WO2025229366A1 - Procédé de modélisation d'un réservoir géologique fracturé comprenant des réseaux de défauts ou des couloirs de fracture - Google Patents

Procédé de modélisation d'un réservoir géologique fracturé comprenant des réseaux de défauts ou des couloirs de fracture

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Publication number
WO2025229366A1
WO2025229366A1 PCT/IB2024/000211 IB2024000211W WO2025229366A1 WO 2025229366 A1 WO2025229366 A1 WO 2025229366A1 IB 2024000211 W IB2024000211 W IB 2024000211W WO 2025229366 A1 WO2025229366 A1 WO 2025229366A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fault
segments
segment
fracture
fractures
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Pending
Application number
PCT/IB2024/000211
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English (en)
Inventor
Cédric GAL
LEONFORTE (GARI), Emmanuelle
Gérard MASSONNAT
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TotalEnergies Onetech SAS
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TotalEnergies Onetech SAS
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Application filed by TotalEnergies Onetech SAS filed Critical TotalEnergies Onetech SAS
Priority to PCT/IB2024/000211 priority Critical patent/WO2025229366A1/fr
Publication of WO2025229366A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025229366A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V20/00—Geomodelling in general
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/62—Physical property of subsurface
    • G01V2210/624—Reservoir parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/64—Geostructures, e.g. in 3D data cubes
    • G01V2210/642—Faults
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/64—Geostructures, e.g. in 3D data cubes
    • G01V2210/646—Fractures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/60—Analysis
    • G01V2210/66—Subsurface modeling

Definitions

  • the present disclosures relates to a computer-implemented method for modelling a geological reservoir incorporating fractures, in particular fault arrays or fracture corridors.
  • the disclosure finds notable applications in the fields of hydrocarbon production, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), or water resource management.
  • CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
  • fractures creates local heterogeneities in the behavior of a reservoir, in particular with respect to permeability and hence to fluid flows within the reservoir.
  • fractures actually encompasses a large variety of geological structures, exhibiting different geometries, respective chronologies of formation and hence different impacts as to the petrophysical properties of a geological reservoir.
  • Geologists thus have established a typology of fractures, according to features such as the mode of deformation of the fractures, or their specific chronology of formation.
  • ground data is too scarce to accurately represent the fractures within a reservoir.
  • ground data that is obtained through campaigns of seismic reflections it only enables detecting major fractures, but fails to provide any information on fractures of lesser size.
  • ground data that is obtained by drilling exploration wells and analyzing the wells it provides detailed but local information, and fails to provide an extensive hindsight about the number, disposition and relationship between fractures within all the considered domain.
  • Discrete Fracture Network is a numerical representation of fractures, in which fractures are represented as discrete features associated with specific properties, including orientation, length, aperture and connectivity.
  • this algorithm still does not enable accurate representation of the diversity of fracture types within a reservoir, as well as the interactions between them.
  • all fractures are generated stochastically based on density data, and no fracture which location is based on hard data may be integrated.
  • An aim of the present disclosure is to improve the situation.
  • an aim of the present disclosure is to provide a method for modelling a reservoir including fractures, which more accurately reflects the disposition of the fractures of the reservoir, the actual geological phenomena that have led to the formation of the fractures, and the impact of these fractures on the petrophysical properties and behavior of the geological reservoir, when said fractures are fault arrays or fracture corridors.
  • Another aim of the present disclosure is to provide a method enabling accurately modelling the formation of fault arrays or fracture corridors.
  • Another aim of the present disclosure is to provide a method enabling modelling a chronological sequence of fracturing sets, where a subsequent fracturing set takes into account the fractures generated during an earlier fracturing set.
  • a computer-implemented method for modelling a reservoir comprising fault arrays or fracture corridors comprising: obtaining an initial model of the reservoir and ground data, Implementing at least one set of fault arrays or fracture corridors generation in the initial model, comprising receiving input parameters, and, based on the received ground data and input parameters: o generating a plurality of array or corridor seeds in the initial model, and, o For at least one seed, ⁇ Generating, from the seed, a volume of the fault array or fracture corridor,
  • the ground data comprises at least one of: a localization of fractures, a density of fractures corridors, fault arrays, or of fractures within a fracture corridor or a fault array, geometric parameters of fracture corridors, fault arrays or fractures within a fracture corridor or a fault array, a chronology of the formation of fractures.
