WO2025093251A1 - Système de production et de stockage d'énergie - Google Patents

Système de production et de stockage d'énergie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025093251A1
WO2025093251A1 PCT/EP2024/078530 EP2024078530W WO2025093251A1 WO 2025093251 A1 WO2025093251 A1 WO 2025093251A1 EP 2024078530 W EP2024078530 W EP 2024078530W WO 2025093251 A1 WO2025093251 A1 WO 2025093251A1
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Prior art keywords
energy
power
grid
storage device
electrical
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English (en)
Inventor
Terje PAULSEN
Aage Bjørn ANDERSEN
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Viridih2 AS
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Viridih2 AS
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Publication of WO2025093251A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025093251A1/fr
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
    • A01K63/042—Introducing gases into the water, e.g. aerators, air pumps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/06—Arrangements for heating or lighting in, or attached to, receptacles for live fish
    • A01K63/065—Heating or cooling devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/186—Regeneration by electrochemical means by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J15/00—Systems for storing electric energy specially adapted for power networks
    • H02J15/50—Systems for storing electric energy specially adapted for power networks using stored hydrogen
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy using batteries or super capacitors with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
    • H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/004—Generation forecast, e.g. methods or systems for forecasting future energy generation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an energy production and storage system, in particular to a system using energy from a renewable energy source and electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen, oxygen and heat.
  • the invention is also concerned with related methods of controlling energy production, such as in relation to grid balancing and energy storage.
  • US2011081586 discloses a self-contained system integrating renewable energy production with production of hydrogen/ oxygen via electrolysis and energy storage via storage of hydrogen as an energy carrier.
  • the stored hydrogen can be used via a fuel cell to increase electrical power output, such as when the renewable energy source cannot satisfy the local energy demand. This removes the need for reliance on connection to the grid.
  • WO2022014766 also discloses a combination of renewables and electrolysis, which in that case is combined in with aquaculture so that oxygen produced by the electrolysis is used for fish-farming. Hydrogen is produced and stored locally, then used locally via a fuel cell to make electrical power. That electricity, along with power from other sources (e.g. solar) is used for temperature control of the fish farm.
  • sources e.g. solar
  • the present invention provides an energy production and storage system comprising: a power input connection for receiving electrical power from a renewable energy source; an electrolysis device for electrolysis of water to produce oxygen, hydrogen, and heat; an electrical energy storage device; a grid connection configured for two-way connectivity to receive power from and supply power to an external electrical grid; and a controller in communication with the power input connection, the electrolysis device, the electrical energy storage device and the grid connection, wherein the controller is configured to
  • the system can produce ‘green hydrogen’, i.e. hydrogen produced by 100% renewable energy, as well as also using the electrolysis device to take excess (preferably renewable) energy from the grid when needed, e.g. for balancing purposes.
  • the invention can also extend to a renewable energy system comprising the energy production and storage system of the first aspect as well as one or both of the renewable energy source (or a plurality of renewable energy sources) and/or an external electrical grid configured for supply of renewable energy. This is to be differentiated from non-renewable energy from an external electrical grid, i.e. it is preferred for the electrical grid to be able to allocate electrical energy from renewable sources for use by the energy production and storage system of the first aspect.
  • the electrical energy storage device may have a storage capacity and discharge rate enabling the supply of a peak power that is at least equivalent to the power needed to operate the electrolysis device, or alternatively it may be a peak power that is a half, a quarter, or a tenth of the power needed to operate the electrolysis device.
  • the energy storage device may provide a power output equivalent to the load provided by the electrolysis device, e.g. x MW
  • the switch effect can be ⁇ x MW, where x might typically be a value from 1 MW up to 150 MW or more.
  • the switch effect would be ⁇ 5 MW, i.e. giving a two-way switch effect where either 5 MW is drawn from the grid, or 5 MW is provided to the grid.
  • the controller may additionally be configured to: store power from the grid in the energy storage device in order to increase the peak power drawn from the grid, and/or provide power from the renewable energy storage device to the grid in order to increase the peak power supplied to the grid.
  • the stored power from the grid is power drawn from renewable energy sources.
  • the switch effect can become greater than ⁇ x MW and may for example be at least ⁇ 2x MW, e.g. if the output of the renewable energy source is at least the same as the power output capability of the electrical energy storage device.
