Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
  • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
  • G21B1/03—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with inertial plasma confinement
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
  • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
  • G21B1/11—Details
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

• the invention relates to the technology of controlling nuclear processes and, in particular, nuclear fusion in condensed matter, in which controlled self-consistent pycnonuclear processes, in particular, processes of controlled coherent inertial nuclear fusion, may occur under self- harmonized inertial electromagnetic confinement in the blow-up mode; and to the design of devices for electromagnetic control of nuclear fusion based on relativistic plasma diodes with a system of controlled plasma and virtual electrodes and currents arising during the evolution of the process initiated by a high-voltage potential difference pulse with an appropriate shape applied between the plasma cathode and anode systems after a certain time delay relative to the sequence of moments of the start of the operation of drivers which form plasma components
• this technology is intended mainly for the transmutation of the nuclei of atoms of some chemical elements into the nuclei of other chemical elements to obtain mainly stable isotopes of chemical elements, including the synthesis of stable transuranic elements, and to process radioactive waste containing long-lived isotopes into materials containing short-lived and/or stable isotopes, for the release of nuclear fusion energy in the form of kinetic energy of fusion products with a certain distribution by composition and energy, electromagnetic fields and currents in a wide range of frequencies, and for the conversion of these various components of the target explosion energy into the thermal and/or electrical form of energy at the output.
• TERMS AND DEFINITIONS target is a single-use dose for impact compaction of at least one arbitrary isotope of at least one chemical element being a raw material for obtaining nuclear transformation products and, optionally, as a primary energy carrier for energy production;
• diode or plasma diode is a diode which is a system of electrodes (in particular, these may be plasma electrodes) placed in a vacuum volume (with a certain degree of vacuum, that is, with a certain pressure of a neutral gas) or a volume filled with plasma (generally heterogeneous);
• plasma electrode is a consumable part of the negative or positive electrode of a diode that is capable (for a certain time during the discharge pulse) of generating a plasma shell (of the near-surface layer material and injected by special devices) with a near-zero electron or ion work function;
• plasma cathode system is a system of one or more (metal, dielectric and/or virtual) electrodes surrounded by plasma layers, from the surface of which
• a virtual cathode partially transmits and partially reflects these particle flows;
• concentrator anode is a single-use part of the diode anode that serves as a target and may be at least a single-layer shell made of a solid durable material, inside which a part of the target made of another material is also fixed axisymmetrically to ensure acoustic contact;
• focal space is such a volume in the diode vacuum chamber which spatially confines a certain length of the common geometric axis of symmetry of the diode electrodes, and in which (in the absence of obstacles and under pre-set values of the emitting surface area of the plasma cathode, energy of electrons and current density) a pinch of electron beam is possible due to self-focusing of relativistic electrons;
• fusion driver is a physical object that delivers energy, which is necessary either for fusion or for fusion control, to the area of fusion processes;
• coupled oscillatory systems are oscillatory systems with more than one degree of freedom, which may be considered as a
• open system is a system that exchanges energy, mass, and information with the environment
• closed system is a system that does not exchange energy, mass, and information with the environment. Energy and information are conserved in closed systems
• structure is a set of system elements with many stable connections between the elements
• dissipative structure is a steady state of an open system resulting from the dissipation of energy that is constantly coming from the outside
• phase portrait means possible states of a system in its phase space.
• phase space is a multidimensional space the coordinates of which are parameters that fully describe the state of the system
• dissipation is the process of energy dissipation, its transformation into less organized forms
• viscosity is the property of a medium to resist external influence due to internal friction that occurs between parts of the medium.
• Viscosity is usually positive and due to negative feedback it leads to the transformation of a regular movement into a chaotic (thermal) movement of the medium; incorrect problems and regularization are problems that are unstable with respect to variations of initial values, which do not allow using standard methods for their solution and require special methods of regularization for their solution; system's embedding dimension is the minimum number of parameters that fully describe the state of the system; fractal dimension is the dimension of fractions characterizing self-similarity and scale invariance of systems; fractal objects are objects that have properties of self-similarity or scale invariance; mass defect is a change in mass (inertia) as a result of a change in the structure of the system and its connections; fusion is the process of forming new structures, i.e.
• binding energy is the difference between the energy of the state, in which the constituent parts of the system are infinitely distant from each other and are in a state of active rest, and the total energy of the bound state of the system.
• binding energy is assumed to be equal to zero, i.e. energy is released when a bound state is formed.
• the binding energy is equal to the minimum work required to decompose the system into its components.
• the binding energy characterizes the stability of the system: the higher the binding energy, the more stable the system is; confinement means keeping the system of plasma particles in the required state; magnetic confinement means keeping the system of particles in the required state using quasi-stationary magnetic fields of special configurations; electrostatic confinement means keeping plasma particles in the required state by electrostatic fields from a stationary electrode system (usually with central symmetry).
• the electrostatic field accelerates charged particles toward the center or toward the axis of field symmetry where ions can be retained for a long time.
• virtual electrodes – cathodes and anodes – can appear. They have the properties of real electrodes but practically do not introduce losses into the flows of charged particles circulating through them.
• Virtual electrodes should be formed in the drift space if the density of charged particle flows injected into the plasma is sufficiently high (q V C energy efficiency coefficient Q W is the ratio of the energy released by a device to the energy consumed to operate this device; energy efficiency coefficient of the target Q Tag is the ratio of the energy released by a device to the energy delivered to the target; inertia is the property of a system to maintain its state and resist changes under the influence of excitation; inertial means based on the use of the system's inertia properties, i.e.
• pycnonuclear process is a process during which, in the interaction between the components of electron-nuclear and electron-nucleon plasmas, in the target substance compressed into a superdense state, there is at least the target isotopic composition change which occurs in the "cold" state of the substance; inertial confinement means keeping a system of plasma particles in the required state due to the inertia of the system components (due to inertial mass); impact compression is an isentropic pulse action of a self-focusing density wave that converges on at least a part of the target; cumulative effect is the concentration of the energy of the explosion in a certain direction, an increase in energy as it moves in a certain direction; implosion is a physical effect accompanied by energy flows directed inside the system (an explosion directed inside); superdense state is such a state of at least part of the target after impact compression, in which a significant part of target substance is transformed into electron-nuclear and electron- nucleon plasma; system control
• This value characterizes the coherent acceleration in the system n acceleration of the power density of dissipative losses a 0 T eff T ⁇ ⁇ 3 , where n 0 is the density dis of the medium, T eff is the temperature of the medium, and ⁇ dis is the characteristic time of dissipation; evolution impact coefficient qP ⁇ it is a dimensionless impact parameter that characterizes the degree to which the power density acceleration of internal energy processes of a system with a regular direction exceeds the power density acceleration of the chaotic component (dissipative component); mass force is a force that acts equally on all elements of the system and at the same time creates a coherent acceleration of the system. An example of the mass force is the gravitational force which acts on all particles in proportion to their masses.
