Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
  • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
  • G21B3/002—Fusion by absorption in a matrix
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

• the invention relates to an apparatus and a method of operating the same for the production of electrical energy and cogeneration of heat from nuclear fusion reactions in a LANR (Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions) regime.
• elements suitable for use in a hybrid technique at the intersection of ExB, plasmaionic, thermionic, and thermoelectric fields) are provided thermoelectric) without the use of thermal cycle engines, including a chamber capable of maintaining degrees of vacuum or positive relative pressure, a controllable heat exchanger, sensors for monitoring and controlling pressure and temperature, gas accesses and accesses isolated from the chamber for the transmission of electrical potentials, high-voltage electrical pulse generators from 1 to 40 KV and with a steepness of at least 10 9 V/sec, a potential regulator between the electrodes, nanofractal sponge-structured electrodes with open pores of self-progressing dimensions d> 2.4 in operation, in the presence of agglomerates of excited Rydberg matter of hydrogen isotopes and alkali elements capable of lowering the working function of materials, in the presence of
• the purpose of the invention is to propose an apparatus and a method that allow energy to be extracted efficiently.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose an apparatus and a method that can be implemented using known elements.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose an apparatus and a method that exploit the potential of recent scientific innovations.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose a device and method that are alternative and/or improvements on known solutions.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose an apparatus and method that efficiently exploit fractal matter.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose an apparatus and a method that allow the use of innovative electrodes.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose an apparatus and a method that allow efficient electrical and thermal energy to be obtained in the same step.
• Figure 1 a shows a schematic view of the fields in which the present invention is applied
• Figure 1 b shows the projections for thermionic conversion efficiencies
• Figures 2a-c show examples of fractal structures, in particular Figure 2a shows a Koch curve, Figure 2b shows a Sierpinsky carpet, and Figure 2c shows a Menger sponge.
• Figure 3a shows a graph of the association kinetics coefficient in the binding phase K2 against the fractal dimension Df2,
• Figure 3b shows a graph of the dissociation kinetics coefficients Kd and Kdi against the fractal dimensions Dfd or Dfd1 , respectively for models with one-step and two-step mechanisms.
• Figure 3c shows a graph of the delta d coefficient (increase in fractal dimension) vs. 3-d dimension (complement to 3 of the starting dimension d),
• Figure 4 shows a graph of the atomic volume of alkali metals against atomic number.
• Figures 5a-c show, respectively: the roughness (a), the dispersion of roughness (b) and the efficiency (c) of a Casimir structure
• Figure 6a shows, in schematic view, a work cycle in a Casimir cavity
• Figure 6b shows the results of experiments for different electrodes and gases in a graph
• Figure 7 shows, in schematic view, a recurring module of the SFPC
• Figure 8 shows an apparatus according to the invention in a first embodiment in which the reaction chamber is shown open for simplicity of illustration
• Figure 9 shows it in a second embodiment in which the reaction chamber is shown open for simplicity of presentation
• Figure 10 shows it in a third embodiment in which the reaction chamber is shown open for simplicity of illustration.
• the search for solutions for extracting electrical energy from nuclear fusion processes can essentially be carried out by applying the method of functional isomorphism with respect to the usual fuel cell. That is, it involves returning to the main steps, which consist of the presence of two electrodes, to the first of which a reaction-sustained ionisation is conducted, an internal path of charges towards the other electrode, an external path that closes back on the first electrode through a load, a method for promoting reaction yield and a method for promoting conversion efficiency, these methods being capable of working in synergy thanks to the identification of the operating conditions and the geometric and material composition conditions that are optimal for both.
• the invention relates to an apparatus for the direct production of electrical energy from nuclear fusion comprising: a sealed chamber containing at least one of the following:
• collector electrodes for collecting charges, different from the other electrodes by at least one constituent on at least one of their faces
• a programmable temperature controller capable of managing the heater and cooler
• a programmable pressure controller configured to control the pressure inside the sealed chamber
• a high-voltage electrical pulse generator typically 1 to 40 KV
• a steep rise at least 10 9 V/sec
• a connection system to transfer them to the chamber conductors
• a system for regulating the potential between the electrodes wherein the at least one first electrode comprising on at least one of its faces:
• one or more layers deposited on the surface of the matrix, consisting of one or more components from the group of metal oxides, transition elements, semiconductors (of one or more types between p and n), alkali metals and their compounds, metals and their compounds;
• the at least one second electrode comprising a composition that makes it suitable for supporting fusion reactions in a different manner on each face.