  • the controller may be configured to vary the amount of (renewable) power that flows to or from the grid, thereby allowing for finer control of the balancing effect.
  • the controller may be configured to receive information relating to supply conditions linked to the capacity of the grid. This may for example include the cost of grid supplied power.
  • the renewable energy source and/or the electrical energy storage device may be used to export/import power to the grid not only for reasons linked to balancing of the grid, but also based on considerations such as the trading price of electricity on the grid. In this regard the trading price reflects not only commercial considerations but also is representative of technical information such as the relative availability of renewable electricity as weather conditions vary.
  • the grid may provide renewable energy, i.e. energy from renewable sources elsewhere on the grid.
  • the considerations at the controller may include assessment of the relative pricing of renewable energy from the grid compared to non-renewable energy from the grid and the controller may for example be designed to aid achieving a target price and/or availability for renewable energy on the external electrical grid irrespective of the price/availability of non-renewable energy, e.g. by increasing storage of energy at the energy production and storage system during times of high renewable energy production/low electricity demand and/or by providing renewable energy to the grid during times of low renewable energy production/high electricity demand on the grid.
  • the decision about how to power the electrolysis device or how to charge the electrical energy storage device can be based on environmental considerations (e.g. environmental “cost”) as well as on financial considerations.
  • the grid may be used in addition to the locally available renewable energy from the renewable energy source if this is not sufficient or the grid may be used as a sole energy source if local renewable energy is not available.
  • the controller may be provided as a part of an electrical switching system that can receive electrical energy from various power sources and provide electrical energy to various power consumers.
  • the power sources may include the power input connection for power from the renewable energy sources, the grid connection, and the electrical energy storage device.
  • the consumers may include the electrolysis device, the grid connection, and the electrical energy storage device.
  • the electrical switching system may also provide power to other local consumers, such as industrial or agricultural consumers that may also utilise other products of the overall system, e.g. a fish farm or other aquaculture system.
  • the controller may receive data from the renewable energy sources and/or from an electrical grid connected to the grid connection.
  • the power input connection and the grid connection may be configured for communication of both electrical power and data. This may also be the case for other connections to the controller and/or the electrical switching system, e.g. connections to the electrical energy storage device and/or the electrolysis device.
  • the controller will typically be a computer implemented control system and may include suitable hardware and/or software elements.
  • the controller incorporates machine learning algorithms, e.g. artificial neural networks, for processing data such as that received according to (i) and for determining how to control the energy production and storage system in respect of one or more of (ii) and/or (iii), or other control processes.
  • the controller may be configured (e.g. using machine learning algorithms) to track and anticipate trends, e.g. in relation to one or more of the actual or potential energy production from the renewable energy source, the amount of stored energy in the electrical energy storage device, the balancing requirements for the external grid and/or the effect on the grid of the operation of the energy production and storage system as a balancing service provider.
  • the controller may additionally or alternatively be configured to track external events such as weather patterns and to take this into account when controlling the system.
  • the controller may also be configured to identify patterns and use the identified patterns to control the system to optimise energy efficiency and/or to optimise the amount of renewable energy that is produced and used either locally or via export to the grid.
  • the control of the system may include taking account of a forecast of future trends when deciding to increase or decrease one or more of energy storage at the electrical energy storage device, energy usage by the electrolyser, power drawn from the external electrical grid or power supplied to the external electrical grid.
  • the controller which is advantageously implemented using machine learning systems, may effectively predict and prepare for future events.
  • the frequency stability of the power system is typically dependent on rotating mass/ rotational energy/ rotational inertia in synchronous machines connected to the power grid. Most of the rotating mass is found in hydropower plants and thermal power plants (e.g. fossil fuel plants), and a smaller proportion is found in power consumption.
  • the energy production and storage system of the first aspect advantageously contributes to frequency stability without the need for inclusion of a rotating mass of the type found in synchronous machines.
  • the renewable energy sources may also not include any rotating mass that contributes to stability for the grid. For example there may be no generators having a synchronous connection.
  • the energy production and storage system of the first aspect does not include any form of thermal power plant, e.g. it may be absent any form of steam turbine and/or gas turbine.
