WO2025254997A1 - Composites de carbone-lithium obtenus par intercalation et dissolution avec pause et cellules électrochimiques les comprenant - Google Patents

Composites de carbone-lithium obtenus par intercalation et dissolution avec pause et cellules électrochimiques les comprenant

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Publication number
WO2025254997A1
WO2025254997A1 PCT/US2025/031870 US2025031870W WO2025254997A1 WO 2025254997 A1 WO2025254997 A1 WO 2025254997A1 US 2025031870 W US2025031870 W US 2025031870W WO 2025254997 A1 WO2025254997 A1 WO 2025254997A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lithium
carbon
electrochemical cell
composite material
electrode
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Pending
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PCT/US2025/031870
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English (en)
Inventor
Earl Johan FOSTER
Chuanshen Du
Martin THUO
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University of British Columbia
North Carolina State University
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University of British Columbia
North Carolina State University
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Application filed by University of British Columbia, North Carolina State University filed Critical University of British Columbia
Publication of WO2025254997A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025254997A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as an energy source for a variety of portable electronic systems due to their energy density and rechargeability.
  • the current design of many lithium-ion batteries includes a metal-oxide-based cathode comprising high-value metals, such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
  • Graphitic carbon-lithium composites have been investigated to replace the metal-oxide based cathode in lithium-ion batteries to address the high cost and material scarcity associated with high-value metals.
  • Current techniques to produce carbon-lithium composites include electrodeposition, thermal infiltration, and mechanical rolling.
  • Electrodeposition utilizes a separate electrochemical deposition cell and deposits lithium metal into a hosting material, such as a porous, conductive carbon base. Electrodeposition has some advantages, such as the ability to use different types of flexible carbon bases, and the ability to directly deposit lithium onto the carbon. However, critical shortcomings, including a complicated electrodeposition system preparation, an uncontrollable deposition process, and a low theoretical lithium content ceiling, make it a suboptimal pathway for the production of carbon lithium composites.
  • Thermal infiltration involves coating Si-coated carbon bases with molten lithium in anaerobic environments. This process allows lithium to infiltrate the carbon base rapidly, leading to a uniform deposition of lithium. Although thermal infiltration is simpler than electrodeposition, this process has strict limitations on the types of base material used and has thermostability issues, proving yet another flawed pathway for the mass application of carbon lithium composites.
  • the disclosure in one aspect, relates to compounds carbon-lithium composite materials, methods of making the same, and electrochemical cells comprising the same.
  • the carbon-lithium composite materials can be made, in part, from agricultural waste.
  • the disclosed electrochemical cells have a high energy density and good thermal and chemical stability over multiple charge cycles.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of a proposed mechanism for the synthesis of the disclosed carbon-lithium composites.
  • FIGs. 2A-2D show formation of a high surface area carbon-lithium material produced by pyrolysis of the silanized cellulosic-lithium material.
  • FIG. 2A The pyrolysis process drives inside-out flame propagation, resulting in the formation of graphitic carbon sandwiching lithium.
  • FIG. 2B SEM image of the carbon-lithium material. The lithium could be observed on the inside of the material.
  • FIG. 2C XRD of the carbon-lithium material.
  • FIG. 2D Discharge voltage/current testing results of the carbon-lithium material in an electrochemical cell.
  • FIG. 3 shows discharge-recharge testing result for an electrochemical cell comprising a carbon-lithium material produced by pyrolysis of the cellulosic-lithium material with an ionic liquid additive.
  • FIG. 4 shows a testing setup for an electrochemical cell comprising a carbon-lithium material.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a method for producing a lithium graphitic carbon complex starting from cellulose fiber.
  • Electrochemical cells including the composite materials, small appliances using the electrochemical cells, and methods for short-term energy storage making use of the electrochemical cells.
  • an electrochemical cell including at least a first electrode including a carbon-lithium composite material; a second electrode; a compartment, wherein the compartment houses the first electrode and the second electrodes; and a network of lithium infused carbon tubes in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the compartment contains the lithium infused carbon tubes.
  • the electrochemical cell further includes a fluid in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
  • lithium in the lithium infused carbon tubes migrates from a first wall of the lithium infused carbon tubes towards a second wall of the lithium infused carbon tubes under influence of an applied field and undergoes a change in oxidation state from Li(0) to Li (I).