  • generating the array or corridor seeds is performed by implementation of a probabilistic process based on a predetermined density.
  • generating fault segments seeds is performed by implementation of a stochastic process based on a predetermined density.
  • the method comprises implementing at least two sets of fault arrays generation, and the method comprises developing fault segments from a segment seed when a line joining the fault segment seed and the seed of the array to which belongs the fault segment-does not cross a fault segment of a fault array of a previous set.
  • the generated fault arrays are selected among a plurality of types of fault arrays, where each type of fault arrays is defined by:
  • Geometric parameters associated with each fault segment families Whether or not a fault segment is associated to a stress shadow zone, and When the number of fault segments families is greater than 1 : o intersection rules between fault segments of a first family and fault segments of other families, and o order of generation of fault segments of each fault segment family.
  • the method comprises at least one set of generation of relay faults, wherein relay faults comprise two fault segment families associated to respective geometric parameters, fault segments of a first family extending in a first direction, and fault segments of the second family extending in a second direction, transverse to the first direction, and developing fault segments from the fault segments seeds comprises:
  • the method comprises at least one set of generation of anastomosing faults, wherein anastomosing faults comprise two fault segment families associated to respective orientation parameters, fault segments of a first family extending in a first direction, and fault segments of the second family extending in a second direction, transverse to the first direction, and developing fault segments from the fault segments seeds comprise generating alternatively a fault segment of the first family and a first segment of the second family, wherein, in case of intersection between a currently generated fault segment and a previously generated fault segment, the currently generated fault segment abuts against the previously generated fault segment regardless the family of the previous fault segment.
  • the method comprises at least one set of generation of en-echelon faults, wherein the fault segments seeds are generated along a line extending parallel to the main direction of the array, and all fault segments generated from the fault segments seeds extend parallel to each other.
  • the method further comprises a step of assigning at least one of an aperture or permeability value to the generated fault segments.
  • the method further comprising a step of upscaling the obtained reservoir model or the obtained fault arrays.
  • a computer program product comprising code instructions for implementing the method according to the description above, when it is executed by a computer.
  • the disclosed method enables modelling the formation of a geological reservoir including fracture corridors or fault arrays, while respecting the specificities of these geological objects in terms of formation, disposition and hence petrophysical behaviour.
  • the disclosed method enables managing rules of intersection between fault segments of a given set, i.e. of a given fault array of fracture corridor, while also taking into account previous generated fault arrays or fracture corridors in the formation of latter fault segments.
  • Figures 1 a and 1 b are flow charts describing the main steps of a possible embodiments of a method for modelling a reservoir
  • Figures 2a to 2c represent various types of fault arrays including respectively relay faults, anastomosing faults and en-echelon faults.
  • Figure 3 schematically represents an example of a geological calendar
  • Figure 4 schematically represents geometrical parameters of a fracture
  • Figure 5 schematically represents a fault array generation process according to a possible embodiment
  • Figure 6 schematically represents a rule for managing intersection between fault arrays of successive fracturing sets
  • Figures 7a to 7c represents how are modelled relay faults, anastomosing faults and en-echelon faults respectively within the present disclosure
  • Figure 8 is a possible embodiment of a device for implementing the method according to the disclosure
  • Figures 9a and 9b schematically represent the computation of pseudoequivalent fractures to represent a plurality of fault segments of a fracture corridor.
  • the method may be carried out by a computer system 1 , schematically represented in figure 8.
  • the computer system 1 comprises one or more processors 10 (which may belong to a same computer or to different computers) and storage means 20 (magnetic hard disk, optical disk, electronic memory, or any computer readable storage medium) in which a computer program product is stored, in the form of a set of program-code instructions to be executed in order to implement all or part of the steps of the method.
  • the computer system can comprise one or more programmable logic circuits (FPGA, PLD, etc.), and/or one or more specialized integrated circuits (ASIC), etc., adapted for implementing all or part of said steps of the processing method.
