists of from about 2-100, 2-90, 2-80, 2-70, 2-60, 2-50, 2-40, 2-30, 2-20, 2-10, 2-5, 5-100, 5-90, 5-80, 5-70, 5-60, 5-50, 5-40, 5-30, 5-20, 5-10, 10-100, 10-90, 10-80, 10-70, 10-60, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20, 20-100, 20-90, 20-80, 20-70, 20-60, 20-50, 20-40, 20-30, 30-100, 30-90, 30-80, 30-70, 30-60, 30-50, 30-40, 40-100, 40- 90, 40-80, 40-70, 40-60, 40-50, 50-100, 50-90, 50-80, 50-70, 50-60
  • amino acid sequence of each of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the plurality is different.
  • the amino acid sequence of at least one of the encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the plurality is derived from a circulating strain of SARS-CoV- 2.
  • the plurality comprises at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein.
  • the plurality comprises at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the plurality comprises at least two encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded at least two SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded at least two SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) of the plurality comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions described herein (e.g., in Table 2 or Table 4) or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions described herein (e.g., in Table 2 or Table 4) (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the plurality comprises (a) at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); (b) at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the plurality comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of said 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof
  • the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variant
  • the plurality comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2).
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof
  • the plurality comprises (a) at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises at least one set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); and (b) at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the at least one encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or
  • the plurality comprises (a) at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises a different set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or a different combination of sets of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); and (b) at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants
  • the composition comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-
  • the composition comprises any one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) of (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS- CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises amino acid substitution set G (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y/383N/396T/468N) set forth in Table 4 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g, described in ⁇ 5.2); (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region
  • the composition comprises any one or more (e.g., any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) of (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) comprises amino acid substitution set A (440E/456L/478R/484V/505Y) set forth in Table 2 (for example, any of such SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein, e.g., described in ⁇ 5.2); (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising
  • the composition comprises a plurality of nucleic acid molecules SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) comprises or consists of one or more ( ⁇ ?.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides comprises or consists of one or more
  • the composition comprises a plurality of nucleic acid molecules, each comprising a coding region encoding at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (e.g., described herein) wherein the plurality comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more nucleic acid molecules, wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides comprises or consists of one or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 505Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 505D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, or 490F (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1)), and one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the following amino acid substitutions 383N, 396T, 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO:
  • the composition comprises a plurality of nucleic acid molecules, each comprising a coding region encoding at least one SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (e.g., described herein) wherein the plurality comprises at least 2,
  • amino acid sequence of each of the encoded 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides comprises or consists of one or more (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28) of the following amino acid substitutions 440E, 456L, 478R, 484V, 5O5Y, 405K, 440N, 456V, 478Q, 490P, 403S, 444E, 455W, 346K, 439K, 455S, 5O5D, 403K, 444T, 453F, 405D, 417Y, 440R, 4781, 490F, 383N, 396T, or 468N (amino acid numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1)), wherein the amino acid sequence of each of the encoded 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immuno
  • the composition further comprises a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., at least one) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), wherein the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) does not comprise a set of amino acid substitutions set forth in Table 2 or Table 4.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is derived from a circulating strain of SARS-CoV-2.
  • the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises one or more amino acid variation found in one or more circulating variants of SARS- CoV-2. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is derived from a strain of SARS-CoV-2 known to have previously circulated. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comprises one or more amino acid variation found in one or more SARS-CoV-2 variants known to have previously circulated.
  • the vaccine composition further comprises at least one nucleic acid comprising a coding region encoding an immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) from a non-SARS-CoV-2 virus, e.g., an influenza virus (e.g., influenza A, influenza B), a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a rhinovirus, a parvovirus, a parainfluenza virus, an adenovirus.
  • a non-SARS-CoV-2 virus e.g., an influenza virus (e.g., influenza A, influenza B), a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a rhinovirus, a parvovirus, a parainfluenza virus, an adenovirus.
  • vaccine composition comprises one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding an immunogen (or immunogenic fragment or immunogenic variant thereof) from an influenza virus (e.g., influenza A, influenza B), a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a rhinovirus, a parvovirus, a parainfluenza virus, and/or an adenovirus (or any combination thereof).
  • influenza virus e.g., influenza A, influenza B
  • RSV respiratory syncytial virus
  • rhinovirus e.g., a respiratory syncytial virus
  • parvovirus e.g., a parvovirus
  • parainfluenza virus e.g., parainfluenza virus, and/or an adenovirus (or any combination thereof).
  • the encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is modified to improve expression of the protein in host cells e.g., insect cells, mammalian cells, eggs).
  • the nucleic acid molecules are comprised within one or more vectors (e.g., vectors described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.6)).
  • the nucleic acid molecules or the vectors of the vaccine composition are formulated in one or more carrier (e.g., a carrier described herein (see, e.g., ⁇ 5.7)).
  • the vaccine compositions are pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., described herein, e.g., see ⁇ 5.8).
  • the vaccine compositions comprise an adjuvant (e.g., described herein, e.g., see ⁇ 5.9).
  • Nucleic acid molecules can be generated using common methods known in the art and described above in ⁇ 5.3.
  • the nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., DNA molecules, RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA molecules)
  • a vector e.g., a non-viral vector, a viral vector.
  • vectors e.g., viral vectors, non-viral vectors (e.g., plasmids, mini circles) comprising one or more nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., nucleic acid molecules encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)).
  • nucleic acid molecule described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • Such vectors can be easily manipulated by methods well known to the ordinary
  • the vector is a non-viral vector (e.g., a plasmid, minicircle).
  • the vector is a plasmid.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art is aware of suitable plasmids for expression of the DNA of interest.
  • Suitable plasmid DNA may be generated to allow efficient production of the encoded peptides or proteins (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens) in cell lines, e.g, in insect cell lines, for example using vectors as described in W02009150222A2 and as defined in PCT claims 1 to 33, the disclosure relating to claim 1 to 33 of W02009150222A2 the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • SARS-CoV-2 proteins or polypeptides e.g., immunogens
  • the vector is a viral vector.
  • Viral vectors include both RNA and DNA based vectors.
  • the vectors can be designed to meet a variety of specifications.
  • viral vectors can be engineered to be capable or incapable of replication in prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cells.
  • the vector is replication deficient.
  • the vector is replication competent.
  • Viral vectors can be engineered or selected that either will (or will not) integrate in whole or in part into the genome of host cells, resulting (or not (e.g., episomal expression)) in stable host cells comprising the desired nucleic acid in their genome.
  • Exemplary viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenovirus vectors, adeno- associated virus vectors, lentivirus vectors, retrovirus vectors, poxvirus vectors, parapoxivirus vectors, vaccinia virus vectors, fowlpox virus vectors, herpes virus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, alphavirus vectors, lentivirus vectors, rhabdovirus vectors, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus vectors, picornaviruses vectors, or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors.
