Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/10—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
  • A61K40/11—T-cells, e.g. tumour infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL] or regulatory T [Treg] cells; Lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cells
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/30—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the recombinant expression of specific molecules in the cells of the immune system
  • A61K40/31—Chimeric antigen receptors [CAR]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/30—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the recombinant expression of specific molecules in the cells of the immune system
  • A61K40/32—T-cell receptors [TCR]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
  • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
  • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
  • A61K40/4202—Receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • A61K40/421—Immunoglobulin superfamily
  • A61K40/4211—CD19 or B4
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
  • A61K40/40—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by antigens that are targeted or presented by cells of the immune system
  • A61K40/41—Vertebrate antigens
  • A61K40/42—Cancer antigens
  • A61K40/4267—Cancer testis antigens, e.g. SSX, BAGE, GAGE or SAGE
  • A61K40/4269—NY-ESO
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
  • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
  • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
  • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
  • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells

Definitions

• This invention relates to the field of medicine and molecular biology
• T cells or progenitor cells as a source for in vitro generation of T cells for adoptive cell therapy offers the potential for an alternative to the current approaches that rely on manipulation of mature peripheral blood T cells.
• the generation of T cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSC) or hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) offers an advantage over the use of primary mature T cells harvested from the blood because of the ability of stem cells to self-renew indefinitely either in vivo (in the case of HSPC) or in vitro (in the case of PSC), as well as the opportunity for complex gene modifications in stem cells to impart therapeutically favorable properties to their progeny T cells.
• PSC pluripotent stem cells
• HSPC hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
• the current disclosure describes the disruption of the genes encoding FS-7- associated surface antigen (FAS), FAS ligand (FASL), or both in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and other stem/progenitor cells followed by differentiation to T cells to generate T cells which are deficient in expression of FAS, FASL, or both.
• the disclosure provides for a cell comprising an inactivating modification in the FAS and/or FASL gene; wherein the cell does not express a functional FAS or FASL protein, respectively.
• the disruption of expression of FAS, FASL or both in mature cells enhances the survival and anti-tumor efficacy of the mature cells.
• Also described is a method for making a cell the method comprising culturing a cell of the disclosure under conditions suitable for the in vitro differentiation of the cell into a mature cell. Also provided are cells produced by the methods of the disclosure as well as a method for treating a subject comprising administering cells of the disclosure.
• the FAS gene and/or FASL gene may be modified using gene editing to generate inactive FAS and/or FASL genes.
• the FAS and/or FASL gene are modified by contacting the cells with a site-specific Cas nuclease and a guide RNA or other method of genomic editing.
• the gene editing may also include a donor DNA that introduces an inactivating modification into the gene.
• the donor DNA may also be excluded in the methods of the disclosure.
• the cell may further comprise a heterologous nucleic acid encoding a transgene.
• the method may comprise or further comprise transferring a transgene into the cell. Transferring a transgene may comprise tranducing the cell with a nucleic acid encoding the transgene.
• the transgene may comprise a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a T-cell receptor (TCR).
• the cell may be one that expresses the transgene.
• the cell may be one that has constitutive or conditional expression of the transgene.
• the cell may be one that expresses the transgene in the mature T or NK cell.
• the transgene may comprise a T cell receptor (TCR).
• the TCR may be a tumor antigen-specific TCR, a virus-specific TCR, a cancer cell-specific TCR, a bacteria- specific TCR, or a cancer-testis antigen-specific TCR.
• the TCR may be a tumor antigenspecific TCR (i.e. a TCR that recognizes a tumor antigen).
• the TCR may be a virus antigenspecific TCR (i.e. a TCR that recognizes a viral antigen).
• the CAR may be a tumor antigenspecific CAR, virus-specific CAR, xeno-specific CAR, or bacteria-specific CAR, for example.
• the CAR may be a tumor antigen-specific CAR (i.e. a CAR that recognizes a tumor antigen.
• the transgene may be a transcription factor. Any one or more of these may be excluded in an an aspect described herein.
• the CAR may comprise or exclude an anti-CD19 CAR.
• the TCR may comprise or exclude an anti-
• the transgene may be a cytokine receptor or cytokine.
• the transgene may exclude a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a T-cell receptor (TCR).
• the transgene may exclude a T cell receptor (TCR).
• the TCR may exclude a tumor antigen-specific TCR, a virus-specific TCR, a xeno-specific TCR, a cancer cell-specific TCR, a bacteria-specific TCR, or a cancer- testis antigen-specific TCR.
• the TCR may exclude a tumor antigen-specific TCR (i.e. a TCR that recognizes a tumor antigen).
• the TCR may exclude a virus antigen-specific TCR (i.e.
• the CAR may exclude a tumor antigen-specific CAR, virus-specific CAR, xeno-specific CAR, or bacteria-specific CAR, for example.
• the CAR may exclude a tumor antigen-specific CAR (i.e. a CAR that recognizes a tumor antigen.
• the transgene may exclude a transcription factor.
• the transgene may exclude a cytokine receptor or cytokine.
• the size of the transgene may be, be at least, or be at most and/or encode for a protein that is, is at least, or is at most 500, 505, 510, 515, 520, 525, 530, 535, 540, 545, 550, 555, 560,
• the cell may comprise a pluripotent stem cell (PSC).
• the cell may comprise an embryonic stem cell or an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC).
• the cell may comprise a stem cell, a hematopoietic stem or progenitor cell (HSPC), embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), human embryonic mesodermal progenitor cells, or a pluripotent stem cell (PSC).
• the cell may be isolated or derived from cord blood, peripheral blood, bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placenta, adipose tissue, or umbilical cord tissue.
• the cell may comprise a T cell.
• the cell may comprise a peripheral blood cell, such as a peripheral blood T cell.
• the mature cell may comprise a mature T cell, mature regulatory T cell (Treg), an iNKT cell, an innate lymphoid cell, or NK cell.
• the cell may comprise a CD4-single positive (SP) cell or a CD8 SP cell.
• the cell may comprise a CD4+ CD8- or CD8ab+ CD4- T cell.
• the cell may comprise a CD8aa+ T cell, TCRgd T cell, or an innate immune cell.
• the cell may comprise an in vitro differentiated cell.
• the in vitro differentiated cell may be a T cell, mature Treg, iNKT cell, innate lymphoid cell, or NK cell.
• the cell may be in vivo and/or has been administered to a subject.
• the cell may be in vitro.
• the cell may be one that has undergone differentiation in vitro.
• the cell may be one that has undergone differentiation in vivo (i.e. in a human subject).
• the cells may be allogeneic.
• the cells may also be further defined as autologous. Autologous cells may also be excluded as cells according to the current methods and disclosure.
• the cells may be human cells or they may be from any other mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, cow, horse, monkey, sheep, dog, cat, pig, or deer.
• Cells of the disclosure may exclude a PSC, iPSC, HSPC, embryonic stem cells, iPSCs, human embryonic mesodermal progenitor cells, or cells that are isolated or derived from cord blood, peripheral blood, bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placenta, adipose tissue, or umbilical cord tissue.
• the mature cell may exclude one or more of a mature T cell, mature regulatory T cell (Treg), an iNKT cell, an innate lymphoid cell, or NK cell.
• the cell may comprise a CD4-single positive (SP) cell or a CD8 SP cell.
• SP CD4-single positive
• the cell may exclude a CD4+ CD8- or CD8ab+ CD4- T cell, CD8aa+ T cell, TCRgd T cell, or an innate immune cell.
• the cell may exclude an in vitro differentiated cell and/or mature Treg, iNKT cell, innate lymphoid cell, or NK cell.
• Methods may also comprise or further comprise culturing a cell in a three- dimensional (3D) cell aggregate, wherein the cell aggregate further comprises a selected population of stromal cells that express a Notch ligand, and wherein the 3D cell aggregate is cultured in a serum-free medium comprising insulin, biotin, transferrin, and albumin for a time period sufficient for the in vitro differentiation of the stem or progenitor cells to mature cells, such as mature T cells.
• the stromal cells may comprise MS5 stromal cells.
• the stromal cells may be human stromal cells.
• the Notch ligand may comprise an exogenous Notch ligand.
• the stromal cells may comprise a transgene that expresses a Notch ligand.
• the method may comprise or further comprise centrifugation of the stem or progenitor cells and the stromal cells to form a 3D cell aggregate.
• the cell culture medium may comprise or further comprise one or more of externally added FLT3 ligand (FLT3L), interleukin 7 (IL-7), stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-15, IL-21, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, interferon-gamma, interferon-lambda, TSLP, thymopentin, pleotrophin, pleiotrophin, midkine, or combinations thereof.
• FLT3 ligand FLT3 ligand
• IL-7 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• TPO thrombopoietin
• TPO IL
• the stromal cells may have an exogenous nucleotide sequence encoding an intact, partial or modified Notch ligand, and wherein the Notch ligand is DLL4, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, or a combination thereof.
• the cell culture medium may exclude one or more of externally added FLT3 ligand (FLT3L), interleukin 7 (IL-7), stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL- 15, IL- 21, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, interferon-gamma, interferon-lambda, TSLP, thymopentin, pleotrophin, pleiotrophin, midkine, or combinations thereof.
• FLT3 ligand FLT3 ligand
• IL-7 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoi
• the stromal cells may exclude one or more of an exogenous nucleotide sequence encoding an intact, partial or modified Notch ligand, and wherein the Notch ligand is DLL4, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, or a combination thereof.
• the subject such as a human subject, may be one that has cancer.
• the method may be for treating cancer.
• the method may be for treating an autoimmune disease.
• the cancer or autoimmune disease may be one listed herein.
• the cancer may be selected from lung cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, tracheal cancer, head & neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphoid cancers including lymphoma and multiple myeloma, leukemia, sarcomas of bone or soft tissue, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer.
• the cancer may exclude one or more of lung cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, tracheal cancer, head & neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphoid cancers including lymphoma and multiple myeloma, leukemia, sarcomas of bone or soft tissue, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. Any one or more of these may be excluded in an an aspect described herein.
• One or more of the cells may express an exogenous Notch ligand.
• the medium may comprise an externally added Notch ligand.
• An externally added Notch ligand may be attached to solid support or immobilized.
• Non-limiting examples of a Notch ligand include intact (full-length), partial (a truncated form), or modified (comprising one or more mutations, such as conservative mutations) DLL4, DLL1, JAG1, JAG2, or a combination thereof.
• the stromal cells have an exogenous nucleotide sequence encoding a Notch ligand that may be introduced into the cells by transfection or transduction.
• the culture composition may not comprise and may otherwise exclude a Notch ligand, or may not comprise an externally added Notch ligand.
• the Notch ligand may be human Notch ligand.
• the Notch ligand may be human DLL1 or DLL4 Notch ligand. Any one or more of these may be excluded in an an aspect described herein.
• the stroma cells may be a murine stromal cell line, a human stromal cell line, a selected population of primary stromal cells, a selected population of stromal cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells in vitro, or a combination thereof.
• the stromal cells may be MS5, OP9, SI 7, HS-5, or HS-27a cells. Stromal cell lines such as MS5, OP9, SI 7, HS-5, or HS-27a cells may be excluded in the methods and compositions of the disclosure.
• the stromal cells may be differentiated from human cells.
• the stromal cells may be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.
• the stromal cells may be differentiated from human or non-human HSPC or PSC cells.
• the medium can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as its basal medium, such as any of AIM V, X-VIVO-15, NeuroBasal, EGM2, TeSR, BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, aMEM, DMEM, Ham, RPMI-1640, and Fischer’s media, as well as any combinations thereof, but the medium may not be particularly limited thereto as far as it can be used for culturing animal cells. Particularly, the medium may be xeno-free or chemically defined.
• a medium used for culturing animal cells as its basal medium, such as any of AIM V, X-VIVO-15, NeuroBasal, EGM2, TeSR, BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, aMEM, DMEM, Ham, RP
• the medium can be a serum-containing or serum-free medium, or xeno-free medium. From the view of preventing contamination with heterogeneous animal-derived components, serum can be derived from the same animal as that of the stem cell(s).
• the serum- free medium refers to medium with no unprocessed or unpurified serum and accordingly, can include medium with purified blood-derived components or animal tissue-derived components (such as growth factors).
• the medium may contain or may not contain any alternatives to serum.
• the alternatives to serum can include materials which appropriately contain albumin (such as lipid- rich albumin, bovine albumin, albumin substitutes such as recombinant albumin or a humanized albumin, plant starch, dextrans and protein hydrolysates), transferrin (or other iron transporters), fatty acids, insulin, collagen precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3’- thiolgiycerol, or equivalents thereto.
• the alternatives to serum can be prepared by the method disclosed in International Publication No. 98/30679, for example (incorporated herein in its entirety). Alternatively, any commercially available materials can be used for more convenience.
• the commercially available materials include Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), Chemically-Defined Lipid Concentrated (Gibco), and Glutamax (Gibco).
• the medium may be a serum-free medium that is suitable for neural cell development.
• the medium may comprise B-27® supplement, xeno-free B-27® supplement (available at world wide web at thermofisher.com/us/en/home/technical- resources/media-formulation.250.html), NS21 supplement (Chen et al., J Neurosci Methods, 2008 Jun 30; 171(2): 239-247, incorporated herein in its entirety), GS21TM supplement (available at world wide web at amsbio.com/B-27.aspx), or a combination thereof at a concentration effective for producing mature cells from the 3D cell aggregate.
• the medium may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,
• Vitamins such as biotin; DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate; DL Alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin A (acetate); proteins such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) or human albumin, fatty acid free Fraction V; Catalase; Human Recombinant Insulin; Human Transferrin; Superoxide Dismutase; Other Components such as Corticosterone; D-Galactose; Ethanolamine HC1; Glutathione (reduced); L-Carnitine HC1; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acid; Progesterone; Putrescine 2HC1; Sodium Selenite; and T3 (triodo-I-thyronine). Any one or more of these may be excluded in an an aspect described herein.
• Vitamins such as biotin; DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate; DL Alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin A (acetate); proteins such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) or human albumin, fatty acid
• the medium may comprise externally added ascorbic acid.
• the medium can also contain externally added fatty acids or lipids, amino acids (such as non-essential amino acids), monosaccharides, vitamin(s), growth factors, cytokines, antioxidant substances, 2- mercaptoethanol, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, inorganic ions, and inorganic salts.
• the vitamins may comprise biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, folic acid nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine, inositol, vitamin B 12, or combinations thereof or salts thereof.
• the amino acids may comprise arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine, or valine, or combinations thereof.
• the inorganic ions may comprise sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, or phosphorus, or combinations or salts thereof.
• the medium can also contain molybdenum, vanadium, iron, zinc, selenium, copper, or manganese, or combinations thereof. Any one or more of these may be excluded in an an aspect described herein.
• the medium may exclude one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11,
• B-27 supplement biotin, DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, DL Alpha-Tocopherol, Vitamin A (acetate) , BSA (bovine serum albumin), human albumin, fatty acid free Fraction V, Catalase, Human Recombinant Insulin, Human Transferrin, Superoxide Dismutase, Corticosterone, D-Galactose, Ethanolamine HC1, Glutathione (reduced) , L-Carnitine HC1, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Progesterone, Putrescine 2HC1, Sodium Selenite, T3 (triodo-I-thyronine), ascorbic acid, fatty acids, lipids, amino acids, monosaccharides, vitamin(s), growth factors, cytokines, antioxidant substances, 2-mercaptoethanol, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, inorganic ions, inorganic salts, choline
• One or more of the medium components may be added at a concentration of at least, at most, or about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 ng/L, ng/ml, pg/ml, mg/ml, or any range derivable therein.
• the medium used may be supplemented with at least one externally added growth factor or cytokine at a concentration from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 500 ng/mL, more particularly 1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, or at least, at most, or about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 ng/L, ng/ml, pg/ml, mg/ml, or any range derivable therein.
• Suitable cytokines include but are not limited to, FLT3 ligand (FLT3L), interleukin 7 (IL-7), stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL- 15, IL-21, TNF- alpha, TGF-beta, interferon-gamma, interferon-lambda, TSLP, thymopentin, pleotrophin, and midkine.
• the culture medium may include at least one of FLT3L and IL-7. More particularly, the culture may include both FLT3L and IL-7.
• FLT3 ligand FLT3 ligand
• IL-7 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• IL-2 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• IL-2 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• IL-2 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• IL-2 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• IL-2 interleukin 7
• SCF stem cell factor
• TPO thrombopoietin
• IL-2 interleukin 4
• IL- 6 IL-15
• IL-21 TNF-alpha
• TGF-beta interferon-gamma
• interferon-lambda interferon-lamb
• the culturing temperature can be about 20 to 40°C, for example, at least, at most, or about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40°C (or any range derivable therein), but particularly not limited to them.
• the CO2 concentration can be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10% (or any range derivable therein), such as about 2% to 10%, for example, about 2 to 5%, or any range derivable therein.
• the oxygen tension can be at least or about 1, 5, 8, 10, 20%, or any range derivable therein.
• the stromal cells and PSCs induced to differentiate into mature cells may be present at any ratio, for example, from about 20:1, 10: 1, 5: 1, 1 : 1, 1 :5, 1 : 10, 1 :20, or any range derivable therein.
• any of the cell populations such as the stroma cells, the mature cells, the stem cells, the progenitor cells, or PSCs induced to differentiate into mature cells may comprise at least, about, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1 x 103, 2 x 103, 3 x 103, 4 x 103, 5 x 103, 6 x 103, 7 x 103, 8 x 103, 9 x 103, 1 x 104, 2 x 104, 3 x 104, 4 x 103,5 x 104, 6 x 104, 7 x 104, 8 x 104, 9 x 104, 1 x 105, 2 x 105, 3 x 105, 4 x 105,5 x 105, 6 x 105, 7 x 105, 8 x 105, 9 x
• the culturing may be for any length of time, such as about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 hours, days or weeks or any range derivable therein.
• the culturing may or may not involve cell passaging.
• the nucleic acid described herein may comprise genomic DNA.
• the nucleic acid may comprise RNA.
• the nucleic acid may comprise DNA.
• the subject may comprise a laboratory test animal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, horse, or pig.
• the subject may be a human.
• Any genetic modification compositions or methods may be used to introduce exogenous nucleic acids into cells or to introduce inactivating modifications to endogenous genes, such as gene editing, can include or exclude homologous recombination or non- homologous recombination, RNA-mediated genetic delivery or any conventional nucleic acid delivery methods.
• Non-limiting examples of the genetic modification methods may include gene editing methods such as by CRISPR/CAS9, zinc finger nuclease, or TALEN technology.
• the compositions and methods described herein may be modified so that the method is for preparing a cell with a certain phenotype.
• the methods are for preparing a T cell with the phenotype: CD4 CD8' T cells, CD4 CD8 + T cells, CD34 + CD7 + CDla + cells, CD3+ TCRab+, CD3+ TCRgd+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8-, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4-, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8- CD45RO- CD45RA+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4- CD45RO- CD45RA+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4- CD45RO- CD45RA+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8- CD45RO- CD45RA+ CCR7+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4- CD45RO- CD45RA+ CCR7+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8- CD45RO- CD45RA+ CD27+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8
• the cell may be positive or negative for one or more of CD4, CD8, CD34, CD7, CDla, CD3, TCRab, TCRgd, CD45RO, CD45RA, CCR7, CD27, CD45, CDl lb, CD15, CD24, CD114, CD182, CD91, CD99, CD16, CD25, Foxp3, CD20, CD38, CD22, CD61, CD56, CD31, and CD30 and/or alternatively or in combination may be negative for one or more of CD4, CD8, CD34, CD7, CDla, CD3, TCRab, TCRgd, CD45RO, CD45RA, CCR7, CD27, CD45, CDl lb, CD15, CD24, CD114, CD182, CD91, CD99, CD16, CD25, Foxp3, CD20, CD38, CD22, CD61, CD56, CD31, and CD30.