  • FPGA programmable logic circuits
  • PLD programmable logic circuits
  • ASIC specialized integrated circuits
  • the computer system comprises a set of means configured by software (specific computer program product) and/or by hardware (processor, FPGA, PLD, ASIC, etc.) to implement the steps of the method.
  • the computer system may comprise an input interface 30 for the reception of input data, in particular ground data regarding a reservoir that is to be modelled by application of the method.
  • the input interface may be an interface with a storage device storing the input data, or a communication interface for connecting the computer system to a telecommunication network enabling downloading of said input data therefrom.
  • the computer system may also comprise a display 40 for displaying three-dimensional representations of the obtained model of a reservoir, and/or two- dimensional representations, which may be sectional view of the model, and/or any relevant information relative to the obtained model.
  • a usual categorization of fractures is based on presence or absence of relative movement between the rocks on either side of the fracture. Accordingly, a first category of fractures are joints, which refer to a fracture in a rock mass where there has been no significant movement or displacement of the rocks on either side of the fracture. Joints grow perpendicular to stratification.
  • a second category of fractures are faults, which refer to fractures in a rock mass due to a relative displacement of rocks on either side of the fracture, where this displacement can be for instance: a horizontal sliding of the rock masses on both sides of the fracture, a vertical sliding, resulting from either a compressional or extensional relative movement of the rock masses on both sides of the fracture.
  • the method disclosed below enables modelling a plurality of pre-determined types of fractures, where each fracture type is associated with a respective, specific generation process that is designed to accurately reflect the geometry and geological behavior of corresponding real fractures.
  • the plurality of pre-determined types of fractures may include: fault arrays, which refer to a collection of faults that occur in a particular region, and which may be related to regional tectonic forces, reflecting larger-scale deformation of the Earth’s crust. These faults may be related in terms of their orientation, arrangement, formation time or tectonic pattern.
  • fractures clusters which represent concentrations of fractures in a specific geological setting. These fractures may not necessarily involve significant displacement, and they can occur on various scales. The clusters may result from localized stress concentrations, variations in lithology or other factors influencing the mechanical behavior of the rocks. The fractures within a cluster may exhibit varying orientations and lengths, and they may not necessarily form a systematic pattern.
  • the method enables modelling various types of fault arrays, including the following three sub-types of fault arrays, examples of which are represented in figures 2a to 2c: en-echelon faults, shown in figure 2a, refer to a set of parallel faults that are arranged in a step-like pattern. These faults may not be perfectly aligned but are somewhat staggered like the arrangement of rungs on a ladder. En- echelon faults can appear in extensional tectonic settings.
  • relay faults shown in figure 2b, refer to a set of faults comprising short, linking segments between two larger fault segments, enabling transfer of displacement therebetween.
  • anastomosing faults shown in figure 2c, refer to a network of interconnected faults that merge and diverge, creating a complex pattern. Anastomosing faults are common in regions where there are multiple phases of deformation or in areas with heterogeneous rock properties.
  • the method enables modelling a specific type of fracture cluster which is fracture corridors.
  • a fracture corridor refers to an elongated zone in which numerous faults and joints are aligned along a common trend. These corridors represent pathways where the Earth’s crust has experiences significant fracturing, often influenced by geological processes or stress fields.
  • the method may in particular be used for modelling a real reservoir, i.e. a reservoir existing in real life, and for which ground data describing at least some geological and/or geometrical properties is available or can be acquired.
  • the ground data can notably include, or be derived from, campaigns of seismic reflections, in-situ observations of geologists, satellite or aerial images, or wellbore data, including well logs, cores and plugs.
  • the method thus enables forming more accurate and complete models of real reservoirs, for analyzing said models and using them for various applications, for instance for performing fluid-flow simulations, predicting reservoir production, determining location of injection and/or production wells, determining production scenarios, evaluating carbon storage capacities, determining fluid circulation or leakage within the reservoir, evaluating risks of pollution of ground water, etc.
  • the method comprises a step 100 of obtaining an initial model of the reservoir.
  • the initial model of the reservoir is a numerical representation of the three-dimensional arrangement or rock structures forming the reservoir, which is defined at least by a three-dimensional volume V of determined dimensions.
  • the initial model of the reservoir further comprises a plurality of surfaces extending within said volume.