  • the viral vector is an adenovirus vector, adeno-associated virus vector, or a lentivirus vector.
  • the vector is an adenovirus vector (e.g., a human adenoviral vector, e.g., HAdV or AdHu).
  • the adenovirus vector has the El region deleted, rendering it replication-deficient in human cells. Other regions of the adenovirus such as E3 and E4 may also be deleted.
  • Exemplary adenovirus vectors include, but are not limited to, those described in e.g., W02005071093 or WQ2006048215, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
  • the adenovirus-based vector used is a simian adenovirus, thereby avoiding dampening of the immune response after vaccination by pre-existing antibodies to common human entities such as AdHu5.
  • simian adenovirus vectors include AdCh63 (see, e.g., W02005071093, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes) or AdCh68.
  • Viral vectors can be generated through the use of a packaging/producer cell line (e.g., a mammalian cell line) using standard methods known to the person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a nucleic acid construct e.g., a plasmid
  • a nucleic acid construct encoding the peptide or protein of interest (e.g., a peptide or protein described herein e.g., SARS-CoV-2 peptide or protein described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (along with additional elements e.g., a promoter, inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) flanking the transgene, a plasmid encoding e.g., viral replication and structural proteins, along with one or more helper plasmids a host cell (e.g., a host cell line) are transfected into a host cell line (i.e.
  • helper plasmid may also be needed that include helper genes from another virus e.g., in the instance of adeno-associated viral vectors).
  • Eukaryotic expression plasmids are commercially available from a variety of suppliers, for example the plasmid series: pcDNATM, pCR3.1 TM, pCMVTM, pFRTTM, pVAXl TM, pCITM, NanoplasmidTM, and Pcaggs.
  • the person of ordinary skill in the art is aware of numerous transfection methods and any suitable method of transfection may be employed (e.g., using a biochemical substance as carrier (e.g., lipofectamine), by mechanical means, by electroporation).
  • the cells are cultured under conditions suitable and for a sufficient time for plasmid expression.
  • the viral particles may be purified from the cell culture medium using standard methods known to the person of ordinary skill in the art. For example, by centrifugation followed by e.g., chromatography and/or ultrafiltration.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), or a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein is formulated within one or more carrier.
  • carriers comprising any one or more of a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein).
  • a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein)
  • any of the foregoing e.g., one or more of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein)) can be encapsulated within a carrier, chemically conjugated to a carrier, associated with the carrier.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • the term “associated” refers to the essentially stable combination of an agent described herein (or a conjugate comprising the same) (or a vector comprising the same) with one or more molecules of a carrier (e.g., one or more lipids of a lipid- based carrier, e.g., an LNP, liposome, lipoplex, and/or nanoliposome) into larger complexes or assemblies without covalent binding.
  • a carrier e.g., one or more lipids of a lipid- based carrier, e.g., an LNP, liposome, lipoplex, and/or nanoliposome
  • the term “encapsulation” refers to the incorporation of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule e.g., a vector described herein) into a carrier (e.g., a lipid-based carrier, e.g., an LNP, liposome, lipoplex, and/or nanoliposome) wherein the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a carrier)
  • Exemplary carriers include, but are not limited to, lipid-based carriers (e.g., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, lipoplexes, and nanoliposomes).
  • the carrier is a lipid-based carrier.
  • the carrier is an LNP.
  • the LNP comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and/or a PEG lipid. Lipid based carriers are further described below in ⁇ 5.7.1.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) is encapsulated or associated with one or more lipids (e.g., cationic lipids and/or neutral lipids), thereby forming lipid-based carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, lipoplexes, or nanoliposomes.
  • lipid nanoparticles e.g., cationic lipids and/or neutral lipids
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) is encapsulated in one or more lipids (e.g., cationic lipids and/or neutral lipids), thereby forming lipid-based carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, lipoplexes, or nanoliposomes.
  • lipid nanoparticles e.g., cationic lipids and/or neutral lipids
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) is associated with one or more lipids (e.g., cationic lipids and/or neutral lipids), thereby forming lipid-based carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, lipoplexes, or nanoliposomes.
  • lipid nanoparticles e.g., cationic lipids and/or neutral lipids
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) is encapsulated in LNPs (e.g., as described herein).
  • LNPs e.g., as described herein
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) may be completely or partially located in the interior space of the LNPs, liposomes, lipoplexes, and/or nanoliposomes, within the lipid layer/membrane, or associated with the exterior surface of the lipid layer/membrane.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) into LNPs, liposomes, lipoplexes, and/or nanoliposomes is to protect the agent from an environment which may contain enzymes or chemicals or conditions that degrade the agent from molecules or conditions that cause the rapid excretion of the agent.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein
  • a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule e.g., a vector described herein
  • LNPs, liposomes, lipoplexes, and/or nanoliposomes may promote the uptake of the agent, and hence, may enhance the therapeutic effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein
  • a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule e.g., a vector described herein
  • LNPs, liposomes, lipoplexes, and/or nanoliposomes may be particularly suitable for a pharmaceutical composition described herein, e.g., for intramuscular and/or intradermal administration.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) is formulated into a lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation).
  • the lipid-based carrier or lipid nanoformulation
  • the lipid-based carrier is a liposome or a lipid nanoparticle (LNP).
  • the lipid-based carrier is an LNP.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises a cationic lipid (e.g., an ionizable lipid), a non-cationic lipid (e.g., phospholipid), a structural lipid (e.g., cholesterol), and a PEG-modified lipid.
  • a cationic lipid e.g., an ionizable lipid
  • a non-cationic lipid e.g., phospholipid
  • structural lipid e.g., cholesterol
  • PEG-modified lipid e.g., PEG-modified lipid
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) contains one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof
  • nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule
  • suitable compounds to be used in the lipid-based carrier include all the isomers and isotopes of the compounds described above, as well as all the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof, and all crystal forms, crystal form mixtures, and anhydrides or hydrates.
  • the lipid-based carrier may further include a second lipid.
  • the second lipid is a cationic lipid, a non-cationic (e.g., neutral, anionic, or zwitterionic) lipid, or an ionizable lipid.
  • One or more naturally occurring and/or synthetic lipid compounds may be used in the preparation of the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation).
  • the lipid-based carrier may contain positively charged (cationic) lipids, neutral lipids, negatively charged (anionic) lipids, or a combination thereof.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises one or more cationic lipids, e.g., a cationic lipid that can exist in a positively charged or neutral form depending on pH, or an amine-containing lipid that can be readily protonated.
  • the cationic lipid is a lipid capable of being positively charged, e.g., under physiological conditions.
  • Exemplary cationic lipids include one or more amine group(s) which bear the positive charge.