  • the hydrogen consumption within the energy production and storage system of the first aspect may be restricted to non-gas phase combustion and may, for example, include a fuel cell and/or a catalytic burner.
  • tertiary reserves are activated to maintain the balance in the system until a new balance is reached in the energy market.
  • tertiary reserves are also used to manage regional congestion and imbalance flows.
  • FFR Fast Frequency Reserves
  • the system of the first aspect may be configured to operate as a secondary reserve, i.e. aFRR, or as a Fast Frequency Reserve (FFR).
  • aFRR secondary reserve
  • FFR Fast Frequency Reserve
  • the power input connection is for receiving electrical power from a renewable energy source, which may be provided as AC power or DC power.
  • the power input connection may also act as a part of the grid connection, e.g. for input of electrical energy from the grid. In that case there may also be a power export connector as another part of the grid connection, or the power input connection could be implemented as a combined import/export connection.
  • the optimal implementation may be selected based on the electrical power output from the renewable energy source, e.g. if this is AC or DC and if the voltage is similar to the grid voltage or not.
  • the energy production and storage system may comprise an AC/DC converter, for example in order to allow for AC power from the renewable energy source to be converted and provided to the electrical energy storage device or the electrolysis device as DC power.
  • the energy production and storage system may include the renewable energy source (or multiple renewable energy sources), which may advantageously be provided by a local renewable energy production facility. Using a local energy source enhances efficiency.
  • the renewable energy source may include one or more of solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity, tidal power and/or wave power, for example.
  • the renewable energy source may supply energy to the electrolysis device directly or indirectly, such as via elements of the grid connection and/or via the electrical energy storage device.
  • the electrical energy storage device may be used as primary power supply for the electrolysis device, with electrical energy from external sources being routed via the electrical energy storage device.
  • the renewable energy source may be used to charge the electrical energy storage device and the power for the electrolysis device may be drawn from the electrical energy storage device. If energy import from the grid is required then the grid connection may be connected via an AC/DC converter and charger to charge the electrical energy storage device.
  • the electrical energy storage device may then power the electrolyser via a DC/DC converter.
  • DC power may be supplied directly to the electrolysis device from the electrical energy storage device via the control unit, which has the advantage of avoiding the need for a rectification device to be integrated into the electrolysis system.
  • the storage capacity and discharge rate of the electrical energy storage device enables the supply of a peak power that is at least equivalent to the power needed to operate the electrolysis device.
  • the electrical energy storage device should be able to discharge power to the grid (e.g. for balancing) at the same level that the electrolysis device draws power, or higher.
  • the electrical energy storage device may be of sufficient size to power the electrolysis device, e.g.
  • the electrical energy storage device to act as a standalone power source for the electrolysis device, which can be beneficial to allow for “green” hydrogen production using stored renewable energy in times when renewable energy production is not available, e.g. due to weather conditions. This may involve the full capacity of the energy storage device being able to power the electrolysis device for a minimum time period, such as 5 minutes, 15 minutes, at least one hour, or at least two hours, or in some cases at least five hours.
  • the electrical energy storage device may also be used to reduce the costs of powering the electrolysis production e.g. by storing energy from the grid and/or from the renewable energy source when electricity prices are low and drawing electricity from the energy storage device when prices of electricity delivered by the grid is high.
  • the electrolysis device may for example require 1 MW or more, for example 2 MW or more, optionally 15 MW or more. It may thus be a relatively large device.
  • the electrolysis device could be provided by multiple devices in parallel, e.g. multiple 5 MW devices that together require a higher combined power input. In some examples the electrolysis device may require up to 100 MW and in some cases even more.
  • the electrical energy storage device may have a storage capacity allowing for at least 5 minutes, 15 minutes, at least 30 minutes, one hour or more, or for several hours use to power the electrolysis device as noted above.
  • the electrical energy storage device may have a total storage capacity of 2 MWh or of 100 MWh, or above, allowing for two hours of operation of the electrolysis device. It is typical for electrical energy storage devices to be able to discharge power at a rate that may be about half of the storage capacity, e.g. taking two hours to fully discharge at the peak discharge rate.
  • the electrical energy storage device may be capable of a large discharge rate as noted above, e.g. at least equivalent to a tenth, a quarter, or a half of the power requirement of the electrolysis device, or in some cases greater than this.