• the methods, cells, and compositions may exclude T cells with the phenotype: CD4 CD8' T cells, CD4 CD8 + T cells, CD34 + CD7 + CDla + cells, CD3+ TCRab+, CD3+ TCRgd+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8-, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4-, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8- CD45RO- CD45RA+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4- CD45RO- CD45RA+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4- CD45RO- CD45RA+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8- CD45RO- CD45RA+ CCR7+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD8+ CD4- CD45RO- CD45RA+ CCR7+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+ CD8- CD45RO- CD45RA+ CD27+, CD3+ TCRab+ CD4+
• the cells may be mature conventional cells, such as mature conventional T cells with the phenotype of CD4+CD8- (SP4) or CD4-CD8ab+.
• the cells may also be an NK cell, an iNKT cell, a Treg, a TCRgd T cell, an innate immune cell, or express CD8aa.
• Genetic modification may also include the introduction of a selectable or screenable marker that aid selection or screen or imaging in vitro or in vivo.
• a selectable or screenable marker that aid selection or screen or imaging in vitro or in vivo.
• in vivo imaging agents or suicide genes may be expressed exogenously or added to starting cells or progeny cells.
• the methods may involve image-guided adoptive cell therapy.
• subject and “patient” may be used interchangeably and may refer to a human subject.
• the subject may be defined as a mammalian subject.
• the subject may also be a mouse, rat, pig, horse, non-human primate, cat, dog, cow, and the like.
• the term “about” is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning in the area of cell and molecular biology to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of error for the device or method being employed to determine the value.
• x, y, and/or z can refer to “x” alone, “y” alone, “z” alone, “x, y, and z,” “(x and y) or z,” “x or (y and z),” or “x or y or z.” It is specifically contemplated that x, y, or z may be specifically excluded from an embodiment or aspect.
• compositions and methods for their use can “comprise,” “consist essentially of,” or “consist of’ any of the ingredients or steps disclosed throughout the specification.
• any method in the context of a therapeutic, diagnostic, or physiologic purpose or effect may also be described in “use” claim language such as “Use of’ any compound, composition, or agent discussed herein for achieving or implementing a described therapeutic, diagnostic, or physiologic purpose or effect.
• FIG. 1 PSC-derived T cells expressing an A2/NY-ESO-1 -specific TCR were challenged every 48 hours with red fluorescently labeled K562 cells expressing the cognate TCR antigen.
• Isotype control antibody or anti-FASL antibody (NOK-1) was added every 48h throughout the culture. Tumor cell growth was measured by IncuCyte red fluorescence live imaging. This experiment shows that addition of anti-FASL (NOK-1) enhances serial killing of tumor cells by PSC-derived T cells compared those treated with an isotype control antibody, which is especially evident at later timepoints.
• the use of anti-FASL (NOK-1) in this case is used as a functional mimic of FAS and/or FASL gene disruption in mature T cells.
• FIG. 2 Effect of blocking Fas/FasL interaction on peripheral blood (PB) TCR- transduced T cell (TCR-T) serial expansion in response to cognate antigen-expressing tumor cells.
• PB CD8+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3/28 beads and transduced with the 1G4, A2/NY- ESO-1 -specific TCR and nuclear-localized mKate2 as a fluorescent marker.
• Transduced T cells were sorted and co-cultured with K562-A2ZESO target cells at a 1 : 1 effector-to-target (E:T) ratio with addition of either an isotype control antibody (ISO) or the anti-FasL antibody NOK- 1.
• ISO isotype control antibody
• NOK- 1 isotype control antibody
• T cells were replated at the original cell number with fresh K562-A2ZESO cells.
• This experiment shows that blocking Fas/FasL interaction on T cells enhances the expansion of PB CD8+ T cells following serial encounter with cognate antigen-expressing tumor cells.
• anti-FASL NOK-1 in this case is used as a functional mimic of FAS and/or FASL gene disruption in mature T cells.
• FIG. 3 Effect of T cell Fas/FasL blockade on TCR-engineered PSC-T cell serial killing of cognate tumor cells.
• ISO isotype control antibody
• 1G4 TCR PSC-T cells isolated from ATOs were activated with K562- A2ZESO antigen-presenting then imaged by IncuCyte during co-culture with fresh K562- A2ZESO target cells.
• Fresh K562-A2/ESO cells were re-added every 3 days (dotted lines).
• K562 growth is measured by mKate2 fluorescence intensity on the y axis. This experiment shows that blocking Fas/FasL interaction on T cells enhances the serial anti-tumor efficacy of PB T cells.
• anti-FASL NOK-1
• NOK-1 anti-FASL in this case is used as a functional mimic of FAS and/or FASL gene disruption in mature T cells.
• FIG. 4A-4F Proof-of-concept generation of T cells from iPSCs with or without CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out of FAS. Shown are wild-type (WT) or FAS kockout (FAS KO ) clonal iPSC lines.
• WT wild-type
• FAS KO FAS kockout
• EMP embryonic mesoderm progenitors
• B Normal differentiation of WT and FAS KO iPSCs to hematopoietic progenitor cells.
• C Normal T cell differentiation of WT and FAS KO iPSCs in ATOs at week 4, gated on total CD45+ cells, showing: D: CD3+TCRaP+ T cells with gates showing immature CD4+CD8+ DPs, CD8+ and CD4+ mature T cells; and E: Expression of T cell maturation marker CD45RA and Fas (CD95) gated on CD8+ T cells, showing loss of Fas in FASKO ATOs (histogram also shown).
• F Comparable total cell numbers (per ATO culture unit) between WT and FAS KO iPSC ATOs at week 4.
• FIG. 5 FASL disruption potentiates the serial cytotoxicity of 1 G4 TCR-T peripheral blood T cells.
• FIG. 6. FASL disruption potentiates the serial cytotoxicity of 1G4 TCR iPSC-T cells.
• FIG. 7. Fluorescently labeled 1G4 iPSC-T cells with or without FAS gene deletion were tracked by IncuCyte imaging after serial addition of unlabeled K562-A2/NYESO1 tumor cells.
• FIG. 8. Fluorescently labeled K562-A2ZESO tumor cells were tracked by IncuCyte imaging after serial addition to unlabeled 1G4 iPSC-T cells cells with or without FAS gene deletion.
• FIG. 9 Fluorescently labeled Nalm-6 or K562-A2/ESO tumor cells were tracked by IncuCyte imaging after serial addition to unlabeled CD 19 CAR iPSC-T cells cells with or without FAS or FASLG gene deletion.
• the current specification describes the disruption of the genes encoding (FS-7- associated surface antigen (FAS), FAS ligand (FASL), or both in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and other progenitor cells to generate T cells which are deficient in expression of FAS, FASL, or both.
• FAS FS-7- associated surface antigen
• FASL FAS ligand
• PSCs pluripotent stem cells
• the resulting T cells are protected from apoptosis in culture due to autocrine/paracrine engagement of FASL expressed by activated T cells with Fas on T cells (in the case of FAS, FASL, or FAS+FASL gene disruption); and from apoptosis due to T cell-extrinsic encounter with FASL-expressing tumor or tumor micronenvironment (TME) cells in vivo (in the case of FAS or FAS+FASL gene disruption).
• TME tumor micronenvironment
• These gene edited stem/progenitor cells can then be used to generate T cells, NK cells, or other immune effector cells deficient in FAS, FASL, or both, with survival advantages compared to wild-type counterparts.
• Methods also relate to a method for making a cell, and the method comprising introducing an inactivating modification in the FAS and/or FASL gene into a cell.
• transgene refers to a gene that is transferred (i.e. by way of gene transfer/transduction/transfection techniques or by gene editing) into the cell in vitro.
• the transgene may be a gene that is not expressed in the cell naturally, such as a CAR or engineered TCR.
• chimeric antigen receptor refers to engineered receptors, which graft an arbitrary specificity onto an immune effector cell. These receptors are used to graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T cell; with transfer of their coding sequence facilitated by retroviral or lentiviral vectors.
• the receptors are called chimeric because they are composed of parts from different sources. The most common form of these molecules are fusions of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) derived from monoclonal antibodies, fused to CD3-zeta transmembrane and endodomain; CD28 or 41BB intracellular domains, or combinations thereof.
• scFv single-chain variable fragments
• Such molecules result in the transmission of a signal in response to recognition by the scFv of its target.
• An example of such a construct is 14g2a- Zeta, which is a fusion of a scFv derived from hybridoma 14g2a (which recognizes disialoganglioside GD2).
• T cells express this molecule (usually achieved by oncoretroviral vector transduction), they recognize and kill target cells that express GD2 (e.g. neuroblastoma cells).
• target malignant B cells investigators have redirected the specificity of T cells using a chimeric immunoreceptor specific for the B-lineage molecule, CD19.
• variable portions of an immunoglobulin heavy and light chain are fused by a flexible linker to form a scFv.
• This scFv is preceded by a signal peptide to direct the nascent protein to the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent surface expression (this is cleaved).
• a flexible spacer allows the scFv to orient in different directions to enable antigen binding.
• the transmembrane domain is a typical hydrophobic alpha helix usually derived from the original molecule of the signaling endodomain which protrudes into the cell and transmits the desired signal.
• antigen refers to any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it, or to which a T cell responds.
• An antigen may be a peptide that is 5-50 amino acids in length or is at least, at most, or exactly 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, or 300 amino acids, or any derivable range therein.
• allogeneic to the recipient is intended to refer to cells that are not isolated from the recipient.
• the cells may be ones that are not isolated from the patient.
• the cells may be ones that are not isolated from a genetically matched individual (such as a relative with compatible genotypes).
• xeno-free (XF) or “animal component-free (ACF)” or “animal free,” when used in relation to a medium, an extracellular matrix, or a culture condition, refers to a medium, an extracellular matrix, or a culture condition which is essentially free from heterogeneous animal-derived components.
• any proteins of a nonhuman animal, such as mouse would be xeno components.
• the xeno-free matrix may be essentially free of any non-human animal-derived components, therefore excluding mouse feeder cells or MatrigelTM.
• MatrigelTM is a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm- Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in extracellular matrix proteins to include laminin (a major component), collagen IV, heparin sulfate proteoglycans, and entactin/nidogen.
• EHS Engelbreth-Holm- Swarm
• a “chemically defined medium” refers to a medium in which the chemical nature of approximately all the ingredients and their amounts are known. These media are also called synthetic media. Examples of chemically defined media include TeSRTM.
• Cells are “substantially free” of certain reagents or elements, such as serum, signaling inhibitors, animal components or feeder cells, exogenous genetic elements or vector elements, as used herein, when they have less than 10% of the element(s), and are “essentially free” of certain reagents or elements when they have less than 1% of the element(s).
• certain reagents or elements such as serum, signaling inhibitors, animal components or feeder cells, exogenous genetic elements or vector elements, as used herein, when they have less than 10% of the element(s), and are “essentially free” of certain reagents or elements when they have less than 1% of the element(s).
• cell populations wherein less than 0.5% or less than 0.1% of the total cell population comprise exogenous genetic elements or vector elements.
• a culture, matrix or medium are “essentially free” of certain reagents or elements, such as serum, signaling inhibitors, animal components or feeder cells, when the culture, matrix or medium respectively have a level of these reagents lower than a detectable level using conventional detection methods known to a person of ordinary skill in the art or these agents have not been extrinsically added to the culture, matrix or medium.
• the serum-free medium may be essentially free of serum.
• Peripheral blood cells refer to the cellular components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are found within the circulating pool of blood.
• Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or “hematopoietic precursor cells” refers to cells that are committed to a hematopoietic lineage but are capable of further hematopoietic differentiation and include hematopoietic stem cells, multipotential hematopoietic stem cells (hematoblasts), myeloid progenitors, megakaryocyte progenitors, erythrocyte progenitors, and lymphoid progenitors.
• Hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types including myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells), and lymphoid lineages (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells).
• a “vector” or “construct” refers to a macromolecule, complex of molecules, or viral particle, comprising a polynucleotide to be delivered to a host cell, either in vitro or in vivo.
• the polynucleotide can be a linear or a circular molecule.
• a “plasmid”, a common type of a vector, is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA. In certain cases, it is circular and double-stranded.
• expression construct or “expression cassette” is meant a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of directing transcription.
• An expression construct includes, at the least, a promoter or a structure functionally equivalent to a promoter. Additional elements, such as an enhancer, and/or a transcription termination signal, may also be included.
• the term “corresponds to” is used herein to mean that a polynucleotide sequence is homologous (i.e., is identical, not strictly evolutionarily related) to all or a portion of a reference polynucleotide sequence, or that a polypeptide sequence is identical to a reference polypeptide sequence.
• the term “complementary to” is used herein to mean that the complementary sequence is homologous to all or a portion of a reference polynucleotide sequence.
• the nucleotide sequence “TATAC” corresponds to a reference sequence “TATAC” and is complementary to a reference sequence “GTATA”.
• a “gene,” “polynucleotide,” “coding region,” “sequence,” “segment,” “fragment,” or “transgene” which “encodes” a particular protein is a nucleic acid molecule which is transcribed and optionally also translated into a gene product, e.g., a polypeptide, in vitro or in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.
• the coding region may be present in either a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA form. When present in a DNA form, the nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded (i.e., the sense strand) or double-stranded.
• a gene can include, but is not limited to, cDNA from prokaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA, and synthetic DNA sequences.
• a transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3’ to the gene sequence.
• cell is herein used in its broadest sense in the art and refers to a living body which is a structural unit of tissue of a multicellular organism, is surrounded by a membrane structure which isolates it from the outside, has the capability of self-replicating, and has genetic information and a mechanism for expressing it.
• Cells used herein may be naturally-occurring cells or artificially modified cells (e.g., fusion cells, genetically modified cells, etc.).
• stem cell refers to a cell capable of self-replication and pluripotency or multipotency. Typically, stem cells can regenerate an injured tissue.
• Stem cells herein may be, but are not limited to, embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem cells or tissue stem cells (also called tissue-specific stem cell, or somatic stem cell).
• Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from early embryos. An ES cell was first established in 1981, which has also been applied to production of knockout mice since 1989. In 1998, a human ES cell was established, which is currently becoming available for regenerative medicine.
• tissue stem cells have a limited differentiation potential. Tissue stem cells are present at particular locations in tissues and have an undifferentiated intracellular structure. Therefore, the pluripotency of tissue stem cells is typically low. Tissue stem cells have a higher nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and have few intracellular organelles. Most tissue stem cells have low pluripotency, a long cell cycle, and proliferative ability beyond the life of the individual. Tissue stem cells are separated into categories, based on the sites from which the cells are derived, such as the dermal system, the digestive system, the bone marrow system, the nervous system, and the like. Tissue stem cells in the dermal system include epidermal stem cells, hair follicle stem cells, and the like.
• Tissue stem cells in the digestive system include pancreatic (common) stem cells, liver stem cells, and the like.
• Tissue stem cells in the bone marrow system include hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and the like.
• Tissue stem cells in the nervous system include neural stem cells, retinal stem cells, and the like.
• iPS cells commonly abbreviated as iPS cells or iPSCs, refer to a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially prepared from a non-pluripotent cell, typically an adult somatic cell, or terminally differentiated cell, such as fibroblast, a hematopoietic cell, a myocyte, a neuron, an epidermal cell, or the like, by introducing certain factors, referred to as reprogramming factors.
• “Pluripotency” refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into all cells constituting one or more tissues or organs, or particularly, any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system).
• endoderm internal stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs
• mesoderm muscle, bone, blood, urogenital
• ectoderm epidermal tissues and nervous system.
• “Pluripotent stem cells” used herein refer to cells that can differentiate into cells derived from any of the three germ layers, for example, direct descendants of totipotent cells or induced pluripotent cells.
• Embryonic mesodermal progenitor cells or “EMP cells” used herein refers to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which can include hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have committed to mesoderm. Commitment to mesoderm is initiated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and by reciprocal changes in expression of the cell surface proteins EpCAM/CD326 and NCAM/CD56. The EMP cells may be further defined as EMP CD326- CD56+.
• EMP CD326 CD56 cells may be generated from by culturing PSCs in the presence of components including but not limited to one or more of activin A, BMP4, VEGF, FGF2, and combinations thereof.
• operin A activin A
• BMP4 vascular endothelial growth factor
• FGF2 FGF2
• operably linked with reference to nucleic acid molecules is meant that two or more nucleic acid molecules (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule to be transcribed, a promoter, and an enhancer element) are connected in such a way as to permit transcription of the nucleic acid molecule.
• “Operably linked” with reference to peptide and/or polypeptide molecules is meant that two or more peptide and/or polypeptide molecules are connected in such a way as to yield a single polypeptide chain, i.e., a fusion polypeptide, having at least one property of each peptide and/or polypeptide component of the fusion.
• the fusion polypeptide is particularly chimeric, i.e., composed of heterologous molecules.
• the Fas receptor also known as Fas, FasR, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene.
• the FAS gene is located at Chr 10:88.95-89.03 Mb.
• the following protein sequences represent the FAS protein:
• Fas ligand (FasL or CD95L or CD 178 or FASLG) is a type-II transmembrane protein expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
• the FAS gene is located at Chr 1 : 172.66-172.67 Mb.
• the following protein sequences represent the FAS protein:
• the transgene, first transgene, or second transgene may comprise an antigentargeting molecule such as a CAR or TCR.
• tumor antigens that may be targeted by the CAR(s) and/or TCR(s) of the present disclosure include at least the following: Differentiation antigens such as tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and tumor-specific multilineage antigens such as MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, pi 5; overexpressed embryonic antigens such as CEA; overexpressed oncogenes and mutated tumorsuppressor genes such as p53, Ras, HER-2/neu; unique tumor antigens resulting from chromosomal translocations; such as BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR; and viral antigens, such as the Epstein Barr virus antigens EB VA and the human papillo
• Tumor antigens also include, for example, a glioma-associated antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), EGFRvlll, IL-IIRa, IL-13Ra, EGFR, FAP, B7H3, Kit, CA LX, CS-1, MUC1, BCMA, bcr-abl, HER2, b-human chorionic gonadotropin, alphafetoprotein (AFP), ALK, CD 19, cyclin Bl, lectin-reactive AFP, Fos-related antigen 1, ADRB3, thyroglobulin, EphA2, RAGE-1, RUI, RU2, SSX2, AKAP-4, LCK, OY-TESI, PAX5, SART3, CLL-1, fucosyl GM1 , GloboH, MN-CA IX, EPCAM, EVT6- AML, TGS5, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, ply sialic acid, PLAC1, RUI
• tumor cell antigens to which a CAR and/or TCR may be directed include at least 5T4, 8H9, a v p 6 integrin, BCMA, B7-H3, B7-H6, CAIX, CA9, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD44, CD44v6, CD44v7/8, CD70, CD 123, CD 138, CD171, CD133, CEA, c-Met, CSPG4, EGFR, EGFR family including ErbB2 (HER2), EGFRvlll, EGP2, EGP40, ERBB3, ERBB4, ErbB3/4, EPCAM, EphA2, EpCAM, folate receptor-a, FAP, FBP, fetal AchR, FRa, GD2, G250/CAIX, GD3, Glypican-3 (GPC3), GUCY2C, HER1, HER2, ICAM-1, IL-13Ra2, IL-1 IRa,
• the CARs may be a first, second, third, or more generation CARs.
• the CARs may be bispecific for any two nonidentical antigens, or they may be specific for more than two nonidentical antigens.
