WO2026032010A1 - Glycan-targeting protein aggregation therapy - Google Patents

Glycan-targeting protein aggregation therapy

Info

Publication number
WO2026032010A1
WO2026032010A1 PCT/CN2025/109763 CN2025109763W WO2026032010A1 WO 2026032010 A1 WO2026032010 A1 WO 2026032010A1 CN 2025109763 W CN2025109763 W CN 2025109763W WO 2026032010 A1 WO2026032010 A1 WO 2026032010A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cancer
glycan
cells
domain
lpat
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2025/109763
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Kenward King Ho VONG
Xiao HAN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Original Assignee
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hong Kong University of Science and Technology filed Critical Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Publication of WO2026032010A1 publication Critical patent/WO2026032010A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00Antineoplastic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4726Lectins
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/20Fusion polypeptide containing a tag with affinity for a non-protein ligand
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/20Fusion polypeptide containing a tag with affinity for a non-protein ligand
    • C07K2319/24Fusion polypeptide containing a tag with affinity for a non-protein ligand containing a MBP (maltose binding protein)-tag
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/50Fusion polypeptide containing protease site
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/70Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
    • C07K2319/735Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction containing a domain for self-assembly, e.g. a viral coat protein (includes phage display)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/95Fusion polypeptide containing a motif/fusion for degradation (ubiquitin fusions, PEST sequence)