  • Examples of positively charged (cationic) lipids include, but are not limited to, N,N'- dimethyl-N,N'-dioctacyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) and chloride DDAC), N-(l-(2,3- dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), 3
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises more than one cationic lipid.
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises a cationic lipid having an effective pKa over 6.0.
  • the lipid-based carrier or lipid nanoformulation
  • cationic lipids that can be used in the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) include, for example those described in Table 4 of WO 2019/217941, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the cationic lipid is an ionizable lipid (e.g., a lipid that is protonated at low pH, but that remains neutral at physiological pH).
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) may comprise one or more additional ionizable lipids, different than the ionizable lipids described herein.
  • Exemplary ionizable lipids include, but are not limited to, (Lipid A9), and
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further comprises one or more compounds described by WO 2021/113777 (e.g., a lipid of Formula (3) such as a lipid of Table 3 of WO 2021/113777), the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • a lipid of Formula (3) such as a lipid of Table 3 of WO 2021/113777
  • the ionizable lipid is a lipid disclosed in Hou, X., et al. Nat Rev Mater 6, 1078-1094 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0 (e.g., L319, C12-200, and DLin-MC3-DMA), (the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes).
  • Examples of other ionizable lipids that can be used in lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) include, without limitation, one or more of the following formulas: X of US 2016/0311759; I of US 20150376115 or in US 2016/0376224; Compound 5 or Compound 6 in US 2016/0376224; I, IA, or II of US 9,867,888; I, II or III of US 2016/0151284; I, IA, II, or IIA of US
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further includes biodegradable ionizable lipids, for instance, (9Z,12Z)-3-((4,4- bis(octyloxy)butanoyl)oxy)-2-((((3- (diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, also called 3- ((4,4-bis(octyloxy)butanoyl)oxy)-2-(((3- (diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy)methyl)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate).
  • biodegradable ionizable lipids for instance, (9Z,12Z)-3-((4,4- bis(octyloxy)butanoyl)oxy)-2-(((3- (diethylamino)propoxy)carbonyl)oxy
  • Non-Cationic Lipids e.g., Phospholipids
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further comprises one or more non-cationic lipids.
  • the non-cationic lipid is a phospholipid.
  • the non-cationic lipid is a phospholipid substitute or replacement.
  • the non-cationic lipid is a negatively charged (anionic) lipid.
  • Exemplary non-cationic lipids include, but are not limited to, distearoyl-sn-glycero- phosphoethanolamine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane- 1 -carboxylate (DOPE- mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimy
  • acyl groups in these lipids are preferably acyl groups derived from fatty acids having C10-C24 carbon chains, e.g., lauroyl, myristoyl, paimitoyl, stearoyl, or oleoyl.
  • Additional exemplary lipids include, without limitation, those described in Kim et al. (2020) dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01386, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • Such lipids include, in some embodiments, plant lipids found to improve liver transfection with mRNA (e.g., DGTS).
  • the lipid-based carrier may comprise a combination of distearoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, dimyrystoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, 1,2- Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/cholesterol, or egg sphingomyelin/cholesterol.
  • DOPC 1,2- Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  • non-cationic lipids include, without limitation, nonphosphorous lipids such as, e.g., stearylamine, dodecylamine, hexadecylamine, acetyl palmitate, glycerol ricinoleate, hexadecyl stearate, isopropyl myristate, amphoteric acrylic polymers, triethanolamine-lauryl sulfate, alkyl-aryl sulfate polyethyloxylated fatty acid amides, dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, ceramide, sphingomyelin, and the like.
  • nonphosphorous lipids such as, e.g., stearylamine, dodecylamine, hexadecylamine, acetyl palmitate, glycerol ricinoleate, hexadecyl stearate, isopropyl my
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further comprises one or more non-cationic lipid that is oleic acid or a compound of Formula I, II, or IV of US 2018/0028664, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the non-cationic lipid content can be, for example, 0-30% (mol) of the total lipid components present. In some embodiments, the non-cationic lipid content is 5-20% (mol) or 10- 15% (mol) of the total lipid components present.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further comprises a neutral lipid, and the molar ratio of an ionizable lipid to a neutral lipid ranges from about 2: 1 to about 8: 1 (e.g., about 2: 1, 3:1, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, or 8: 1).
  • the lipid-based carrier does not include any phospholipids.
  • the lipid-based carrier can further include one or more phospholipids, and optionally one or more additional molecules of similar molecular shape and dimensions having both a hydrophobic moiety and a hydrophilic moiety (e.g., cholesterol).
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) described herein may further comprise one or more structural lipids.
  • structural lipid refers to sterols (e.g., cholesterol) and also to lipids containing sterol moieties.
  • Structural lipids can be selected from the group including but not limited to, cholesterol or cholesterol derivative, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids, and mixtures thereof.
  • the structural lipid is a sterol.
  • the structural lipid is a steroid.
  • the structural lipid is cholesterol.
  • the structural lipid is an analog of cholesterol.
  • the structural lipid is alpha-tocopherol.
  • structural lipids may be incorporated into the lipid-based carrier at molar ratios ranging from about 0.1 to 1.0 (cholesterol phospholipid).
  • sterols when present, can include one or more of cholesterol or cholesterol derivatives, such as those described in WO 2009/127060 or US 2010/0130588, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • Additional exemplary sterols include phytosterols, including those described in Eygeris et al. (2020), Nano Lett. 2020;20(6):4543-4549, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the structural lipid is a cholesterol derivative.
  • cholesterol derivatives include polar analogues such as 5a-cholestanol, 53- coprostanol, cholesteryl-(2’-hydroxy)-ethyl ether, cholesteryl-(4'- hydroxy)-butyl ether, and 6- ketocholestanol; non-polar analogues such as 5a-cholestane, cholestenone, 5a-cholestanone, 5p- cholestanone, and cholesteryl decanoate; and mixtures thereof.
  • the cholesterol derivative is a polar analogue, e.g., cholesteryl-(4'-hydroxy)-butyl ether.
  • exemplary cholesterol derivatives are described in WO 2009/127060 and US 2010/0130588, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further comprises sterol in an amount of 0-50 mol% (e.g., 0-10 mol %, 10-20 mol %, 20-50 mol%, 20-30 mol %, 30-40 mol %, or 40-50 mol %) of the total lipid components.
  • the lipid-based carrier may include one or more polymers or co-polymers, e.g., poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PF AG) nanoparticles.
  • PF AG poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
  • the lipid-based carrier may include one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipid.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • useful PEG-lipids include, but are not limited to, l,2-Diacyl-sn-Glycero-3- Phosphoethanolamine-N-[Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)- 350] (mPEG 350 PE); 1,2-Diacyl-sn- Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine-N-[Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-550] (mPEG 550 PE); 1,2- Diacyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine-N- [Methoxy (Poly ethylene glycol)-750] (mPEG 750 PE); l,2-Diacyl-sn-Glycero-3- Phosphoethanolamine-N-[Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-1000] (mPEG 1000 PE); 1,2-Diacyl-sn- Glycero-3- Phosphoethanolamine-
  • the PEG lipid is a polyethyleneglycoldiacylglycerol (i.e., polyethyleneglycol diacylglycerol (PEG-DAG), PEG-cholesterol, or PEG- DMB) conjugate.