• Non-limiting examples of bacterial antigens that may be targeted by the CAR(s) and/or TCR(s) of the present disclosure include at least the following: Aeromonas Aminopeptidase; Arthrobacter globiformis Mosaic Protein; Arthrobacter globiformis DMGO Protein; A. globiformis Dimethylglycine oxidase; Bacillus Intein; Bacillus Thermolysin; Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor; Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen PA63; B. anthracis Protective Antigen; B. circulans Intein; B. Polymyxin B peptide; B. anthracis Edema Factor; B.
• anthracis Edema Factor S447N mutant form
• B. anthracis Protective Antigen PA20 B. anthracis Protective Antigen PA 63 (Activated);
• pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxoid; Bordetella pertussis whole-cell (strain Tohama I); Bordetella pertussis Lipopolysaccharide; C. jejuni,' C. albicans Enolase; Candida albicans,' C. Pneumoniae Outer Membrane Protein VD3; C. pneumoniae,' Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP; Chlamydia Trachomatis Antigen; Chlamydia Trachomatis HSP70 protein; C. Trachomatis Outer Membrane Protein; C. Trachomatis HSP70; C. Trachomatis,' C. Trachomatis MOMP; C.
• Coli GroEL HSP60; E. Coli GroES, HSP10; E. Coli Chaperone SURA; E. Coli O 158; E. Coli DnaJ Protein; E. Coli HSP60; E. Coli Heat shock protein 1; E. Coli Eco; E. Coli AmpC; E. Coli CoaA; E. Coli GroL; E. Coli GroS Protein; E. Coli DnaK; E. Coli DsbA Protein; HIV OmpP2; H. pylori,' H. pylori Outer Membrane Protein; H. pylori Cag antigen; H. pylori Flagellin A antigen; H.
• H. pylori urease small subunit antigen H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• H. pylori protein H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• Helicobacter pylori protein H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• Helicobacter pylori protein H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• Helicobacter pylori protein Helicobacter pylori urease large subunit Protein
• Z. pneumophila L. interrogans LipL32 lipoprotein
• L. biflexa L. monocytogenes Internalin
• L. monocytogenes Internalin L.
• tuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70 M. tuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 65; M. tuberculosis MTB heat shock protein; M. tuberculosis MTB lipoprotein; M. tuberculosis MTB fragment and esat6 fragment; P.
• aeruginosa Exotoxin A Urealyticum (Serovar 3); Salmonella typhi OMP; Salmonella Typhiurium,' Salmonella paratyphi A antigen; Salmonella paratyphi B antigen; Salmonella typhimurium antigen; Salmonella beta Lactamase; Salmonella typhi pagC Antigen; Salmonella typhi flag; Salmonella typhimurium Uridine Phosphorylase; Salmonella typhimurium Flagellin Protein; Salmonella minnesota (R595) LIPID A monophosphoryl; Salmonella typhimurium LPS; S. enterica Flagellin; S.
• pallidum Pl 7 Treponema Membrane Protein A; T. pallidum Active pl5; T. Pallidum Antigen; T. pallidum Tp0453 Antigen; T. pallidum tppl7; Y. enter ocolitica (subtype 0:3); Y. enterocolitica (serovar 0:8); Y.
• enterocolitica enterocolitica (serovar 0:9); Arthroderma benhamiae MEP4; Arthroderma benhamiae MEP5; Arthroderma benhamiae MEP3; Arthroderma gypseum VPS 10; Arthroderma gypseum AMPP; Arthroderma gypseum DAPB; Arthroderma otae CH02; Arthroderma otae SEY1; Arthroderma otae VPS10; Spirulina maxima Ferredoxin; Arthrospira platensis desA; Ascaris suum ATP6; Ascaris suum ND5; Ascaris suum ND4L; Ascaris suum V-type proton ATPase; Ashbya gossypii PET8; Ashbya gossypii TIM21; and Ashbya gossypii ATG22.
• Non-limiting examples of viral antigens that may be targeted by the CAR(s) and/or TCR(s) of the present disclosure include at least the following: Adenovirus (ADV); ADV type 3; ADV type 5; ADV type 2 hexon; ADV type 5 hexon; ADV type 40; ADV Grade 2; Cytomegalovirus (CMV); CMV AD169; CMV Grade 2; CMVPp28; CMV; CMVPp38; CMV Ppi 50; CMV Glycoprotein B; CMV UL80a; CMV P38, P65, Pl 50, P52; Coronavirus Spike glycoprotein; Human SARS Coronavirus Nucleoprotein; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid 229E Protein; SARS Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein 2; Canine Coronavirus (strain 1-71) Antigen; Feline Coronavirus (Strain WSU 79-1146) Antigen; SARS Coronavirus Mosaic Spike Glycoprotein 2; SARS M Protein; SARS Nu
• Cells of the disclosure include cells, such as pluripotent stem cells or hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells as well as mature cells, such as mature T cells.
• Cells of the disclosure such as pluripotent stem cells, may be differentiated in vitro into mature cell types. Systems and methods that facilitate the differentiation of the cells into mature cells may use stromal cells co-cultured with the stem or progenitor cells. Cells of the disclosure are further described below.
• Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the bone marrow, thymus, uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, and the ovary. They are cells that support the function of the parenchymal cells of that organ. Fibroblasts (also known as mesenchymal stromal cells/MSC) and pericytes are among the most common types of stromal cells.
• stromal cells The interaction between stromal cells and tumor cells is known to play a major role in cancer growth and progression.
• locally cytokine networks e.g. M-CSF, LIF
• bone marrow stromal cells have been described to be involved in human haematopoiesis and inflammatory processes.
• Stroma is made up of the non-malignant host cells. Stromal cells also provides an extracellular matrix on which tissue-specific cell types, and in some cases tumors, can grow.
• hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells Due to the significant medical potential of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, substantial work has been done to try to improve methods for the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells.
• hematopoietic stem cells present primarily in bone marrow produce heterogeneous populations of hematopoietic (CD34+) progenitor cells that differentiate into all the cells of the blood system.
• CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells
• hematopoietic progenitors proliferate and differentiate resulting in the generation of hundreds of billions of mature blood cells daily.
• Hematopoietic progenitor cells are also present in cord blood.
• human embryonic stem cells may be differentiated into hematopoietic progenitor cells.
• Hematopoietic progenitor cells may also be expanded or enriched from a sample of peripheral blood as described below.
• the hematopoietic cells can be of human origin, murine origin or any other mammalian species.
• Isolation of hematopoietic progenitor cells include any selection methods, including cell sorters, magnetic separation using antibody-coated magnetic beads, packed columns; affinity chromatography; cytotoxic agents joined to a monoclonal antibody or used in conjunction with a monoclonal antibody, including but not limited to, complement and cytotoxins; and “panning” with antibody attached to a solid matrix, e.g., plate, or any other convenient technique.
• separation or isolation techniques include, but are not limited to, those based on differences in physical (density gradient centrifugation and counter-flow centrifugal elutriation), cell surface (lectin and antibody affinity), and vital staining properties (mitochondria-binding dye rhol23 and DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342).
• Techniques providing accurate separation include but are not limited to, FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) or MACS (Magnetic-activated cell sorting), which can have varying degrees of sophistication, e.g., a plurality of color channels, low angle and obtuse light scattering detecting channels, impedance channels, etc.
• the antibodies utilized in the preceding techniques or techniques used to assess cell type purity can be conjugated to identifiable agents including, but not limited to, enzymes, magnetic beads, colloidal magnetic beads, haptens, fluorochromes, metal compounds, radioactive compounds, drugs or haptens.
• the enzymes that can be conjugated to the antibodies include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, urease and P- galactosidase.
• the fluorochromes that can be conjugated to the antibodies include, but are not limited to, fluorescein isothiocyanate, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanins and Texas Red.
• fluorescein isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
• phycoerythrin allophycocyanins and Texas Red.
• the metal compounds that can be conjugated to the antibodies include, but are not limited to, ferritin, colloidal gold, and particularly, colloidal superparamagnetic beads.
• the haptens that can be conjugated to the antibodies include, but are not limited to, biotin, digoxygenin, oxazalone, and nitrophenol.
• radioactive compounds that can be conjugated or incorporated into the antibodies are known to the art, and include but are not limited to technetium 99m (99TC), 1251 and amino acids comprising any radionuclides, including, but not limited to, 14C, 3H and 35S.
• 99TC technetium 99m
• Other techniques for positive selection may be employed, which permit accurate separation, such as affinity columns, and the like.
• the method should permit the removal to a residual amount of less than about 20%, preferably less than about 5%, of the non-target cell populations.
• Cells may be selected based on light-scatter properties as well as their expression of various cell surface antigens.
• the purified stem cells have low side scatter and low to medium forward scatter profiles by FACS analysis. Cytospin preparations show the enriched stem cells to have a size between mature lymphoid cells and mature granulocytes.
• the cells are subject to negative selection to remove those cells that express lineage specific markers.
• a cell population may be subjected to negative selection for depletion of non-CD34 + hematopoietic cells and/or particular hematopoietic cell subsets.
• Negative selection can be performed on the basis of cell surface expression of a variety of molecules, including T cell markers such as CD2, CD4 and CD8; B cell markers such as CD10, CD19 and CD20; monocyte marker CD14; the NK cell marker CD2, CD16, and CD56 or any lineage specific markers. Negative selection can be performed on the basis of cell surface expression of a variety of molecules, such as a cocktail of antibodies (e.g., CD2, CD3, CD1 lb, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD56, CD123, and CD235a) which may be used for separation of other cell types, e.g., via MACS or column separation.
• T cell markers such as CD2, CD4 and CD8
• B cell markers such as CD10, CD19 and CD20
• monocyte marker CD14 monocyte marker CD14
• the NK cell marker CD2, CD16, and CD56 or any lineage specific markers can be performed on the basis of cell surface expression of a variety of molecules, such as a cocktail of antibodies (e.g
• lineage-negative refers to cells lacking at least one marker associated with lineage committed cells, e.g., markers associated with T cells (such as CD2, 3, 4 and 8), B cells (such as CD10, 19 and 20), myeloid cells (such as CD14, 15, 16 and 33), natural killer (“NK”) cells (such as CD2, 16 and 56), RBC (such as glycophorin A), megakaryocytes (CD41), mast cells, eosinophils or basophils or other markers such as CD38, CD71, and HLA-DR.
• markers associated with T cells such as CD2, 3, 4 and 8
• B cells such as CD10, 19 and 20
• myeloid cells such as CD14, 15, 16 and 33
• natural killer (“NK”) cells such as CD2, 16 and 56
• RBC such as glycophorin A
• megakaryocytes CD41
• mast cells eosinophils or basophils or other markers such as CD38, CD71, and HLA-DR.
• the lineage specific markers include, but are not limited to, at least one of CD2, CD 14, CD 15, CD 16, CD 19, CD20, CD33, CD38, HLA-DR and CD71. More preferably, LIN- will include at least CD 14 and CD15. Further purification can be achieved by positive selection for, e.g., c-kit+ or Thy-1+. Further enrichment can be obtained by use of the mitochondrial binding dye rhodamine 123 and selection for rhodamine+ cells, by methods known in the art. A highly enriched composition can be obtained by selective isolation of cells that are CD34 + , preferably CD34 + LIN , and most preferably, CD34 + Thy-1 + LIN . Populations highly enriched in stem cells and methods for obtaining them are well known to those of skill in the art, see e.g., methods described in PCT/US94/09760; PCT/US94/08574 and PCT/US94/10501.
• Various techniques may be employed to separate the cells by initially removing cells of dedicated lineage. Monoclonal antibodies are particularly useful for identifying markers associated with particular cell lineages and/or stages of differentiation. The antibodies may be attached to a solid support to allow for crude separation. The separation techniques employed should maximize the retention of viability of the fraction to be collected. Various techniques of different efficacy may be employed to obtain “relatively crude” separations. Such separations are where up to 10%, usually not more than about 5%, preferably not more than about 1%, of the total cells present are undesired cells that remain with the cell population to be retained. The particular technique employed will depend upon efficiency of separation, associated cytotoxicity, ease and speed of performance, and necessity for sophisticated equipment and/or technical skill.
• HSCs Hematopoietic stem cells
• G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells or progenitors that circulate in the peripheral blood can be collected by apheresis techniques either in the unperturbed state, or after mobilization following the external administration of hematopoietic growth factors like G-CSF.
• the number of the stem or progenitor cells collected following mobilization is greater than that obtained after apheresis in the unperturbed state.
• the source of the cell population may be a subject whose cells have not been mobilized by extrinsically applied factors because there is no need to enrich hematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells in vivo.
• Populations of cells for use in the methods described herein may be mammalian cells, such as human cells, non-human primate cells, rodent cells (e.g., mouse or rat), bovine cells, ovine cells, porcine cells, equine cells, sheep cell, canine cells, and feline cells or a mixture thereof.
• Non-human primate cells include rhesus macaque cells. The cells may be obtained from an animal, e.g., a human patient, or they may be from cell lines.
• the cells are obtained from an animal, they may be used as such, e.g., as unseparated cells (i.e., a mixed population); they may have been established in culture first, e.g., by transformation; or they may have been subjected to preliminary purification methods.
• a cell population may be manipulated by positive or negative selection based on expression of cell surface markers; stimulated with one or more antigens in vitro or in vivo; treated with one or more biological modifiers in vitro or in vivo or a combination of any or all of these.
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• spleen cells whole blood or fractions thereof containing mixed populations
• spleen cells bone marrow cells
• tumor infiltrating lymphocytes cells obtained by leukapheresis
• biopsy tissue lymph nodes, e.g., lymph nodes draining from a tumor.
• Suitable donors include immunized donors, nonimmunized (naive) donors, treated or untreated donors.
• a “treated” donor is one that has been exposed to one or more biological modifiers.
• An “untreated” donor has not been exposed to one or more biological modifiers.
• peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be obtained as described according to methods known in the art. Examples of such methods are discussed by Kim et al. (1992); Biswas et al. (1990); Biswas et al. (1991).
• Hematopoietic precursor cells may be expanded using various cytokines, such as hSCF, hFLT3, and/or IL-3 (Akkina et al., 1996), or CD34 + cells may be enriched using MACS or FACS. As mentioned above, negative selection techniques may also be used to enrich CD34 + cells.
• cytokines such as hSCF, hFLT3, and/or IL-3 (Akkina et al., 1996)
• CD34 + cells may be enriched using MACS or FACS.
• negative selection techniques may also be used to enrich CD34 + cells.
• PBMCs and/or CD34 + hematopoietic cells can be isolated from blood as described herein.
• Cells can also be isolated from other cells using a variety of techniques, such as isolation and/or activation with an antibody binding to an epitope on the cell surface of the desired cell type.
• Another method that can be used includes negative selection using antibodies to cell surface markers to selectively enrich for a specific cell type without activating the cell by receptor engagement.
• Bone marrow cells may be obtained from iliac crest, femora, tibiae, spine, rib or other medullary spaces. Bone marrow may be taken out of the patient and isolated through various separations and washing procedures.
• An exemplary procedure for isolation of bone marrow cells comprises the following steps: a) centrifugal separation of bone marrow suspension in three fractions and collecting the intermediate fraction, or buffycoat; b) the buffycoat fraction from step (a) is centrifuged one more time in a separation fluid, commonly Ficoll (a trademark of Pharmacia Fine Chemicals AB), and an intermediate fraction which contains the bone marrow cells is collected; and c) washing of the collected fraction from step (b) for recovery of re-transfusable bone marrow cells.
• a separation fluid commonly Ficoll (a trademark of Pharmacia Fine Chemicals AB)
• Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells may also be prepared from differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in vitro.
• the cells used in the methods described herein may be pluripotent stem cells (hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells) directly seeded into a cell differentiation system that differentiates the cells into mature cells, such as an artificial thymic organoid (ATO).
• ATO artificial thymic organoid
• the cells used in the methods and compositions described herein may be a derivative or progeny of the PSC such as, but not limited to mesoderm progenitors, hemato-endothelial progenitors, or hematopoietic progenitors.
• a pluripotent stem cell may be an embryonic stem (ES) cell derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
• the pluripotent stem cell may be an induced pluripotent stem cell derived by reprogramming somatic cells.
• the pluripotent stem cell may be an embryonic stem cell derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
• Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
• ES cells can be isolated by removing the outer trophectoderm layer of a developing embryo, then culturing the inner mass cells on a feeder layer of non-growing cells. Under appropriate conditions, colonies of proliferating, undifferentiated ES cells are produced. The colonies can be removed, dissociated into individual cells, then replated on a fresh feeder layer. The replated cells can continue to proliferate, producing new colonies of undifferentiated ES cells. The new colonies can then be removed, dissociated, replated again and allowed to grow.
• a “primary cell culture” is a culture of cells directly obtained from a tissue such as the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
• a “subculture” is any culture derived from the primary cell culture.
• mice ES cells Methods for obtaining mouse ES cells are well known.
• a preimplantation blastocyst from the 129 strain of mice is treated with mouse antiserum to remove the trophoectoderm, and the inner cell mass is cultured on a feeder cell layer of chemically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts in medium containing fetal calf serum. Colonies of undifferentiated ES cells that develop are subcultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers in the presence of fetal calf serum to produce populations of ES cells.
• mouse ES cells can be grown in the absence of a feeder layer by adding the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to serum-containing culture medium (Smith, 2000).
• LIF cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor
• mouse ES cells can be grown in serum-free medium in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein and LIF (Ying et aL, 2003).
• Human ES cells can be obtained from blastocysts using previously described methods (Thomson et al., 1995; Thomson et al., 1998; Thomson and Marshall, 1998; Reubinoff et al, 2000.) In one method, day-5 human blastocysts are exposed to rabbit antihuman spleen cell antiserum, then exposed to a 1 :5 dilution of Guinea pig complement to lyse trophectoderm cells. After removing the lysed trophectoderm cells from the intact inner cell mass, the inner cell mass is cultured on a feeder layer of gamma-inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in the presence of fetal bovine serum.
• clumps of cells derived from the inner cell mass can be chemically (i.e. exposed to trypsin) or mechanically dissociated and replated in fresh medium containing fetal bovine serum and a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
• colonies having undifferentiated morphology are selected by micropipette, mechanically dissociated into clumps, and replated (see U.S. Patent No. 6,833,269).
• ES-like morphology is characterized as compact colonies with apparently high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio and prominent nucleoli. Resulting ES cells can be routinely passaged by brief trypsinization or by selection of individual colonies by micropipette.
• human ES cells can be grown without serum by culturing the ES cells on a feeder layer of fibroblasts in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (Amit et al., 2000).
• human ES cells can be grown without a feeder cell layer by culturing the cells on a protein matrix such as MatrigelTM or laminin in the presence of “conditioned” medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (Xu etal., 2001). The medium is previously conditioned by coculturing with fibroblasts.
• ES cell lines Another source of ES cells are established ES cell lines.
• Various mouse cell lines and human ES cell lines are known and conditions for their growth and propagation have been defined.
• the mouse CGR8 cell line was established from the inner cell mass of mouse strain 129 embryos, and cultures of CGR8 cells can be grown in the presence of LIF without feeder layers.
• human ES cell lines Hl, H7, H9, H13 and H14 were established by Thompson et al.
• subclones H9.1 and H9.2 of the H9 line have been developed.
• the source of ES cells can be a blastocyst, cells derived from culturing the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, or cells obtained from cultures of established cell lines.
• ES cells can refer to inner cell mass cells of a blastocyst, ES cells obtained from cultures of inner mass cells, and ES cells obtained from cultures of ES cell lines.
• Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are cells which have the characteristics of ES cells but are obtained by the reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells have been obtained by various methods. In one method, adult human dermal fibroblasts are transfected with transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 using retroviral transduction (Takahashi etal., 2007). The transfected cells are plated on SNL feeder cells (a mouse cell fibroblast cell line that produces LIF) in medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). After approximately 25 days, colonies resembling human ES cell colonies appear in culture. The ES cell-like colonies are picked and expanded on feeder cells in the presence of bFGF.
• SNL feeder cells a mouse cell fibroblast cell line that produces LIF
• bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
• cells of the ES cell-like colonies are induced pluripotent stem cells.
• the induced pluripotent stem cells are morphologically similar to human ES cells, and express various human ES cell markers. Also, when growing under conditions that are known to result in differentiation of human ES cells, the induced pluripotent stem cells differentiate accordingly. For example, the induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into cells having neuronal structures and neuronal markers.
• human fetal or newborn fibroblasts are transfected with four genes, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28 using lentivirus transduction (Yu etal., 2007).
• colonies with human ES cell morphology become visible.
• the colonies are picked and expanded.
• the induced pluripotent stem cells making up the colonies are morphologically similar to human ES cells, express various human ES cell markers, and form teratomas having neural tissue, cartilage and gut epithelium after injection into mice.
• Sox may be Sox-1, Sox-2, Sox-3, Sox-15, or Sox-18; Oct may be Oct-4.
• Additional factors may increase the reprogramming efficiency, like Nanog, Lin28, Klf4, or c-Myc; specific sets of reprogramming factors may be a set comprising Sox-2, Oct-4, Nanog and, optionally, Lin-28; or comprising Sox-2, Oct4, Klf and, optionally, c-Myc.
• IPS cells like ES cells, have characteristic antigens that can be identified or confirmed by immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry, using antibodies for SSEA-1, SSEA- 3 and SSEA-4 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda Md.), and TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 (Andrews et al., 1987). Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells can be confirmed by injecting approximately 0.5- 10 X 10 6 cells into the rear leg muscles of 8-12 week old male SCID mice. Teratomas develop that demonstrate at least one cell type of each of the three germ layers.
• EMP Embryonic mesodermal progenitor cells are cells derived from PSCs. EMP cells can be prepared by culturing PSCs, for example, ESCs, in basal medium supplemented with optimal concentrations of human VEGF, bFGF, BMP4, and optionally, activin A. EMP cells are a population of cells that down-regulate CD326 and acquire CD56 cell surface expression at day 3.5 of culture, CD326 CD56 EMPs, which have undergone the process of EMT.
• CD326 CD56 EMPs lose their pluripotency, as evidenced by downregulation of CD9 and S SEA-4, cell surface markers often used to identify undifferentiated cells, and Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4/Pou5fl, three key transcriptional factors associated with the pluripotency of ESCs.
• Expression of known mesodermal markers KDR, PDGFR-a, and CD34 by CD326 CD56 EMPs continues to increase up to 2 weeks after mesoderm induction.
• CD326 CD56 EMPs represent a primitive population of cells generated from PSCs by the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The CD326 CD56 cells emerge before more lineage-restricted mesodermal populations, when full mesodermal potential still exists.
• CD326 CD56 + cells can be isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) at day 3.5 and, optionally, further differentiated into mesodermal lineages in hematoendothelial, cardiac, or mesenchymal stem cell conditions.
• FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
• the transgene, first transgene, or second transgene may comprise an antigentargeting molecule such as a CAR or TCR.
• tumor antigens that may be targeted by the CAR(s) and/or TCR(s) of the present disclosure include at least the following: Differentiation antigens such as tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and tumor-specific multilineage antigens such as MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, pi 5; overexpressed embryonic antigens such as CEA; overexpressed oncogenes and mutated tumorsuppressor genes such as p53, Ras, HER-2/neu; unique tumor antigens resulting from chromosomal translocations; such as BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR; and viral antigens, such as the Epstein Barr virus antigens EB VA and the human papillo
• Tumor antigens also include, for example, a glioma-associated antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), EGFRvlll, IL-IIRa, IL-13Ra, EGFR, FAP, B7H3, Kit, CA LX, CS-1, MUC1, BCMA, bcr-abl, HER2, b-human chorionic gonadotropin, alphafetoprotein (AFP), ALK, CD 19, cyclin Bl, lectin-reactive AFP, Fos-related antigen 1, ADRB3, thyroglobulin, EphA2, RAGE-1, RUI, RU2, SSX2, AKAP-4, LCK, OY-TESI, PAX5, SART3, CLL-1, fucosyl GM1 , GloboH, MN-CA IX, EPCAM, EVT6- AML, TGS5, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, ply sialic acid, PLAC1, RUI
• tumor cell antigens to which a CAR and/or TCR may be directed include at least 5T4, 8H9, avP6 integrin, BCMA, B7-H3, B7-H6, CAIX, CA9, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD44, CD44v6, CD44v7/8, CD70, CD 123, CD 138, CD171, CD133, CEA, c-Met, CSPG4, EGFR, EGFR family including ErbB2 (HER2), EGFRvIII, EGP2, EGP40, ERBB3, ERBB4, ErbB3/4, EPC AM, EphA2, EpCAM, folate receptor-a, FAP, FBP, fetal AchR, FR , GD2, G250/CAIX, GD3, Glypican-3 (GPC3), GUCY2C, HER1, HER2, ICAM-1, IL-13R 2, IL-1 IRa, Kras,
• the CARs may be a first, second, third, or more generation CARs.
• the CARs may be bispecific for any two nonidentical antigens, or they may be specific for more than two nonidentical antigens.
• Non-limiting examples of bacterial antigens that may be targeted by the CAR(s) and/or TCR(s) of the present disclosure include at least the following: Aeromonas Aminopeptidase; Arthrobacter globiformis Mosaic Protein; Arthrobacter globiformis DMGO Protein; A. globiformis Dimethylglycine oxidase; Bacillus Intein; Bacillus Thermolysin; Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor; Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen PA63; B. anthracis Protective Antigen; B. circulans Intein; B. Polymyxin B peptide; B. anthracis Edema Factor; B.
• anthracis Edema Factor S447N mutant form
• B. anthracis Protective Antigen PA20 B. anthracis Protective Antigen PA 63 (Activated);
• pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxoid; Bordetella pertussis whole-cell (strain Tohama I); Bordetella pertussis Lipopolysaccharide; C. jejuni; C. albicans Enolase; Candida albicans; C. Pneumoniae Outer Membrane Protein VD3; C. pneumoniae; Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP; Chlamydia Trachomatis Antigen; Chlamydia Trachomatis HSP70 protein; C. Trachomatis Outer Membrane Protein; C. Trachomatis HSP70; C. Trachomatis; C. Trachomatis MOMP; C. Trachomatis LGV II; C.
• Trachomatis PGP-3D C. Trachomatis Active MOMP; Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP protein; C. Trachomatis Active MOMP; C. Trachomatis Active HSP70; C. Trachomatis W4 MOMP; C. Trachomatis W5 MOMP; C. Trachomatis MOMP, E78; Clostridium difficile Toxoid A; Clostridium difficile Binary Toxin A Subunit; Clostridium difficile Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Clostridium difficile Toxoid B; C. botulinum BoNT-A Light Chain; C. botulinum BoNT-B Light Chain; C. botulinum BoNT-E Light Chain; C.
• Coli GroEL HSP60; E. Coli GroES, HSP10; E. Coli Chaperone SURA; E. Coli O 158; E. Coli DnaJ Protein; E. Coli HSP60; E. Coli Heat shock protein 1; E. Coli Eco; E. Coli AmpC; E. Coli CoaA; E. Coli GroL; E. Coli GroS Protein; E. Coli DnaK; E. Coli DsbA Protein; HIV OmpP2; H. pylori; H. pylori Outer Membrane Protein; H. pylori Cag antigen; H. pylori Flagellin A antigen; H.
• H. pylori urease small subunit antigen H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• H. pylori protein H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• Helicobacter pylori protein H. pylori Vac (toxin) antigen
• Helicobacter pylori protein Helicobacter pylori urease large subunit Protein
• L. interrogans LipL32 lipoprotein L. biflexa
• L. monocytogenes Intemalin L.
• tuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70 M. tuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 65; M. tuberculosis MTB heat shock protein; M. tuberculosis MTB lipoprotein; M. tuberculosis MTB fragment and esat6 fragment; P.
• aeruginosa Exotoxin A Urealyticum (Serovar 3); Salmonella typhi OMP; Salmonella Typhiurium; Salmonella paratyphi A antigen; Salmonella paratyphi B antigen; Salmonella typhimurium antigen; Salmonella beta Lactamase; Salmonella typhi pagC Antigen; Salmonella typhi flag; Salmonella typhimurium Uridine Phosphorylase; Salmonella typhimurium Flagellin Protein; Salmonella minnesota (R595) LIPID A monophosphoryl; Salmonella typhimurium LPS; S. enterica Flagellin; S.
• pallidum P17 Treponema Membrane Protein A; T. pallidum Active pl5; T. Pallidum Antigen; T. pallidum Tp0453 Antigen; T. pallidum tppl7; Y. enterocolitica (subtype 0:3); Y. enterocolitica (serovar 0:8); Y.
• enterocolitica enterocolitica (serovar 0:9); Arthroderma benhamiae MEP4; Arthroderma benhamiae MEP5; Arthroderma benhamiae MEP3; Arthroderma gypseum VPS 10; Arthroderma gypseum AMPP; Arthroderma gypseum DAPB; Arthroderma otae CH02; Arthroderma otae SEY 1 ; Arthroderma otae VPS 10; Spirulina maxima Ferredoxin; Arthrospira platensis desA; Ascaris suum ATP6; Ascaris suum ND5; Ascaris suum ND4L; Ascaris suum V-type proton ATPase; Ashbya gossypii PET8; Ashbya gossypii TIM21; and Ashbya gossypii ATG22.
• Non-limiting examples of viral antigens that may be targeted by the CAR(s) and/or TCR(s) of the present disclosure include at least the following: Adenovirus (ADV); ADV type 3; ADV type 5; ADV type 2 hexon; ADV type 5 hexon; ADV type 40; ADV Grade 2; Cytomegalovirus (CMV); CMV AD169; CMV Grade 2; CMVPp28; CMV; CMVPp38; CMV Ppi 50; CMV Glycoprotein B; CMV UL80a; CMV P38, P65, Pl 50, P52; Coronavirus Spike glycoprotein; Human SARS Coronavirus Nucleoprotein; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid 229E Protein; SARS Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein 2; Canine Coronavirus (strain 1-71) Antigen; Feline Coronavirus (Strain WSU 79-1146) Antigen; SARS Coronavirus Mosaic Spike Glycoprotein 2; SARS M Protein; SARS Nu
• transgene, first transgene, or second transgene disclosed herein may be comprised in nucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptides.
• a “protein” or “polypeptide” refers to a molecule comprising at least five amino acid residues.
• wild-type refers to the endogenous version of a molecule that occurs naturally in an organism. Wild-type versions of a protein or polypeptide are employed, however, a modified protein or polypeptide is employed to generate an immune response. The terms described above may be used interchangeably.
• a “modified protein” or “modified polypeptide” or a “variant” refers to a protein or polypeptide whose chemical structure, particularly its amino acid sequence, is altered with respect to the wild-type protein or polypeptide.
• a modified/variant protein or polypeptide can have at least one modified activity or function (recognizing that proteins or polypeptides may have multiple activities or functions). It is specifically contemplated that a modified/variant protein or polypeptide may be altered with respect to one activity or function yet retain a wild-type activity or function in other respects, such as immunogenicity.
• transgene wild-type or modified
• the size of a transgene may comprise, but is not limited to, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230
• TCR T Cell Receptor
• Methods for Generating Engineered TCRs
• the T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes (T cells) that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
• TCR is composed of two different protein chains (that is, it is a heterodimer).
• a alpha
• beta P - also referred to herein is “b” chain
• y delta chain
• the T lymphocyte When the TCR engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the T lymphocyte is activated through signal transduction, that is, a series of biochemical events mediated by associated enzymes, co-receptors, specialized adaptor molecules, and activated or released transcription factors.
• the TCR is a disulfide-linked membrane-anchored heterodimeric protein normally consisting of the highly variable alpha (a) and beta (P) chains expressed as part of a complex with the invariant CD3 chain molecules.
• T cells expressing this receptor are referred to as a:P (or aP or ab) T cells, though a minority of T cells express an alternate receptor, formed by variable gamma (y - also referred to herein as “g”) and delta (5 - also referred to herein as “d”) chains, referred as y5 (or gd) T cells.
• Each chain is composed of two extracellular domains: Variable (V) region and a Constant (C) region, both of Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domain forming antiparallel P-sheets.
• the constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while the Variable region binds to the peptide/MHC complex.
• variable domain of both the TCR a-chain and P-chain each have three hypervariable or complementarity determining regions (CDRs), whereas the variable region of the P-chain has an additional area of hypervariability (HV4) that does not normally contact antigen and, therefore, is not considered a CDR.
• CDRs hypervariable or complementarity determining regions
• HV4 additional area of hypervariability
• the residues are located in two regions of the TCR, at the interface of the a- and P- chains and in the P-chain framework region that is thought to be in proximity to the CD3 signaltransduction complex.
• CDR3 is the main CDR responsible for recognizing processed antigen, although CDR1 of the alpha chain has also been shown to interact with the N-terminal part of the antigenic peptide, whereas CDR1 of the P-chain interacts with the C-terminal part of the peptide.
• CDR2 is thought to recognize the MHC.
• CDR4 of the P-chain is not thought to participate in antigen recognition, but has been shown to interact with superantigens.
• the constant domain of the TCR domain consists of short connecting sequences in which a cysteine residue forms disulfide bonds, which forms a link between the two chains.
• TCR being a member of the IgSF protein means it may be compared to antibodies and BCR.
• TCR is like half an antibody with a heavy and a light chain, except the heavy chain is without its crystallisable fraction (Fc) (Note: ontogenically TCR alpha undergo VJ recombination, so it is like a light chain; TCR beta undergoes VDJ recombination, so it is like a heavy chain). So the TCR is ontologically like one of the antibody-binding fragments of the antibody. The two subunits of TCR are twisted together.
• TCR uses its Fc region to bind to Fc Receptors on innate leukocytes
• Fc Receptors on innate leukocytes TCR is already docked onto the cell membrane.
• TCR still requires CD3 and zeta to carry out the signal transduction in its place, just as antibodies requires binding to FcRs to initiate signal transduction.
• the MHC-TCR-CD3 interaction for T cells is functionally similar to the Ag-Ig-FcR interaction for myeloid leukocytes, and Ag-Ig-CD79 interaction for B cells.
• the exogenous TCR comprises proteins may be expressed from TCR-alpha and TCR-beta genes.
• the exogenous TCR may comprise proteins expressed from TCR-gamma and TCR-delta genes.
• the exogenous TCR may comprise proteins expressed from TCR-alpha and TCR-beta genes and the antigen recognition receptor comprises proteins expressed from the TCR-gamma and TCR-delta genes.
• the exogenous TCR may comprise proteins expressed from TCR-gamma and TCR-delta genes and the antigen recognition receptor comprises proteins expressed from the TCR-alpha and TCR-beta genes.
• Methods of generating antigen-specific TCRs are known in the art. Methods may include, for example, 1) Synthesizing known or predicted HLA-restricted peptide epitopes derived from proteins of interest (e.g. tumor antigens, neoantigens from sequencing data, etc.); 2) presenting these via an antigen-presenting cell (for expansion) or tetramer (for direct sorting) to a pool of T cells from which TCR sequences are to be extracted (e.g. tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the case of tumor-ag specific T cells); 3) selecting or screening for antigenspecific T cells (e.g.
• TCR genes i.e. alpha and beta chains or gamma and delta chains of the TCRs
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing may be done either on a population or single cell level
• cloning and sequencing
• CARs Chimeric Antigen Receptors
• Methods of Generating CARs CARs
• chimeric antigen receptor or “CAR” refers to engineered receptors, which graft an arbitrary specificity onto an immune effector cell. These receptors are used to graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto an immune cell; with transfer of their coding sequence facilitated by retroviral or lentiviral vectors.
• the receptors are called chimeric because they are composed of parts from different sources.
• scFv single-chain variable fragments
• scFv single-chain variable fragments
• Such molecules result in the transmission of a signal in response to recognition by the scFv of its target.
• An example of such a construct is 14g2a-Zeta, which is a fusion of a scFv derived from hybridoma 14g2a (which recognizes di sialoganglioside GD2).
• immune cells express this molecule (as an example achieved by oncoretroviral vector transduction), they recognize and kill target cells that express GD2 (e.g. neuroblastoma cells).
• variable portions of an immunoglobulin heavy and light chain are fused by a flexible linker to form a scFv.
• This scFv is preceded by a signal peptide to direct the nascent protein to the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent surface expression (this is cleaved).
• a flexible spacer allows the scFv to orient in different directions to enable antigen binding.
• the transmembrane domain is a typical hydrophobic alpha helix usually derived from the original molecule of the signaling endodomain which protrudes into the cell and transmits the desired signal.
• the CARs may comprise at least one extracellular and at least one intracellular domain.
• An extracellular domain can comprise a target-specific binding element otherwise referred to as an antigen- or ligand-binding moiety that specifically binds to any particular antigen of interest.
• the intracellular domain or otherwise the cytoplasmic domain may comprise, one or more costimulatory signaling region(s), and a zeta chain portion.
• the costimulatory signaling region refers to a portion of the CAR comprising the intracellular domain of a costimulatory molecule.
• Costimulatory molecules may be cell surface molecules other than antigen receptors or their ligands that are required for an efficient response of immune cells to antigen.
• Polypeptides of the present disclosure may comprise a signal peptide.
• a “signal peptide” refers to a peptide sequence that directs the transport and localization of the protein within a cell, e.g., to a certain cell organelle (such as the endoplasmic reticulum) and/or the cell surface.
• a signal peptide may direct the nascent protein into the endoplasmic reticulum. This is essential if a receptor is to be glycosylated and anchored in the cell membrane.
• the signal peptide natively attached to the amino-terminal most component is used (e.g. in an scFv with orientation light chain - linker - heavy chain, the native signal of the light-chain is used).
• the signal peptide may be cleaved after passage of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), i.e., is a cleavable signal peptide.
• ER endoplasmic reticulum
• a restriction site may be at the carboxy end of the signal peptide to facilitate cleavage.
• Polypeptides of the present disclosure may comprise one or more antigen binding domains.
• An “antigen binding domain” describes a region of a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen under appropriate conditions.
• An antigen binding domain may be a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) based on one or more antibodies (e.g., CD20 antibodies).
• An antigen binding domain may comprise a variable heavy (VH) region and a variable light (VL) region, with the VH and VL regions being on the same polypeptide.
• the antigen binding domain may comprise a linker between the VH and VL regions. A linker may enable the antigen binding domain to form a desired structure for antigen binding.
• variable regions of the antigen-binding domains of the polypeptides of the disclosure can be modified by mutating amino acid residues within the VH and/or VL CDR 1, CDR 2 and/or CDR 3 regions to improve one or more binding properties (e.g., affinity) of the antibody.
• CDR refers to a complementarity-determining region that is based on a part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B cells and T cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. Since most sequence variation associated with immunoglobulins and T cell receptors is found in the CDRs, these regions are sometimes referred to as hypervariable regions.
• Mutations may be introduced by site-directed mutagenesis or PCR-mediated mutagenesis and the effect on antibody binding, or other functional property of interest, can be evaluated in appropriate in vitro or in vivo assays. Preferably conservative modifications are introduced and typically no more than one, two, three, four or five residues within a CDR region are altered. The mutations may be amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. [0151] Framework modifications can be made to the antibodies to decrease immunogenicity, for example, by “backmutating” one or more framework residues to the corresponding germline sequence.