  • the plurality of surfaces may include a plurality of stratigraphic surfaces, separating successive layers of rocks called beds.
  • the initial model of the reservoir may comprise a plurality of distinct mechanical units, where each mechanical unit comprises a plurality of beds, and two successive beds, or two successive mechanical units are separated by a stratigraphic surface.
  • a mechanical unit is defined as a geological formation comprising a plurality of beds, and whose upper and lower surfaces limit the vertical persistence of a given type of fracture.
  • Rocks within a mechanical unit usually share similar properties, such as strength and deformation characteristics.
  • a bed refers to a layer of sedimentary rock, which results from the deposition of sediments over time.
  • Each bed represents a single episode of sedimentation, often characterized by features such as grain size, mineral composition, level of sorting, or other sedimentary features.
  • At least one well may also be represented in the initial model of the reservoir, at a location corresponding to its actual location relative to the reservoir to be modelled.
  • the well may in particular be an exploration well from which ground data has been acquired.
  • the method also comprises a step 200 of receiving ground data relative to the reservoir.
  • the ground data relative to the reservoir may comprise a chronology of the formation of fractures, enabling defining at least one, or a chronology of successive fracturing sets to be modelled.
  • chronology may be a geological calendar of the formation process of the reservoir to be modelled.
  • FIG 3 is shown an example of an excerpt of a geological calendar of the formation process of a reservoir that may be used within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • a geological calendar is a hypothetical timeline that extends far beyond human history, and is used to represent the major events in Earth’s evolution.
  • a geological calendar typically divides Earth’s history into several eons, which are further subdivided into eras, periods, epochs and ages.
  • the most recent eon, the Phanerozoic is the one in which complex life forms, including humans, have evolved. It is divided into the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras which is turn, are further divided into periods. For instance, the Mesozoic era is divided into the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic periods, which are further divided into epochs and ages.
  • the exemplary excerpt of figure 3 shows the division in ages of some epochs of Paleogene and Cretaceous eras. These various divisions of Earth’s history, namely eons, eras, periods, epochs and ages, are further associated to respective geological times defining the beginning and the end of each division.
  • the geological calendar of the formation of the reservoir further comprises a plurality of geological events having occurred during the formation of the reservoir and having contributed to shaping the reservoir according to its present-day state.
  • Each geological event is associated to at least one geological time, at which the event occurred.
  • the geological time is typically expressed in millions of years before present.
  • a geological event may be associated to a geological time of beginning of the event and a determined duration.
  • the geological events occurring during the formation of the reservoir may be correlated to determined ages or epochs of the evolution of Earth, i.e. may start at the beginning of an age and end at the end of said age or another age.
  • the geological events in particular comprise deformation stages, during which fractures can appear within the model.
  • the deformation stages are denoted Frac 1 and 2 in the example of figure 3.
  • the method for modelling the reservoir may thus comprise implementing a plurality of fracturing sets, where each deformation stage of the geological calendar corresponds to at least one fracturing set.
  • the geological events of the geological calendar may include other types of geological events that may also be simulated between two fracturing sets.
  • the geological events may include sedimentation events, referred to as Sed1 and Sed 2 in figure 3, and diagenetic events, referred to as D1 in figure 3.
  • Sedimentation events may be modelled using forward stratigraphic modelling, in particular using the methods disclosed in WO2020/229863 or WO2020/229866 filed by the applicant.
  • Diagenetic events can for instance include eogenesis events, i.e. early diagenetic events occurring soon after sedimentation, or dissolution, and may be modelled respectively using the methods disclosed in PCT/IB2023/000437 and PCT/IB2023/000218.
  • the method comprises implementing the successive geological events in accordance with the calendar
  • the same model of the reservoir is used for successively modelling each geological event, with the outputs of an event that are used in the setup of the next event.
  • the method comprises modelling in sequence a deformation event and a diagenetic event
  • the fractures generated within the model during the fracturing sets corresponding to the deformation event are integrated within the model, and used for simulating diagenesis.
  • the accuracy of the fractures disposition may strongly influence the evolution of the reservoir due to diagenesis.
  • the received ground data may include at least one of: a Type of fractures to be modelled, a localization of fractures, a density of fractures, geometric parameters of fractures.