  • the electrical energy storage device may comprise one or more batteries, e.g. using lithium based chemistries such as lithium ion or any other chemistry reflecting the desired characteristics such as charging and discharging.
  • the electrical energy storage device may be provided by a plurality of batteries or cells, being connected in series and/or in parallel as required to provide the necessary voltage and power output.
  • the electrical energy storage device may be a battery energy storage system, which may comprise batteries, control electronics, power converter systems, and/or interface appliances. Such interface appliances are designed to provide interface system protection. Batteries store electricity by means of electro-chemical processes which convert electricity into chemical energy and back into electricity when required. The electric energy used in batteries are DC rather than AC. Different chemistries may be applied depending on the application and its surrounding circumstances and may include the use of nickel, lithium, vanadium, graphite, magnesium, cobalt, silicon, cadmium, carbon black, lead, polyvinylidene fluoride and others. Considerable efforts are invested in battery technology development including the finding/ development of alternative sustainable chemistries including the materials it will require.
  • the chemical energy stored in batteries of the electrical energy storage device may be transformed by DC/DC transformers or to AC by DC/AC transformers.
  • High- capacity or high-energy batteries are designed to store and deliver a large amount of energy and are typically used in consumer electronics as well as in electric vehicles.
  • Typical battery cell voltage is currently 3.2 VDC and maximum continuous charge and discharge rates are 1C (meaning that a fully charged battery rated at 1 Ah should provide 1 Ah for one hour).
  • Batteries consists of cells that are typically connected in series but may be connected parallelly dependent upon desired resultant voltage and current.
  • Typical battery module/stack voltage may lie between 500VDC and 1500VDC.
  • Electrical energy storage in batteries can be configured to serve different industrial or grid standards/ requirements and may include DC/DC - DC/ AC interfaces in the range of 400VAC to 33/ 132 kV via the use of a transformer. Available electrical energy storage capacities in batteries are typically higher than its supply rate. For example a 2.7 MWh battery may have a 1.5 MW output capacity. This may be paired with an electrolysis device rated at 3.2 MW, for example, and typically used with a lower power input than its rated power (e.g. 2MW).
  • the electrolysis device may be powered from directly from the renewable energy source or from the grid which may also provide renewable energy via the electrical energy storage device, which may be a battery.
  • Suppliers of electrolysis devices provide complete systems comprising all necessary subsystems to ensure safe and reliable electrolysis operations over time. Typically included are systems for water treatment ensuring that water used are suitable, cooling systems ensuring that maximum allowable cell stack temperatures are not exceeded, control systems monitoring performance and reporting any issues requiring attention as well as power supply system’s ensuring sufficient and correct electric power supply.
  • Electrolysis applies DC power, thus the power supply system assumes power delivered from the grid and consequently transforms AC to DC power using one or several rectifiers.
  • the introduction of an electrical energy storage device such as a battery enables the electrolysis device to be simplified in the situation where the power supplied, via the battery, is already DC. This gives rise to an advantage from use of the electrical energy storage device for indirect supply of power to the electrolysis device.
  • the renewable energy source may be provided with an average energy production capacity that is similar to the power requirements of the electrolysis device, or may be higher, and thus the peak power production capacity of the renewable energy source will be higher than the power demand of the electrolysis device.
  • the mean average power production may be 2 MW or 50 MW to match a 2 MW or 50 MW power supply requirement for the electrolysis device, but the rated power production could be twice that and the peak power production may be higher still.
  • the capacity of the renewable energy source may also be lower than the requirement of the electrolysis device.
  • the power input connection system must have the capability to import the additional capacity required from the grid in order to power the electrolysis device.
  • the energy production and storage system includes an electrical energy storage device then there is no waste of the excess power production, and also no waste of energy in the event that the electrolysis device is not needed to be operated or must be shut down for whatever reason, e.g. for maintenance.
  • the grid connection is configured for two-way connectivity with the external electrical grid, and advantageously can receive power from and supply power to the external electrical grid at a suitably high rate to provide at least 100% of the power requirement of the electrolysis device or draw an equivalent amount or power from the electrical energy storage device.
  • the grid connection may for example be a three-phase configuration, which suitable further connections to the electrolysis device, the electrical energy storage device, and optionally the renewable energy source. These connections may take a suitable form as known in the art.