• the antigen binding domain may be multi-specific or multivalent by multimerizing the antigen binding domain with VH and VL region pairs that bind either the same antigen (multi -valent) or a different antigen (multi-specific).
• the binding affinity of the antigen binding region such as the variable regions (heavy chain and/or light chain variable region), or of the CDRs may be at least 10-5M, 10- 6M, 10-7M, 10’ 8 M, 10’ 9 M, 1O- 1O M, 10- n M, 10’ 12 M, or 10’ 13 M.
• the KD of the antigen binding region, such as the variable regions (heavy chain and/or light chain variable region), or of the CDRs may be at least 10’ 5 M, 10’ 6 M, 10’ 7 M, 10’ 8 M, 10’ 9 M, 10’ 10 M, lO ⁇ M, 10’ 12 M, or 10’ 13 M (or any derivable range therein).
• Binding affinity, KA, or KD can be determined by methods known in the art such as by surface plasmon resonance (SRP)-based biosensors, by kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA), by optical scanner for microarray detection based on polarization-modulated oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD), or by ELISA.
• SRP surface plasmon resonance
• KinExA kinetic exclusion assay
• OI-RD polarization-modulated oblique-incidence reflectivity difference
• ELISA ELISA
• the polypeptide comprising the humanized binding region may have equal, better, or at least 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 104, 106, 106, 108, 109, 110, 115, or 120% binding affinity and/or expression level in host cells, compared to a polypeptide comprising a non-humanized binding region, such as a binding region from a mouse.
• the framework regions, such as FR1, FR2, FR3, and/or FR4 of a human framework can each or collectively have at least, at most, or exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
• the framework regions, such as FR1, FR2, FR3, and/or FR4 of a mouse framework can each or collectively have at least, at most, or exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
• substitution may be at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
• spacer domain generally means any oligo- or polypeptide that functions to link the transmembrane domain to, either the extracellular domain or, the cytoplasmic domain in the polypeptide chain.
• An extracellular spacer may link the antigen-binding domain to the transmembrane domain.
• a peptide spacer may be flexible enough to allow the antigen-binding domain to orient in different directions to facilitate antigen binding.
• the spacer may comprise the hinge region from IgG.
• the spacer may comprise or further comprise the CH2CH3 region of immunoglobulin and portions of CD3.
• the CH2CH3 region may have L235E/N297Q or L235D/N297Q modifications, or at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity of the CH2CH3 region.
• the spacer may be from IgG4.
• An extracellular spacer may comprise a hinge region.
• the term “hinge” refers to a flexible polypeptide connector region (also referred to herein as “hinge region” or “spacer”) providing structural flexibility and spacing to flanking polypeptide regions and can consist of natural or synthetic polypeptides.
• a “hinge” or “spacer” derived from an immunoglobulin is generally defined as stretching from Glu216 to Pro230 of human IgGl, for example (Burton (1985) Molec. Immunol., 22: 161- 206).
• Hinge regions of other IgG isotypes may be aligned with the IgGl sequence by placing the first and last cysteine residues forming inter-heavy chain disulfide (S- S) bonds in the same positions.
• the hinge region may be of natural occurrence or non-natural occurrence, including but not limited to an altered hinge region as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,425.
• the hinge region can include a complete hinge region derived from an antibody of a different class or subclass from that of the CHI domain.
• the term “hinge” can also include regions derived from CD8 and other receptors that provide a similar function in providing flexibility and spacing to flanking regions. Other alternatives include the CH2CH3 region of immunoglobulin and portions of CD3.
• the extracellular spacer can have a length of at least, at most, or exactly 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 110, 119, 120, 130, 140,
• the extracellular spacer may consist of or comprises a hinge region from an immunoglobulin (e.g. IgG).
• Immunoglobulin hinge region amino acid sequences are known in the art; see, e.g., Tan et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 162; and Huck et al. (1986) Nucl. Acids Res.
• the length of an extracellular spacer may have effects on the CAR’s signaling activity and/or the CAR-T cells’ expansion properties in response to antigen-stimulated CAR signaling.
• a shorter spacer such as less than 50, 45, 40, 30, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10 amino acids may be used.
• a longer spacer such as one that is at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 260, 270, 280, or 290 amino acids may have the advantage of increased expansion in vivo or in vitro.
• an immunoglobulin hinge region can include one of the following amino acid sequences:
• the extracellular spacer can comprise an amino acid sequence of a human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 hinge region.
• the extracellular spacer may also include one or more amino acid substitutions and/or insertions and/or deletions compared to a wild-type (naturally- occurring) hinge region.
• His229 of human IgGl hinge can be substituted with Tyr, so that the hinge region comprises the sequence EPKSCDKTYTCPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 12).
• the extracellular spacer can comprise an amino acid sequence derived from human CD8; e.g., the hinge region can comprise the amino acid sequence: TTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSLRPEACRPAAGGAVHTRGLDFACD (SEQ ID NO: 13), or a variant thereof.
• the extracellular spacer may comprise or further comprise a CH2 region.
• An exemplary CH2 region is
• the extracellular spacer may comprise or further comprise a CH3 region.
• An exemplary CH3 region is
• the extracellular spacer comprises multiple parts, there may be anywhere from 0-50 amino acids in between the various parts. For example, there may be at least, at most, or exactly 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids (or any derivable range therein) between the hinge and the CH2 or CH3 region or between the CH2 and CH3 region when both are present.
• the extracellular spacer may consist essentially of a hinge, CH2, and/or CH3 region, meaning that the hinge, CH2, and/or CH3 region is the only identifiable region present and all other domains or regions are excluded, but further amino acids not part of an identifiable region may be present.
• the CAR can be designed to comprise a transmembrane domain that is fused to the extracellular domain of the CAR.
• a transmembrane domain may be a hydrophobic alpha helix that spans the membrane. Different transmembrane domains may result in different receptor stability.
• transmembrane domain that naturally is associated with one of the domains in the CAR may be used.
• the transmembrane domain can be selected or modified by amino acid substitution to avoid binding of such domains to the transmembrane domains of the same or different surface membrane proteins to minimize interactions with other members of the receptor complex.
• the transmembrane domain can be derived either from a natural or from a synthetic source. Where the source is natural, the domain may be derived from any membrane-bound or transmembrane protein.
• Illustrative, but non-limiting, examples of transmembrane regions of particular use in the CAR constructs contemplated here can be derived from (i.e. comprise at least the transmembrane region(s) of) the alpha, beta or zeta chain of the T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD 16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154.
• the transmembrane domain can be synthetic, in which case it can comprise predominantly hydrophobic residues such as leucine and valine.
• a triplet of phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine may be found at each end of a synthetic transmembrane domain.
• a short oligo- or polypeptide linker e.g., between 2 and about 10 amino acids in length may form the linkage between the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic signaling domain of the CAR.
• a glycine-serine doublet may provide a particularly suitable linker.
• the transmembrane domain is interposed between the extracellular spacer and the cytoplasmic region.
• the transmembrane domain may be interposed between the extracellular spacer and one or more costimulatory regions.
• a linker may be between the transmembrane domain and the one or more costimulatory regions.
• Any transmembrane domain that provides for insertion of a polypeptide into the cell membrane of a eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) cell may be suitable for use.
• the transmembrane domain may be derived from CD28, CD8, CD4, CD3-zeta, CD134, or CD7.
• transmembrane domains useful in any of the compositions and methods of the disclosure include those in the table below:
• the cytoplasmic domain or otherwise the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR is responsible for activation of at least one of the normal effector functions of the immune cell in which the CAR has been placed. After antigen and/or ligand recognition, receptors cluster and a signal is transmitted to the cell through the cytoplasmic region.
• the cytoplasmic region may comprise an intracellular signaling domain.
• An intracellular signaling domain may comprise a primary signaling domain and one or more costimulatory domains. The costimulatory domains described herein may be part of the cytoplasmic region.
• effector function refers to a specialized function of a cell.
• An effector function of a T cell may be cytolytic activity, or helper activity including the secretion of cytokines.
• intracellular signaling domain refers to the portion of a protein that transduces the effector function signal and directs the cell to perform a specialized function. While usually the entire intracellular signaling domain can be employed, in many cases it is not necessary to use the entire chain. To the extent that a truncated portion of the intracellular signaling domain is used, such truncated portion can be used in place of the intact chain as long as it transduces the effector function signal.
• intracellular signaling domain is thus meant to include any truncated portion of the intracellular signaling domain sufficient to transduce the effector function signal.
• Cytoplasmic regions and/or costimulatory regions suitable for use in the CARs of the disclosure include any desired signaling domain that provides a distinct and detectable signal (e.g., increased production of one or more cytokines by the cell; change in transcription of a target gene; change in activity of a protein; change in cell behavior, e.g. , cell death; cellular proliferation; cellular differentiation; cell survival; modulation of cellular signaling responses; etc.) in response to activation by way of binding of the antigen to the antigen binding domain.
• the cytoplasmic region may include at least one (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, etc.) ITAM motif as described herein.
• the cytoplasmic region may include DAP10/CD28 type signaling chains.
• the cytoplasmic region may include CD3-zeta, DAP 10, CD28, 2B4, DNAM- 1, 4-1BB, 0X40, CD30, CD40, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), CD2, CD7, LIGHT, and NKG2C type signaling chains.
• Cytoplasmic regions suitable for use in the polypeptides of the disclosure include immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing intracellular signaling polypeptides.
• ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
• An ITAM motif is YX1X2(L/I), where XI and X2 are independently any amino acid.
• the cytoplasmic region comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 ITAM motifs.
• an ITAM motif is repeated twice in an endodomain, where the first and second instances of the ITAM motif are separated from one another by 6 to 8 amino acids, e.g., (YXlX2(L/I))(X3)n(YXlX2(L/I)), where n is an integer from 6 to 8, and each of the 6-8 X3 can be any amino acid.
• a suitable cytoplasmic region may be an LT AM motif-containing a portion that is derived from a polypeptide that contains an ITAM motif.
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can be an ITAM motif-containing domain from any ITAM motif-containing protein.
• a suitable endodomain need not contain the entire sequence of the entire protein from which it is derived.
• ITAM motif-containing polypeptides include, but are not limited to: DAP12, DAP10, FCER1G (Fc epsilon receptor I gamma chain); CD3D (CD3 delta); CD3E (CD3 epsilon); CD3G (CD3 gamma); CD3-zeta; and CD79A (antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain).
• cytoplasmic regions are known in the art.
• the cytoplasmic regions shown below also provide examples of regions that may be incorporated in a CAR of the disclosure:
• the cytoplasmic region is derived from DAP12 (also known as TYROBP; TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein; KARAP; PLOSL; DN AX- activation protein 12; KAR-associated protein; TYRO protein tyrosine kinase- binding protein; killer activating receptor associated protein; killer- activating receptor- associated protein; etc. ⁇ .
• DAP12 also known as TYROBP; TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein; KARAP; PLOSL; DN AX- activation protein 12; KAR-associated protein; TYRO protein tyrosine kinase- binding protein; killer activating receptor associated protein; killer- activating receptor- associated protein; etc.
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an IT AM motif-containing a portion of the full length DAP12 amino acid sequence.
• the cytoplasmic region may be derived from FCER1G (also known as FCRG; Fc epsilon receptor I gamma chain; Fc receptor gamma-chain; fc-epsilon Rl-gamma; fcRgamma; fceRI gamma; high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit gamma; immunoglobulin E receptor, high affinity, gamma chain; etc. ⁇ .
• FCER1G also known as FCRG
• Fc epsilon receptor I gamma chain Fc receptor gamma-chain
• fcRgamma fceRI gamma
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an ITAM motif-containing a portion of the full length FCERI G amino acid sequence.
• the cytoplasmic region may be derived from T cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain (also known as CD3D; CD3-DELTA; T3D; CD3 antigen, delta subunit; CD3 delta; CD3d antigen, delta polypeptide (TiT3 complex); OKT3, delta chain; T cell receptor T3 delta chain; T cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain; etc. .
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an ITAM motif-containing a portion of the full length CD3 delta amino acid sequence.
• the cytoplasmic region may be derived from T cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (also known as CD3e, T cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain, T cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain, AI504783, CD3, CD3epsilon, T3e, etc. ⁇ .
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an ITAM motif-containing a portion of the full length CD3 epsilon amino acid sequence.
• the cytoplasmic region may be derived from T cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain (also known as CD3G, T cell receptor T3 gamma chain, CD3 -GAMMA, T3G, gamma polypeptide (TiT3 complex), etc. ⁇ .
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an ITAM motif-containing a portion of the full length CD3 gamma amino acid sequence.
• the cytoplasmic region may be derived from T cell surface glycoprotein CD3 zeta chain (also known as CD3Z, T cell receptor T3 zeta chain, CD247, CD3-ZETA, CD3H, CD3Q, T3Z, TCRZ, etc. ⁇ .
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an ITAM motif-containing a portion of the full length CD3 zeta amino acid sequence.
• the cytoplasmic region may be derived from CD79A (also known as B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain; CD79a antigen (immunoglobulin-associated alpha); MB-1 membrane glycoprotein; ig-alpha; membrane- bound immunoglobulin- associated protein; surface IgM-associated protein; etc. ⁇ .
• a suitable cytoplasmic region can comprise an ITAM motif-containing a portion of the full length CD79A amino acid sequence.
• Suitable cytoplasmic regions can comprise a CD28 type signaling chain.
• Further cytoplasmic regions suitable for use in the CARs of the disclosure include a ZAP70 polypeptide.
• co-stimulatory ligand includes a molecule on an antigen presenting cell (e.g., an APC, dendritic cell, B cell, and the like) that specifically binds a cognate co-stimulatory molecule or domain on an immune effector cell, thereby providing a signal which, in addition to the primary signal to mediate the immune effector cell response, including, but not limited to, proliferation, activation, differentiation, and the like.
• a co-stimulatory ligand also encompasses, inter alia, an antibody that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory molecule present on an immune effector cell.
• a “co-stimulatory molecule” refers to the cognate binding partner on an immune effector cell that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a co- stimulatory response by the immune effector, such as, but not limited to, proliferation and/or activation.
• a “co-stimulatory signal”, as used herein, refers to a signal that in combination with a primary signal, leads to immune cell activation, proliferation, and/or upregulation or downregulation of key molecules.
• stimulation it is meant a primary response induced by binding of a stimulatory molecule with its cognate ligand, thereby mediating a signal transduction event, such as, but not limited to, signal transduction. Stimulation can mediate altered expression of certain molecules.
• a “stimulatory molecule,” as the term is used herein, means a molecule on an immune effector cell that specifically binds with a cognate stimulatory ligand present on an antigen presenting cell.
• a “stimulatory ligand,” as used herein, means a ligand that when present on an antigen presenting cell (e.g., an APC, a dendritic cell, a B-cell, and the like) can specifically bind with a cognate binding partner (referred to herein as a “stimulatory molecule”) on an immune effector cell, thereby mediating a primary response by the immune effector cell, including, but not limited to, activation, initiation of an immune response, proliferation, and the like.
• an antigen presenting cell e.g., an APC, a dendritic cell, a B-cell, and the like
• a cognate binding partner referred to herein as a “stimulatory molecule”
• Non-limiting examples of suitable costimulatory regions include, but are not limited to, polypeptides from 4-1BB (CD137), CD28, ICOS, OX-40, BTLA, CD27, CD30, CD40, GITR, 2B4, DNAM-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen- 1 (LFA-1), CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, and HVEM.
• a co- stimulatory region may have a length of at least, at most, or exactly 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, or 300 amino acids or any range derivable therein.
• the costimulatory region may be derived from DAP10 (also known as HCST, DAP 10, KAP10, PIK3AP, hematopoietic cell signal transducer; etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein 4- IBB (also known as Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, TNFRSF9; CD137; CDwl37; ILA; etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein CD28 (also known as Tp44).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein ICOS (also known as inducible T- cell costimulatory, AILIM, CD278, and CVID1).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein OX-40 (also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4, TNFRSF4, RP5-902P8.3, ACT35, CD134, 0X40, TXGP1L).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein BTLA (also known as B- and T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein, BTLA1 and CD272).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein CD27 (also known as SI 52, T14, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 7, TNFRSF7, and Tp55).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein CD30 (also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8, TNFRSF8, D1S166E, and Ki-1).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein GITR (also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18, TNFRSF18, RP5-902P8.2, AITR, CD357, ENERGEN, and GITR-D).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from an intracellular portion of the transmembrane protein HVEM (also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14, TNFRSF14, RP3-395M20.6, ATAR, CD270, HVEA, LIGHTR, and TR2).
• HVEM also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14, TNFRSF14, RP3-395M20.6, ATAR, CD270, HVEA, LIGHTR, and TR2
• the costimulatory region may be derived from 2B4 (also known as CD244, NAIL, NKR2B4, Nmrk, SLAMF4, CD244 molecule, etc ).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from DNAM-1 (also known as CD226, DNAM1, PTA1, TLiSAl, CD226 molecule, etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from CD40 (also known as Bp50, CDW40, TNFRSF5, p50, CD40 (protein), CD40 molecule, etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from LFA-1 (also known as lymphocyte function- associated antigen 1, integrin alpha L, ITGAL, CD11 A, LFA1 A, integrin subunit alpha L, etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from CD2 (also known as Lymphocyte-Function Antigen-2, LFA-2, SRBC, Ti l, CD2 molecule, etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from CD7 (also known as GP40, LEU-9, TP41, Tp40, CD7 molecule, etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from LIGHT (also known as TNFSF14, CD258, HVEML, LIGHT, LTg, TR2, TNLG1D, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14, etc.).
• the costimulatory region may be derived from NKG2C (also known as KLRC2, CD 159c, NKG2-C, killer cell lectin like receptor C2, etc.).
• the CARs described herein may further comprise a detection peptide or molecule.
• Suitable detection peptides include hemagglutinin (HA; e.g., YPYDVPDYA; SEQ ID NO:56); FLAG (e.g., DYKDDDDK; SEQ ID NO:57); c-myc (e.g., EQKLISEEDL; SEQ ID NO:58), and the like.
• Other suitable detection peptides are known in the art. 8.
• the polypeptides of the disclosure may include peptide linkers (sometimes referred to as a linker).
• a peptide linker may be used to separate any of the peptide domain/regions described herein.
• a linker may be between the signal peptide and the antigen binding domain, between the VH and VL of the antigen binding domain, between the antigen binding domain and the peptide spacer, between the peptide spacer and the transmembrane domain, flanking the costimulatory region or on the N- or C- region of the costimulatory region, and/or between the transmembrane domain and the endodomain.
• the peptide linker may have any of a variety of amino acid sequences.
• Domains and regions can be joined by a peptide linker that is generally of a flexible nature, although other chemical linkages are not excluded.
• a linker can be a peptide of between about 6 and about 40 amino acids in length, or between about 6 and about 25 amino acids in length. These linkers can be produced by using synthetic, linker-encoding oligonucleotides to couple the proteins.
• Peptide linkers with a degree of flexibility can be used.
• the peptide linkers may have virtually any amino acid sequence, bearing in mind that suitable peptide linkers will have a sequence that results in a generally flexible peptide.
• the use of small amino acids, such as glycine and alanine, are of use in creating a flexible peptide. The creation of such sequences is routine to those of skill in the art.