  • the received ground data may be obtained from observation, interpretation and measurements acquired on the reservoir, by the means listed above.
  • the type of received ground data may vary according to the type of fracture.
  • geometric parameters these may include one or more of : one or more orientations of fractures, dimensions or dimensions distributions, dip azimuth, dip angle.
  • the method then comprises implementing at least one fracturing set 300 comprising the generation of fault array or fracture corridors within the received model.
  • the method comprises a plurality of iterations of step 300, where each fracturing set 300 corresponds to a respective type of fractures to be generated, and at least one of the sets comprises generating fault arrays or fracture corridors.
  • the step of implementing the fracturing sets 300 is also performed in accordance with the received ground data.
  • said data may be taken into account for the definition and chronology of the fracturing sets (in particular when the received ground data comprises chronological information regarding the formation of fractures), or for the definition of parameters of the fractures generated during a fracturing set.
  • Each fracturing set 300 comprises receiving input parameters 310, where the input parameters may comprise: a type of fractures to be generated, and parameters relative to the fractures to be generated.
  • the input parameters may be provided by a user.
  • the received input parameters may depend on the selected type of fractures to be generated. Indeed, some fracture types may be readily associated with one or more geometric parameters, such as, but not limitatively, a dip angle of the fractures. However, other parameters may be freely selected by a user, optionally within a predefined range. In addition, some input parameters may also correspond, or be derived from the received ground data.
  • all fractures and fractures segments are modelled as bounded surfaces, extending transversally to at least one bed of the model, and which define two opposite walls separated by the fracture.
  • the received input parameters for the fractures may include one or more of a localization of the fractures, a density of the fractures, and geometric parameters of the fractures.
  • the geometric parameters may include one or more of the following parameters, which are schematically represented in figure 4, showing a single wall siding a fracture plane: strike direction, where strike refers to the line formed by the intersection between a horizontal plane and the fracture plane, dip angle, where the dip is a vector perpendicular to the strike line and extending along the fracture plane, and dip angle is the angle between the horizontal plane and the fracture plane, measured perpendicular to the strike line down to the fracture plane, dip azimuth, which is the angle formed between the dip and the North, length along the main direction of the fracture plane, height, which may be measured either along the fracture plane, orthogonally to length, as shown in figure 4, or vertically, aperture, which is the distance between the two walls siding the fracture plane aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the length of the fracture to its height or the ratio of the length to its aperture.
  • the geometric parameters may also include an orientation of the fractures or faults with respect to a general direction of the corridor or array. Also, for some types of fault arrays, the received geometric parameters may relate to distinct families of fault segments, respectively.
  • step 310 corresponds to a step of setup of the sequence of fracturing sets to be modelled, in which all fracturing sets are defined by the type of fractures to be generated, the associated parameters and relevant ground data used for the generation of fractures of the set.
  • step 320 of generating fracture arrays or fracture corridors from the received ground data and input data will now be described.
  • Said step comprises generating a plurality of fault array or fracture corridor seeds 321 according to the received input parameters and/or ground data.
  • the densities may be derived from ground data, by selecting observable zones, such as geological outcrops, counting fractures of each type and inferring therefrom density values. Both densities may be constant or variable in space along at least one direction.
  • the generation 321 of fault array or fracture corridor seeds then comprises implementing a stochastic process, in particular a Poisson process, to randomly draw fault array or fracture corridor seeds within the model according to the received density.
  • a stochastic process in particular a Poisson process
  • the method comprises iterating the following steps.
  • a volume of the fault array or fracture corridor is generated during step 322, based on the position of the fault array seed, and according to received geometrical parameters.
  • the received geometrical parameters may include a length, height and width of the geometrical volume corresponding to the fault array or fracture corridor, and optionally an orientation of said volume.
  • fault segment designate an elementary component of a fracture or network of fractures. Therefore, despite using the word “segment”, a fault segment relates to a surfacic i.e. two-dimensionnal element.
  • the generation of fault segments seeds is performed using a stochastic process, in particular a Poisson process, according to the received density.
  • the generation process then comprises iteratively generating fault segments 324 from the fault segment seeds.