  • PEG-DAG polyethyleneglycol diacylglycerol
  • PEG-cholesterol PEG-cholesterol conjugate
  • the lipid-based carrier includes one or more conjugated lipids (such as PEG-conjugated lipids or lipids conjugated to polymers described in Table 5 of WO 2019/217941, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes).
  • the one or more conjugated lipids is formulated with one or more ionic lipids (e.g., non-cationic lipid such as a neutral or anionic, or zwitterionic lipid); and one or more sterols (e.g., cholesterol).
  • the PEG conjugate can comprise a PEG-dilaurylglycerol (C12), a PEG- dimyristylglycerol (C14), a PEG-dipalmitoylglycerol (C16), a PEG-disterylglycerol (C18), PEG- dilaurylglycamide (C12), PEG-dimyristylglycamide (C14), PEG-dipalmitoylglycamide (C16), and PEG-disterylglycamide (Cl 8).
  • a PEG-dilaurylglycerol C12
  • PEG- dimyristylglycerol C14
  • PEG-dipalmitoylglycerol C16
  • PEG-disterylglycamide C18
  • conjugated lipids when present, can include one or more of PEG-di acylglycerol (DAG) (such as l-(monomethoxy-polyethyleneglycol)-2,3- dimyristoylglycerol (PEG-DMG)), PEG-dialkyloxypropyl (DAA), PEG-phospholipid, PEG- ceramide (Cer), a pegylated phosphatidylethanoloamine (PEG-PE), PEG succinate diacylglycerol (PEGS-DAG) (such as 4-0-(2',3'-di(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl-l-0-(w- methoxy(polyethoxy)ethyl) butanedioate (PEG-S-DMG)), PEG dialkoxypropylcarbam, N- (carbonyl-methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000)- 1 ,2-diste
  • DAG PEG-di
  • PEG-lipid conjugates are described, for example, in US 5,885,613, US 6,287,591, US 2003/0077829, US 2003/0077829, US 2005/0175682, US 2008/0020058, US 2011/0117125, US 2010/0130588, US 2016/0376224, US 2017/0119904, US 2018/0028664, and WO 2017/099823, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the PEG-lipid is a compound of Formula III, III-a-I, III-a-2, III- b-1, III-b-2, or V of US 2018/0028664, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the PEG-lipid is of Formula II of US 2015/0376115 or US 2016/0376224, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the PEG-DAA conjugate can be, for example, PEG-dilauryloxypropyl, PEG- dimyristyloxypropyl, PEG-dipalmityloxypropyl, or PEG-distearyloxypropyl.
  • the PEG-lipid includes one of the following:
  • lipids conjugated with a molecule other than a PEG can also be used in place of PEG-lipid.
  • PEG-lipid conjugates polyoxazoline (POZ)-lipid conjugates, polyamide-lipid conjugates (such as ATTA-lipid conjugates), and cationic-polymer lipid (GPL) conjugates can be used in place of or in addition to the PEG-lipid.
  • POZ polyoxazoline
  • GPL cationic-polymer lipid
  • Exemplary conjugated lipids e.g., PEG-lipids, (POZ)-lipid conjugates, ATTA-lipid conjugates and cationic polymer-lipids, include those described in Table 2 of WO 2019/051289 A9, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • the conjugated lipid e.g., the PEGylated lipid
  • the conjugated lipid can be present in an amount of 0-20 mol% of the total lipid components present in the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation).
  • the conjugated lipid (e.g., the PEGylated lipid) content is 0.5-10 mol% or 2-5 mol% of the total lipid components.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) described herein may be coated with a polymer layer to enhance stability in vivo (e.g., sterically stabilized LNPs).
  • a polymer layer to enhance stability in vivo (e.g., sterically stabilized LNPs).
  • Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol), which may form a hydrophilic surface layer that improves the circulation half-life of liposomes and enhances the amount of lipid nanoformulations (e.g., liposomes or LNPs) that reach therapeutic targets. See, e.g., Working et al.
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises one of more of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein), optionally a noncationic lipid (e.g., a phospholipid), a sterol, a neutral lipid, and optionally conjugated lipid (e.g., a PEGylated lipid) that inhibits aggregation of particles.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) further comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein
  • the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein is present in an amount from about 20 mol% to about 100 mol% (e.g., 20-90 mol%, 20-80 mol%, 20-70 mol%, 25-100 mol%, 30-70 mol%, 30-60 mol%, 30-40 mol%, 40-50 mol%, or 50-90 mol%) of the total lipid components; a non-cationic lipid (e.g., phospholipid) is present in an amount from about 0 mol% to about 50 mol% (e.g., 0-40 mol%, 0- 30 mol%, 5-50 mol%, 5-40 mol%, 5-30 mol%, or 5-10 mol%) of the total lipid components, a conjugated lipid (e.g., a PEGylated lipid) in an amount from about 0.5 mol% to about 20 mol% (e.g., 1-10 mol% or 5-10%) of the total lipid components; a
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises about 25-100 mol% of the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein, about 0-50 mol% phospholipid, about 0-50 mol% sterol, and about 0-10 mol% PEGylated lipid.
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) that is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises about 25-100 mol% of the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein, about 0-50 mol% phospholipid, about 0-50 mol% sterol, and about 0-10 mol% PEGylated lipid.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2
  • the encapsulation efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) may be at least 70%.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises about 25-100 mol% of the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein; about 0-40 mol% phospholipid (e.g, DSPC), about 0-50 mol% sterol (e.g., cholesterol), and about 0-10 mol% PEGylated lipid.
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) that is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises about 25-100 mol% of the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein; about 0-40 mol% phospholipid (e.g., DSPC), about 0-50 mol% sterol (e.g., cholesterol), and about 0-10 mol% PEGylated lipid.
  • the encapsulation efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) may be at least 70%.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises about 30-60 mol% (e.g., about 35-55 mol%, or about 40-50 mol%) of the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein, about 0-30 mol% (e.g., 5-25 mol%, or 10-20 mol%) phospholipid, about 15-50 mol% (e.g., 18.5-48.5 mol%, or 30-40 mol%) sterol, and about 0-10 mol% (e.g., 1-5 mol%, or 1.5-2.5 mol%) PEGylated lipid.
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) that is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises about 30-60 mol% (e.g., about 35-55 mol%, or about 40-50 mol%) of the ionizable lipid including the lipid compounds described herein, about 0-30 mol% (e.g., 5-25 mol%, or 10-20 mol%) phospholipid, about 15-50 mol% (e.g., a SARS-
  • the encapsulation efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) may be at least 70%.