• Suitable linkers can be readily selected and can be of any suitable length, such as from 1 amino acid (e.g., Gly) to 20 amino acids, from 2 amino acids to 15 amino acids, from 3 amino acids to 12 amino acids, including 4 amino acids to 10 amino acids, 5 amino acids to 9 amino acids, 6 amino acids to 8 amino acids, or 7 amino acids to 8 amino acids, and may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids.
• Suitable linkers can be readily selected and can be of any of a suitable of different lengths, such as from 1 amino acid (e.g., Gly) to 20 amino acids, from 2 amino acids to 15 amino acids, from 3 amino acids to 12 amino acids, including 4 amino acids to 10 amino acids, 5 amino acids to 9 amino acids, 6 amino acids to 8 amino acids, or 7 amino acids to 8 amino acids, and may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids.
• Example flexible linkers include glycine polymers (G)n, glycine- serine polymers (including, for example, (GS)n, (GSGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:59), (G4S)n and (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO:60), where n is an integer of at least one. n may be at least, at most, or exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (or any derivable range therein).
• Glycine polymers can be used; glycine accesses significantly more phi- psi space than even alanine, and is much less restricted than residues with longer side chains.
• Exemplary spacers can comprise amino acid sequences including, but not limited to, GGSG (SEQ ID NO:61), GGSGG (SEQ ID NO:62), GSGSG (SEQ ID NO:63), GSGGG (SEQ ID NO: 64), GGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 65), GSSSG (SEQ ID NO: 66), and the like.
• the linker may comprise a repeat, such as a contiguous repeat of one or more of SEQ ID NOS:61-66, such as a linker comprising an amino acid sequence that corresponds to one of SEQ ID NOS:61-66, repeated at least, at most, or exactly 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times, or any range derivable therein.
• the linker may comprise (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO:67), wherein n is an integer of at least one. n may be at least, at most, or exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 (or any derivable range therein).
• the transgene, first transgene, or second transgene may be co-expressed with a therapeutic control.
• Therapeutic controls regulate cell proliferation, facilitate cell selection (for example selecting cells which express the chimeric antigen receptors of the invention) or a combination thereof.
• Regulating cell proliferation may comprise up-regulating cell proliferation to promote cell propagation.
• Regulating cell proliferation may comprise downregulating cell proliferation so as to reduce or inhibit cell propagation.
• the agents that serve as therapeutic controls may promote enrichment of cells which express the chimeric antigen receptors which may result in a therapeutic advantage.
• Agents which serve as therapeutic controls may biochemically interact with additional compositions so as to regulate the functioning of the therapeutic controls.
• EGFRt (a therapeutic control) may biochemically interact with cetuximab so as to regulate the function of EGFRt in selection, tracking, cell ablation or a combination thereof.
• Exemplary therapeutic controls include truncated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), chimeric cytokine receptors (CCR) and/or dihydroxyfolate receptor (DHFR) (e.g., mutant DHFR).
• EGFRt epidermal growth factor receptor
• CCR chimeric cytokine receptors
• DHFR dihydroxyfolate receptor
• the polynucleotides encoding the CAR and the therapeutic control(s) may be linked via IRES sequences or via polynucleotide sequences encoding cleavable linkers.
• the CARs of the invention are constructed so that they may be expressed in cells, which in turn proliferate in response to the presence of at least one molecule that interacts with at least one antigen-specific targeting region, for instance, an antigen.
• the therapeutic control may comprise a cell-surface protein wherein the protein lacks intracellular signaling domains. It is contemplated that any cell surface protein lacking intracellular signaling or modified (e.g. by truncation) to lack intracellular signaling may be used. Further examples of a therapeutic control include truncated LNGFR, truncated CD 19, etc., wherein the truncated proteins lack intracellular signaling domains.
• Co-express refers to simultaneous expression of two or more genes.
• Genes may be nucleic acids encoding, for example, a single protein or a chimeric protein as a single polypeptide chain.
• the transgenes of the disclosure may be co-expressed with a therapeutic control (for example truncated epidermal growth factor (EGFRt)), wherein the CAR is encoded by a first polynucleotide chain and the therapeutic control is encoded by a second polynucleotide chain.
• EGFRt truncated epidermal growth factor
• the first and second polynucleotide chains may be linked by a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a cleavable linker
• the polynucleotides encoding the CAR and the therapeutic control system may be linked by IRES sequences.
• the CAR and the therapeutic control are encoded by two different polynucleotides that are not linked via a linker but are instead encoded by, for example, two different vectors.
• the CARs of the disclosure may be co-expressed with a therapeutic control and CCR, a therapeutic control and DHFR (for example mutant DHFR) or a therapeutic control and CCR and DHFR (for example mutant DHFR).
• the CAR, therapeutic control and CCR may be co-expressed and encoded by first, second and third polynucleotide sequences, respectively, wherein the first, second and third polynucleotide sequences are linked via IRES sequences or sequences encoding cleavable linkers (e.g., T2A). Alternately, these sequences are not linked via linkers but instead are encoded via, for example, separate vectors.
• the CAR, therapeutic control and DHFR may be co-expressed and encoded by first, second and fourth polynucleotide sequences, respectively, wherein the first, second and fourth polynucleotide sequences are linked via IRES sequences or via sequences encoding cleavable linkers. Alternately, these sequences are not linked via linkers but instead encoded via, for example, separate vectors.
• the CAR, therapeutic control, CCR and DHFR may be co-expressed and encoded by first, second, third and fourth polynucleotide sequences, respectively, wherein the first, second, third and fourth polynucleotide sequences are linked via IRES sequences or sequences encoding cleavable linkers. Alternately, these sequences are not linked via linkers but instead are encoded via, for example, separate vectors. If the aforementioned sequences are encoded by separate vectors, these vectors may be simultaneously or sequentially transfected.
• Engineered nucleases may be used to introduce transgenes into cells, such as progenitor cells, stem cells, HSPCs, ES cells, iPSCs, and human embryonic mesodermal progenitor cells.
• the genetic modification may occur by any suitable method.
• any genetic modification compositions or methods may be used to introduce exogenous nucleic acids into cells or to edit the genomic DNA, such as gene editing, homologous recombination or non-homologous recombination, RNA-mediated genetic delivery or any conventional nucleic acid delivery methods.
• the gene transfer technique may comprise targeted integration into an endogenous locus of the cell’s genome, such as into the FAS and/or FASL gene locus.
• Non-limiting examples of the genetic modification methods may include gene editing methods such as by CRISPR/CAS9, zinc finger nuclease, or TALEN technology.
• Genome editing, or genome editing with engineered nucleases is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases, or “molecular scissors.”
• the nucleases create specific doublestranded break (DSBs) at desired locations in the genome, and harness the cell’s endogenous mechanisms to repair the induced break by natural processes of homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ).
• Non-limiting engineered nucleases include: Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and engineered meganuclease re-engineered homing endonucleases. Any of the engineered nucleases known in the art can be used in the methods and compositions.
• Meganucleases found commonly in microbial species, have the unique property of having very long recognition sequences (>14bp) thus making them naturally very specific. This can be exploited to make site-specific DSB in genome editing; however, the challenge is that not enough meganucleases are known, or may ever be known, to cover all possible target sequences. To overcome this challenge, mutagenesis and high throughput screening methods have been used to create meganuclease variants that recognize unique sequences. Others have been able to fuse various meganucleases and create hybrid enzymes that recognize a new sequence.
• ZFNs and TALENs are more based on a non-specific DNA cutting enzyme which would then be linked to specific DNA sequence recognizing peptides such as zinc fingers and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs).
• TALEs transcription activator-like effectors
• One way was to find an endonuclease whose DNA recognition site and cleaving site were separate from each other, a situation that is not common among restriction enzymes. Once this enzyme was found, its cleaving portion could be separated which would be very non-specific as it would have no recognition ability. This portion could then be linked to sequence recognizing peptides that could lead to very high specificity.
• An example of a restriction enzyme with such properties is Fokl.
• FokI has the advantage of requiring dimerization to have nuclease activity and this means the specificity increases dramatically as each nuclease partner would recognize a unique DNA sequence.
• Fokl nucleases have been engineered that can only function as heterodimers and have increased catalytic activity. The heterodimer functioning nucleases would avoid the possibility of unwanted homodimer activity and thus increase specificity of the DSB.
• ZFNs rely on Cys2-His2 zinc fingers and TALENs on TALEs. Both of these DNA recognizing peptide domains have the characteristic that they are naturally found in combinations in their proteins. Cys2-His2 Zinc fingers typically happen in repeats that are 3 bp apart and are found in diverse combinations in a variety of nucleic acid interacting proteins such as transcription factors. TALEs on the other hand are found in repeats with a one-to-one recognition ratio between the amino acids and the recognized nucleotide pairs.
• Zinc fingers have been more established in these terms and approaches such as modular assembly (where Zinc fingers correlated with a triplet sequence are attached in a row to cover the required sequence), OPEN (low-stringency selection of peptide domains vs. triplet nucleotides followed by high-stringency selections of peptide combination vs. the final target in bacterial systems), and bacterial one-hybrid screening of zinc finger libraries among other methods have been used to make site specific nucleases.
• Vectors can be be constructed to comprise transgene nucleic acid sequences for genetic modification of any cells used herein, particularly the starting cells, such as stem or progenitor cells induced to differentiate into mature cells. Details of components of these vectors and delivery methods are disclosed below.
• the cells can be made to contain one or more genetic alterations by genetic engineering of the cells either before or after differentiation (US 2002/0168766).
• a cell is said to be “genetically altered”, “genetically modified” or “transgenic” when an exogenous nucleic acid or polynucleotide has been transferred into the cell by any suitable means of artificial manipulation, or where the cell is a progeny of the originally altered cell that has inherited the polynucleotide.
• the cells can be processed to increase their replication potential by genetically altering the cells to express telomerase reverse transcriptase, either before or after they progress to restricted developmental lineage cells or terminally differentiated cells (US 2003/0022367).
• Vectors can also comprise other components or functionalities that further modulate gene delivery and/or gene expression, or that otherwise provide beneficial properties to the targeted cells.
• Such other components include, for example, components that influence binding or targeting to cells (including components that mediate cell-type or tissue-specific binding); components that influence uptake of the vector nucleic acid by the cell; components that influence localization of the polynucleotide within the cell after uptake (such as agents mediating nuclear localization); and components that influence expression of the polynucleotide.
• Such components also might include markers, such as detectable and/or selection markers that can be used to detect or select for cells that have taken up and are expressing the nucleic acid delivered by the vector.
• markers such as detectable and/or selection markers that can be used to detect or select for cells that have taken up and are expressing the nucleic acid delivered by the vector.
• Such components can be provided as a natural feature of the vector (such as the use of certain viral vectors which have components or functionalities mediating binding and uptake), or vectors can be modified to provide such functionalities.
• a large variety of such vectors are known in the art and are generally available.
• the vector When a vector is maintained in a host cell, the vector can either be stably replicated by the cells during mitosis as an autonomous structure, incorporated within the genome of the host cell, or maintained in the host cell’s nucleus or cytoplasm.
• Eukaryotic expression cassettes included in the vectors particularly contain (in a 5’- to-3’ direction) a eukaryotic transcriptional promoter operably linked to a protein-coding sequence, splice signals including intervening sequences, and a transcriptional terminati on/poly adenyl ati on sequence .
• a “promoter” is a control sequence that is a region of a nucleic acid sequence at which initiation and rate of transcription are controlled. It may contain genetic elements at which regulatory proteins and molecules may bind, such as RNA polymerase and other transcription factors, to initiate the specific transcription a nucleic acid sequence.
• the phrases “operatively positioned,” “operatively linked,” “under control,” and “under transcriptional control” mean that a promoter is in a correct functional location and/or orientation in relation to a nucleic acid sequence to control transcriptional initiation and/or expression of that sequence.
• the promoter region of the disclosure may be an endogenous promoter region.
• An endogenous promoter region refers to the situation in which the promoter region is in it’s endogenous genomic setting, such that the sequences upstream of the promoter (i.e. 5’ region) are the substantially the same as those that are in the wild-type cell. Substantially the same could refer to a region that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to the upstream region of the wild-type.
• An endogenous promoter region also refers to a situation in which the promoter is in the same genomic location as the wild-type promoter. The endogenous promoter mayrefer to a promoter in a cell this is unmodified or that is or is at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to the wild-type promoter.
• a promoter generally comprises a sequence that functions to position the start site for RNA synthesis.
• the best known example of this is the TATA box, but in some promoters lacking a TATA box, such as, for example, the promoter for the mammalian terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase gene and the promoter for the SV40 late genes, a discrete element overlying the start site itself helps to fix the place of initiation. Additional promoter elements regulate the frequency of transcriptional initiation. Typically, these are located in the region 30-110 bp upstream of the start site, although a number of promoters have been shown to contain functional elements downstream of the start site as well.
• a promoter To bring a coding sequence “under the control of’ a promoter, one positions the 5' end of the transcription initiation site of the transcriptional reading frame “downstream” of (z.e., 3' of) the chosen promoter.
• the “upstream” promoter stimulates transcription of the DNA and promotes expression of the encoded RNA.
• the spacing between promoter elements frequently is flexible, so that promoter function is preserved when elements are inverted or moved relative to one another.
• the spacing between promoter elements can be increased to 50 bp apart before activity begins to decline.
• individual elements can function either cooperatively or independently to activate transcription.
• a promoter may or may not be used in conjunction with an “enhancer,” which refers to a cis-acting regulatory sequence involved in the transcriptional activation of a nucleic acid sequence.
• protease cleavages sites and self-cleaving peptides are known to the skilled person (see, e.g., in Ryan et al., 1997; Scymczak et al., 2004).
• protease cleavage sites are the cleavage sites of potyvirus NIa proteases (e.g.
• tobacco etch virus protease tobacco etch virus protease
• poty virus HC proteases potyvirus Pl (P35) proteases
• byovirus Nla proteases byovirus RNA- 2- encoded proteases
• aphthovirus L proteases enterovirus 2A proteases
• rhinovirus 2A proteases picoma 3C proteases
• comovirus 24K proteases nepovirus 24K proteases
• RTSV rice tungro spherical virus
• PY ⁇ IF parsnip yellow fleck vims
• thrombin factor Xa and enterokinase. Due to its high cleavage stringency, TEV (tobacco etch virus) protease cleavage sites may be used.
• Exemplary self-cleaving peptides are derived from potyvirus and cardiovirus 2A peptides. Particular self-cleaving peptides may be selected from 2A peptides derived from FMDV (foot- and-mouth disease virus), equine rhinitis A virus, Thosea asigna virus and porcine teschovirus.
• a specific initiation signal also may be used for efficient translation of coding sequences in a polycistronic message. These signals include the ATG initiation codon or adjacent sequences. Exogenous translational control signals, including the ATG initiation codon, may need to be provided.
• initiation codon must be “in-frame” with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert.
• the exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be either natural or synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements.
• IRES internal ribosome entry sites
• IRES elements are able to bypass the ribosome scanning model of 5' methylated Cap dependent translation and begin translation at internal sites (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988).
• IRES elements from two members of the picomavirus family polio and encephalomyocarditis have been described (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988), as well an IRES from a mammalian message (Macejak and Sarnow, 1991).
• IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, creating polycistronic messages.
• each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation.
• Multiple genes can be efficiently expressed using a single promoter/enhancer to transcribe a single message (see U.S. Patent Nos. 5,925,565 and 5,935,819, each herein incorporated by reference).
• Vectors can include a multiple cloning site (MCS), which is a nucleic acid region that contains multiple restriction enzyme sites, any of which can be used in conjunction with standard recombinant technology to digest the vector (see, for example, Carbonelli etal., 1999, Levenson et al., 1998, and Cocea, 1997, incorporated herein by reference.)
• MCS multiple cloning site
• “Restriction enzyme digestion” refers to catalytic cleavage of a nucleic acid molecule with an enzyme that functions only at specific locations in a nucleic acid molecule. Many of these restriction enzymes are commercially available. Use of such enzymes is widely understood by those of skill in the art.
• a vector is linearized or fragmented using a restriction enzyme that cuts within the MCS to enable exogenous sequences to be ligated to the vector.
• “Ligation” refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bonds between two nucleic acid fragments, which may or may not be contiguous with each other. Techniques involving restriction enzymes and ligation reactions are well known to those of skill in the art of recombinant technology.
• RNA molecules will undergo RNA splicing to remove introns from the primary transcripts.
• Vectors containing genomic eukaryotic sequences may require donor and/or acceptor splicing sites to ensure proper processing of the transcript for protein expression (see, for example, Chandler et al.. 1997, herein incorporated by reference.)
• the vectors or constructs may comprise at least one termination signal.
• a “termination signal” or “terminator” is comprised of the DNA sequences involved in specific termination of an RNA transcript by an RNA polymerase. Thus, a termination signal that ends the production of an RNA transcript is contemplated. A terminator may be necessary in vivo to achieve desirable message levels.
• the terminator region may also comprise specific DNA sequences that permit site-specific cleavage of the new transcript so as to expose a polyadenylation site. This signals a specialized endogenous polymerase to add a stretch of about 200 A residues (poly A) to the 3’ end of the transcript. RNA molecules modified with this polyA tail appear to more stable and are translated more efficiently.
• the terminator may comprise a signal for the cleavage of the RNA, and the terminator signal promotes polyadenylation of the message.
• the terminator and/or polyadenylation site elements can serve to enhance message levels and to minimize read through from the cassette into other sequences.
• Terminators contemplated include any known terminator of transcription described herein or known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to, for example, the termination sequences of genes, such as for example the bovine growth hormone terminator or viral termination sequences, such as for example the SV40 terminator.
• the termination signal may be a lack of transcribable or translatable sequence, such as due to a sequence truncation. 6. Polyadenylation Signals
• polyadenylation signal In expression, particularly eukaryotic expression, one will typically include a polyadenylation signal to effect proper polyadenylation of the transcript.
• the nature of the polyadenylation signal is not believed to be crucial to the successful practice, and any such sequence may be employed. Examples include the SV40 polyadenylation signal or the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, convenient and known to function well in various target cells. Polyadenylation may increase the stability of the transcript or may facilitate cytoplasmic transport.
• nucleic acid delivery for transformation of a cell may use any suitable methods for nucleic acid delivery for transformation of a cell, as described herein or as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• Methods of introducing and expressing genes into a cell are known in the art.
• the vector can be readily introduced into a host cell, e.g., mammalian, bacterial, yeast, or insect cell by any method in the art.
• the expression vector can be transferred into a host cell by physical, chemical, or biological means.
• Such methods include, but are not limited to, direct delivery of DNA such as by ex vivo transfection (Wilson et al., 1989, Nabel et al, 1989), by injection (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,994,624, 5,981,274, 5,945,100, 5,780,448, 5,736,524, 5,702,932, 5,656,610, 5,589,466 and 5,580,859, each incorporated herein by reference), including microinjection (Harland and Weintraub, 1985; U.S. Patent No. 5,789,215, incorporated herein by reference); by electroporation (U.S. Patent No.
• Physical methods for introducing a polynucleotide into a host cell include calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, particle bombardment, microinjection, electroporation, and the like. Methods for producing cells comprising vectors and/or exogenous nucleic acids are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York).
• One illustrative, but non-limiting method for the introduction of a polynucleotide into a host cell is calcium phosphate transfection.
• Biological methods for introducing a polynucleotide of interest into a host cell can include the use of DNA and RNA vectors.
• Viral vectors, and especially retroviral vectors have become the most widely used method for inserting genes into mammalian, e.g., human cells.
• Other viral vectors can be derived from lentivirus, poxviruses, herpes simplex virus I, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses, and the like (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,350,674 and 5,585,362, and the like).
• Chemical means for introducing a polynucleotide into a host cell include colloidal dispersion systems, such as macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes.