  • the lithium in the carbon-lithium composite material is intercalated into the carbon-lithium composite material.
  • the second electrode can be or include carbon black, mesoporous carbon, graphitic carbon, another electrically conductive material, or any combination thereof.
  • a voltage of the electrochemical cell can be from about 0.5 V to about 10.8 V, or from about 0.75 V to about 10.5 V, or can be about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or about 10.8 V, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • a cycle life of the electrochemical cell is from about 2 cycles to about 10 cycles, from about 5 cycles to about 10 cycles, or can be about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or about 10 cycles.
  • a cycle time of the electrochemical cell is from about 5 h to about 30 h, or from about 5 h to about 20 h, or can be about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or about 30 h, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • the carbon-lithium composite material in the electrochemical cell, can have a specific surface area of from about 20 m 2 /g to about 1060 m 2 /g, or from about 40 m 2 /g to about 160 m 2 /g, or about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or about 1060 m 2 /g, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • the carbon-lithium composite material includes a plurality of repeating structures.
  • the plurality of repeating structures are spaced from about 0.5 nm apart to about 2 nm apart, or from about 0.5 nm to about 1 nm apart, or at about 0.5 nm, 0.75 nm, 1 nm, 1.25 nm, 1.5 nm, 1.75 nm, or about 2 nm apart, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • the plurality of repeating structures form an electrically- conductive network.
  • the electrochemical cell has a circular, triangular, or rectangular geometric shape having at least one face, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are on the same at least one face of the geometric shape.
  • a small appliance including the disclosed electrochemical cell.
  • the electrochemical cell is removable from the small appliance.
  • the small appliance can be a smartphone, smart watch, laptop computer, tablet computer, electronic toy, an interactive display, or any combination thereof.
  • a method for producing a carbon-lithium composite material including at least the following steps:
  • cellulosic material can be or include cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, or any combination thereof.
  • the cellulosic material can be sourced from a plant or agricultural residue such as, for example, cotton, a hardwood, a softwood, sawdust, flax, hemp, sisal, lyocell, bamboo, corn, another grain, sugarcane bagasse, or any combination thereof.
  • the lithium salt solution can be an aqueous solution, wherein the lithium salt solution can be selected from a lithium halide such as, for example, lithium chloride,, a lithium carboxylate such as, for example, lithium acetate, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, or any combination thereof.
  • the lithium salt can be lithium chloride
  • the cellulosic material can be cellulose
  • the lithium salt solution can be an aqueous solution.
  • the method can further include performing surface modification such as, for example, silanization, on the cellulosic-lithium material after step (a).
  • silanization can be conducted via chemical vapor deposition of a silane onto the cellulosic-lithium material.
  • the silane can be a trichloro(alkyl)silane such as, for example, trichloro(octyl)silane, or another trichloro(alkyl)silane having from about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon fragment, or about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , or about 12 carbon atoms.
  • the lithium salt solution can further include an additive.
  • the additive can be present in an amount of from about 1 :3 to about 1 :20 relative to an amount of cellulose, or of about 1 :3, 1 :4, 1 :5, 1 :6, 1 :7, 1 :8, 1 :9, 1 :10, 1 :11 , 1 :12, 1 :13, 1 :14, 1 :15, 1 :16, 1 :17, 1 :18, 1 :19, or about 1 :20 relative to the amount of cellulose.
  • the additive can be dimethylacetamide (DMAc), an ionic liquid, or any combination thereof.
  • the ionic liquid can be 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCI), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EM IM Ac), or any combination thereof.
  • AMIMCI 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
  • EM IM Ac 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate
  • the lithium salt solution exhibits viscoelastic behavior.
  • step (b) is carried out at from about 80 °C to about 150 °C, or at about 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or about 150 °C.
  • step (c) Is carried out at from about 300 °C to about 1500 °C, or at from about 400 °C to about 1000 °C, or at about 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, or about 1500 °C, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • the carbon-lithium composite material can have a specific surface area of from about 20 m 2 /g to about 1060 m 2 /g, or from about 40 m 2 /g to about 160 m 2 /g, or about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or about 1060 m 2 /g, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • the carbon-lithium composite material includes a plurality of repeating structures.