  • molar ratios of ionizable lipid/sterol/phospholipid (or another structural lipid)/PEG-lipid/additional components is varied in the following ranges: ionizable lipid (25-100%); phospholipid (DSPC) (0-40%); sterol (0-50%); and PEG lipid (0-5%).
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) that is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises molar ratios of ionizable lipid/sterol/phospholipid (or another structural lipid)/PEG- lipid/additional components in the following ranges: ionizable lipid (25-100%); phospholipid (DSPC) (0-40%); sterol (0-50%); and PEG lipid (0-5%
  • the encapsulation efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g, a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) may be at least 70%.
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises, by mol% or wt% of the total lipid components, 50-75% ionizable lipid (including the lipid compound as described herein), 20-40% sterol (e.g, cholesterol or derivative), 0 to 10% non-cationic-lipid, and 1-10% conjugated lipid (e.g., the PEGylated lipid).
  • the lipid-based carrier comprises a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) that is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises, by mol% or wt% of the total lipid components, 50-75% ionizable lipid (including the lipid compound as described herein), 20-40% sterol (e.g., cholesterol or derivative), 0 to 10% non- cationic-lipid, and 1-10% conjugated lipid (e.g., the PEG
  • the encapsulation efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) may be at least 70%.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises (i) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule e.g., a vector described herein); (ii) a cationic lipid comprising from 50 mol% to 65 mol% of the total lipid present in the lipid-based carrier; (iii) a non-cationic lipid comprising a mixture of a phospholipid and a cholesterol derivative thereof, wherein the phospholipid comprises from 3 mol% to 15 mol% of the total lipid present in the lipid
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation) comprises (i) a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein); (ii) a cationic lipid comprising from 50 mol % to 85 mol % of the total lipid present in the lipid-based carrier; (iii) a non-cationic lipid comprising from 13 mol % to 49.5 mol % of the total lipid present in the lipid-based carrier; and (d) a conjugated lipid comprising from
  • the phospholipid component in the mixture may be present from 2 mol% to 20 mol%, from 2 mol% to 15 mol%, from 2 mol% to 12 mol%, from 4 mol% to 15 mol%, from 4 mol% to 10 mol%, from 5 mol% to 10 mol%, (or any fraction of these ranges) of the total lipid components.
  • the lipid-based carrier or lipid nanoformulation is phospholipid-free.
  • the sterol component (e.g. cholesterol or derivative) in the mixture may comprise from 25 mol% to 45 mol%, from 25 mol% to 40 mol%, from 25 mol% to 35 mol%, from 25 mol% to 30 mol%, from 30 mol% to 45 mol%, from 30 mol% to 40 mol%, from 30 mol% to 35 mol%, from 35 mol% to 40 mol%, from 27 mol% to 37 mol%, or from 27 mol% to 35 mol% (or any fraction of these ranges) of the total lipid components.
  • the non-ionizable lipid components in the lipid-based carrier may be present from 5 mol% to 90 mol%, from 10 mol% to 85 mol%, or from 20 mol% to 80 mol% (or any fraction of these ranges) of the total lipid components.
  • the ratio of total lipid components to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) can be varied as desired.
  • the total lipid components to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein
  • the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule e.g., a vector described herein
  • mass or weight ratio can be from about 10: 1 to about 30: 1.
  • the total lipid components to the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) ratio (mass/mass ratio; w/w ratio) can be in the range of from about 1 : 1 to about 25: 1, from about 10: 1 to about 14: 1, from about 3: 1 to about 15: 1, from about 4: 1 to about 10: 1, from about 5: 1 to about 9: 1, or about 6: 1 to about 9: 1.
  • the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • the amounts of total lipid components and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) can be adjusted to provide a desired N/P ratio, for example, N/P ratio of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or higher.
  • the lipid-based carrier (or lipid nanoformulation’s) overall lipid content can range from about 5 mg/ml to about 30 mg/mL. Nitrogemphosphate ratios (N:P ratio) is evaluated at values between 0.1 and 100.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or a vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein), describes the amount of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or
  • the encapsulation efficiency is desirably high (e.g., at least 70%. 80%. 90%. 95%, close to 100%).
  • the encapsulation efficiency may be measured, for example, by comparing the amount of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) in a solution containing the liposome or LNP before and after breaking up the liposome or LNP with one or more organic solvents or detergents.
  • An anion exchange resin may be used to measure the amount of free the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector described herein) in a solution.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof
  • Fluorescence may be used to measure the amount of free the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), the nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding the foregoing (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule described herein), or the vector comprising the foregoing nucleic acid molecule e.g., a vector described herein) in a solution.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof
  • the encapsulation efficiency of a protein and/or nucleic acid may be at least 50%, for example 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.
  • the encapsulation efficiency may be at least 70%.
  • the encapsulation efficiency may be at least 80%.
  • the encapsulation efficiency may be at least 90%.
  • the encapsulation efficiency may be at least 95%.
  • compositions comprising a SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), a vector described herein (e.g., a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g.,
  • compositions described herein comprising providing a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein, a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein), a vector described herein (e.g., a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (
  • Acceptable excipients are preferably nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, or other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid or methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol;or m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,
  • a pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for any route of administration to a subject.
  • the skilled person knows the various possibilities to administer a pharmaceutical composition described herein a in order to induce an immune response to the immunogens(s) and/or antigen(s) in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • Non-limiting embodiments include parenteral administration, such as intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, transcutaneous, or mucosal administration, e.g., inhalation, intranasal, oral, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration by intramuscular, intradermal, or subcutaneous injection.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration by intramuscular injection.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration by intradermal injection.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration by subcutaneous injection.
  • injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions.
  • the injectables can contain one or more excipients.
  • Exemplary excipients include, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol or ethanol.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered can also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, or other such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate or cyclodextrins.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a single dose.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions if formulated as a multi-dose.
  • compositions described herein include for example, aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents or other pharmaceutically acceptable substances.
  • aqueous vehicles which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include sodium chloride injection, Ringer’s injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, dextrose or lactated Ringer’s injection.
  • Nonaqueous parenteral vehicles which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil or peanut oil.
  • Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations can be added to the parenteral preparations described herein and packaged in multiple-dose containers, which include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride.
  • Isotonic agents which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • Buffers which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include phosphate or citrate.
  • Antioxidants which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include sodium bisulfate.
  • Local anesthetics which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include procaine hydrochloride.
  • Suspending and dispersing agents which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • Emulsifying agents which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN® 80).
  • a sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, is EDTA.
  • Pharmaceutical carriers which can be incorporated in one or more of the formulations described herein, also include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles; orsodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid for pH adjustment.