• the mass force is the cause of the flow in the configuration space of the system.
• this subsystem remaining homogeneous in the configuration space, accelerates, i.e., a flow occurs in the momentum subspace of the phase space.
• An example of such a situation is a subsystem of plasma electrons in an electric field with a strength greater than a certain critical one (the escape threshold).
• the plasma enters a state with escaping electrons, i.e., all electrons begin to accelerate coherently, and, in this case, the electric field applied to the plasma plays the role of a dominant excitation acting on the plasma and transferring the plasma electron subsystem to a coherent state.
• the blow-up mode occurs; dominant excitation is a mass force due to the action of which on the system a flow occurs in the phase space that exceeds the level of the dissipation flow (fluctuations); electromagnetic means based on the use of electromagnetic interaction, electromagnetic fields, and sources of electromagnetic fields in the system; beam volumetric charge parameter q V C is a parameter characterizing the achievement of the virtual electrode formation threshold and the virtual electrode existence interval.
• the parameter that characterizes the excess of the energy density of the Coulomb interaction over the kinetic energy of the system (the efficiency of self-consistent flow inhibition by its volumetric charge); electromagnetic field imperfection parameter q EM ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , a parameter W p W curl characterizing the imperfection of the electromagnetic field and is determined by the ratio of the energy density of vortexless fields ⁇ W p to the sum of the densities of vortex fields ⁇ W curl and potential fields ⁇ W p .
• a coefficient equal to zero corresponds to an ideal state with vortex fields in a vacuum and Coulomb repulsion of the identical charges (the existence of a Coulomb barrier), and an increase in the coefficient q EM 1 corresponds to a decrease in the repulsion of the identical charges and a decrease in Coulomb barriers;
• current electrostatics is the methods and laws of initiating electrostatic fields by non- stationary sources. For example, pulsed currents of special (e.g., toroidal) configurations can be such sources of electrostatic fields of complex spatial configuration.
• coherence from the Latin word cohaerentia
• coherence is the internal connection, interconnectivity, coordinated behavior in time and space of elements within the system, i.e., a coordinated course in time and space of several oscillatory or wave processes.
• the coherent behavior of elements is the basis for the emergence of spatio-temporal structures.
• Coherence is inextricably linked to the correlations of the main values in the system.
• coherent states are states with minimal dispersion (states with a probability distribution in the form of a Gaussian distribution), i.e.
• non-local, non-locality means the one that feels the interconnection of all events in the system in general. This is the main characteristic of a system that is in the coherent acceleration mode (blow-up mode). At the same time, the state of the system cannot be given by decomposition by infinitesimal values in the area of a given point and, therefore, by acceleration of the same order. The system is characterized by accelerations of all orders.
• non-locality is characteristic of systems in the blow-up mode and systems close to a phase transition
• non-local structure is a structure that arises as a result of the process of self-organization, i.e., the evolution of connections in the system throughout its spatial volume, and which differs from the equilibrium one even locally.
• the self-organization of the system is initiated by mass forces that lead to coherent acceleration (in the absence of significant gradients of macroscopic parameters within the system).
• the rearrangement of connections and their energies in non- local structures occurs precisely due to coherent acceleration, provided that both the dissipation energy and the gradients within the system are close to zero; physical quantity flow in the phase space is the amount of a physical quantity transferred per unit of time through an arbitrary section in space.
• this quantity is not characteristic.
• a significant quantity within a system that is homogeneous in the coordinate space is the amount of this quantity that is transferred per unit of time through a section in the energy or momentum space.
• This physical quantity which does not depend on the coordinates, is the flow in the phase space for coherently accelerating systems.
• the flow in the phase space determines the degree of deviation of the state of the system from the equilibrium state which corresponds to the zero value of the flow (or, what is the same, the zero value of the coherent acceleration); correlation, correlational dependence (from the Latin word correlatio) is a statistical relationship between two or more random variables (or variables that can be considered as such with some reasonable degree of accuracy), in which changes in the values of one or more of these variables accompany a systematic change in the values of other variables; correlated coherent state (CCS) is a complete set of non-stationary states, which can be used to decompose the interrelated processes of localization and delocalization.
• CCS correlated coherent state
• explosive blow-up mode of the self-harmonized electromagnetic confinement is the development of electrostatic confinement of plasma in a situation when a system of virtual electrodes that has appeared in the medium begins to move towards the center of the system with increasing acceleration in the blow-up mode.
• Coherent fusion can be initiated together with the explosive blow-up mode of the self- harmonized electromagnetic confinement.
• PRIOR ART The fundamental problem of modern civilization is to ensure energy supply for its further development on a scale sufficient to meet its rapidly growing needs and without the risk of further detrimental effects on nature. With the beginning of the 21st century, the use of fossil fuels for energy production is becoming increasingly unacceptable, primarily for environmental reasons, and nuclear energy is the only option and the basic source of energy generation in the future. This fact made the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) formulate the following four basic requirements for the large-scale nuclear energy production in the future: 1. Unlimited reserves of raw materials for nuclear fuel production sufficient for hundreds of years; 2.
• the interaction of nuclei occurs in an ideal way – according to the laws of inertial frames of reference, and in this case, the collectivity of fusion is ensured by the quasi-equilibrium thermodynamics of the state of the system with many nuclei interacting in pairs.
• the control of reactions is very limited and occurs through the control of the probabilities of nuclear fusion processes by only three thermodynamic parameters of the system of nuclei – density, pressure, and temperature. Providing that, the proportion of nuclei that react is exponentially small relative to the ratio of the characteristic energy of nuclear processes to the temperature of the substance, but at the same time the entire system heats up thus the process requires the consumption of a rather large amount of energy and is inefficient.
• the claimed invention solves the above-mentioned global energy problem of creating an efficient energy source that meets all IAEA requirements by implementing a system and method for controlling the properties of nuclear processes. More specifically, the system described in the patent solves the following main problems: 1) energy release during fusion; 2) conversion (utilization) of energy into other forms (e.g., into electrical energy) 3) neutralization of harmful substances, since the primary (harmful) material can be used during fusion which will lead to its transformation into other lighter chemical elements that do not harm the environment.
• Specific technical solutions that are the prior art of the claimed invention are stated below.
• the prior art [1] knows a solution based on increasing the density and temperature of plasma from the components of paired nuclear fusion reactions simultaneously while keeping the plasma in this high-temperature state for a sufficiently long period of time using magnetic fields, provided that the criterion for initiating fusion reactions (criterion for self-ignition of fusion reactions) is met.
• the start-up condition is to achieve the corresponding boundary parameters.
• the disadvantage of this solution is that when using this method above reactions are characterized by the low efficiency of nuclear fuel use.
• the prior art [2] knows a solution based on inertial confinement of plasma.