  • the plurality of repeating structures are spaced from about 0.5 nm apart to about 2 nm apart, or from about 0.5 nm to about 1 nm apart, or at about 0.5 nm, 0.75 nm, 1 nm, 1.25 nm, 1.5 nm, 1 .75 nm, or about 2 nm apart, or a combination of any of the foregoing values, or a range encompassing any of the foregoing values.
  • the plurality of repeating structures form an electrically-conductive network.
  • a lithium salt As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • reference to “a lithium salt,” “a cellulosic material,” or “an ionic liquid,” include, but are not limited to, mixtures or combinations of two or more such lithium salts, cellulosic materials, or ionic liquids, and the like.
  • ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data can be expressed herein in a range format. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. For example, if the value “about 10” is disclosed, then “10” is also disclosed.
  • a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value.
  • ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure, e.g. the phrase “x to y” includes the range from ‘x’ to ‘y’ as well as the range greater than ‘x’ and less than ‘y’.
  • the range can also be expressed as an upper limit, e.g. ‘about x, y, z, or less’ and should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x’, ‘about y’, and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘less than x’, less than y’, and ‘less than z’.
  • the phrase ‘about x, y, z, or greater’ should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x’, ‘about y’, and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘greater than x’, greater than y’, and ‘greater than z’.
  • the phrase “about ‘x’ to ‘y’”, where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are numerical values, includes “about ‘x’ to about ‘y’”.
  • a numerical range of “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 0.1% to about 5%, but also include individual values (e.g., about 1 %, about 2%, about 3%, and about 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., about 0.5% to about 1.1%; about 5% to about 2.4%; about 0.5% to about 3.2%, and about 0.5% to about 4.4%, and other possible sub-ranges) within the indicated range.
  • the terms “about,” “approximate,” “at or about,” and “substantially” mean that the amount or value in question can be the exact value or a value that provides equivalent results or effects as recited in the claims or taught herein. That is, it is understood that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art such that equivalent results or effects are obtained. In some circumstances, the value that provides equivalent results or effects cannot be reasonably determined.
  • temperatures referred to herein are based on atmospheric pressure (i.e. one atmosphere) but can be executed at any thermodynamically feasible conditions.
  • temperatures referred to herein are based on atmospheric pressure (i.e. one atmosphere) but can be executed at any thermodynamically feasible conditions.
  • An electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode comprising a carbonlithium composite material; a second electrode; a compartment, wherein the compartment houses the first electrode and the second electrodes; and a network of lithium infused carbon tubes in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the compartment contains the lithium infused carbon tubes.
  • Aspect 2 The electrochemical cell of aspect 1, further comprising a fluid in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode.
  • Aspect 3 The electrochemical cell of aspect 2, wherein the fluid comprises a liquid or a gas.
  • Aspect 4 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-3, wherein lithium in the lithium infused carbon tubes migrates from a first wall of the lithium infused carbon tubes towards a second wall of the lithium infused carbon tubes under influence of an applied field, and wherein the lithium undergoes a change in oxidation state from Li(0) to Li (I).
  • Aspect 5 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-4, wherein lithium in the carbon-lithium composite material is intercalated into the carbon-lithium composite material.
  • Aspect 6 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-5, wherein the second electrode comprises carbon black, mesoporous carbon, graphitic carbon, another electrically conductive material, or any combination thereof.
  • Aspect 7 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-6, wherein a voltage of the electrochemical cell is from about 0.5 V to about 10.8 V.
  • Aspect 8 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-7, wherein a cycle life of the electrochemical cell is from about 2 cycles to about 10 cycles.
  • Aspect 9 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-8, wherein a cycle time of the electrochemical cell is from about 5 h to about 30 h.
  • Aspect 10 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-9, wherein the carbonlithium composite material has a specific surface area of from about 20 m 2 /g to about 1060 m 2 /g.
  • Aspect 11 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-10, wherein the carbonlithium composite material comprises a plurality of repeating structures.
  • Aspect 12 The electrochemical cell of aspect 11 , wherein the plurality of repeating structures are spaced from about 0.5 nm apart to about 2 nm apart.