  • the precise dose to be employed in a pharmaceutical composition will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the condition caused by it, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each subject’s circumstances.
  • effective doses may also vary depending upon means of administration, target site, physiological state of the subject (including age, body weight, and health), other medications administered, or whether therapy is prophylactic or therapeutic.
  • Therapeutic dosages are preferably titrated to optimize safety and efficacy.
  • any of the foregoing e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides (e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), vectors described herein (e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or an immunogenic fragment and/
  • Adjuvants are known in the art to further increase the immune response (e.g., to an immunogen).
  • General categories of adjuvants include, but are not limited to, inorganic adjuvants, small molecule adjuvants, oil in water emulsions, lipids, polymers, peptides, peptidoglycans, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, RNA-based adjuvants, DNA-based adjuvants, viral particles, bacterial adjuvants, nanoparticles (e.g., inorganic nanoparticles), and multi-component adjuvants.
  • adjuvants include, but are not limited to, aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide and/or aluminum phosphate; oil-emulsion compositions (or oil-in-water compositions), including squalene-water emulsions, such as MF59 (see, e.g., WO90/14837, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes), MF59, AS03, and Montanide; saponin formulations, such as for example QS21 and Immunostimulating Complexes (ISCOMS) (see, e.g., US5,057,540; W090/03184, WO96/1 171 1, W02004/004762, W02005/002620, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes); protamine or a protamine salt (e.g., protamine sulfate); calcium salt; bacterial or microbial derivatives, examples of which include monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), 3-O
  • eukaryotic proteins e.g, antibodies or fragments thereof (e.g., directed against the antigen itself or CD la, CD3, CD7, CD80
  • ligands to receptors e.g., CD40L, GMCSF, GCSF, etc.
  • RNA-based adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Poly IC, Poly IC:LC, hairpin RNAs, e.g., with a 5’PPP containing sequence, viral sequences, polyU containing sequences, dsRNA, natural or synthetic immunostimulatory RNA sequences, nucleic acids analogs, optionally cyclic GMP-AMP or a cyclic dinucleotide such as cyclic di-GMP, and immunostimulatory base analogs, e.g., C8-substitued or an N7,C8-disubstituted guanine ribonucleotide.
  • Exemplary DNA-based adjuvants include, but are not limited to, CpGs, dsDNA, or natural or synthetic immunostimulatory DNA sequences.
  • Exemplary bacteria-based adjuvants include, but are not limited, to bacterial adjuvant is flagellin, LPS, or a bacterial toxin, e.g., enterotoxins, heat-labile toxins, and Cholera toxins.
  • Exemplary carbohydrate or polysaccharide adjuvants include, but are not limited to, dextran (branched microbial polysaccharide), dextransulfate, Lentinan, zymosan, Betaglucan, Deltin, Mannan, and Chitin.
  • Exemplary small molecule adjuvants include, but are not limited to, imiquimod, resiquimod, and gardiquimod.
  • Exemplary lipid or polymer adjuvants include, but are not limited to, polymeric nanoparticles (e.g., PLGA, PLG, PLA, PGA, or PHB), liposomes (e.g., Virosomes and CAF01), LNPs or a component thereof, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (e.g., monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) or glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA)), lipopeptides (e.g, Pam2 (Pam2CSK4) or Pam3 (Pam3CSK4)), and glycolipid (e.g., trehalose dimycolate).
  • polymeric nanoparticles e.g., PLGA, PLG, PLA, PGA, or PHB
  • liposomes e.g., Virosomes and CAF01
  • Exemplary peptides or peptidoglycan include, but are not limited to, N- acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), flagellin-fusion protein, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), cytokines, and chemokine.
  • Exemplary inorganic nanoparticle adjuvants include, but are not limited to, gold nanorods, silica-based nanoparticles (e.g., mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)).
  • Exemplary multicomponent adjuvants include, but are not limited to, AS01, AS03, AS04, Complete Freunds Adjuvant, and CAF01.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and polypeptides e.g., immunogens (and immunogenic fragments and/or immunogenic variants thereof) described herein (or fusions or conjugates thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof))
  • the vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the carriers described herein e.g., carriers comprising
  • the methods include administering one or more of the foregoing (e.g., protein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), polypeptide (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), immunogen (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), nucleic acid molecule (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), vector, carrier, composition (e.g., vaccine composition), pharmaceutical composition) to a subject.
  • exemplary subjects include mammals, e.g., humans, non-human mammals, e.g., non-human primates. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • the subject is elderly, pregnant, a newborn, immunocompromised, or immunosuppressed.
  • the subject has one or more of the following cancer, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, asthma, chronic lung disease, and/or sickle cell disease.
  • the subject has a weakened immune system or weakened immune response (e.g., a weakened immune response to a vaccine).
  • the subject is immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.
  • the subject is elderly.
  • the subject is pregnant.
  • the subject is a newborn
  • the subject is clinically vulnerable to the infection.
  • the subject has cancer, has an autoimmune disease, has an immunodeficiency, received a bone marrow or organ transplant, is undergoing a therapy that depletes immune cells, is undergoing chemotherapy, has a chronic viral infection, post viral syndrome or post viral fatigue syndrome (e.g., HIV infection or AIDS; long Covid or persistent post-Covid syndrome), is using or has had prolonged use of an immunosuppressive medication, is currently a smoker or has a history of smoking, or is at least 50 (e.g., at least 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 100) years of age. In some embodiments, the subject at least 50, 60, 65, 70, or 75 years of age.
  • a chronic viral infection, post viral syndrome or post viral fatigue syndrome e.g., HIV infection or AIDS; long Covid or persistent post-Covid syndrome
  • is using or has had prolonged use of an immunosuppressive medication is currently a smoker or has a history of smoking, or is at least 50 (e.g., at least 55
  • the subject is at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, or 120 years of age. In some embodiments, the subject is from about 50-120, 50-110, 50-100, 50-90, 50-80, 50- 70, 50-60, 60-120, 60-110, 60-100, 60-90, 60-80, 60-70, 70-120, 70-110, 70-100, 70-90, 70-80, 80-120, 80-110, 80-100, 80-90, 90-120, 90-110, or 90-100 years of age.
  • the dosage of one or more of the foregoing e.g., protein, polypeptide, immunogen, nucleic acid molecule, vector, carrier, vaccine composition, pharmaceutical composition
  • the dosage of one or more of the foregoing can be determined in accordance with standard techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including the type (if any) adjuvant is used, the route of administration, and the age and weight of the subject.