• inertial fusion The most famous type of inertial fusion, which is being successfully developed now, is laser inertial fusion, in which a state of energy efficiency of the process is achieved in practice, wherein the energy efficiency of the process is greater than 1 with respect to the energy delivered to the target, but not with respect to the total energy consumed.
• the disadvantage of this solution is that energy fusion occurs only after the reaction ignites in the central region of the target and is effective only at the beginning of the plasma expansion. At the same time, a small part of the nuclear fuel is involved in the reaction during a rather short period of inertial confinement.
• a solution based on the principle of hydrodynamic compression is known from the prior art [3]. This solution has the same disadvantages as the inertial fusion described above.
• the prior art [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] also knows the technical solution based on plasma confinement using electrostatic fields in it.
• the disadvantage of this solution is the low density of plasma contained in the electrostatic well, and therefore, the small number of fuel nuclei involved in the fusion processes.
• a common disadvantage of the technical solutions cited above is the lack of additional control and self-harmonization of the nuclear fusion process.
• the prior art [9] knows the technical solution by S. Adamenko which uses the pulse impact and self-focusing of an electron beam on the surface of the target to initiate fusion processes during the movement of the substance compression area from the surface layer deep into the target up to the area close to the center of symmetry of the target which also participates in the fusion process.
• nuclei involved in the process can be practically any stable or unstable radioactive nuclei (with varying degrees of efficiency).
• This method in principle solves the problem of a sharp increase (compared to other methods) in the amount of substance involved in the fusion process and at the same time makes it possible to use almost any condensed substance as nuclear fuel by using the internal energy of the system itself to control the fusion.
• the additional major advantage of S. Adamenko's technical solution is the initiation of the process of adjusting the properties of nuclei (binding energy and mass defect of nuclei) during the fusion process.
• the disadvantages of the method are the limited parameters for controlling fusion processes, and as a result, the absence of the possibility of operational control of the properties and stability of fuel nuclei involved in the fusion process.
• There are known technical solutions to the problem of nuclear process control i.e., control of properties and stability of nuclei using electromagnetic fields [10] and solutions for the generation and delivery of the necessary electromagnetic fields in the target area.
• the disadvantage of these technical solutions is that it is impossible to use them directly to control nuclear fusion processes due to low efficiency because there is no chance to use the set of parameters necessary to control the fusion.
• the closest analog of the claimed technical solution is a method of impact compaction of substance, a device for the realization of the method, and a plasma electrode for the device described in the patent of Ukraine for invention No.
• the subject matter of the above invention is technical solutions for controlling the internal structure and properties of a system of a large number of nuclei and the source of energy released as a result of nuclear fusion. That is, the release of binding energy at the nuclear level occurs as a result of electromagnetic control of reactions of restructuring the internal structure of a system of interacting nuclei, which leads to their transfer to specific states with reduced Coulomb barriers (correlated coherent states).
• the specified elements significantly distinguish our technology from conventional variants of the so-called controlled nuclear fusion, which mainly uses only three quasi-equilibrium control parameters: temperature, density, and time of confinement of the state with these parameters. Persons skilled in the art know that the synthesis of chemical elements is constantly taking place in stars.
• inertial fusion in the implosion (inward explosion) mode, energy flows act on the surface of a passive piston causing it to move "towards the center". Under the action of the reactive force thus created, a high-density region (non-linear wave edge) moves towards the center and the target is compressed. The compression of the central part of the target ignites the nuclear fuel in the center of the target (initiates the first fusion reactions in the fuel located in the central region of the target). The central region of the target explodes and particles of its material fly away.
• the present invention describes a method of impact compaction of substance using a relativistic vacuum diode and a device (system) for its implementation, chosen as a prototype of this invention.
• the prototype solves three problems: 1) the relative universality of fuel for the reactor; 2) the possibility of using nuclear fusion to generate energy in a wide range from the amounts required in everyday life to industrial scale; 3) the possibility of efficient use of fuel with a minimum amount of waste.
• the disadvantages of the technical solution claimed in the prototype include: 1) the described control parameters: voltage pulse amplitude, the gap between cathode and anode and target size, which initiate inertial nuclear fusion in the target, do not allow for operational control of the characteristics of the blow-up mode in the target, since there are no parameters that can control the parameters of the current pulse during the voltage pulse and, accordingly, the possibility of initiating the collapse process in the target; 2) the described components of the electron beam for controlling nuclear fusion in the target do not allow controlling the initiation of the collapse process, since there are no physical means to change the parameters q V C , a P , and q EM ; 3) the device (system) proposed in the prototype operates inefficiently and does not provide the ability to control the fusion process during the
• the incomplete set of variable parameters of the described device, the absence of some control elements in the device, and the use of not all necessary electromagnetic field components do not allow to: 1) control the processes of nuclear fusion evolution in the blow-up mode initiated in the near-surface layer of the anode target of the diode effectively; 2) achieve high energy released during the target explosion; 3) sufficiently increase the amount of fusion. All of the above leads to the fact that energy production for industrial use cannot be solved within the prototype without its development.
• the proposed technical solution is based on the improvement (modification) of the fusion facilities implemented so far, such as the one described in [15], including by increasing the density of the target material in the process of initiation of self-consistent collapse of the said material.
• An array of high-current electron accelerator modules located around the target is traditionally used to compress the target [16].
• this principle is implemented in the Angara multimodule electron inertial fusion facility [34], which consists of eight electron accelerator modules located along the perimeter of the reaction chamber.
• S. Adamenko [15] selected as a prototype, it was possible to implement the implosion process in the target using only one module made as a cathode-anode unit of a high-current diode in the Proton-21 facilities.
• the use of the prototype allows to realize focusing of the electron beam on the target surface and initiation of the implosion process and explosion of the target in the process of which new elements are synthesized.
• the nuclear fusion of new elements in the facilities has been proved by studies of Proton-21 [19], [20].
• the prototype [15] has several disadvantages, which will be discussed below and which can be overcome by the claimed technical solution, that makes it possible to obtain explosion energy exceeding the energy delivered by the beam driver to the target.
• the description of the application below specifies the features of the cathode-anode module to eliminate the disadvantages of the prototype and indicates the basic conditions necessary for the implementation of fusion processes.
• BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The aim of the claimed invention is to create a system that implements the following functionalities: 1) it is able to control the blow-up mode in the condensed substance of the target and the medium around the target by providing: a.
• FIG.1 shows a general block diagram of the proposed system.
• Fig.2 shows a block diagram of the main physical areas of the reaction chamber.
• Fig.3 shows characteristic types of a voltage pulse in the gap between cathode and anode, current in the gap between cathode and anode and in the space behind the anode.
• Fig.4 shows a block diagram of additional fusion driver No.1.
• Fig.5 shows a block diagram of additional fusion driver No.2.
• Fig.6 shows a block diagram of additional fusion driver No.3.