Definitions

  • this invention fulfills this and other related needs. Specifically, this invention relates to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the sugar molecules present on cancer cell surface, for example, a lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) , which combines the strong glycan-targeting capabilities of multivalent lectins with the aggregating propensities of bacterial microcompartment proteins.
  • LPAT lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy
  • the design of this system is meant to be sensitive enough to elicit cell-specific aggregation towards invasive, metastatic tumor cells, all while being nontoxic to normal tissues.
  • the selective targeting is possible because cancer cells are known to exhibit aberrant glycosylation, with hypersialylation and hyperfucosylation being well-known examples.
  • invasive cancer cells that metastasize to other sites are also known to produce and secrete matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) to break down the extracellular matrix.
  • MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase-9
  • the exemplary LPAT agent of this invention is designed as a fusion construct with these main components: a glycan-targeting moiety (such as a lectin) , an aggregating protein domain, and optionally a solubilizing domain connected via a linker region that optionally contains a protease (such as MMP-9) cleavage site.
  • a glycan-targeting moiety such as a lectin
  • an aggregating protein domain such as a solubilizing domain
  • a linker region that optionally contains a protease (such as MMP-9) cleavage site.
  • MMP-9 protease
  • LPAT LPAT
  • the aim is to use it as a regularly administered drug to impair the adhesion or metastatic potential of any circulating tumor cells that may lead to cancer recurrence. Since LPAT is nontoxic in nature, it is safe to take while helping patients maintain a high quality of life that is not possible with traditional chemotherapy.
  • the present invention provides methods and compositions based on the novel concept of “cancer-activated lectin multivalency” for the purpose of specifically targeting cancer cells and inhibiting their metastatic potential.
  • the present invention provides a fusion molecule or construct comprising (1) a glycan-binding domain that specifically binds a pre-determined glycan; (2) an aggregating domain; and optionally (3) a solubilizing domain, with the solubilizing domain connected to the glycan-binding domain or the aggregating domain by a peptide linker.
  • the fusion construct is a fusion polypeptide, with the glycan-binding domain comprising a polypeptide that specifically binds the pre-determined glycan, and all domains connected by peptide bond (s) or peptide linker (s) .
  • the fusion molecule includes a non-protein portion, e.g., the glycan-targeting domain being a nucleic acid-based moiety (such as an aptamer specifically binding a pre-determined glycan) , and a protein portion, e.g., the aggregating domain and/or the solubilizing domain, with the two portions linked by a covalent bond.
  • any two of the glycan-binding domain, the aggregating domain, and the solubilizing domain are connected by a peptide linker, for example, between the solubilizing domain and the aggregating or glycan-binding domain.
  • the linker comprises a protease cleavage site, such as a cleavage site PLGLAG recognized by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) .
  • the fusion construct of this invention described above and herein is a fusion protein that comprises a glycan-binding domain comprising an ACG lectin or a PSL lectin, an aggregating domain comprising a BmcH or BmcT protein unit, and the solubilizing domain comprising a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein or a maltose-binding protein (MBP) .
  • SUMO small ubiquitin-like modifier
  • MBP maltose-binding protein
  • the fusion protein comprises, from its N-terminus to C-terminus, the solubilizing domain, the aggregating domain, and glycan-binding domain, wherein the peptide linker connects the solubilizing domain and the aggregating domain and optionally contains a protease cleavage site: for example, the fusion polypeptide comprises, from its N-terminus to C-terminus, the MBP in the solubilizing domain, the BmcH in the aggregating domain, and the ACG lectin in the glycan-binding domain, wherein the peptide linker connects the solubilizing domain and the aggregating domain contains a protease cleavage site PLGLAG.
  • the fusion polypeptide is present in a composition, which further comprises one or more physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the present invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the fusion polypeptide of this invention as described above and herein.
  • an expression cassette comprising such a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to a promoter, for example, a heterologous promoter, which directs the expression of the fusion polypeptide of this invention, a vector comprising the expression cassette, as well as a host cell comprising the expression cassette or the vector.
  • the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the vector, or the host cell is present in a composition, which further comprises one or more physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating cancer by suppressing the metastatic potential of cancer cells.
  • the method includes a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising the fusion construct of this invention as described above and herein, including in the form of a fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide coding sequence to express the fusion polypeptide.
  • the composition is administered systemically (e.g., by injection or oral ingestion) or locally (e.g., by topical application or by suppository) .
  • the composition is administered to the subject by intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous, intramuscular, or intratumoral injection.
  • the composition is administered orally or nasally or topically.
  • the subject is concurrently receiving chemotherapy or immunotherapy for cancer treatment, including metastatic cancer.
  • the subject is a cancer patient who previously received treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any combination thereof.
  • cancer cells from the subject were previously taken from the subject and analyzed to determine the presence of specific types of glycan and protease present on the cancer cell surface, for example, whether ⁇ 2,3-or ⁇ 2, 6-linked sialic acids and MMP-2 or MMP-9 might be present on the cancer cell surface.
  • the cancer being treated is breast cancer, such as metastatic breast cancer, or any other type of cancer over-expressing ⁇ 2, 3-linked sialic acid, ⁇ 2, 6-linked sialic acid, MMP-2, and/or MMP-9 on the cell surface.
  • the present invention provides a kit for treating cancer or for reducing the risk of metastasis in a cancer patient.
  • the kit includes a first container containing the composition of this invention as described above or herein, for example, comprising a glycan-targeting fusion polypeptide, and a second container containing a second anti-cancer therapeutic agent (e.g., a chemo-therapeutic agent or an immune-therapeutic agent) .
  • the kit further includes user instruction material providing description of dosing arrangements and its intended use etc.
  • Fig. 1 Design principles and strategy.
  • Fig. 1A Traditional antibodies have been ineffective against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (like sialic acid) as they are often found endogenously on normal tissues.
  • Fig. 1B Lectins have shown to possess potent agglutination properties when exposed to red blood cells.
  • Fig. 1C BmcH and BmcT are two important shell proteins found in bacterial microcompartments.