  • the controller may receive information and control the flow of electricity to and from the grid using conventional means. This may include information about the electricity cost that can be used to increase efficiency by reference to the market forces that influence supply/demand, e.g. optimising the use of the energy storage device and/or optimising production of hydrogen from a cost point of view.
  • the controller may comprise separate hardware/software modules for performing different functions and/or it may be distributed over several processors or subcontrollers at different parts of the system. For example, there may be an energy storage management system at the energy storage device and/or a local control system for the renewable energy source.
  • the electrolysis device is for electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen, oxygen and heat and all of those products may be captured for storage and/or for use. Hydrogen may be stored for later use.
  • the hydrogen produced by the electrolysis device is a commodity product and may be used as a fuel/energy source either locally or remotely, after onward transport to some other system. It may be stored under pressure at the energy production and storage system, which may hence comprise a hydrogen storage device, e.g. a tank.
  • the hydrogen production and/or storage may be done with parameters (i.e. temperature, pressure) configured for onward transport and/or use as a fuel.
  • the hydrogen may be output from the electrolysis device at 5 -90 °C and 1-5 MPa and stored at ambient - 80 °C and 1-90 MPa.
  • the energy production and storage system may include a compressor for compression of the hydrogen before storage.
  • Hydrogen produced may also be stored using metal oxides via solid state diffusion or as liquid hydrogen or further it may be stored transformed in a carrier such as ammonia or in a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) that can absorb or release hydrogen through chemical reactions.
  • LOHC liquid organic hydrogen carrier
  • the energy production and storage system may comprise a fuel cell and/or a catalytic burner to use hydrogen for local electricity and/or heat demands.
  • the energy production and storage system does not include any gas phase combustion of hydrogen. There may also be an absence of gas phase combustion of any type.
  • Hydrogen and preferably green hydrogen generated from electrolysis powered by renewable energy, is particularly suited as an energy carrier for thermal/ heat applications due to its high gravimetric energy density and its reactivity.
  • An alternative way to use hydrogen to allow for stored energy is that the system may include a heater configured to generate heat from hydrogen by e.g. catalytic combustion and to store the heat in a heat store such as a geothermal well.
  • oxygen is generated at a rate of 8 kg for every single kg of hydrogen produced.
  • Oxygen accumulated in electrolysis may be stored and/or used locally such as for aquaculture in an aquaculture facility that may be onshore or offshore or for alternative usage.
  • the system may include an oxygen storage device, such as a tank, and/or an oxygen outlet for transfer of oxygen to an oxygen consumer.
  • the relatively low purity requirements for oxygen used in aquaculture in comparison with e.g. medical use may avoid the need for use of resources and time for added processing for purifying the oxygen from the electrolysis device, and/or this may allow for a less complex or more energy efficient electrolysis device to be used.
  • the energy production and storage system may include a dryer for the removal of moisture/water from the oxygen and/or a compressor for compression of the oxygen before storage.
  • An alternative usage for offset of oxygen accumulated from electrolysis may be that of oxyfuel combustion for simplifying carbon capture when combusting fossil fuels.
  • the energy production and storage system may comprise an oxyfuel combustor that receives oxygen from the electrolysis device directly or indirectly.
  • the energy production and storage system may be integrated with, or connected to, an industrial process that applies or requires an oxyfuel combustor or oxygen generated by the electrolysis device may be transported to the oxyfuel combustion site.
  • gas phase combustion has some disadvantages, this can be mitigated by use of oxyfuel consumption and so the energy production and storage system may usefully have an absence of gas fuel combustion of hydrogen whilst oxygen is used for oxyfuel combustion to reduce the adverse impact of industrial processes in which combustion is a necessary part.
  • the energy production and storage system may include no gas phase combustion aside from oxyfuel combustion.
  • Oxyfuel combustion provides oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and recirculated flue gas instead of air to the combustion process.
  • the bulk nitrogen is avoided and the resulting combustion can be more efficient and/or create fewer pollutants.
  • processes related to the bulk nitrogen in air is avoided as air is replaced by primarily oxygen.
  • the resulting combustion products will have CO2 content up to about 90 per cent (dry basis).