• Fig.7 shows a block diagram of converting the kinetic energy of the explosion products into electrical energy accumulated in the system of energy storage devices.
• Fig.1 shows a general block diagram of the proposed system.
• Fig.2 shows a block diagram of the main physical areas of the reaction chamber.
• Fig.3 shows characteristic types of a voltage pulse in the gap between cathode and anode, current in the gap between cathode and ano
• FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of converting the energy of the current and electromagnetic fields that have passed the explosion area into electrical energy accumulated in the system of energy storage devices.
• Fig.9 shows a block diagram of converting the radiation energy and explosion plasma into electrical and thermal energy.
• Fig.10 shows a block diagram of converting the energy of the electromagnetic fields after the target explosion into electrical energy accumulated in the system of energy storage devices.
• Fig. 11 shows the structure of the non-linear wave edge (shell) with central symmetry (spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, and their combinations) in the target during the initiation of coherent fusion.
• Fig.12 shows our experimental data of the light intensity recorded by the monochromator at three points as a function of time and the calculation of the velocity of the target explosion products based on the time spent to travel the distance between the corresponding points.
• Fig.13.1 shows the dynamics of the decimal logarithm of the shell density as a function of the fraction of the distance traveled to the collapse point according to the collapse ratios when implosion is developing in the active blow-up mode.
• Fig.13.2 shows the dependence of the decimal logarithm of the ratio of the shell density to the initial target density on the charge number of the nuclides, for which nuclides with a given charge number are optimal ratios known to persons skilled in nuclear astrophysics.
• Fig.12 shows our experimental data of the light intensity recorded by the monochromator at three points as a function of time and the calculation of the velocity of the target explosion products based on the time spent to travel the distance between the corresponding points.
• Fig.13.1 shows the dynamics of the decimal logarithm of the shell
• L 0 , R 0 are the effective electrical parameters of the energy flow
• L 1 ,C 1 ,R 1 are the electrical parameters of the first circuit of the device
• 2 ,R 2 are the electrical parameters of the second circuit of the device described in [30].
• 1.0 – industrial electrical network module 1.1 – charging module of the primary energy storage device; 1.2 – primary energy storage device; 1.3 – control module for the primary energy storage device (1.2) for units (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7), where the module (1.11) is designed for the preparation of the reaction chamber (1.8) and the module (1.10) is designed for the supply of targets (1.10.1); 1.4 – module of main fusion driver No.4 [which delivers energy to the target]; 1.4.1 – unit for synchronizing the primary energy storage device (1.2) and generating energy flows of fusion driver No.4; 1.4.2 – unit for coordinating energy flows of fusion driver No.4 and the target (1.10.1); 1.5 – module of additional fusion driver No.
• the claimed control system for nuclear processes and coherent nuclear fusion during the explosive blow-up mode of the self-harmonized electromagnetic confinement comprises the following components: an industrial electrical network module (1.0); a charging module (1.1) of the primary energy storage device; a primary energy storage device (1.2); main fusion driver No.4 with a module (1.4).
• Module (1.4) is designed to provide the transfer of the main part of the control energy from the primary source to the target required to initiate the fusion process in the target in the blow-up mode.
• the main elements of driver No.4 in the diode are: a) a high voltage pulse between the plasma systems of the cathode and anode (a typical voltage waveform measured at the cathode is shown in Fig.3.1); b) a current pulse from the plasma cathode system in the diode interelectrode space caused by the high voltage pulse (a typical current waveform measured at the cathode is shown in Fig. 3.2); c) a current pulse inside the anode-target system caused by a high-voltage pulse (a typical current waveform measured behind the anode is shown in Fig.3.3.).
• module (1.4) comprises a unit (1.4.1) for synchronizing the primary energy storage device (1.2) and generating energy flows of fusion driver No. 4; a reaction chamber (1.8); a grounded reverse current conductor (1.13); a target (1.10.1).
• the mentioned primary energy storage device (1.2) is known to those skilled in the art and consists of also rather well- known electrophysical devices (high-voltage pulse capacitors and dischargers) described in [26], [28]. As for the design of module (1.4), it is also known from the prototype [15].
• the said system further comprises: a module (1.10) for the sequential supply of targets (1.10.1) to the reaction chamber (1.8); a module (1.11) for the preparation of the reaction chamber (1.8); additional fusion driver No.1 with a module (1.7) for controlling plasma electrodes, while the module (1.7) comprises a unit (1.7.1) for coordinating and synchronizing energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and energy flows of additional fusion driver No.1 and a unit (1.7.2) for generating energy flows of fusion driver No.1; additional fusion driver No.2 with a module (1.6) to control the initiation of the explosive blow-up mode, while the module (1.6) comprises: unit (1.6.1) for coordinating and synchronizing energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and energy flows of additional fusion driver No.
• additional fusion driver No.3 with a module (1.5) to control the initiation of a non-linear wave in the target and modify properties of the target substance, while the module (1.5) comprises: unit (1.5.1) for coordinating and synchronizing energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and energy flows of additional fusion driver No. 3 and a unit (1.5.2) for generating energy flows of fusion driver No. 3.
• additional fusion driver No. 3 also controls the process of initiating a non-linear wave with an edge (11.
• the wave with the leading edge (11.3) moves in such a way that the target's inner central part (fusion fuel) (11.1) is in front of it, and the region (11.6) of fusion products evaporating from the trailing edge of the non-linear wave is behind it.
• the module (1.4) for delivering energy to the target further comprises a unit (1.4.2) for coordinating the energy flows of fusion driver No.4 and the target (1.10.1); output energy storage device No.1 (1.17); output energy storage device No.2 (1.18); a module (1.3) for controlling a primary energy storage device (1.2), a unit (1.4.1) for synchronizing the primary energy storage device (1.2) and generating energy flows of fusion driver No.4; a unit (1.4.2) for coordinating energy flows of fusion driver No.4 and the target (1.10.1); a unit (1.5.1) for coordinating and synchronizing energy of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and energy flows of additional fusion driver No.
• the module (1.11) for the preparation of the reaction chamber (1.8) consists of a set of pumps capable of creating a sufficient vacuum (about 10 -5 mm Hg) in the chamber. This is a typical unit for preparing the reaction chamber by creating the necessary pressure in the chamber (about 10 -5 mm Hg) which is well-known for the persons skilled in the art.
• the module (1.14) for converting the kinetic energy flow of fusion products from the target explosion area (2.16) comprises a unit (1.14.1) for taking kinetic energy of fusion products and a unit (1.14.2) for coordinating converted energy with the unit of output energy storage devices No. 1 (1.17).
• the module (1.14) for converting the kinetic energy is based on known solutions published in the prior art [30], [31], [32]. In the mentioned technical solutions, the energy of the explosion in the form of kinetic energy of particles is converted into electric current pulses.