  • the generation of fault segments from segment seeds may comprise steps of generating a fault segment 324a from a seed, optionally managing intersection 324b between the generated fault segment and a previously generated fault segment, and optionally generating 324c a stress shadow zone around the generated fault segment.
  • the stress shadow zone may be an elliptical zone that is centered on the fault segment seed and has a length (i.e. major axis of the ellipse) corresponding to the length of the fault segment.
  • the width of the stress shadow zone may be pre- determined or defined by the user. If stress shadow zones are generated, then, for a next iteration of the step 324, a next fault segment is grown from another seed only if said seed is not within the stress shadow zone of a previously generated fault segment of the same set. If a stress shadow zone is generated around a fault segment, a fault segment of the same set developed after will terminate its growth upon reaching the stress shadow zone of the previously generated fault segment.
  • the generation of fault segments also takes into account previously generated fault arrays, in order to manage abutting between a fault array and previous fractures. Accordingly, when a fault segment seed of a current fault array is selected for growing a fault segment, said segment is only developed from the segment seed if a line between said segment seed and the current fault array’s seed does not intersect a fracture (which may be a fault segment of a fault array, of any type of fracture described herein) generated during a previous fracturing set.
  • the upper part of figure 6 thus represents a case of intersection between said line and a previously generated fault array, while the lower part represents a case of intersection between said line and a previously generated single fault.
  • fault segments 324 The generation of fault segments 324, the implementation of the steps of managing intersection between segments of a same fracturing sets, and the association of a stress shadow zone to a fault segment may vary depending on the type of fault array or fracture corridor that is modelled.
  • the method enables modelling various types of fault arrays, including relay faults, anastomosing faults and en-echelon faults.
  • Each type of fault array may be defined by at least one of the following parameters: a number of fault segment families, a density of fault segments, optionally defined for each fault segment family, geometric parameters associated with each fault segment family, and whether or not a fault segment is associated with a stress shadow zone.
  • intersection rules may comprise specific rules depending on the respective families of the intersecting segments, i.e. for instance rules regarding intersection of segments of the same family, and rules regarding intersection of segment of a first family with segments of other families.
  • fault segments 324 of relay faults within a fault array volume are modelled using two fault segments families, which are associated to respective geometric parameters.
  • Fault segments of a first family extend in a first direction
  • fault segments of the second family extend in a second direction transverse to the first.
  • the first direction, and the angle between the first and second directions are geometric parameters which may be defined by the user and received at step 310, or derived from ground data received at step 200. In embodiments, the angle between the first and second directions is predetermined, for instance equal to 90°.
  • the geometric parameters for relay faults may further comprise geometric parameters of the first segment family, including an angle of the first segment relative to the array direction, a dip azimuth, a dip angle, a length, a height, an aperture and an aspect ratio.
  • the angle between the first segments and the array direction may be set by a user.
  • the second segment family corresponds to connectivity segments, which are formed between two first family segments, to connect said segments.
  • the generation of fault segments comprises generating all fault segments of the first family based on the generated fault segment seeds.
  • Said first family fault segments are associated with a stress shadow zone, and hence a segment is only generated if the corresponding seed is not within the stress shadow zone of a previously generated segment. Moreover, a segment terminates if it reaches the stress shadow zone of a previously generated segment.
  • connectivity segments are generated, between two adjacent first family segments (i.e. when the two segments overlap at least in part), when the distance between the two fault segments is below a determined threshold.
  • Each connectivity segment abuts against the two first family segments between which it extends.
  • Anastomosing faults are modelled using two fault segment families, where the two fault segment families may share the same parameters of length, height, aperture, dip angle (equal e.g. to 90°) and aspect ratio.
  • the two segment families extend in two different directions which are transverse to one another.
  • the two segment families have a symmetric orientation with respect to the main direction of the array, where said main direction may be input by a user or derived from ground data.
  • all the segments corresponding to the first segment family extend along an angle +a with respect to the main direction of the array, where a is preferably less than 45°
  • all the segments corresponding to the second segment family extend along an angle - a with respect to the main direction of the array.
  • the direction of each fault segment may however vary within a tolerance margin around said angle or +/- a.
  • the generation of fault segments seeds in this case comprises performing a Poisson process for each family of fault segment, each Poisson process being performed according to the received density.