  • the flue gas impurities may be removed by reducing the flue gas (at moderate pressure) to a temperature at which the CO2 condenses whilst the impurities do not.
  • Oxyfuel-combustion may be employed with solid fuels (such as coal, petroleum coke, and biomass), as well as liquid and gaseous fuels.
  • solid fuels such as coal, petroleum coke, and biomass
  • liquid and gaseous fuels such as coal, petroleum coke, and biomass
  • the heat from electrolysis which can be 20-30% of the energy input to the electrolysis device, might in some cases be referenced as waste heat. However, in the present system this is treated as a beneficial product of the electrolysis device.
  • This heat may be captured and stored, e.g. in a geothermal well/thermal battery, or may be used locally for district heating and/or for industrial or agricultural requirements, such as heating water for fish farming or other aquaculture system.
  • the electrolysis device may produce heat at a temperature of around 40-80°C, for example in the form of a heated fluid, such as hot water, which may be a heated fluid that passes through the electrolysis device (i.e.
  • a coolant fluid or may be a heated fluid that undergoes heat exchange with a coolant fluid loop of the electrolysis device.
  • the heated fluid can be used directly at the temperature emitted by the electrolysis device, or stored at that temperature, or alternatively it may be heated/cooled to obtain a specific temperature for a required purpose.
  • Hydrogen from the electrolysis device may be used as fuel to boost the temperature of the heated fluid, e.g. by means of a catalytic burner.
  • the heat may be stored in a geothermal well/thermal battery or other type of heat store, so that the energy production and storage system can store heat energy as well as electrical energy, and also store hydrogen as an energy carrier.
  • the heat may be stored in a phase change material, in a geothermal heat store, or in a sand battery.
  • the controller may control distribution of the heat from the electrolysis device, e.g. in the case that there is more than one consumer of heat for the energy production and storage system. Alternatively, there may be a separate heat distribution control system.
  • the invention extends to a combined aquaculture and energy production facility comprising an energy production and storage system as discussed above along with an aquaculture facility, which may for example comprise an aquaculture tank for fish farming and/or for growing aquatic plants or algae.
  • an aquaculture facility which may for example comprise an aquaculture tank for fish farming and/or for growing aquatic plants or algae.
  • the controller may also control the aquaculture facility, e.g. by monitoring and controlling water temperature and/or water oxygen level with use of heat and oxygen from the electrolysis device.
  • the present invention provides a method of controlling energy production and storage using an energy production and storage system as discussed above in relation to the first aspect, the method comprising:
  • the method may include receiving electrical power from a renewable energy source at the power input connection.
  • the method may include using the grid connection for two-way connectivity to receive power from and supply power to an external electrical grid, for example to allow for export of surplus energy and/or to “top-up” when the renewable energy source does not produce enough power to satisfy local demand.
  • the method may include using (only) renewable energy from the external electrical grid, e.g. to ensure that the method is a method of controlling a renewable energy production and storage system in order to produce green hydrogen amongst other things.
  • the various features of the energy production and storage system may be as set out above in connection with optional features linked to the first aspect.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an energy production and storage system
  • Figure 2 shows a variation of the energy production and storage system.
  • an energy production and storage system for receiving electrical energy from one or more renewable energy source 2, such as wind, solar, hydro, waves, tidal or others, and for two-way connectivity to an electrical grid 4, e.g. a national grid 4.
  • An electrical switching system 6 with a controller 8 is used to control the flow of power.
  • the renewable energy is provided via a power input connection.
  • the electrical grid 4 is connected via a grid connection 12.
  • the electrical switching system 6 can also receive power from, or send power to, an electrical energy storage device 14, which is typically provided by rechargeable batteries such as lithium ion batteries. It will be understood that both of the electrical grid 4 and the electrical energy storage device 14 can act as either a source of power or a consumer of power.
  • the energy production and storage system may comprise a DC/DC converter or an AC/DC converter, for example in order to allow for AC power from the renewable energy source 2 to be converted and provided to the electrical energy storage device 14 as DC power.
  • An electrolysis device 16 is provided for electrolysis of water to produce oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), and heat.
  • the electrolysis device receives power via the electrical switching system 6 and the controller 8 can determine if this is to be power taken from the electrical grid 4, from the renewable energy source 2 or from the electrical energy storage device 14. When power is taken from the electrical grid 8 then it is preferred that this is renewable power.