• the module (1.16) for converting the energy flow (1.20) in the reverse current area in the grounded reverse current conductor (1.13) in turn comprises a unit (1.16.1) for taking the energy of currents of the grounded reverse current conductor (1.13) and a unit (1.16.2) for coordinating the converted energy with the unit of output energy storage devices No.2 (1.18).
• the claimed system also comprises a module (1.19) for coordinating the unit of output energy storage devices No.2 (1.18) with the primary energy storage device (1.2).
• the design of drivers No.1, No.2, and No.3 is based on devices and circuits for generating electromagnetic fields known from the prior art.
• plasma guns described in the prior art [28] injecting low energy plasma into the target region and/or laser radiation source for ionization of the electrode surface layer described in the prior art [26], [28], and/or toroidal coils described in [27], and other physical effects (for example, discharge on the electrode surface from an applied high voltage) can be used for the system of fusion drivers No.1, which is designed to prepare the medium around the target for the primary ionization of the target surface layer.
• the system of drivers No.2 is designed to initiate a blow-up mode in the medium around the target and the target itself for the primary ionization of the surface layers of the condensed matter.
• Plasma guns injecting plasma of light elements with sufficiently high temperature into the target region described in the prior art [28] and/or a source of laser radiation for ionization of the surface layer of electrodes described in [26], [28], or toroidal coils of the design described in [27], and other devices can be used as a driver.
• a plasma diode is used as driver No. 2
• the system for coordinating the energy flows of the primary energy storage device and the energy of the system of drivers No.2 may be implemented in the form of input and output circuit breakers described in [26], pulse transformers of the design described in [26], [28] and/or forming and transmitting coaxial and strip lines described in [35], [26], [28], etc.
• the system of drivers No.3 is designed to control the fusion processes at the initial stage of the blow-up mode.
• the following devices can be used as drivers in the diode: a system of special coils generating electromagnetic fields with longitudinal polarization, for example, described in [36]; systems of radial pulse currents, for example, described in [29]; control system of radial currents of self-focusing electron beam, for example, described in [15], etc.
• the reaction chamber (1.8) comprises the following components: the plasma guns (2.1) of fusion driver No.1, preferably arranged with central symmetry around the axis of the reaction chamber and designed to generate plasma (2.6) of the reaction chamber; the electromagnetic field generators (2.2) of fusion driver No.
• a multicomponent cathode plasma module designed to generate a cathode plasma flow (2.8); anode plasma structures module (2.9) designed to generate anode plasma flow (2.10); a unit (2.11) of coils of a special structure of the module (1.15) for converting the current and electromagnetic fields energy flow (1.23) from the target explosion area (2.16) to excite voltage and current pulses in their elements initiated by the kinetic energy flow of explosion products of the target (1.10.1); a housing (2.12) of the reaction chamber (1.8); a target explosion area (2.16); a module (2.13) for taking the flow of high-level radiation energy from the target explosion area (2.16) with a blanket for absorbing high-level radiation and taking thermal energy; a gap (2.
• fusion driver No.1 comprises the following components: a module for synchronizing the pulse equipment with the signal from the module (1.3); a source (4.2) of pulsed current and voltage; a module (4.3) for setting the signal offset; the plasma guns (4. 4) for focusing the electron beam; a module (4.5) for generating pulsed electromagnetic radiation and/or laser radiation to control the initiation of emission processes by the cathode unit of fusion driver's No.1.
• fusion driver No.2 comprises the following components: a module (5.1) for synchronizing the pulse equipment with the signal from the module (1.3); a source (5.2) of pulsed current and voltage; a module (5.3) for setting the signal offset; a plasma gun (5.4) for focusing the electron beam of fusion driver No.2; a module (5.5) for generating pulsed electromagnetic radiation and/or laser radiation to control the shape of the beam current and the processes for generating the blow-up mode in the target (1.10.1).
• a module (5.1) for synchronizing the pulse equipment with the signal from the module (1.3); a source (5.2) of pulsed current and voltage; a module (5.3) for setting the signal offset; a plasma gun (5.4) for focusing the electron beam of fusion driver No.2; a module (5.5) for generating pulsed electromagnetic radiation and/or laser radiation to control the shape of the beam current and the processes for generating the blow-up mode in the target (1.10.1).
• fusion driver No.3 comprises the following components: a module (6.1) for synchronizing the pulse equipment with the signal from the module (1.3); a source (6.2) of pulsed current and voltage; a module (6.3) for setting the signal offset; a module (6.4) for generating radial currents to focus and/or self-focus the electron beam on the target surface (1.10.1); and/or a module (6.5) for generating pulsed electromagnetic radiation with longitudinal polarization to control the blow-up mode in the target (1.10.1).
• a module (6.1) for synchronizing the pulse equipment with the signal from the module (1.3); a source (6.2) of pulsed current and voltage; a module (6.3) for setting the signal offset; a module (6.4) for generating radial currents to focus and/or self-focus the electron beam on the target surface (1.10.1); and/or a module (6.5) for generating pulsed electromagnetic radiation with longitudinal polarization to control the blow-up mode in the target (1.10.1).
• the module (1.14) for converting the kinetic energy flow (1.22) of fusion products from the target explosion area (2.16) further comprises the following components: a module's condensed working medium (7.1) made of the ferroelectric and/or ferromagnetic material and/or a finely dispersed mixture of dielectric and conductive components; a unit (7.2) for taking the energy flow of voltage and current pulses initiated in the condensed working medium (7.1) by the kinetic energy flow (1.22) of fusion products from the target explosion area (2.16); a module (7.3) for coordinating the output energy flow of the unit (7.2) with the unit of output energy storage devices No.
• the module (1.15) for converting the current and electromagnetic fields energy flow (1.23) from the target explosion area (2.16) further comprises the following components: a unit (8.1) for taking the current and electromagnetic fields energy flow (1.23) from the target explosion area (2.16); a transmission line (8.2) for transmitting the target explosion energy taken in the unit (8.1) to the module (8.3) for transforming and coordinating the flows of the taken energy with the unit of output energy storage devices No.1 (1.17); a module (8.3) for transforming and coordinating the flows of the taken energy with the unit of output energy storage devices No.1 (1.17);
• the module (1.9) for taking the kinetic energy flow (1.12) of fusion products and high-level radiation energy from the target explosion area (2.16) further comprises the following components: a unit (9.1) for converting the energy released in the module blanket (2.13) into electrical and/or thermal energy; an electrical energy storage unit
• the reaction chamber (1.8) further comprises a multicomponent cathode plasma module (2.7) and an anode plasma structures module (2.9).
• the system further comprises toroidal electromagnetic field generators (2.4) of fusion driver No.2 and the radial current field generators (2.5) of fusion driver No.3 to control the value of the Coulomb barrier and the internal structure of the fuel nuclei of reactor target (1.10.1).