• An apparatus as described above characterised in that it comprises at least one of the following: an electromagnetic wave generator; a soliton wave generator; and further comprising at least two metal electrodes placed inside the chamber, in order to generate an electric field, placed perpendicular to the magnetic field, controlled by an electric potential; at least one metal electrode collector of positive charges, placed parallel to the magnetic field, and configured to allow the flow of negative charges towards the spongy material, said collector electrodes being equipped with output conductors electrically insulated from the chamber; one or more partitions for dividing the chamber into separate regions isolated from each other; and further characterised in that the at least one first and one second electrodes comprise:
• the conductive layer comprises a metal or alloy resistant to high temperatures, preferably above 1000°C, and a good electrical conductor; • the substrate is made of a high-temperature brazing alloy; the matrix consists of high-temperature resistant materials, e.g.
• Ni, Fe, W, Ti, Mo, Pd and their alloys Carbon in the form of graphite, and/or graphene and/or fullerene, with a diffuse structure, specific surface area of at least 400 m 2 /g, density of 10 mg/cm 3 or less, pore diameter of less than 100 nm, and surface structures of approximately 10 nm in size; and in which the temperature controller is configured to control the conduction of heat to the environment outside the chamber and a flow of refrigerant brought inside the chamber in order to control the temperature of the electrodes.
• the chamber also comprises: an inductive element configured to collect rapid emission events of energetic electrons from LANR reactions, recovering the kinetic energy of these in the form of pulsed current; at least a third electrode configured to allow the potential between the emitter and collector to be adjusted and to limit the accumulation of spatial charge; at least a fourth electrode equipped with junctions between two materials with different working functions, placed at a higher temperature than a corresponding h I element housing the other junctions according to the criteria of thermoelectric converters, means for controlling the temperature of the fourth electrode.
• a method for using an apparatus as described above characterised in that it comprises an operating phase in which: inside the chamber there is a plasma of ionised gas present in the space between the electrode surfaces, maintained at a pressure compatible with the reactions and conversion; inside the chamber there are one or more rapidly variable electric potential fields, each polarised in a single direction, affecting the region housing the electrodes and configured to induce anharmonic oscillations of the plasma in the interstices of the matrix and of the latex of said matrix, characterised by energy localisation phenomena; inside the chamber there are one or more rapidly variable electric potential fields, each polarised in a single direction, configured to induce both the formation of free agglomerates of predominantly negative charges, which bring the positive nuclei closer together, shielding their Coulomb repulsion to promote fusion reactions, the formation of agglomerates of electrons trapped in nano-cavities in the form of coherent stationary electron waves with nanometric wavelengths and therefore high frequency and energy in sites with high curvature of the sponge matrix, as well as configured to promote, through induced magnetic fields,
• a method for generating electricity using an apparatus as described above characterised in that it comprises, preferably in sequence, the following steps: introducing into the chamber and causing to react materials capable of producing heat and ions from nuclear fusion reactions, by absorption on support surfaces, use of catalysts and stimuli as described below; stimulating the materials in their specific manner, pyroelectric materials with electrical pulses and temperature gradients, piezoelectric materials with electrical and pressure pulses, and thermoelectric materials with temperature gradients; promote the formation of Rydberg matter condensates both to increase reaction yields and to make them interact with Casimir micro and nano cavities for the extraction of energy from the quantum vacuum; supplying fractal structures with materials from the gaseous phase to increase their fractal dimension; application of steeply rising electrical pulses, and the consequent presence of strong magnetic fields, both to promote concentration by electromigration of ions in materials, to induce dynamic conditions that trigger nuclear reactions, and to induce the production of EVOs capable of shielding the Coulomb repulsion between nuclei; application of steeply rising electrical pulses designed to create energy
• a method as described above comprising: applying perpendicular magnetic and electric fields, with charge collection electrodes perpendicular to both directions, according to plasma current extraction methods, allowing the negative charges to flow towards the next spongy material; the use of partitions to delimit areas of the chamber with different functions; the application of at least one type of electromagnetic and/or solitonic waves to stimulate reaction and conversion behaviours; cooling of the parts from which heat is to be extracted, by means of at least one of thermal conduction transport, refrigerant flow, thermoelectric cooling with collection of electrical energy from thermoelectric conversion; pulsed production of charges in the chamber and collection of the kinetic energy of said charges by means of a toroidal winding coaxial to the flow of the charges, for the direct extraction of pulsed current to be used on an external load.