• colloidal dispersion systems such as macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes.
• An illustrative colloidal system for use as a delivery vehicle in vitro and in vivo is a liposome (e.g., an artificial membrane vesicle).
• one illustrative delivery vehicle is a lipid and/or a liposome.
• lipid formulations is contemplated for the introduction of the nucleic acids into a host cell (in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo).
• the nucleic acid may be associated with a lipid.
• the nucleic acid associated with a lipid may be encapsulated in the aqueous interior of a liposome, interspersed within the lipid bilayer of a liposome, attached to a liposome via a linking molecule that is associated with both the liposome and the oligonucleotide, entrapped in a liposome, complexed with a liposome, dispersed in a solution containing a lipid, mixed with a lipid, combined with a lipid, contained as a suspension in a lipid, contained or complexed with a micelle, or otherwise associated with a lipid.
• Lipid, lipid/DNA or lipid/expression vector associated compositions are not limited to any particular structure in solution.
• Lipids are fatty substances which may be naturally occurring or synthetic lipids.
• lipids include the fatty droplets that naturally occur in the cytoplasm as well as the class of compounds which contain long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as fatty acids, alcohols, amines, amino alcohols, and aldehydes.
• a nucleic acid may be entrapped in a lipid complex such as, for example, a liposome.
• Liposomes are vesicular structures characterized by a phospholipid bilayer membrane and an inner aqueous medium. Multilamellar liposomes have multiple lipid layers separated by aqueous medium. They form spontaneously when phospholipids are suspended in an excess of aqueous solution. The lipid components undergo self-rearrangement before the formation of closed structures and entrap water and dissolved solutes between the lipid bilayers (Ghosh and Bachhawat, 1991).
• the amount of liposomes used may vary upon the nature of the liposome as well as the cell used, for example, about 5 to about 20 pg vector DNA per 1 to 10 million of cells may be contemplated.
• a liposome may be complexed with a hemagglutinating virus (HVJ). This has been shown to facilitate fusion with the cell membrane and promote cell entry of liposome-encapsulated DNA (Kaneda et al., 1989).
• a liposome may be complexed or employed in conjunction with nuclear non-histone chromosomal proteins (HMG-1) (Kato et al., 1991).
• HMG-1 nuclear non-histone chromosomal proteins
• a liposome may be complexed or employed in conjunction with both HVJ and HMG-1.
• a delivery vehicle may comprise a ligand and a liposome.
• Lipids suitable for use can be obtained from commercial sources.
• DMPC dimyristyl phosphatidylcholine
• DCP dicetyl phosphate
• Choi cholesterol
• DMPG dimyristyl phosphatidylglycerol
• Stock solutions of lipids in chloroform or chloroform/methanol can be stored at about - 20°C.
• Liposome is a generic term encompassing a variety of single and multilamellar lipid vehicles formed by the generation of enclosed lipid bilayers or aggregates. Liposomes can be characterized as having vesicular structures with a phospholipid bilayer membrane and an inner aqueous medium. Multilamellar liposomes have multiple lipid layers separated by aqueous medium. They form spontaneously when phospholipids are suspended in an excess of aqueous solution. The lipid components undergo self-rearrangement before the formation of closed structures and entrap water and dissolved solutes between the lipid bilayers (Ghosh et al.
• compositions that have different structures in solution than the normal vesicular structure are also encompassed.
• the lipids may assume a micellar structure or merely exist as nonuniform aggregates of lipid molecules.
• lipofectamine-nucleic acid complexes are also contemplated.
• a nucleic acid may be introduced into a cell via electroporation. Electroporation involves the exposure of a suspension of cells and DNA to a high-voltage electric discharge. Recipient cells can be made more susceptible to transformation by mechanical wounding. Also the amount of vectors used may vary upon the nature of the cells used, for example, about 5 to about 20 pg vector DNA per 1 to 10 million of cells may be contemplated.
• a nucleic acid may be introduced to the cells using calcium phosphate precipitation.
• Human KB cells have been transfected with adenovirus 5 DNA (Graham and Van Der Eb, 1973) using this technique.
• mouse L(A9), mouse C127, CHO, CV-1, BEK, NIH3T3 and HeLa cells were transfected with a neomycin marker gene (Chen and Okayama, 1987), and rat hepatocytes were transfected with a variety of marker genes (Rippe et al., 1990).
• a nucleic acid may be delivered into a cell using DEAE-dextran followed by polyethylene glycol.
• reporter plasmids were introduced into mouse myeloma and erythroleukemia cells (Gopal, 1985).
• assays include, for example, “molecular biological” assays well known to those of skill in the art, such as Southern and Northern blotting, RT-PCR and PCR; “biochemical” assays, such as detecting the presence or absence of a particular peptide, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Western blots) or by assays described herein to identify agents falling within the scope of the disclosure.
• molecular biological assays well known to those of skill in the art, such as Southern and Northern blotting, RT-PCR and PCR
• biochemical assays, such as detecting the presence or absence of a particular peptide, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Western blots) or by assays described herein to identify agents falling within the scope of the disclosure.
• Cells containing an exogenous nucleic acid may be identified in vitro or in vivo by including a marker in the expression vector or the exogenous nucleic acid. Such markers would confer an identifiable change to the cell permitting easy identification of cells containing the expression vector.
• a selection marker may be one that confers a property that allows for selection.
• a positive selection marker may be one in which the presence of the marker allows for its selection, while a negative selection marker is one in which its presence prevents its selection.
• An example of a positive selection marker is a drug resistance marker.
• a drug selection marker aids in the cloning and identification of transformants
• genes that confer resistance to neomycin, puromycin, hygromycin, DHFR, GPT, zeocin, and histidinol are useful selection markers.
• markers conferring a phenotype that allows for the discrimination of transformants based on the implementation of conditions other types of markers including screenable markers such as GFP, whose basis is colorimetric analysis, are also contemplated.
• screenable enzymes as negative selection markers such as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) may be utilized.
• immunologic markers possibly in conjunction with FACS analysis.
• the marker used is not believed to be important, so long as it is capable of being expressed simultaneously with the nucleic acid encoding a gene product. Further examples of selection and screenable markers are well known to one of skill in the art.
• Selectable markers may include a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell.
• Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes; cells that have been subjected to a procedure to introduce foreign DNA are grown on a medium containing an antibiotic, and those cells that can grow have successfully taken up and expressed the introduced genetic material. Examples of selectable markers include: the Abicr gene or Neo gene from Tn5, which confers antibiotic resistance to geneticin.
• a screenable marker may comprise a reporter gene, which allows the researcher to distinguish between wanted and unwanted cells.
• Reporter genes may be utilized to indicate specific cell lineages.
• the reporter gene can be located within expression elements and under the control of the ventricular- or atrial-selective regulatory elements normally associated with the coding region of a ventricular- or atrial-selective gene for simultaneous expression.
• a reporter allows the cells of a specific lineage to be isolated without placing them under drug or other selective pressures or otherwise risking cell viability.
• Examples of such reporters include genes encoding cell surface proteins (e.g., CD4, HA epitope), fluorescent proteins, antigenic determinants and enzymes (e.g., P-galactosidase).
• the vector containing cells may be isolated, e.g., by FACS using fluorescently-tagged antibodies to the cell surface protein or substrates that can be converted to fluorescent products by a vector encoded enzyme.
• the reporter gene may be a fluorescent protein.
• a broad range of fluorescent protein genetic variants have been developed that feature fluorescence emission spectral profiles spanning almost the entire visible light spectrum. Mutagenesis efforts in the original Aequorea victoria jellyfish green fluorescent protein have resulted in new fluorescent probes that range in color from blue to yellow, and are some of the most widely used in vivo reporter molecules in biological research. Longer wavelength fluorescent proteins, emitting in the orange and red spectral regions, have been developed from the marine anemone, Discosoma striata, and reef corals belonging to the class Anthozoa. Still other species have been mined to produce similar proteins having cyan, green, yellow, orange, and deep red fluorescence emission. Developmental research efforts are ongoing to improve the brightness and stability of fluorescent proteins, thus improving their overall usefulness.
• Cell culture conditions may be provided for the culture of 3D cell aggregates described herein and for the production of mature cells comprising a transgene.
• Starting cells of a selected population may comprise at least or about 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , IO 10 , 10 11 , 10 12 , 10 13 cells or any range derivable therein.
• the starting cell population may have a seeding density of at least or about 10, 10 1 , 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 cells/ml, or any range derivable therein.
• the cells may be cultured in a particular medium at any stage of a process of generating mature cells which express a transgene.
• the cells may be formulated in such a manner as to be suitable for delivery to a recipient without deleterious effects.
• the medium can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as their basal medium, such as any of AIM V, X-VIVO-15, NeuroBasal, EGM2, TeSR, BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, aMEM, DMEM, Ham, RPMI-1640, and Fischer’s media, as well as any combinations thereof, but the medium may not be particularly limited thereto as far as it can be used for culturing animal cells. Particularly, the medium may be xeno-free or chemically defined.
• a medium used for culturing animal cells as their basal medium, such as any of AIM V, X-VIVO-15, NeuroBasal, EGM2, TeSR, BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, aMEM, DMEM, Ham, RP
• the medium can be a serum-containing or serum-free medium, or xeno-free medium. From the perspective of preventing contamination with heterogeneous animal-derived components, serum can be derived from the same animal as that of the stem cell(s).
• the serum- free medium refers to medium with no unprocessed or unpurified serum and accordingly, can include medium with purified blood-derived components or animal tissue-derived components (such as growth factors).
• the medium may contain or may not contain any alternatives to serum.
• the alternatives to serum can include materials which appropriately contain albumin (such as lipid- rich albumin, bovine albumin, albumin substitutes such as recombinant albumin or a humanized albumin, plant starch, dextrans and protein hydrolysates), transferrin (or other iron transporters), fatty acids, insulin, collagen precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3’- thiolgiycerol, or equivalents thereto.
• the alternatives to serum can be prepared by the method disclosed in International Publication No. 98/30679, for example (incorporated herein in its entirety). Alternatively, any commercially available materials can be used for more convenience.
• the commercially available materials include knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), Chemically-defined Lipid concentrated (Gibco), and Glutamax (Gibco).
• the medium may be a serum-free medium that is suitable for cell development.
• the medium may comprise B-27® supplement, xeno-free B-27® supplement (available at world wide web at thermofisher.com/us/en/home/technical-resources/media- formulation.250.html), NS21 supplement (Chen et al., J Neurosci Methods, 2008 Jun 30; 171(2): 239-247, incorporated herein in its entirety), GS21TM supplement (available at world wide web at amsbio.com/B-27.aspx), or a combination thereof at a concentration effective for producing T cells from the 3D cell aggregate.
• the medium may comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more of the following: Vitamins such as biotin; DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate; DL Alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin A (acetate); proteins such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) or human albumin, fatty acid free Fraction V; Catalase; Human Recombinant Insulin; Human Transferrin; Superoxide Dismutase; Other Components such as Corticosterone; D-Galactose; Ethanolamine HC1; Glutathione (reduced); L-Carnitine HC1; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acid; Progesterone; Putrescine 2HC1; Sodium Selenite; and/or T3 (tri odo-I-thy ronine) .
• Vitamins such as biotin; DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate; DL Alpha-Tocop
• the medium may further comprise vitamins.
• the medium may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 of the following (and any range derivable therein): biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, folic acid nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine, inositol, vitamin B12, or the medium includes combinations thereof or salts thereof.
• the medium may comprise or consist essentially of biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alphatocopherol, vitamin A, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, folic acid nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine, inositol, and vitamin B12.
• the vitamins may include or consist essentially of biotin, DL alpha tocopherol acetate, DL alpha-tocopherol, vitamin A, or combinations or salts thereof.
• the medium may further comprise proteins.
• the proteins may comprise albumin or bovine serum albumin, a fraction of human albumin, catalase, insulin, transferrin, superoxide dismutase, or combinations thereof.
• the medium may further comprise one or more of the following: corticosterone, D-Galactose, ethanolamine, glutathione, L-camitine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, progesterone, putrescine, sodium selenite, or triodo-I-thyronine, or combinations thereof.
• the medium may comprise one or more of the following: a B-27® supplement, xeno-free B-27® supplement, GS21TM supplement, or combinations thereof.
• the medium may comprise or further comprise amino acids, monosaccharides, inorganic ions.
• the amino acids may comprise arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine, or valine, or combinations thereof.
• the inorganic ions may comprise sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, or phosphorus, or combinations or salts thereof.
• the medium may further comprise one or more of the following: molybdenum, vanadium, iron, zinc, selenium, copper, or manganese, or combinations thereof.
• the medium may comprise or consist essentially of one or more vitamins discussed herein and/or one or more proteins discussed herein, and/or one or more of the following: corticosterone, D- Galactose, ethanolamine, glutathione, L-camitine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, progesterone, putrescine, sodium selenite, or triodo-I-thyronine, a B-27® supplement, xeno-free B-27® supplement, GS21TM supplement, an amino acid (such as arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine, or valine), monosaccharide, inorganic ion (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, and/or phosphorus) or salts thereof, and/or molybdenum, van
• the medium may comprise externally added ascorbic acid.
• the medium can also contain one or more externally added fatty acids or lipids, amino acids (such as non-essential amino acids), vitamin(s), growth factors, cytokines, antioxidant substances, 2- mercaptoethanol, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, and/or inorganic salts.
• One or more of the medium components may be added at a concentration of at least, at most, or about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250 ng/L, ng/ml, pg/ml, mg/ml, or any range derivable therein.
• the medium used may be supplemented with at least one externally added cytokine at a concentration from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 500 ng/mL, more particularly 1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, or at least, at most, or about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 180, 200, 250 ng/L, ng/ml, pg/ml, mg/ml, or any range derivable therein.
• Suitable cytokines include but are not limited to, FLT3 ligand (FLT3L), interleukin 7 (IL-7), stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL- 15, IL-21, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, interferon-gamma, interferon-lambda, TSLP, thymopentin, pleotrophin, and/or midkine.
• the culture medium may include at least one of FLT3L and IL-7. More particularly, the culture may include both FLT3L and IL-7.
• the culturing temperature can be about 20 to 40°C, such as at least, at most, or about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40°C (or any range derivable therein), though the temperature may be above or below these values.
• the CO2 concentration can be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10% (or any range derivable therein), such as about 2% to 10%, for example, about 2 to 5%, or any range derivable therein.
• the oxygen tension can be at least or about 1, 5, 8, 10, 20%, or any range derivable therein.
• a culture vessel used for culturing cells and/or 3D cell aggregates or progeny cells thereof can include, but is particularly not limited to: flask, flask for tissue culture, dish, petri dish, dish for tissue culture, multi dish, micro plate, micro-well plate, multi plate, multi-well plate, micro slide, chamber slide, tube, tray, CellSTACK® Chambers, culture bag, and roller bottle, as long as it is capable of culturing the stem cells therein.
• the stem cells may be cultured in a volume of at least or about 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml, 200 ml, 250 ml, 300 ml, 350 ml, 400 ml, 450 ml, 500 ml, 550 ml, 600 ml, 800 ml, 1000 ml, 1500 ml, or any range derivable therein, depending on the needs of the culture.
• the culture vessel may be a bioreactor, which may refer to any device or system that supports a biologically active environment.
• the bioreactor may have a volume of at least or about 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 500 liters, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 cubic meters, or any range derivable therein.
• the culture vessel can be cellular adhesive or non-adhesive and selected depending on the purpose.
• the cellular adhesive culture vessel can be coated with any of substrates for cell adhesion such as extracellular matrix (ECM) to improve the adhesiveness of the vessel surface to the cells.
• the substrate for cell adhesion can be any material intended to attach stem cells or feeder cells (if used).
• the substrate for cell adhesion includes collagen, gelatin, poly- L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, laminin, and fibronectin and mixtures thereof for example MatrigelTM, and lysed cell membrane preparations.
• Various defined matrix components may be used in the culturing methods or compositions.
• recombinant collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin in combination may be used to coat a culturing surface as a means of providing a solid support for pluripotent cell growth, as described in Ludwig et al. (2006a; 2006b), which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• a matrix composition may be immobilized on a surface to provide support for cells.
• the matrix composition may include one or more extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and an aqueous solvent.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• extracellular matrix is recognized in the art. Its components include one or more of the following proteins: fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, tenascin, entactin, thrombospondin, elastin, gelatin, collagen, fibrillin, merosin, anchorin, chondronectin, link protein, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, osteopontin, epinectin, hyaluronectin, undulin, epiligrin, and kalinin.
• extracellular matrix proteins are described in Kleinman et al., (1993), herein incorporated by reference. It is intended that the term “extracellular matrix” encompass a presently unknown extracellular matrix that may be discovered in the future, since its characterization as an extracellular matrix will be readily determinable by persons skilled in the art.
• the total protein concentration in the matrix composition may be about 1 ng/mL to about 1 mg/mL.
• the total protein concentration in the matrix composition may be about 1 pg/mL to about 300 pg/mL.
• the total protein concentration in the matrix composition may be about 5 pg/mL to about 200 pg/mL.
• the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins may be of natural origin and purified from human or animal tissues. Alternatively, the ECM proteins may be genetically engineered recombinant proteins or synthetic in nature. The ECM proteins may be a whole protein or in the form of peptide fragments, native or engineered. Examples of ECM protein that may be useful in the matrix for cell culture include laminin, collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin and vitronectin. The matrix composition may include synthetically generated peptide fragments of fibronectin or recombinant fibronectin.
• the matrix composition can include a mixture of at least fibronectin and vitronectin.
• the matrix composition may include laminin.
• the matrix composition preferably includes a single type of extracellular matrix protein.
• the matrix composition may include fibronectin, particularly for use with culturing hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells.
• a suitable matrix composition may be prepared by diluting human fibronectin, such as human fibronectin sold by Becton, Dickinson & Co. of Franklin Lakes, N.J. (BD) (Cat#354008), in Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) to a protein concentration of 5 pg/mL to about 200 pg/mL.
• the matrix composition includes a fibronectin fragment, such as RetroNectin®.
• RetroNectin® is a ⁇ 63 kDa protein of (574 amino acids) that contains a central cell-binding domain (type III repeat, 8,9,10), a high affinity heparin-binding domain II (type III repeat, 12,13,14), and CS1 site within the alternatively spliced IIICS region of human fibronectin.
• the matrix composition may include laminin.
• a suitable matrix composition may be prepared by diluting laminin (Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.); Cat#L6274 and L2020) in Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) to a protein concentration of 5 pg/ml to about 200 pg/ml.
• DPBS phosphate buffered saline
• the matrix composition may be xeno-free, in that the matrix is or its component proteins are only of human origin. This may be desired for certain research applications.
• matrix components of human origin may be used, wherein any non-human animal components may be excluded.
• MatrigelTM may be excluded as a substrate from the culturing composition.
• MatrigelTM is a gelatinous protein mixture secreted by mouse tumor cells and is commercially available from BD Biosciences (New Jersey, USA). This mixture resembles the complex extracellular environment found in many tissues and is used frequently by cell biologists as a substrate for cell culture, but it may introduce undesired xeno antigens or contaminants.
• 3D culture compositions such as artificial thymic organoids (ATO) are an optimized, highly efficient, and highly reproducible off-the-shelf solution for the in vitro generation of mature cells from a pluripotent starting cell source.
• the 3D culture compositions may use serum-free conditions, avoid the use of human thymic tissue or proprietary scaffold materials, and facilitate positive selection and robust generation of fully functional, mature human cells, such as mature human T cells andNK cells from stem cells.
• the 3D culture compositions offer efficiency, reproducibility, scalability, and reduced cost and labor compared to competing technologies.