  • a single dose of any one of the foregoing is administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • a series of doses of any one of the foregoing are administered to a subject in need thereof (e.g., two doses given at a set interval ( .g., 2 weeks, 3 weeks) apart or within a range (e.g., 2-6 weeks apart)).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule described herein, the vector described herein, the carrier described herein, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • a dose of an mRNA molecule encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide is between 30-200 mcg, e.g., 30 mcg, 50 mcg, 75 mcg, 100 mcg, 150 mcg, or 200 mcg.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • a nucleic acid molecule described herein e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), (c) a vector described herein (e.g., a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a vector comprising a nucleic acid
  • a carrier described herein e.g., a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) or a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein),
  • a carrier described herein e.g., a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
  • a composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing
  • the method comprising administering to the subject (a) the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), (b) the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule), (c) the vector, (d) the carrier, (e) the vaccine composition, or (f) the pharmaceutical composition, to thereby deliver the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the nucleic acid
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition to the subject.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • vectors described herein e.g, vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g,
  • carriers described herein e.g., a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) or a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein),
  • a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • compositions e.g., vaccine compositions
  • pharmaceutical compositions described herein e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing
  • the medicament further comprises an adjuvant (e.g., an adjuvant described herein).
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • a nucleic acid molecule described herein e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a vector described herein e.g., a vector comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • a vector described herein e.g., a vector comprising a SARS-CoV
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to induce and/or enhance an immune response the subject.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g.
  • carriers described herein e.g., a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) or a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein),
  • a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • compositions e.g., vaccine compositions
  • pharmaceutical compositions described herein e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing
  • a method of inducing or enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising, administering the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule), the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition to the subject in need thereof.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to induce and/or enhance an immune response the subject.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e
  • an immune response in a subject can be measured by common methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • serological assays can be employed to detect a humoral response by measuring titers of anti-antigen (e.g., anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, anti- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD) IgG antibodies post administration.
  • an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA is a standard laboratory test for detecting and quantifying antibodies well known to the person of skill in the art.
  • blood is collected from a consenting subject, centrifuged, and the serum isolated according to standard techniques.
  • the recombinant target antigen e.g., SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD The recombinant target antigen
  • the microplate is blocked by through the incubation with an irrelevant antigen (e.g., bovine serum albumin).
  • the serum sample from the subject is prepared and added to the blocked wells to allow for binding of an antigen specific antibodies to the immobilized antigen.
  • the bound antibodies are detected using a secondary tagged antibody that binds to the previously bound antibodies (e.g., anti-human IgG antibodies). See, e.g., Front.
  • Cell based assays can also be utilized to detect a cell based immune response (e.g., T cell immune response).
  • a cell based immune response e.g., T cell immune response
  • antigen specific T cells e.g., CD4+ or CD8+ T cells
  • ICS intracellular cytokine staining
  • AIM activation induced marker assay
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • a nucleic acid molecule described herein e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a vector described herein e.g., a vector described herein
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 protein or peptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to prevent, ameliorate, and/or treat the SARS-CoV-2 infection the subject.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject as a prophylactic treatment.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a treatment after the onset of at least one symptom of a SARS-CoV-2 infection or a SARS-CoV-2 infection associated disease.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject after a determination that the subject does or does not have a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition prevents infection with SARS-CoV-2, reduces the likelihood of infection with S ARS- CoV-2, reduces the likelihood of developing an established infection after challenge with SARS- CoV-2, reduces the duration of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, prevents or delays onset one or more symptoms of CO VID-19, reduces the frequency and/or severity one or more symptoms of C0V1D- 19, and/or reduces the risk of hospitalization or death associated with COVID- 19, or any combination of thereof.
  • Exemplary COVID-19 symptoms include, but are not limited to, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, respiratory rate greater than or equal to 20 breaths per minutes, abnormal SpO2, clinical or radiological evidence of lower respiratory tract disease, radiological evidence of deep vein thrombosis, respiratory failure, evidence of shock, significant renal, hepatic, and neurological dysfunction.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecules e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules
  • the vectors, the carriers, the compositions (e.g., vaccine compositions), and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a prime in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g, RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a vaccine prime and a vaccine boost in a homologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a prime in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the boost vaccine composition in the regimen may be a vaccine that is based on mRNAs, DNAs, viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, vaccinia viral vectors, or measles viral vectors), peptides or proteins, viral-like particles (VLP), capsid-like particles (CLP), live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses (killed vaccines), and the like.
  • the prime vaccine composition contains the same immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the primary vaccine contains a different immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecules e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules
  • the vectors, the carriers, the compositions (e.g., vaccine compositions), and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered to a subject as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the prime vaccine composition in the regimen may be a vaccine that is based on mRNAs, DNAs, viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral vectors, adeno- associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, vaccinia viral vectors, or measles viral vectors), peptides or proteins, viral-like particles (VLP), capsid-like particles (CLP), live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses (killed vaccines), and the like.
  • the prime vaccine composition contains the same immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the primary vaccine contains a different immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • a single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector e.g., the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition
  • a series of doses of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition are administered to the subject (e.g., two doses given at a set interval (e.g., 2 weeks, 3 weeks apart) or within a range (e.g., 2-6 weeks apart)).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • an mRNA molecule encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (e.g., a vaccine or pharmaceutical composition comprising the same) is administered to the subject
  • the mRNA molecule is administered at a dose from about 30-200 mcg (e.g., 30 mcg, 50 mcg, 75 mcg, 100 mcg, 150 mcg, or 200 mcg).
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g
  • carriers described herein e.g., a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) or a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein),
  • a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • compositions e.g., vaccine compositions
  • pharmaceutical compositions described herein e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing
  • a method of preventing, ameliorating, or treating a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule), the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g.,
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., the SARS- CoV-2 protein or peptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to prevent, ameliorate, and/or treat the SARS-CoV-2 infection the subject.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e
  • vaccinating subjects e.g., human subjects
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules
  • the vectors e.g., the carriers, the compositions (e.g., vaccine compositions), and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
  • a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g, a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • a nucleic acid molecule described herein e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • a vector described herein e.g., a vector comprising a
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecules e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules
  • the vectors, the carriers, the compositions (e.g., vaccine compositions), and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a prime in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a vaccine prime and a vaccine boost in a homologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a prime in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the boost vaccine composition in the regimen may be a vaccine that is based on mRNAs, DNAs, viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, vaccinia viral vectors, or measles viral vectors), peptides or proteins, viral-like particles (VLP), capsid-like particles (CLP), live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses (killed vaccines), and the like.
  • the prime vaccine composition contains the same immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the primary vaccine contains a different immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins e.g., immunogens (or immunogenic fragments or immunogenic variants thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecules e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules
  • the vectors, the carriers, the vaccine compositions, and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered to a subject as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the prime vaccine composition in the regimen may be a vaccine that is based on mRNAs, DNAs, viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, vaccinia viral vectors, or measles viral vectors), peptides or proteins, viral-like particles (VLP), capsid-like particles (CLP), live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses (killed vaccines), and the like.