• the apparatus contains a chamber, preferably airtight, which therefore defines an internal environment and an external environment, which are substantially separate.
• the chamber may suitably provide a plurality of connections to ensure the inflow and outflow of gas and electrical connections to the components of the apparatus located inside it.
• the inter-electrode space contains species capable of enabling both reactions and the conversion of the energy generated into electrical energy.
• species capable of fusion such as hydrogen, deuterium, lithium and the like, as well as vapours to lower the electronic extraction work functions.
• the electrodes have a substantially fractal surface, preferably nanofractal, and more preferably open-pored to ensure adequate working function.
• a variable high-frequency electric field can be generated inside the chamber.
• the rapidly variable electric field is used for various tasks, from the production of charge agglomerates for shielding Coulomb repulsion, to the regulation of conversion yields, to the maintenance of plasma, to the transport of charges.
• a magnetic field can be generated inside the chamber, which can be fixed or variable, or a combination of the two.
• the magnetic field contributes to the densification of charges and, in different parts of the chamber, to the separation of charge signs by means of plasma current extraction techniques.
• Temperature gradients can be generated inside the chamber as required.
• the temperature gradients help to sustain the thermionic and pressure effects, which, together with the shape of the chamber with pre-established paths, help to make the gases flow in preferred directions for the extraction of energy from the quantum vacuum.
• the electrodes may have a multilayer configuration and, more specifically, may include:
• a coating layer made of a material configured to catalyse the formation of atomic hydrogen, such as palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, indium, nickel, cobalt or iron, preferably for the formation of ultra-dense atomic hydrogen.
• the electrodes may have a shape suitable for facilitating the formation of Rydberg matter, in particular they may influence the density of the electromagnetic field lines in order to facilitate the formation of Rydberg matter.
• the electrodes may conveniently comprise at least one, and preferably a plurality of Casimir cavities.
• the electrodes are shaped with nanofractal open-pore sponge support conductors with high fractal dimensions, which act as antennas for receiving any electromagnetic and/or solitonic wave stimuli.
• This sponge is coated with layers capable of forming atomic hydrogen, catalytic properties for the formation of ultra- dense hydrogen (to facilitate the ignition of fusions), catalytic properties for the formation of excited Rydberg matter (easily ionisable), dimensions suitable for the presence of Casimir cavities suitable both for the extraction of energy from the quantum vacuum and for the formation of coherent stationary electronic waves between the ends of the cavities (also for shielding the Coulomb repulsion between nuclei), these layers, with high gas absorption characteristics in the latex and equipped with imperfections and vacancies promoted by the fractality at a very high surface area, produce high local electric fields and are responsible for maintaining conditions suitable for promoting both fusion and thermionic conversion yields.
• thermoelectric energy recovery can be achieved by means of material junctions.
• Modularity ensures capillary heat extraction, allowing for scaling up without compromising reaction or conversion efficiency.
• the invention offers a high degree of flexibility in terms of adaptation to different choices of reaction modes currently known, and even to modes that may prove innovative and preferable in the future.
• FIG. 8 which shows the "in-line” application (essentially longitudinal with respect to the transverse dimension), the following are present: the "wire” and the cylindrical collector with a spongy nanofractal surface 810 (mechanically supported by electrical insulating supports 814) with a very high specific area, coated as described above, is crossed by a natural or forced flow of gas, plasma and vapours 820; it is subjected to steep electrical pulses with high peak voltages, which enter the system through a high-voltage electrical feed- through 840 suitable for both high and low pressures (as described in the descriptions and claims) through the use of suitable metal gaskets 842 placed between the flange of the bushing 844 and that of the containment chamber 852 (flanges 854 and 856 are also present in antipodal positions and the relative metal gasket 858); these pulses return to the pulse generator via a cylindrical connection 815 electrically insulated from the rest of the system by means of an electrical insulator bushing 817.