  • the generation of fault segments then comprises generating alternatively a fault segment of the first family, and a fault segment of the second family.
  • the fault segments are developed from the respective segment seed, which is centered on the fault segment. In case of intersection with another segment of the same fracturing set, a newly generated segment always abuts against the previously generated segment.
  • the fault segments are not associated with any stress shadow zone.
  • En-echelon faults are modelled using a single fault segment family, having a constant orientation that is defined by a fixed angle with respect to the direction of the array.
  • the dip angle may also be set, equal for instance to 90°.
  • the parameters received at step 310 may include the length, height, aperture and aspect ratio of the fault segments.
  • the generation of fault segments thus comprises generating fault segments 141 which are all parallel to one another, and are aligned according to a direction that is parallel to the main direction of the array. For instance, a first seed may be randomly generated, then an axis is generated from the position of the seed and the direction of the array, and the remaining seeds are constrained to be generated on that axis. As all segments are parallel, there is no need to manage intersection with previously generated faults of a same set, but the fault segments generation comprises managing possible intersection with fractures from previous sets, according to the corresponding rules. Moreover, en-echelon faults are modelled without any stress shadow zone.
  • a minimum spacing may be provided between two fracture corridors.
  • the minimum spacing may be predefined or set by the user. The minimum spacing is ensured at the step of generating a volume for a fracture corridor from a seed, by determining the distance between the considered seed and the seeds from which fracture corridors volumes have already been generated. When the distance is below the determined spacing, the considered seed is deleted and no fracture corridor volume is generated therefore.
  • fractures are iteratively developed 324a from the seeds.
  • a seed is randomly chosen among the seeds within the corridor volume, and a fracture is grown from said seed based the received geometrical parameters (length, height, width), with an orientation that is drawn randomly within a range centered on the orientation of the corridor. The range may be +/- 10° with respect to the orientation of the corridor.
  • the development of a fracture may comprise managing intersections 324b between the currently developing fracture and a previously generated fracture from the same set or previous set, such that two intersecting fractures of a same set cross each other and the intersection of a fracture with a fracture from a previous set may be managed according to pre-defined intersection rules.
  • Last, fractures within fracture corridors do not have a stress shadow zone.
  • the model obtained once the one or more fracturing sets 300 have been implemented is enriched, as compared to the initial model, with a plurality of fractures, which possibly intersect with one another.
  • the method may then comprise assigning 400 a geological attribute value to each fault.
  • the geological attribute value may be a petrophysical parameter, for instance a permeability, transmissibility value or a transmissibility reduction coefficient for the core zones of damage zones.
  • the permeability value may be a function of the aperture, and the considered fluid that would flow within the fractures.
  • a permeability value may be assigned to a fault according to the following equation:
  • b is the aperture of the fracture
  • p is the dynamic viscosity
  • p is the density of the fluid
  • g is the acceleration due to gravity
  • v is the kinematic viscosity of the considered fluid.
  • the method may also comprise processing 500 the network of fractures in order to convert it into a suitable format for later applications.
  • step 500 may include computing a pseudo-equivalent fracture 510 from a plurality of fault segments, to render the network of fractures less computationally intensive.
  • a single pseudo-equivalent fracture may be computed to represent all fault segments within the fracture corridor.
  • computing a pseudo-equivalent fracture from a set of fault segments comprises a substep 511 of computing an equivalent permeability Keq corresponding to the fault segments.
  • This step may e.g. be performed by application of the teaching of [Oda, 1985].
  • the pseudo-equivalent fracture may be associated with a permeability value equal to said equivalent permeability Keq.
  • Computing a pseudo-equivalent fracture then comprises a substep 512 of designing the pseudo-equivalent fracture, i.e. attributing geometrical parameters to the fracture.
  • a pseudo-equivalent fracture may be centered on a seed corresponding to the corridor seed, and exhibit a length and height that are those of the fracture corridor.
  • the pseudo-fracture’s strike direction corresponds to the corridor’s azimuth, and the pseudo-fracture’s dip is set equal to 90°.
  • a pseudo-equivalent fracture may be centered on the gravity center of each side of the damage zone.