• the reaction chamber (1.8) further comprises a module (1.14) for converting the kinetic energy flow (1.22) of fusion products from the target explosion area (2.16); a module (1.15) for converting the current and electromagnetic fields energy flow (1.23) from the target explosion area (2.16); a module (1.16) for converting the energy flow (1.20) in the reverse current area in the grounded reverse current conductor (1.13).
• the current and electromagnetic fields energy flow (1.23) light, microwave radiation, and the energy flow of quasi-stationary electromagnetic fields
• the flow (1.20) of thermal energy includes infrared radiation.
• the system comprises more than one additional fusion driver No.1 and/or additional fusion driver No.2 and/or additional fusion driver No.3.
• the inventor also proposes a method for controlling nuclear processes and coherent nuclear fusion during the explosive blow-up mode of the self-harmonized electromagnetic confinement using the above system.
• the method according to the claimed invention includes the following steps.
• the energy supplied from the industrial electrical network module (1.0) is accumulated in the primary energy storage device (1.2).
• the primary energy storage device (1.2) With the module (1.3), the primary energy storage device (1.2), units (1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.5.1, 1.5.2, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.7.1, 1.7.2) of fusion drivers, the module (1.11) for the preparation of the reaction chamber (1.8), and the module (1.10) for the supply of targets (1.10.1) are controlled.
• the module (1.10) a sequential supply of targets (1.10.1) into the reaction chamber (1.8) with a specified repetition rate is implemented.
• the reaction chamber (1.8) is prepared.
• the energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and the energy flows of additional fusion driver No.1 are coordinated and synchronized.
• additional fusion driver No. 1 the medium around the target (1.10.1) is prepared in the reaction chamber (1.8) to ensure primary ionization of the target surface layer.
• the energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and the energy flows of main fusion driver No. 4 are generated and synchronized.
• the energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and the energy flows of additional fusion driver No.1 are coordinated and synchronized.
• the power profile of the energy flow from main fusion driver No.4 is formed according to the time.
• additional fusion driver No.2 and the unit (1.3) the moment of initiation of the blow-up mode is controlled and energy is accumulated in the surface layer of the target to initiate a non-linear wave.
• additional fusion driver No.2 the blow-up mode is initiated in the reaction chamber's (1.8) medium around the target (1.10.1) and in the target itself to ensure the primary ionization of the surface layers of the condensed matter.
• the unit (1.5.1) the energy flows of the primary energy storage device (1.2) and the energy flows of additional fusion driver No. 3 are coordinated and synchronized.
• the properties of target materials and fusion processes are controlled at the initial stage of the blow-up mode.
• additional fusion driver No. 3 and additional fusion driver No.2 the following processes are controlled: initiation of the beginning of the edge (11.2) movement of the non-linear wave in the correlated coherent state with the center of symmetry (11.8) and the internal structure of the leading edge structure (11.3) moving from the surface (11.7) to the center of symmetry (11.8) of the target; the state of the main "body” (11.4) of the non-linear wave edge, the structure of the trailing edge structure (11.5) of the non-linear wave.
• the target's inner central part (fusion fuel) (11.1) is located in front of the non-linear wave, while the region (11.6) of fusion products evaporating from the trailing edge of the non-linear wave is located behind it.
• the kinetic energy of fusion products is converted into electrical energy.
• the converted energy is coordinated with the unit of output energy storage devices No. 1 (1.17).
• the flow of kinetic energy of the fusion products from the target explosion area is converted into electrical energy.
• the unit (1.15.2) the flow of converted energy is coordinated with the unit of output energy storage devices No. 1 (1.17) and the received energy is accumulated in output energy storage device No.1 (1.17).
• the flow of kinetic energy of the fusion products from the target explosion area (2.16) is converted into electrical energy and/or thermal energy.
• the energy flow (1.20) of currents of the grounded reverse current conductor (1.13) is taken.
• the taken energy is coordinated with output energy storage device No.2 (1.18).
• the unit of output energy storage devices No. 2 (1.18) is coordinated with the primary energy storage device (1.2), and the kinetic energy of the fusion products and the energy of electromagnetic radiation are taken.
• the claimed method further includes the following steps.
• the signals of the pulse equipment of fusion driver No. 1 are synchronized with the module (1.3).
• the claimed method further includes the following steps.
• the module (5.1) the signals of the pulse equipment of fusion driver No. 2 are synchronized.
• the source (5.2) the pulse current and voltage of fusion driver No.2 are generated.
• the module (5.3) the offset of signals of fusion driver No. 2 is initiated.
• the claimed method further includes the following steps.
• the modules (6.1) the signals of the pulse equipment of fusion driver No. 3 are synchronized with the signal of the module (1.3).
• the source (6.2) the pulse current and voltage of fusion driver No.3 are generated.
• the module (6.3) the offset of the signals of fusion driver No.3 is initiated.
• module (6.4) With module (6.4), radial currents of the electron beam that self-focuses on the target surface (1.14) are generated, and/or with the module (6.5), pulsed electromagnetic radiation with longitudinal polarization is generated to control the blow-up mode in the target (1.10.1) and the properties of the target materials in the target explosion area.
• the kinetic energy of the target explosion is converted into electrical energy accumulated in the system of output energy storage devices No.1 (1.17).
• the energy of the current and electromagnetic fields that have passed through the explosion area is converted into electrical energy accumulated in the system of energy storage devices No.1 (1.17).
• the unit (8.1) for taking the current and electromagnetic fields energy flow (1.23) from the target explosion area (2.16) the energy flow that has passed the target explosion area (2.16) and the transmission lines is coordinated; with the transmission line (8.2), the flow of the taken target explosion energy is transmitted to the module (8.3) for coordinating and transforming the pulse power; in the module (8.3), the pulse power is coordinated and transformed from relatively high values after the explosion of the target (1.10.1) to the power values necessary for efficient energy storage in the unit of output energy storage devices No.1 (1.17).
• the energy of the radiation and explosion plasma is converted into electrical and thermal energy.
• the energy flows (1.12) of high-level radiation and fusion products resulting from the fusion processes in the target explosion area (2.16) are converted into thermal and/or electrical energy; electrical energy is accumulated in the unit (9.2); thermal energy is accumulated in the unit (9.3).
• the energy of the current and electromagnetic fields that have passed through the explosion area and the reverse current conductor is converted into electrical energy accumulated in the system of output energy storage devices No.2 (1.18).
• the energy flow (1.20) of the currents of the grounded reverse current conductor (1.13) is taken; the flow of the taken target explosion energy is transmitted via the line (10.2) to the module (10.3) for transforming and coordinating the pulse power; in the module (10.3), the pulse power is coordinated and transformed from relatively high values after the explosion of the target (1.10.1) to the power values necessary for efficient energy storage in the unit of output energy storage devices No.2 (1.18).
• the process is implemented using heterogeneous and non-stationary high-voltage discharge plasma structures (2.6, 2.8, 2.10) generated in the focusing zone of the electron beam using plasma guns and/or laser sources, which provides an impact sufficient to change the energy direction of the processes.