  • Aspect 13 The electrochemical cell of aspect 11 or 12, wherein the plurality of repeating structures form an electrically-conductive network.
  • Aspect 14 The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-13, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a circular, triangular, or rectangular geometric shape having at least one face, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are on the same at least one face of the geometric shape.
  • Aspect 15 A small appliance comprising the electrochemical cell of any one of aspects 1-14.
  • Aspect 16 The small appliance of aspect 15, wherein the electrochemical cell is removable from the small appliance.
  • Aspect 17 The small appliance of aspect 15 or 16, wherein the small appliance comprises a smartphone, smart watch, laptop computer, tablet computer, electronic toy, an interactive display, or any combination thereof.
  • a method for producing a carbon-lithium composite material comprising:
  • Aspect 21 The method of aspect 20, wherein the cellulosic material comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, or any combination thereof.
  • Aspect 22 The method of aspect 20 or 21, wherein the cellulosic material is sourced from a plant or agricultural residue.
  • Aspect 23 The method of aspect 22, wherein the plant or agricultural residue comprises cotton, a hardwood, a softwood, sawdust, flax, hemp, sisal, lyocell, bamboo, corn, another grain, sugarcane bagasse, or any combination thereof.
  • Aspect 24 The method of any one of aspects 20-23, wherein the lithium salt solution comprises an aqueous solution.
  • Aspect 26 The method of any one of aspects 20-25, wherein the lithium salt comprises lithium chloride, the cellulosic material comprises cellulose, and the lithium salt solution comprises an aqueous solution.
  • Aspect 27 The method of any one of aspects 20-26, further comprising performing surface modification on the cellulosic-lithium material after step (a).
  • Aspect 29 The method of aspect 28, wherein silanization is conducted via chemical vapor deposition of a silane onto the cellulosic-lithium material.
  • Aspect 30 The method of aspect 29, wherein the silane comprises a trichloro(alkyl)silane.
  • Aspect 32 The method of any one of aspects 20-31, wherein the lithium salt solution further comprises an additive.
  • Aspect 33 The method of aspect 32, wherein the additive is present in an amount of from about 1 :3 to about 1 :20 relative to an amount of cellulose.
  • Aspect 34 The method of aspect 32 or 33, wherein the additive comprises dimethylacetamide (DMAc), an ionic liquid, or any combination thereof.
  • DMAc dimethylacetamide
  • Aspect 36 The method of any one of aspects 20-35, wherein step (b) is carried out at from about 80 °C to about 150 °C.
  • Aspect 37 The method of any one of aspects 20-36, wherein step (c) Is carried out at from about 300 °C to about 1500 °C.
  • Aspect 38 A carbon-lithium composite material made by the method of any one of aspects 20-37.
  • Aspect 39 The carbon-lithium composite material of aspect 38, wherein the carbonlithium composite material has a specific surface area of from about 20 m 2 /g to about 1060 m 2 /g.
  • Aspect 40 The carbon-lithium composite material of aspect 38 or 39, wherein the carbon-lithium composite material comprises a plurality of repeating structures.
  • Aspect 41 The carbon-lithium composite material of aspect 40, wherein the plurality of repeating structures are spaced from about 0.5 nm apart to about 2 nm apart.
  • Aspect 42 The carbon-lithium composite material of aspect 40 or 41 , wherein the plurality of repeating structures form an electrically-conductive network.
  • Example 1 Materials and Methods Preparation of Cellulose-LiCI Sample
  • DMAc and cellulose equal to 8% of the weight of DMAc (g/g) were combined and stirred for 15 minutes. The mixture was then heated up to 150 °C and kept at this temperature while stirring for another 15 minutes. Lithium chloride equal to 8% of DMAc was then added to the mixture and stirred for an additional 12 hours while cooling down to room temperature.
  • Pre-dried lithium chloride was added to pre-dried ionic liquid and the mixture was heated while stirred to 80 °C for 3 hours.
  • Cellulose equal to 5% of the mixture (g/g) was then added into the mixture and further stirred for 1 hour.
  • a dried LiCI-cellulose sample was placed in a vacuum desiccator and 100 pL of trichloro(octyl)silane was added in a small vial and placed in the desiccator. The desiccator was then evacuated for 2 minutes and put in an oven with a temperature of 90 °C for 1 hour.