• Non-limiting commercial applications may include in vitro experimental modeling of human cell development, and in vitro production of engineered antigen-targeting and/or transgene expression cells from a variety of stem cell sources that are useful in cellular therapies, such as immunotherapies for treating cancer and autoimmune conditions.
• ATO artificial thymic organoids
• This system may comprise the aggregation in a 3D structure of PSCs with stromal cells expressing a Notch ligand, in the presence of an optimized medium containing FLT3 ligand (FLT3L), interleukin 7 (IL-7), B27, and ascorbic acid. Conditions that permit culture at the air-fluid interface may also be present.
• FLT3L FLT3 ligand
• IL-7 interleukin 7
• B27 ascorbic acid
• a method of a 3D culture composition involves aggregation of the MS-5 murine stromal cell line transduced with human DLL4 (MS5-hDLL4, hereafter) with stem or progenitor cells and/or CD34 + PSCs isolated from human cord blood, bone marrow, whole blood samples, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
• MS5-hDLL4 MS-5 murine stromal cell line transduced with human DLL4
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• IxlO 6 stem or progenitor cells and/or CD34 + PSCs are mixed with MS5- hDLL4 cells at an optimized ratio (typically 1 : 10 HSPCs to stromal cells).
• aggregation is achieved by centrifugation of the mixed cell suspension (“compaction aggregation”) followed by aspiration of the cell-free supernatant.
• the cell pellet may then be aspirated as a slurry in 5-10 pl of a differentiation medium and transferred as a droplet onto 0.4 um nylon transwell culture inserts, which are floated in a well of differentiation medium, allowing the bottom of the insert to be in contact with medium and the top with air.
• the differentiation medium is composed of RPMI-1640, 5 ng/ml human FLT3L, 5 ng/ml human IL-7, 4% Serum-Free B27 Supplement, and 30 pM L-ascorbic acid. Medium may be completely replaced every 3-4 days from around the culture inserts. Variations in the protocol permit the use of alternative components with varying impact on efficacy, specifically: Base medium RPMI may be substituted for several commercially available alternatives (e.g. IMDM).
• the stromal cell line used is MS-5, a previously described murine bone marrow cell line (Itoh et al, 1989), however MS-5 may be substituted for similar murine stromal cell lines (e.g. OP9, SI 7), human stromal cell lines (e.g. HS-5, HS-27a), primary human stromal cells, or human pluripotent stem cell-derived stromal cells.
• Notch ligand genes include DI.L1, JAGl, JAG2, and others.
• Notch ligands also include those described in U.S. Patents 7795404 and 8377886, which are herein incorporated by reference. Notch ligands further include Delta 1, 3, and 4 and Jagged 1, 2. Notch ligands also include functional fragments of Notch ligands.
• the type and source of PSCs may include bone marrow, whole blood, cord blood, peripheral blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or thymus, or the PSCs or hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells may have been differentiated from embryonic stem cells (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in vitro.
• ESC embryonic stem cells
• iPSC induced pluripotent stem cells
• PSCs or hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells from primary tissue or ESC or iPSC may be from human or non-human animals (e.g., mouse) in origin.
• compositions and methods described herein may be used to treat a cancer or an inflammatory or autoimmune component of a disorder listed herein and/or known in the art.
• the disclosure relates to the treatment of cancer and/or use of cancer antigens.
• the cancer to be treated or antigen may be an antigen associated with any cancer known in the art or, for example, epithelial cancer, (e.g., breast, gastrointestinal, lung), prostate cancer, bladder cancer, lung (e.g., small cell lung) cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, brain cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, or a colorectal cancer.
• the cancer to be treated or antigen may be from one of the following cancers: adenocortical carcinoma, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, AIDS-related cancers (e.g., AIDS-related lymphoma), anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma (e.g., cerebellar and cerebral), basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer (e.g., extrahepatic), bladder cancer, bone cancer, (osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma), brain tumor (e.g., glioma, brain stem glioma, cerebellar or cerebral astrocytoma (e.g., pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic (malignant) astrocytoma), malignant glioma, ependymoma, oligodenglioma, meningioma, meningiosarcoma, cranioph
• ovarian epithelial cancer ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian low malignant potential tumor
• pancreatic cancer parathyroid cancer
• penile cancer cancer of the peritoneal, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, pituitary tumor, pleuropulmonary blastoma, lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma (microglioma), pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis, rectal cancer, renal cancer, renal pelvis and ureter cancer (transitional cell cancer), rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, skin cancer (e.g., non-melanoma (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma), melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma), small intestine cancer, squamous cell cancer, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, tuberous sclerosis,
• the disclosure relates to the treatment of an autoimmune condition and/or use of an autoimmune-associated antigen.
• the autoimmune disease to be treated or antigen may be an antigen associated with any autoimmune condition known in the art or, for example, diabetes, graft rejection, GVHC, arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis such as acute arthritis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, gout or gouty arthritis, acute gouty arthritis, acute immunological arthritis, chronic inflammatory arthritis, degenerative arthritis, type II collagen-induced arthritis, infectious arthritis, Lyme arthritis, proliferative arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Still’s disease, vertebral arthritis, and juvenile-onset rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, arthritis chronica progrediente, arthritis deformans, polyarthritis chronica primaria, reactive arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis), inflammatory hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis such as plaque psoriasis, gutatte psori
• vasculitides including vasculitis, large-vessel vasculitis (including polymyalgia rheumatica and gianT cell (Takayasu’s) arteritis), mediumvessel vasculitis (including Kawasaki’s disease and polyarteritis nodosa/periarteritis nodosa), microscopic polyarteritis, immunovasculitis, CNS vasculitis, cutaneous vasculitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, necrotizing vasculitis such as systemic necrotizing vasculitis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis, such as Churg-Strauss vasculitis or syndrome (CSS) and ANCA-associated vasculitis, such as Churg-Strauss vasculitis or syndrome (CSS) and ANCA-associated vasculitis, such as Churg-Strauss vasculitis or syndrome (CSS) and ANCA-associated vasculitis, such as Churg-Straus
• otomy syndrome Cushing’s syndrome, bird-fancier’s lung, allergic granulomatous angiitis, benign lymphocytic angiitis, Alport’s syndrome, alveolitis such as allergic alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis, interstitial lung disease, transfusion reaction, leprosy, malaria, parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis, kypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, ascariasis, aspergillosis, Sampler’s syndrome, Caplan’s syndrome, dengue, endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis, diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, endophthalmitis, erythema elevatum et diutinum, erythroblastosis fetalis, eosinophilic faciitis, Sh
• the cells may be formulated in such a manner as to be suitable for delivery to a recipient without deleterious effects. They may or may not be formulated as a cell suspension. In specific cases they are formulated in a single dose form. They may be formulated for systemic or local administration. In some cases the cells are formulated for storage prior to use, and the cell formulation may comprise one or more cryopreservation agents, such as DMSO (for example, in 5% DMSO).
• the cell formulation may comprise albumin, including human albumin, with a specific formulation comprising 2.5% human albumin.
• the cells may be formulated specifically for intravenous administration; for example, they are formulated for intravenous administration over less than one hour.
• the cells may be in a formulated cell suspension that is stable at room temperature for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours or more from time of thawing.
• the therapeutic compositions and treatments disclosed herein may comprise administration of a combination of therapeutic agents, such as a first therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition or treatment and a second therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition or treatment.
• the therapies may be administered in any suitable manner known in the art.
• the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions or treatments may be administered sequentially (at different times) or concurrently (at the same time).
• the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions or treatments may be administered in a separate composition.
• the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions or treatments may be in the same composition.
• compositions and methods comprising therapeutic compositions.
• the different therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions or treatments may be administered in one composition or in more than one composition, such as 2 compositions, 3 compositions, or 4 compositions.
• Various combinations of the agents may be employed.
• compositions and treatments disclosed herein may precede, be co-current with and/or follow another treatment or agent by intervals ranging from minutes to weeks.
• agents are applied separately to a cell, tissue or organism, one would generally ensure that a significant period of time did not expire between the time of each delivery, such that the therapeutic or pharmaceutical agents would still be able to exert an advantageously combined effect on the cell, tissue or organism.
• one may contact the cell, tissue or organism with two, three, four or more agents or treatments substantially simultaneously (i.e., within less than about a minute).
• One or more therapeutic agents or treatments may be administered or provided within 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, 24 hours, 25 hours, 26 hours, 27 hours, 28 hours, 29 hours, 30 hours, 31 hours, 32 hours, 33 hours, 34 hours, 35 hours, 36 hours, 37 hours, 38 hours, 39 hours, 40 hours, 41 hours, 42 hours, 43 hours, 44 hours, 45 hours, 46 hours, 47 hours, 48 hours, 1 day,
• the treatments may include various “unit doses.”
• Unit dose is defined as containing a predetermined-quantity of the therapeutic composition.
• the quantity to be administered, and the particular route and formulation, is within the skill of determination of those in the clinical arts.
• a unit dose need not be administered as a single injection but may comprise continuous infusion over a set period of time.
• a unit dose may comprise a single administrable dose.
• the therapeutically effective or sufficient amount of the therapeutic composition or treatment administered to a human may be in the range of about 10 2 up to about 10 10 cells or cells per kg of patient body weight whether by one or more administrations.
• the therapy used may be about 10 2 cells to about 10 9 cells/kg, about 10 2 cells to about 10 8 cells/kg, about 10 2 cells to about 10 7 cells/kg, about 10 2 cells to about 10 6 cells/kg, about 10 2 cells to about 10 5 cells/kg, about 10 2 cells to about 10 4 cells/kg, or about 10 2 cells to about 10 3 cells/kg administered daily, for example.
• a therapy described herein may be administered to a subject at a dose of about 10 2 cells, about 10 3 cells, about 10 4 cells, about 10 5 cells, about 10 6 cells, about 10 7 cells, about 10 8 cells, about 10 9 cells, or about 10 10 cells.
• the dose may be administered as a single dose or as multiple doses (e.g., 2 or 3 doses), such as infusions. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques.
• an immunologically effective amount When “an immunologically effective amount”, “an anti-tumor effective amount”, “an tumor-inhibiting effective amount”, or “therapeutic amount” is indicated, the precise amount of the compositions of the present disclosure to be administered can be determined by a physician with consideration of individual differences in age, weight, tumor size, extent of infection or metastasis, and condition of the patient (subject).
• an immunologically effective amount When “an immunologically effective amount”, “an anti-tumor effective amount”, “an tumor-inhibiting effective amount”, or “therapeutic amount” is indicated, the precise amount of the compositions of the present disclosure to be administered can be determined by a physician with consideration of individual differences in age, weight, tumor size, extent of infection or metastasis, and condition of the patient (subject).
• kits containing compositions of the disclosure or compositions to implement methods of the disclosure.
• Kits can be used to evaluate expression of transgenes, incorporation of transgenes into the genome, or for differentiation of stem or progenitor cells comprising the transgene into mature cells.
• a kit may contain, contain at least or contain at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 or more probes, primers or primer sets, synthetic molecules or inhibitors, or any value or range and combination derivable therein.
• Kits may comprise components, which may be individually packaged or placed in a container, such as a tube, bottle, vial, syringe, or other suitable container means.
• the kits may comprise cell culture components, compositions, and culturing vessels described herein.
• Example 1 Gene modifications to enhance the function of PSC-derived T cells and NK cells
• Disruption by gene editing of the genes encoding FAS, FAS ligand (FASL), or both in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be done to generate T cells which are deficient in expression of FAS, FASL, or both.
• the resulting T cells are protected from apoptosis in culture due to T cell expression of FASL engaging T cell expressed FAS (in the case of FAS, FASL, or FAS+FASL gene disruption); and from apoptosis due to T cell-extrinsic encounter with FASL in vivo (in the setting of FAS or FAS+FASL gene disruption).
• PSCs may be used to generate NK cells deficient in FAS, FASL, or both, with analogous survival advantages compared to wild-type NK cells.
• Engineered T cell therapies are a new paradigm in cancer therapy, however, to realize their potential across broad patient populations and common tumor types, key advances in manufacturing and enhancing the efficacy of T cell products are required.
• In vitro generation of T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has the potential to address both of these fronts by enabling complex gene editing in clonal, self-renewing iPSC “master” cell lines, from which therapeutic T cells are then produced.
• iPSC-derived T cells as a viable alternative to peripheral blood (PB) T cells, however, requires substantial advances in one’s understanding of their biology and, in particular, their potential to expand and retain anti -tumor cytotoxicity during repeated antigen encounters in vivo. Disruption of FAS and/or FASL leverages iPSC-level gene editing to remove limitations and enhance the therapeutic potential of iPSC-T cells.
• the inventors Using the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system to generate CD8+ iPSC-T cells, the inventors identified a de novo effector/memory-like gene expression program and expression of Fas and its ligand, FasL, as surprising characteristics of iPSC-T cells despite their antigen inexperienced state and expression of naive surface markers. Furthermore, antibody blockade of FasL markedly enhanced serial tumor killing by iPSC-T cells expressing a NY- ESO-1 -specific TCR, including against FasL-negative targets, indicating a role for autocrine/paracrine Fas/FasL interactions in limiting iPSC-T cell function. Based on these findings, the inventors hypothesize that autocrine/paracrine Fas/FasL signaling is a critical immune checkpoint limiting the ability of antigen-activated iPSC-T cells to mount durable antitumor responses..
• ATO artificial thymic organoid
• the inventors describe the development a gene-edited iPSC toolkit comprising FAS and FASLG-deleted TCR and CAR iPSC lines and the validation of their T cell development potential using ATOs. They also describe how one could use serial tumor rechallenge assays and gene expression profiling to measure effects of FAS and FASLG deletion on survival, proliferation, and functional exhaustion of antigen-responding TCR and CAR iPSC-T cells.
• Engineered T cell therapies are a new paradigm in cancer therapy, demonstrating unprecedented responses in B cell malignancies and multiple myeloma resistant to other treatment modalities.
• expanded patient access to T cell therapies requires advances in cell manufacturing, minimum cell dose (i.e., potency), and/or demonstration of clinical parity of allogeneic and autologous T cell sources.
• Second, improvements in precision antigen targeting and, perhaps more importantly, significant innovations in enhancing in vivo survival and intratumoral performance of adoptively transferred T cells are prerequisites for effective targeting of solid tumors.
• iPSC induced pluripotent stem cells
• iPSC-derived T cells for cancer immunotherapy is still in its infancy. Fundamental properties of iPSC-T including differentiation state, cytokine dependence, in vivo trafficking, and persistence remain unclear. Indeed, despite the many theoretical advantages of iPSC-T cells, limited studies from several groups, suggest that iPSC- T cells are of an antigen-experienced, cytotoxic effector phenotype and undergo suboptimal antigen-induced expansion compared to peripheral blood (PB) T cells. The inventors assert that understanding and devising engineering solutions to these shortcomings is required for iPSC- T cells to become clinically viable alternatives to PB T cells.
• PB peripheral blood
• autocrine/paracrine Fas/FasL is a limitation that imposes a checkpoint on iPSC-T cells, limiting their survival and expansion following repeated antigen encounter.
• the inventors have demonstrated robust directed differentiation of T cells from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs, which include iPSCs and embryonic stem cells).
• PSCs pluripotent stem cells
• ATO artificial thymic organoid
• the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system supports hematopoietic specification and orderly T cell differentiation from PSCs over approximately 8 weeks in culture, culminating in mature, positively selected CD3+ TCRaP+ CD8aP+ T cells.
• These mature PSCT express CD45RA and CD62L, as well as CD27. This phenotype held true for generating functional T cell receptor (TCR) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells.
• TCR functional T cell receptor
• CAR chimeric antigen receptor
• Reactivation of effector T cells by antigen in some cases results in T cell death, a process variously termed activation-induced cell death (AICD) or restimulation induced cell death (RICD) and attributed to autocrine/paracrine Fas/FasL interaction.
• AICD activation-induced cell death
• RCD restimulation induced cell death
• the inventors sought to determine whether PSC-T cells, by virtue of their differentiation state, are innately susceptible to an AICD/RICD-like mechanism upon antigen encounter.
• iPSC-T cells as a platform for generating functionally enhanced T cells:
• iPSC-T cells have the potential to solve major challenges in T cell therapy for cancer.
• the central innovation of this proposed work is to take advantage of the clonal gene editing capacity of iPSCs to generate homogenous populations of progeny iPSC-T cells to study the role of certain genes on iPSC-T cell anti-tumor function.
• the ability to introduce combinatorial gene modifications in PSCs with stable expression in progeny T cells will allow one to use previously unavailable methods to track T cell function, for example measuring T cell expansion capacity during serial tumor challenges.
• iPSC toolkit to investigate T cell Fas/FasL function.
• the inventors proposed the establishment of an iPSC toolkit for demonstrating the function of iPSC-T cell- expressed Fas and FasL during antigen encounter.
• the inventors proposed the creation of cells with the complete deletion of FAS using CRISPR/Cas9. They tested this approach to biallelically disrupt the FAS gene in the N11 iPSC line, followed by single-cell PSC cloning, indel validation, and selection of 2 stable N1 l-Fas KO iPSC clones.
• N11-FAS KO iPSCs Compared to wild-type Ni l (Nl l-WT) iPSCs, the inventors saw no significant quantitative or qualitative defects in the ability N11-FAS KO iPSCs to generate embryonic mesoderm progenitor (EMP) intermediates (FIG. 4A) or undergo subsequent specification to hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), marked by expression of CD43 and CD45, in the embryonic mesoderm organoid (EMO) phase of differentiation (FIG. 4B).
• EMP embryonic mesoderm progenitor
• HPCs hematopoietic progenitor cells
• T cell differentiation from N11-FAS KO HPCs was conventional and orderly with regard to phenotype and cell output, progressing through DN, CD4 immature single-positive (ISP), DP, and mature CD8+ single positive (CD8SP) T cell stages and largely maturing by week 4 (FIG. 4C-D).
• ISP immature single-positive
• DP DP
• CD8SP CD8+ single positive
• Fas-deficient iPSC-T cells will show improved survival and persistence throughout repeated in vivo tumor encounters in the setting of high tumor burden, resulting in deeper and more durable responses.
• the inventors reason that increased survival of antigen-activated T cells, leading to increased expansion and possibly decreased contraction, may also permit sustained T cell survival throughout periods of low antigen burden, which may ultimately be required for elimination of minimal residual disease.
• FASL disruption potentiates the serial cytotoxicity of 1G4 TCR-T peripheral blood T cells (FIG. 5) and of 1G4 TCR iPSC-T cells (FIG. 6).
• Fluorescently labeled K562-A2/ESO tumor cells were tracked by IncuCyte imaging after serial addition to unlabeled 1G4 TCR-transduced healthy donor peripheral blood T cells (FIG. 5) or to unlabeled 1G4 iPSC-T cells (FIG. 6), with FASL blocking antibody (aFasL) or isotype control (iso). No effector condition had no IG4 TCR-T cells added (FIGS. 5-6).
• FAS or FASLG (FAS ligand) knockout potentiates the serial tumor killing capacity of CD 19 CAR iPSC-T cells (FIG. 9). Fluorescently labeled Nalm-6 or K562-A2/ESO tumor cells were tracked by IncuCyte imaging after serial addition to unlabeled CD 19 CAR iPSC-T cells cells with or without FAS or FASLG gene deletion (FIG. 9). [0321] As shown in this example, FAS or FAS ligand knockout can increase the efficacy of engineered TCR-T and CAR-T cells.

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• 2024
  • 2024-06-28 WO PCT/US2024/036123 patent/WO2025006959A2/en not_active Ceased
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