• the value of the Coulomb barrier and the internal structure of the fuel nuclei of the reactor target (1.10.1) are controlled by toroidal electromagnetic field generators (2.4) and radial current field generators (2.5).
• more than one additional fusion driver No.1 and/or additional fusion driver No.2 and/or additional fusion driver No.3 are used to implement the process.
• the kinetic energy of the fusion products and the electromagnetic radiation due to the fusion processes in a wide range of energies is converted into electrical energy which can be used for other purposes or accumulated in energy storage devices.
• the proposed invention sets forth driver embodiments leading to the realization of implosion and to the fusion of nuclei during the target explosion.
• driver No. 4 When the conditions for driver No. 4 are met in matching the parameters of the target and the parameters of driver No. 4, as set forth on pp.4, 34, 39 of said description, a non-linear wave with the edge structure shown in Fig.11 is initiated in the target. Such a wave initiates the explosion of the central part of the target and the release of energy which exceeds the energy delivered to the target. This fact is supported by optical and thermal measurements (see Table 3 and source [30]).
• Fig.11 shows the structure of a non-linear wave edge (shell) (11.2) with central symmetry (spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, and combinations thereof) in the target during coherent fusion initiation.
• the non-linear wave edge (11.2) consists of a leading edge (11.3), a main "body” (11.4) a trailing edge (11.5) and all boundaries of these regions. 11.2 – Non-linear wave edge with internal structure in a coherently correlated state (shell). The structure of the non-linear wave leading edge in the target through which the target substance enters the main body structures of the shell.
• the distance between the cathode plasma module (2.7) and the anode plasma module (2.10) consists of the expanding area occupied by the cathode plasma (2.8), the anode plasma (2.10), and the gap (2.14).
• plasma flows are controlled by fusion drivers No.1, No.2, and No.4.
• the active resistance of the gap (2.14) is large (approximately thousands of Ohms) and, subsequently, it drops to zero when the gap disappears, while the resistance of the plasma conductor increases from zero to a value equal to the value of the resistance of a wire with a length equal to the initial gap between the cathode and the anode.
• the current pulse is determined by the high voltage pulse applied to the diode and the diode impedance as a function of time.
• the diode impedance is controlled by the temperature of the background discharge plasma and the time of plasma appearance in the gap between the cathode and the anode.
• the imaginary part of the impedance depends on the characteristic times of the process and is controlled by the shape of the voltage and current pulses (fusion driver No. 4).
• the current in the diode is determined by the modulus of its impedance. In typical cases, the diode resistance varies widely from thousands of Ohms at the beginning of the process to ones of Ohms and less during the course of the main processes in the target.
• a non-linear wave of density is initiated and develops, moving from the surface to the optical center of the target during the blow-up mode implosion.
• the wave edge is in a correlated coherent state and naturally separates the areas of "fuel” that enters the wave at its leading edge and the areas of combustion products that remain behind the wave's trailing edge.
• the non-linear wave edge forms a surface with central symmetry (spherical, cylindrical, ellipsoidal symmetries and/or their combinations).
• the following stages of inertial fusion take place: injection and ablation, compression, ignition of the fusion reaction, and explosion.
• injection and ablation stage Under the influence of energy flows to the target surface during the energy absorption in the surface layer and at the moment of substance expansion from the surface (injection and ablation stage), a pressure pulse is created onto the target and a non-linear wave moving from the surface to the center is initiated.
• the wave edge is a shell, i.e. a "piston" that compresses the substance in front of it (compression stage). The energy of the external fusion driver is spent on this compression.
• the fusion reaction is initiated in the center (ignition stage). After the fusion reaction starts, the internal binding energy of the substance is rapidly released, an explosion occurs, and the substance begins to expand (explosion stage).
• the shell plays a passive role here, i.e. it is a tool for compressing the central area of the target and transferring the substance in the center of the target to a state with a high probability of fusion reactions due to an increase in pressure and temperature. Due to the inertial properties of matter, this state is maintained for a certain time in a state with a fairly high probability of reaction even after the start of fusion reactions in the center, explosive energy release, and expansion of the substance.
• Fig.11 The evolution of a non-linear wave in a target in coherent fusion under the action of a fusion driver is shown in Fig.11.
• the difference from the processes in inertial fusion is that in coherent fusion the wave edge initiated near the target surface is transferred to a correlated coherent state by the pulsed external influence, providing that the wave edge is not a passive "piston" but an active object during its entire evolution.
• plasma diodes and multi-component plasma cathodes described in [15] and [25] are used. These are metal electrodes made of heterogeneous elements with various coatings that facilitate the creation of plasma on their surfaces. When the drivers operate, all electrode surfaces are covered with plasma and a plasma anode system appears whereas the configuration of this plasma anode system changes with time as a result of plasma motion. The plasma moves both outside and inside the anode.
• the electrons of the beam penetrate the material to a certain depth ⁇ k coll 0.667 U 5/3 k V ⁇ ⁇ 1 , which depends on the density ⁇ of the anode substance in grams per cubic centimeter, the electron energy corresponding to the potential difference U kV in kilovolts and 0.3 ⁇ k coll ⁇ 1 depending on the current density (with k coll ⁇ 1 at low current density and k coll ⁇ 0.3 at high current density).
• This dependence is one of the ratios that ensure the correct matching of the voltage pulse and the material of the anode and the target. It can be assumed that a drift space between surfaces with zero potential is ensured near the surface.
• the electrons entering this layer form a certain distribution of potentials with a minimum in a certain area (the area of the virtual electrode) and the beam electrons reflected from this area appear.
• the dynamics of the electron beam energy flow and the potential distribution in the anode under the action of a high voltage pulse are determined by the parameter I f the current density ⁇ t ⁇ in mega Amperes per square centimeter on the target and the energy of electrons at the moment of time t 1 satisfy the condition then a system of virtual electrodes appears near the anode surface, in this system the fusion driver energy is accumulated up to a certain moment of time t 2 in the voltage drop interval of the external pulse. This moment of time is determined by the condition ⁇ .
• the expressions for the critical values include their dependence on the specific resistance ⁇ ⁇ of the anode target material, which reflects a significant change in the threshold values with an increase in the specific electrical resistance ⁇ ⁇ .
• the dynamics of plasma field structures takes place in the explosive blow-up mode, during which the structure density increases in a self-consistent explosive manner under the conditions of electronic collapse and evolution of a correlated coherent state (CCS).
• CCS correlated coherent state
• the probability of fusion in the CCS may be increased by tens of orders of magnitude due to the control of the value by controlling the change in the coherent acceleration in the system with the help of fusion drivers No.1, No.2, and No.3 and the time characteristics of the voltage pulse.