  • the pseudo-equivalent fracture length, height, dip azimuth and dip angle may be set as those of the core zone, respectively.
  • the pseudo-equivalent fracture is also assigned an aperture, which may be derived from the permeability and surface of the fracture by the following equation: b 3 .S
  • b is the aperture of the pseudo-equivalent fracture
  • K its permeability, S its surface, and V the total volume represented by the fracture i.e. the fracture corridor or the part of the damage zone located on one side of the core zone, depending on the fault segments that are replaced by the pseudo-equivalent fracture.
  • step 500 may also comprise triangulating the surfaces of at least some of the generated fractures.
  • Step 500 may also computing 520 a mesh within the obtained model, the mesh being formed of a plurality of three-dimensional cells, and conforming to the surfaces representing the fractures.
  • the three-dimensional cells may for instance be hexahedrons or tetrahedrons.
  • the processing 500 may comprise generating a graph 530 representing the network of fractures, the graph comprising a plurality of nodes and connections between the nodes.
  • the nodes may then be formed by the seeds of the fractures, and be associated with all the parameters of the corresponding fractures.
  • the connections between the nodes may be formed between two fractures which intersect each other.
  • the method may encompass a step 510 followed by either of steps 520 and 530.
  • the obtained representation of the network of fractures may be displayed for an interpreter to visualize and analyze the reservoir therefrom.
  • further processing may also be performed on the model integrating the network of fractures.
  • the method may then comprise modelling diagenetic events in the obtained model.
  • the teachings of PCTIB2023/000217 for modelling dissolution within said network are applicable.
  • the method may also comprise a step 600 of upscaling the obtained network of fractures.
  • Upscaling is a computation step that aims at deriving information and properties from a smaller or more detailed scale towards a larger, coarser scale. It enables in particular to increase the computational efficiency of the model.
  • upscaling methods known to the skilled person may be performed on the obtained network of fractures.
  • the upscaling may be implemented to output a single equivalent medium, where this medium may either represent only the network of fractures, or may represent a medium that is equivalent to the rock matrix and the network of fractures that are within said matrix.
  • the upscaling may be implemented to output a dual media including an upscaled equivalent rock matrix and an upscaled equivalent network of fractures.
  • the obtained model of the geological reservoir may be used as known by the skilled perform for performing computations and simulations based on fluid flows within the reservoir.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

Est divulgué un procédé mis en œuvre par ordinateur pour modéliser un réservoir comprenant des réseaux de défauts ou des couloirs de fracture, consistant à : - obtenir un modèle initial du réservoir (100) et de données de sol (200), - implémenter (300) au moins un ensemble de génération de réseaux de défauts ou de couloirs de fracture dans le modèle initial, ce qui comprend la réception de paramètres d'entrée (310), et, sur la base des données de sol et des paramètres d'entrée reçus : o Générer une pluralité de graines de réseaux ou de couloirs (321) dans le modèle initial, et, o Pour au moins une graine, ▪ Générer (322), à partir de la graine, un volume du réseau de défauts ou du couloir de fracture, ▪ Générer (323), à l'intérieur dudit volume, une pluralité de graines de segments de défaut, et ▪ Générer (324) des segments de défaut à partir d'au moins une partie des graines de segments de défaut.
PCT/IB2024/000211 2024-04-30 2024-04-30 Procédé de modélisation d'un réservoir géologique fracturé comprenant des réseaux de défauts ou des couloirs de fracture Pending WO2025229366A1 (fr)

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WO2020229863A1 (fr) 2019-05-10 2020-11-19 Total Se Procédé de modélisation de la formation d'une zone sédimentaire par simulation de transport de particules induit par du courant
WO2020229866A1 (fr) 2019-05-10 2020-11-19 Total Se Procédé de modélisation de la formation d'une zone sédimentaire par simulation d'un transport de particules induit par un courant de marée
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WO2020229863A1 (fr) 2019-05-10 2020-11-19 Total Se Procédé de modélisation de la formation d'une zone sédimentaire par simulation de transport de particules induit par du courant
WO2020229866A1 (fr) 2019-05-10 2020-11-19 Total Se Procédé de modélisation de la formation d'une zone sédimentaire par simulation d'un transport de particules induit par un courant de marée
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