• the series of thermionic collectors is
• the containment chamber 850 has an area 830 in which the conductors 832 are spaced apart by a special distance control mechanism 834 and are also a possible target for the positive ions accelerated by the voltage pulse, so as to trigger repeated discharges with the formation of plasma, the temperature of which is maintained by the LANR reactions that take place in the chamber, with the contribution of a dielectric insulating tube 836 that contributes to the discharge, and from which current is extracted by means of permanent magnetic expansions and/or electromagnets 860 (the latter equipped with electrically insulated power supply conductors 862 from the chamber), placed to generate a magnetic field in the chamber, perpendicular to the electric field produced by metal electrodes 870, managed by an electric potential, independent from the rest of the potentials by means of electrical passers 872; at least one metal electrode collector of positive charges 880, placed parallel to the magnetic field according to the principles of so- called 'ExB converters', with the difference that the negative charges are not collected but allowed to flow towards the next spongy material; these
• thermoelectric energy recovery can be achieved by means of junctions of materials with a suitable Seebeck coefficient difference 890, connected to the external electrical load via electrical insulating bushings 892.
• the chamber itself has access points for heat exchange pipes 853 and gas access and extraction pipes 855 and 857.
• the reacting surface with a nanofractal deposition that brings the fractal dimension to values d > 2, or preferably use a metal sponge as described below, in particular by using a plurality of elements 910 having a spongy surface, preferably nanofractal, preferably with a 'bellows' geometry, i.e. comprising a plurality of laminar elements placed in succession.
• the cartridge of nanofractal spongy surface modules 910 (mechanically supported by electrical insulating supports 914) with a very high specific area (bellows-shaped), is traversed by a natural or forced flow of gas, plasma and vapours 920; it is subjected to steep electrical pulses with high peak voltages, which enter the system through a high-voltage electrical feed- through 940 suitable for both high and low pressures through the use of suitable metal gaskets 942 placed between the feed-through flange 944 and that of the containment chamber 952 (flanges 954 and 956 are also present in antipodal positions and the relative metal gasket 958); these pulses return to the pulse generator via a cylindrical connection 915 electrically insulated from the rest of the system by means of an electrical insulator 917.
• the series of thermionic collectors is connected to an external load via insulated
• the containment chamber 950 has an area 930 in which the conductors 932 are spaced apart by a special distance control mechanism 934 and are also a possible target for the positive ions accelerated by the voltage pulse, so as to trigger repeated discharges with the formation of plasma, the temperature of which is maintained by the LANR reactions that take place in the chamber, with the contribution of a dielectric insulating tube 936 that contributes to the discharge, and from which current is extracted by means of permanent magnetic expansions and/or electromagnets 960 (the latter equipped with electrically insulated power supply conductors 962 from the chamber), placed to generate a magnetic field in the chamber, perpendicular to the electric field produced by metal electrodes 970, managed by an electric potential, independent from the rest of the potentials by means of electrical passers 972; at least one metal electrode collector of positive charges 980, placed parallel to the magnetic field according to the principles of the so-called "ExB Converters", with the difference that the negative charges are not collected but allowed to flow towards the next spongy material; these electrode
• thermoelectric energy recovery can be achieved by means of thermoelectric junctions 991 made of materials with a suitable Seebeck coefficient difference, connected to the external electrical load via electrical insulating bushings 992.
• the chamber itself has access points for heat exchange pipes 953 and for gas access and extraction 955 and 957.
• the chamber is equipped with the apparatus and accessory components described in the descriptions and claims.
• emitter support 710 emitter sponge 720; gas, vapours, plasma 730; electron clouds, ion clouds, Rydberg matter 740; collector support 750, electrically connected in parallel to the respective supports of the collectors of the other modules; collector sponge 760; thermoelectric converter 770 with pairs of materials A and B; thermoelectric converter load 780; thermionic converter load 785; pulse generator apparatus 790; interelectrode space for discharge 792; electrical connection in series (geometrically S-shaped) between the emitters 794.
• This schematic representation is also perfectly adaptable in concept to embodiments 1 & 2.
• FIG. 10 which shows the "volume” application (essentially a three-dimensional labyrinthine structure), the following are present: the cartridge of spongy nanofractal surface modules 1010 (mechanically supported by electrical insulating supports 1014) with a very high specific area (shaped to essentially fill the volume), coated with layers of the materials described and claimed, is traversed by a natural or forced flow of gas, plasma and vapours 1020; it is subjected to steep electrical pulses with high peak voltages, which enter the system via a high-voltage electrical feed-through 1040 suitable for both high and low pressures (as described in the descriptions and claims) through the use of suitable metal gaskets 1042 placed between the flange of the bushing 1044 and that of the containment chamber 1052 (flanges 1054 and 1056 are also present in antipodal position and the relative metal gasket 1058); these pulses return to the pulse generator via a cylindrical connection 1015 electrically insulated from the rest of the system by means of an electrical insulator bushing 1017.