  • the water may be sourced from a river or lake, with suitable filtering and purification. Alternatively, a mains water source may be used.
  • the electrolysis device may include additional water treatment if required.
  • the hydrogen from the electrolysis device 16 can be sent to a hydrogen storage device 18, e.g. a tank. This hydrogen can be stored for later use as a fuel, either locally or after onward transport to some other system.
  • Oxygen produced by the electrolysis device may be compressed and prepared for export for usage elsewhere or stored and/or used locally such as by delivery to an aquaculture facility 20.
  • the relatively low purity requirements for oxygen used in aquaculture and other alternative processes can mesh well with the purity of oxygen produced by electrolysis.
  • One option to make local use of the hydrogen is for the energy production and storage system to comprise a fuel cell and/or a catalytic burner to use hydrogen for local electricity and/or heat demands.
  • the energy production and storage system comprises a fuel cell and/or a catalytic burner to use hydrogen for local electricity and/or heat demands.
  • the heat from the electrolysis device 16, which can be 20-30% of the electrical energy input to the electrolysis device 16, can be used locally for district heating 22 and/or for industrial or agricultural requirements, such as heating water for fish farming in an aquaculture facility 20.
  • the heat can be captured and stored in a heat store 24 such as a geothermal well/ thermal battery.
  • the controller 8 and the electrical switching system are in communication with the power input connection 10, the electrolysis device 16, the electrical energy storage device 14 and the grid connection 12.
  • the controller 8 can receive information, via those connections, from the electrical grid 4 (i.e. from the operator of the electrical grid 4), from the renewable energy source (such as from a control/monitoring system thereof) and also from the electrical energy storage device 14.
  • the controller 8 can therefore receive information relating to: actual or potential energy production from the renewable energy source 2, the amount of stored energy in the electrical energy storage device 14, the power requirement of the electrolysis device including its sub-systems and balancing requirements for the external electrical grid 4.
  • the controller 8 may also receive information about the market for electricity in the external electrical grid 4, e.g. cost/price that varies as a representation of supply/demand.
  • the controller 8 can also operate the energy production and storage system as a balancing service provider for the electrical grid 4.
  • the controller 8 may operate the energy production and storage system by drawing power from the grid to supply the electrolysis device 16, thereby increasing the load on the grid.
  • the controller 8 may supply power to the grid from the energy storage device 14, decreasing the load on the grid.
  • the controller 8 can also turn the electrolysis device 16 on/off giving another switching effect even without sending power to the grid 4.
  • the controller 8 may direct power from the renewable energy source 2 to the grid or use power from the grid to recharge the energy storage device 14.
  • the storage capacity and discharge rate of the electrical energy storage device 14 might advantageously be sufficient to operate the electrolysis device 16 for 5 minutes, 15 minutes or 30 minutes, e.g. aid in keeping a continuous supply when switching between renewable energy and power from the grid.
  • the electrical energy storage device 14 is of sufficient size to operate the electrolysis device 16 for at least one hour or for a number of hours, e.g. two hours or five hours. This allows the system to cope with gaps in power production from the renewable energy source 2 without the need to constantly draw power from the grid 4.
  • the controller 8 can operate the system to store power at the electrical energy storage device 14 when the renewable energy source 2 provides more power than is needed by the electrolysis device 16.
  • the electrolysis device 16 can also operate the system to discharge power from the electrical energy storage device 14 when the renewable energy source 2 provides less power than is needed by the electrolysis device 16.
  • the electrolysis device 16 may for example require 1 MW, 50 MW or up to 100 MW, in which case the electrical energy storage device 14 may have a 2 MWh, 100 MWh or 200 MWh capacity, or more, allowing for it to power the electrolysis device for two hours.
  • the energy storage device 14 can have a smaller capacity so that it is used primarily for balancing purposes, e.g. using stored renewable energy, without the secondary function of powering the electrolysis device 16.
  • the electrical energy storage device has a capacity of 2.7 MWh and a discharge rate of 1.5 MW, whilst the electrolysis device draws 3.2 MW at full power. This can then allow for a switching/balancing effect of -3.2 MW to +1.5 MW.