  • the prime vaccine composition contains the same immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the primary vaccine contains a different immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • a single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector e.g., the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject.
  • a series of doses of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition are administered to the subject (e.g., two doses given at a set interval (e.g., 2 weeks, 3 weeks apart) or within a range (e.g., 2-6 weeks apart)).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., RNA molecule, e.g., mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • an mRNA molecule encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein (e.g., a vaccine or pharmaceutical composition comprising the same) is administered to the subject
  • the mRNA molecule is administered at a dose from about 30-200 mcg (e.g., 30 mcg, 50 mcg, 75 mcg, 100 mcg, 150 mcg, or 200 mcg).
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject as a prophylactic treatment.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a treatment after the onset of at least one symptom of a SARS-CoV-2 infection or a SARS-CoV-2 infection associated disease.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject after a determination that the subject does or does not have a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition prevents infection with SARS-CoV-2, reduces the likelihood of infection with S ARS- CoV-2, reduces the likelihood of developing an established infection after challenge with SARS- CoV-2, reduces the duration of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, prevents or delays onset one or more symptoms of COVID- 19, reduces the frequency and/or severity one or more symptoms of COVID- 19, and/or reduces the risk of hospitalization or death associated with COVID- 19, or any combination of thereof.
  • Exemplary COVID-19 symptoms include, but are not limited to, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, respiratory rate greater than or equal to 20 breaths per minutes, abnormal SpO2, clinical or radiological evidence of lower respiratory tract disease, radiological evidence of deep vein thrombosis, respiratory failure, evidence of shock, significant renal, hepatic, and neurological dysfunction.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) (or a fusion or conjugate thereof)
  • vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g.
  • carriers described herein e.g., a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein) or a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e.g., an mRNA molecule) comprising a coding region encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein),
  • a carrier comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide
  • compositions e.g., vaccine compositions
  • pharmaceutical compositions described herein e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing
  • a method of vaccinating a subject against SARS-CoV-2 comprising administering the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide (e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)), the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule), the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition to the subject in need thereof.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the nucleic acid molecule e.g., the RNA molecule, e.g., the mRNA molecule
  • the vector, the carrier, the composition e.g., vaccine composition
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins or polypeptides described herein e.g., a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogens (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof) described herein
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein e.g., nucleic acid molecules e.g., RNA molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules
  • vectors described herein e.g., vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an RNA molecule, e
  • kits for vaccinating in a subject against SARS- CoV-2 comprising administering to the subject to the subject (a) an mRNA molecule (e.g., an mRNA molecule described herein) encoding a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)) described herein (or a fusion or conjugate thereof), (b) a vector comprising the mRNA molecule, (c) a carrier comprising the mRNA molecule or the vector, (d) a composition (e.g., vaccine composition) comprising the mRNA molecule, the vector, or the carrier, or (e) a pharmaceutical composition comprising the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, or the vaccine composition, to thereby vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • an mRNA molecule e.g., an mRNA molecule described herein
  • the mRNA molecule is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, the vaccine composition having the following characteristics: (a) the LNPs comprise a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a cholesterol, and a PEG lipid, (b) the LNPs have a mean particle size of between 80 nm and 160 nm, and (c) the mRNA comprises: (i) a 5'-cap structure; (ii) a 5'-UTR; (iii) Nl- methyl-pseudouridine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine; (iv) a 3'-UTR; and (v) a poly-A region.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide e.g., a SARS- CoV-2 spike protein or polypeptide immunogen (or immunogenic fragment and/or immunogenic variant thereof)
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in an amount and for a time sufficient to vaccinate the subject against SARS-CoV-2.
  • the mRNA molecules, the vectors, the carriers, the compositions (e.g, vaccine compositions), and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered as a prime and/or a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g, vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a prime in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a boost in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the v composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a vaccine prime and a vaccine boost in a homologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered to the subject as a prime in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the boost vaccine composition in the regimen may be a vaccine that is based on mRNAs, DNAs, viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, vaccinia viral vectors, or measles viral vectors), peptides or proteins, viral-like particles (VLP), capsid-like particles (CLP), live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses (killed vaccines), and the like.
  • the prime vaccine composition contains the same immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the primary vaccine contains a different immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the mRNA molecules, the vectors, the carriers, the compositions (e.g., vaccine compositions), and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered to a subject as a boost in a heterologous prime-boost regimen.
  • the prime vaccine composition in the regimen may be a vaccine that is based on mRNAs, DNAs, viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, vesicular stomatitis viral vectors, vaccinia viral vectors, or measles viral vectors), peptides or proteins, viral-like particles (VLP), capsid-like particles (CLP), live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses (killed vaccines), and the like.
  • the prime vaccine composition contains the same immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • the primary vaccine contains a different immunogen as the booster vaccine.
  • a single dose of the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject.
  • a series of doses of the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition are administered to the subject (e.g., two doses given at a set interval (e.g., 2 weeks, 3 weeks apart) or within a range (e.g., 2-6 weeks apart)).
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the mRNA molecule is administered at a dose from about 30-200 mcg (e.g., 30 mcg, 50 mcg, 75 mcg, 100 mcg, 150 mcg, or 200 mcg).
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject as a prophylactic treatment.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a treatment after the onset of at least one symptom of a SARS-CoV-2 infection or a SARS-CoV-2 infection associated disease.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the composition (e.g., vaccine composition), or the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject after a determination that the subject does or does not have a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • the mRNA molecule, the vector, the carrier, the vaccine composition, or the pharmaceutical composition prevents infection with SARS-CoV-2, reduces the likelihood of infection with SARS-CoV-2, reduces the likelihood of developing an established infection after challenge with SARS-CoV-2, reduces the duration of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, prevents or delays onset one or more symptoms of COVID-19, reduces the frequency and/or severity one or more symptoms of COVID-19, and/or reduces the risk of hospitalization or death associated with COVID- 19, or any combination of thereof.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des polypeptides et protéines de spicule du SARS-CoV-2 (par exemple, des immunogènes polypeptidiques et des protéines de spicule du SARS-CoV-2 (et des fragments immunogènes et variants immunogènes de ceux-ci)) comprenant au moins un ensemble de substitutions d'acides aminés (par exemple, tels qu'ils sont décrits dans la description), et des molécules d'acide nucléique codant pour ceux-ci.<i /> <i /> L'invention concerne en outre des compositions (par exemple, des compositions pharmaceutiques) et des vaccins les comprenant destinés à être utilisés, par exemple, dans la prévention, le traitement et/ou l'amélioration d'une infection par le SARS-CoV-2. <i /> <i />
PCT/US2024/033365 2023-06-12 2024-06-11 Compositions de vaccin contre le sars-cov-2 et procédés associés Pending WO2024258829A1 (fr)

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