• a distinctive feature of coherent fusion is that a macroscopic number of nuclei participates in the nuclear fusion processes; at the first stage, these nuclei actually form a single system – nuclear matter – due to the extremely high transparency of Coulomb barriers in CCS with high coherence, and then, when the stability threshold of this macroscopic nuclear system is reached, the system is split into the most stable droplets of nuclear matter.
• the mass numbers of stable droplets into which nuclear matter is split in a wide range of matter densities from the density of a solid body to values of the order of 10 37 , are in the range of 56 ⁇ 61, i.e., within the "iron" peak.
• the binding energy of lead nuclei is 7.87 MeV per nucleon, while the binding energy of iron nuclei is 8.8 MeV per nucleon.
• the target parameters are consistent with the beam parameters, namely potential difference, current strength, duration of the beam power edge and the portion of the beam current hitting the target according to the above fusion conditions.
• the present application lists the main parameters of the target, namely its radius, density, and conductivity of the target material.
• the target parameters significantly affect the fusion process. Taking into account the number of nucleons involved in the fusion process, the maximum total energy yield can be in the range of hundreds of kJ to hundreds of MJ in our experiments.
• the explosion energy flows released in our experiments are represented by three main components: ⁇ energy flow of particles and plasma; ⁇ energy flow of radiation and electromagnetic fields in a wide range of frequencies; ⁇ energy flow of currents that have passed in the diode plasma spatial region of possible amplification in the time interval when the target explodes and expansion of products.
• ⁇ energy flow of particles and plasma ⁇ energy flow of radiation and electromagnetic fields in a wide range of frequencies
• ⁇ energy flow of currents that have passed in the diode plasma spatial region of possible amplification in the time interval when the target explodes and expansion of products.
• Voltage and current pulses in the diode, radiation in the optical range, and radiation in the X-ray and gamma ranges were measured in the online mode. Track measurements of fast particle and mass spectroscopic measurements were performed in the offline mode.
• the control of the degree of correlation of matter in the CCS leads to the fact that fusion fuel elements do not have to be the lightest to produce sufficient power.
• Almost any material can be used as fuel, but the efficiency of energy yield will be somewhat different.
• the target material can be almost any target material, provided that its size and beam parameters are properly matched.
• single component targets can be used, for example, as in the prototype [15], however, to increase efficiency, a combined target should be used. In such a target, in its central part, one of the thermonuclear fuels (preferably lithium deuteride) is placed.
• the system has three additional fusion drivers (No.1, No.2, No.3), which control the state of the electron beam and the target during the operation of main driver No.4; the choice of the parameters of the drivers is aimed at achieving the condition of initiation of a non-linear implosion wave in the blow-up mode in the general case of a multilayer target, where the upper layer of the target should be of a material with sufficiently low conductivity and have a fractal structure to increase the absorbed energy of the beam the driver parameters are optimized based on the condition that the acceleration of the beam power density absorbed in the surface layer ( aP exceeds the n acceleration of the energy dissipation power density in the target ( a 0 T eff T ⁇ ⁇ 3 ); if this condition dis is met, a non-linear wave is formed in the blow-up mode and the target substance goes into an unstable state; i.e.
• One of the accompanying phenomena of coherent fusion is a significant decrease in the radioactivity of reaction products compared to the initial radioactive targets and significant changes in the ratios between the accumulation rates of different nuclides in the initial mixtures of radioactive families. This can become a means of decontamination of radioactive waste and, in general, transformation of almost any toxic or unusable material into stable and safe elements, and, if necessary, accumulation of the necessary nuclides.
• the estimated velocity of the explosion products was calculated using Doppler broadening of spectral lines, a time-of-flight (TOF) technique for recording the time of optical radiation reaching three points located at different distances from the center of the explosion, and high-speed photography of the explosion process and product expansion using high-speed CCD cameras.
• the obtained images allowed to estimate some characteristic times of the processes: the time for the plasma cloud which arose as a result of the target explosion to travel a 1 cm gap was about 50 ns, while the time for the copper cathode elements to bend was less than 500 ns.
• Fig. 12 shows our experimental data as evidence of the effectiveness of synthesis based on optical and thermal measurements – an example of determining the plasma expansion velocities from known distances between points and times of their passage.
• Table 2 shows the composition and velocities of the flows of the lead target explosion products scattering from the center of the target, which were reconstructed with measurements of optical spectra (experiment number 41250). Table 2. Element velocities in units of 10 7 cm/s and percentage composition of flows from the explosion area, reconstructed with optical measurements Thus, the following values of the main components of the energy flows after the target explosion were obtained from the experiments: ⁇ Taking into account that the mass loss during the explosion (obtained from the difference in the target mass before and after the explosion) ranges from 0.1 g to 0.9 g in various experiments, while the velocities of particles and plasma are on average in the range of (0.5- 2)*10 7 cm/s, the energy of the target explosion products can be estimated as an average of 300 kJ to 1 MeV.
• the radiation energy flows from the explosion, hitting the elements of the blanket made of absorbing materials, heat it and the casing of the facility.
• the heating temperature of the blanket (2.13) measured at many points by temperature sensors shows that up to 25 kJ is converted into thermal energy, which results in an efficiency value of Q Tag ⁇ 2 , i.e., the output of thermal energy is up to 2 times higher than the energy delivered to the target (usually this energy is in the range from 10 kJ to 12 kJ).
• ⁇ Energy flows of currents that have passed in the diode plasma spatial region of possible amplification in the time interval when the target explodes and there is an expansion of products.
• the values of energy embedded in the target were calculated from measurements of voltage, current, and pulse duration.
• the voltage at the cathode was measured using a capacitive voltage divider.
• the current was measured using a Rogowski coil located in the cathode section of the facility.
• the voltage divider and a Rogowski coil were calibrated on the electrophysical bench in the Proton-21 laboratory. Signals were recorded using a Lecroy HDO 8108 oscilloscope.
• the values of the released thermal energy were calculated by measuring the difference in temperature of the vacuum chamber before and after the discharge, taking into account its mass and heat capacity. Temperature measurements were carried out using thermocouples and a recording device (multifunctional thermometry bridge) TR-3200. The data of twenty experiments performed in the Proton-21 laboratory recently are presented in Table 3. Multicomponent targets were used during the study. In the column “target material” – the first symbol describes the material of the outer shell of the target (if there is only one symbol, the target is solid – a one-component target). The following symbols correspond to the material placed in the central part of the target. The reproducibility of the results was confirmed by successful experiments of the Proton- 21 research group in the mode of single explosions [15].
• Pashchenko et al Modification of the Child-Langmuir-Boguslavsky law for the diode gap in the system with virtual cathode // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. Series “Nuclear Physics Investigations”.2012, No 4, p.133-137.
• Pashchenko A.V. Rutkevich B.N. Dynamics of transitions between the stationary states in diode // Radiotekhnika i Elektronika.1979, v.24, No 1, p.152-157 (in Russian).

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