  • the prepared cellulose samples (Cellulose-LiCI, Cellulose-LiCI-DMAc, Cellulose- LiCI- IL, silanized Cellulose-LiCI) were put into a crucible and heat treated in a muffle furnace at a set point of 600 °C, dwell time of 1 hour, and heating rate of 40 °C/min.
  • Lithium salts used in exemplary experiments included lithium chloride, lithium acetate, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, and combinations thereof.
  • Cellulosic materials used included plant materials where the primary components included cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin such as, for example, cotton, wood including hardwoods and softwoods, sawdust, and agricultural residue including flax, hemp, bamboo, corn, grain, and sugarcane bagasse.
  • the lithium salt was lithium chloride
  • the cellulosic material was cellulose, and these were combined in an aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution also included an additive such as, for example, DMA or an ionic liquid.
  • Suitable ionic liquids included, but were not limited to, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCI), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc), and combinations thereof.
  • the ratio of the additive to cellulose was typically between 1 :3 and 1 :10.
  • cellulosic material and DMAc were combined first, followed by the addition of a lithium-salt.
  • lithium-salt and the ionic liquid were combined first, followed by the addition of cellulosic material.
  • the cellulosic-lithium material with an additive was dried between 80 and 100° C. In experiments where the aqueous solution contained an additive, the solutions exhibited viscoelastic behavior.
  • the cellulosic-lithium material was silanized by chemical vapor deposition of trichloro(octyl)silane, forming a flame-resistant coating, which forced the combustion of the cellulosic material to start from inside the cellulose fibers. This further enabled charge exchange between the embedded lithium and the electrolyte solution and increased the specific surface area to maximize ion exchange.
  • the cellulosic-lithium material was pyrolyzed.
  • the material was heated to between 400 °C and 1500 °C.
  • the specific surface area of the carbon-lithium material was between 40 m 2 /g and 160 m 2 /g.
  • the lithium-salt dissociated, and lithium was embedded within the newly produced carbon-lithium material, FIG. 2A.
  • the carbon-lithium material was used as an electrode for an electrochemical cell.
  • An exemplary electrochemical cell included a first electrode, a second electrode, and a compartment containing the first and second electrodes.
  • the first electrode material was a disclosed carbon-lithium material
  • the second electrode material was carbon black, mesoporous carbon, graphitic carbon, or a combination thereof.
  • the electrochemical cell had an ion-exchange membrane positioned in the center of the compartment, separating the aqueous solution in contact with the first electrode from the aqueous solution in contact with the second electrode.
  • the carbon-lithium composite material When mounted in an industrial-grade lithium-ion battery testing unit, the carbon-lithium composite material demonstrated rechargeability while maintaining performance. As shown in FIG. 3, the electrochemical cell with the carbon-lithium material electrode produced a 1.42 V output when fully charged, and can cycle for 27 hours when discharged. The same cell produced a 1.32 V output when fully charged again, and lasted another 20 hours and 30 minutes on a second discharge cycle. The cell was tested further and more than two chargedischarge cycles were achieved.
  • the voltage of the electrochemical cell with a first electrode made from the carbon- lithium material was between 0.5 V and 1.8 V.
  • the cycle life of the electrochemical cell was between 5 cycles and 10 cycles.
  • the cycle time of the electrochemical cell with a first electrode made from a carbon-lithium material is between 5 h and 30 h.
  • the electrochemical cell was useful for portable energy storage applications, including small appliances, low-power applications, and/or short-term energy storage.

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Abstract

Selon un aspect, l'invention concerne, des composés composites carbone-lithium, leurs procédés de fabrication et des cellules électrochimiques les comprenant. Selon un aspect, les matériaux composites de carbone-lithium peuvent être fabriqués, en partie, à partir de déchets agricoles. Selon un autre aspect, les cellules électrochimiques décrites ont une densité d'énergie élevée et une bonne stabilité thermique et chimique sur de multiples cycles de charge.
PCT/US2025/031870 2024-06-06 2025-06-02 Composites de carbone-lithium obtenus par intercalation et dissolution avec pause et cellules électrochimiques les comprenant Pending WO2025254997A1 (fr)

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