  • the renewable energy source 2 can be a combination of different energy sources or it may be just one type of energy source, e.g. an array of wind turbines or an area of solar panels.
  • the renewable energy source 2 may be provided with an average energy production capacity that is similar to the power requirements of the electrolysis device 16, such that over a given time period there is on average sufficient renewable power produced to operate the electrolysis device 16 as needed for hydrogen, heat and oxygen production.
  • the electrical energy storage device 14 and the ability to draw power from the electrical grid 4 allows for variability in renewable energy production. For example, with a wind power production facility the mean average power production may be 100 MW to match a 100 MW power supply requirement for the electrolysis device 16, but the rated power production for the renewable energy source 2 could be twice that and the peak power production may be higher still. Any excess in renewable power production can be sold back to the grid.
  • the mean average energy production may in some cases be less than the power supply requirement of the electrolysis. Any deficit of energy may be imported from the electrical grid 4, preferably drawing from renewable energy sources on the grid 4.
  • the controller 8 may assess the relative pricing of renewable energy from the grid 4 compared to non-renewable energy from the grid 4 and the controller may be designed to aid achieving a target price and/or availability for renewable energy on the external electrical grid 4, thereby maximising usages/availability of renewable energy.
  • the decision about how to power the electrolysis device 16 or how to charge the electrical energy storage device 14 can be based on environmental considerations (e.g. environmental “cost”) as well as on financial considerations.
  • environmental considerations e.g. environmental “cost”
  • the system of Figure 1 may also be considered as a combined aquaculture and energy production facility comprising an energy production and storage system as discussed above along with the aquaculture facility 20, which can be a complete aquaculture plant comprising aquaculture tank(s) for fish farming and/or for growing aquatic plants or algae. It is often the case that sites suited for on-shore fish farming can also have a water source for electrolysis as well as being of the right character for installation of a renewable energy source such as a solar park or a wind farm. In the case of such a combined aquaculture and energy production facility then the controller 8 may also control heat and oxygen distribution as well as electrical power for the aquaculture facility.
  • the oxygen from the electrolysis device 16 may be used locally (or stored and transported) as oxyfuel for an oxyfuel combustor 26.
  • the other parts of the system can be as discussed above in relation to Figure 1.
  • it may be used in other oxygen demanding processes and/or in a combination of such processes, e.g. in a system with both an oxyfuel combustor 26 and an aquaculture facility 20.
  • oxyfuel combustion is used then there may advantageously be no other gas phase combustion within the system, and in particular the hydrogen from the electrolysis device 16 may not be used as fuel for gas phase combustion (it may instead be consumed by a fuel cell or catalytic burner, for example).

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

Un système de production et de stockage d'énergie comprend une connexion d'entrée de puissance (10) pour une source d'énergie renouvelable (2) ; un dispositif électrolytique (16) pour l'électrolyse de l'eau afin de produire de l'oxygène, de l'hydrogène et de la chaleur ; un dispositif de stockage d'énergie électrique (14) ; une connexion bidirectionnelle au réseau (12) accouplée à un réseau électrique externe (4) ; et un dispositif de commande (8). Le dispositif de commande (8) est conçu pour : (i) recevoir des informations concernant : la production d'énergie réelle ou potentielle depuis la source d'énergie renouvelable (2), la quantité d'énergie stockée dans le dispositif de stockage d'énergie électrique (14), et des exigences d'équilibrage pour le réseau électrique externe (4) ; (ii) utiliser l'énergie provenant de la source d'énergie renouvelable (2) pour alimenter le dispositif électrolytique (16) et/ou pour le stockage dans le dispositif de stockage d'énergie (14) ; et (iii) sur la base des informations reçues, faire fonctionner le système de production et de stockage d'énergie comme fournisseur de service d'équilibrage en procédant comme suit : utiliser l'énergie provenant du réseau (4) pour alimenter le dispositif électrolytique (16) ou fournir de l'énergie au réseau (4) depuis le dispositif de stockage d'énergie électrique (14), faisant ainsi office de commutateur pour aider à équilibrer le réseau électrique externe (4).
PCT/EP2024/078530 2023-11-03 2024-10-10 Système de production et de stockage d'énergie Pending WO2025093251A1 (fr)

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