• the containment chamber 1050 has an area 1030 in which the conductors 1032 are spaced apart by a special distance control mechanism 1034 and are also a possible target for the positive ions accelerated by the voltage pulse, so as to trigger repeated discharges with the formation of plasma, the temperature of which is maintained by the LANR reactions that take place in the chamber, with the contribution of a dielectric insulating tube 1036 that contributes to the discharge, and from which current is extracted by means of permanent magnetic expansions and/or electromagnets 1060 (the latter equipped with electrically insulated power supply conductors 1062 from the chamber), placed to generate a magnetic field in the chamber, perpendicular to the electric field, produced by metal electrodes 1070, managed by an electric potential, independent from the rest of the potentials by means of electric passers 1072; at least one metal electrode collector of positive charges 1080, placed parallel to the magnetic field according to the principles of the so-called "ExB Converters", with the difference that the negative charges are not collected but allowed to flow towards the next spongy material; these
• thermoelectric energy recovery can be achieved by means of thermoelectric junctions made of materials with a suitable Seebeck coefficient difference 1090, connected to the external electrical load via electrical insulating bushings 1092.
• the chamber itself has access points for heat exchange pipes 1053 and for gas access and extraction 1055 and 1057.
• the volume occupied by each individual module is 50 cm 3 Assuming 100 layers, this gives a total active volume of 2000 cm 3 and an overall volume of 5000 cm 3 and a total overall length of 50 cm. Taking into account the above-mentioned yield of 0.96 W/cm 2 the total power produced is 9.6 kW. With a theoretical thermionic conversion efficiency of approximately 30%, an electrical power of 2.88 kWe and a residual thermal power of 6.72 kWt could be extracted.
• the reactor operates at a capacity factor of 80%, the deuterium consumption is 28 g/year.
• the total energy produced would be 67 MWh and, again with a theoretical thermionic conversion efficiency of approximately 30%, it would be possible to supply 20 MWh(e)Of electrical energy and 47 MWh(t)Of residual thermal energy.
• the device In order to supply the required amount of reagent and maintain the power production efficiency at a constant level due to the probability of nuclear interaction, it is assumed that the device is supplied with 10 times the required amount, i.e. 280 g of D. With a density of approximately 1 .72 x 10’ 4 g/cm 3 at an ambient temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 1 atm, the volume of gas would be approximately 1610 dm 3 Assuming that this volume is confined in a 100 bar cylinder, a volume of 16.1 dm 3 would be required.
• the volume of LiD required would therefore be just 1 .4 dm 3 in solid form.
• the calculation is performed on a cathode sponge composed mainly of nickel (Ni), with a bulk density of 8.85 g/cm3 and a porosity of approximately 95%, therefore with an apparent density of approximately 0.443 g/cm3 .
• the sponge-coated anode will have a mainly solid support; for simplicity, it is considered to be made of solid nickel, therefore with the characteristics described above.
• a lead shield with a density of 11 .3 g/cm3 is also taken into account placed outside the reactor to capture the fraction of gamma rays leaving the reactor. Given these assumptions, the estimated conversion factor into electrical energy is reported below.
• the interaction field is divided, assuming emission from the centre of the group of modules, into two solid angle portions; the first encompasses the two solid angles that start from the centre and reach the ends of the first and last sheets of cathode sponge, representing approximately 10% of the entire solid angle; the second is the remaining part of the solid angles, therefore approximately 90% of the entire solid angle.
• y rays are attenuated by 0.4% in the cathode sponge and 1.9% in the anode; considering 100 layers, an overall longitudinal attenuation of approximately 67% is obtained.
• lithium-7 consumption is 31 g/year and hydrogen consumption is 4 g/year (if the nuclear reactions take place with ultra-dense hydrogen).
• the total energy produced would be 67 MWh and, with the previously calculated theoretical conversion efficiency of approximately 55%, approximately 37 MWhr of electrical energy and approximately 30 MWht of thermal energy could be supplied.
• the device will be supplied with 10 times the required amount, i.e. 310 g of 7 Li and 40 g of H.
• the volume of LiH required would therefore be just about 0.49 dm2 in solid form.
• LiH compound would allow both reactants to be transported in the same quantities required, making maximum use of the material as a nuclear fuel.

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• 2025
  • 2025-07-29 WO PCT/IT2025/050176 patent/WO2026028231A2/fr active Pending

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