  • Fig. 1D The design of Lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) aims to exploit principles of controllable lectin multivalency, cancer-specific proteases, and targeted protein assembly to create a system sensitive enough to target invasive and hypersialylated metastatic cancer cells over normal tissues.
  • LPAT Lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy
  • Fig. 2 Design and characterization of LPAT agents.
  • Fig. 2A List of fusion proteins used in this study and their composition. Protein images were generated from the following Protein Data Bank files: MBP from 1ELJ, SUMO from 1EUV, BmcT from 5V76, BmcH from 5DJB, PSL from 3PHZ, ACG from 1WW4.
  • Fig. 2B SDS-PAGE of LPAT agents and controls 1-13 used in this study.
  • Fig. 2C Representative turbidity plot for the determination of the critical aggregation concentration of 1.
  • Fig. 2D Summary of critical aggregation concentrations obtained for LPAT agents 1-11.
  • Fig. 3 Analysis of sialic acid and MMP9 expression of various breast cancer cell lines.
  • Fig. 3A List of breast cancer cells used in this study, along with known histological subtypes and categorizations.
  • Fig. 3B Flow cytometry histograms to quantify total levels of cell surface exposed sialic acid. Cells were first treated with Ac 4 ManNAz (40 ⁇ M) , followed by labelling with DBCO-fluorescein (10 ⁇ M) . Cell suspensions were then prepared and analysed by FACS.
  • Fig. 3C Summary of FACS data to compare mean fluorescence intensities, which indirectly correlates to sialic acid expression among varying breast cancer cell lines.
  • Fig. 3C Summary of FACS data to compare mean fluorescence intensities, which indirectly correlates to sialic acid expression among varying breast cancer cell lines.
  • FIG. 3D ELISA assay done on the concentrated culture media of varying breast cancer cells to detect levels of secreted MMP9 following 1 day of incubation.
  • Fig. 4 Anti-adhesive properties of LPAT agents.
  • Fig. 4A Diagram to depict the role that P-selectins play in tethering to hypersialylated cancer cells circulating in the blood stream. This binding leads to subsequent adhesion onto the endothelium, eventually leading to the establishment of metastatic tumors.
  • Fig. 4B With multivalent binding of LPAT agents on cell surfaces, crucial sialic acid binding sites necessary for selectin-based adhesion will theoretically be occupied. This should suppress adhesion and consequently the onset and progression of metastatic tumors.
  • Fig. 4A Diagram to depict the role that P-selectins play in tethering to hypersialylated cancer cells circulating in the blood stream. This binding leads to subsequent adhesion onto the endothelium, eventually leading to the establishment of metastatic tumors.
  • Fig. 4B With multivalent binding of LPAT agents on cell surfaces, crucial sialic acid binding sites necessary for selectin-based
  • FIG. 4F Summary of the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (5 ⁇ M) for 24 hr at 37°C.
  • Fig. 4G Sample images obtained for the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (5 ⁇ M) for 24 hr at 37°C. The invading cells on the lower insert membranes were stained with crystal violet and imaged using a microscope at 10 ⁇ magnification. From the obtained images, the total number of invading cells was quantified and compared.
  • Fig. 4H Sample images obtained for the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (1 ⁇ M) .
  • Fig. 5 Proteomics analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with MMP-9 cleavable LPAT agent 5.
  • Fig. 5A Volcano plots of differentially expressed proteins in 5-treated MDA-MB-231 cells compared to untreated MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • Fig. 5B Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed proteins in 5-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. The data was categorized into molecular function, cellular components, and biological processes with the top 10 statistically most enriched terms.
  • Fig. 6 Investigation into the blood agglutinating properties of LPAT agents.
  • Fig. 6A Diagram to highlight the principle that the single glycan binding site and bulky MBP group of LPAT 5 likely prevents hemagglutination. Following MBP removal near hypersialyated and MMP-overexpressing cancer cells, oligomerization is then expected to elicit lectin multivalency that can be localized towards these cells.
  • Fig. 6A Diagram to highlight the principle that the single glycan binding site and bulky MBP group of LPAT 5 likely prevents hemagglutination. Following MBP removal near hypersialyated and MMP-overexpressing cancer cells, oligomerization is then expected to elicit lectin multivalency that can be localized towards these cells.
  • Fig. 6A Diagram to highlight the principle that the single glycan binding site and bulky MBP group of LPAT 5 likely prevents hemagglutination. Following MBP removal near hypersialy
  • Fig. 6C Hemagglutination assay run with varying concentrations of either LPAT 5 or ACG lectin 14 (1.3, 2.5, 5.0 nM) in a 1%rbc solution.
  • Fig. 6D Microscope images at 40 ⁇ magnification of a 1%rbc solution incubated with either LPAT agent 5 or ACG lectin 14 following 1 hr incubation at room temperature.
  • Fig. 7 Investigation into the anti-metastatic properties of LPAT agent 5 with a spontaneous metastasis mouse model.
  • Fig. 7A Photos of excised lungs of mice injected with 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells of either MDA-MB-231 (parental strain) or MDA-MB-231-LM2. The significantly increased tumor nodules highlight the strong metastatic properties of the MDA-MB-231-LM2 cell line.
  • Fig. 7B Comparison of total sialic acid levels as determined by metabolic labelling and analysis by FACS.
  • Fig. 7C Comparison of secreted MMP9 levels as determined by an ELISA assay done on concentrated culture media following 2 days of incubation.
  • Fig. 7D Images of whole body bioluminescence of mice from the treatment and control groups.
  • Fig. 7E Summary of quantified bioluminescent signals of mice from the treatment and control groups.
  • Fig. 7F Images of bioluminescent signals obtained from extracted lungs of mice from treatment and control groups.
  • Fig. 7G Summary of quantified bioluminescent signals obtained from extracted lungs of mice from treatment and control groups.
  • Fig. 9 Turbidity plots for the determination of critical aggregation concentrations for LPAT agents 1-11.
  • Fig. 10 Additional cell assay data on cytotoxicity, adhesion, and invasion.
  • Fig. 10A Cell viability tests were done to evaluate the cytotoxicity of LPAT agents 2-3, 4-5, 7-8, 10-11 and 12-13 against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line.
  • Fig. 10B Cell adhesion assays on plates pre-coated with extracellular matrix proteins (sourced from FBS) to determine the anti-adhesive properties of LPAT agents 2 and 3.
  • Fig. 10C Summary for the full dataset of the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agents 2-5 (5 ⁇ M) for 24 hr at 37°C.
  • Fig. 10A Cell viability tests were done to evaluate the cytotoxicity of LPAT agents 2-3, 4-5, 7-8, 10-11 and 12-13 against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line.
  • Fig. 10B Cell adhesion assays on plates pre-coated with extracellular matrix proteins (sourced from FBS) to determine the
  • FIG. 11 Additional cell assay data on migration.
  • Fig. 11A Summary for the full dataset of the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 3 and 5 (1 ⁇ M) .
  • Fig. 11B All images obtained for the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 3 and 5 (1 ⁇ M) . Images were obtained using a microscope at 5 ⁇ magnification. Effects on migration were identified by measuring changes to the wound area compared to a control (no treatment) .
  • Fig. 12 Additional proteomics analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with uncleavable LPAT agent 4.
  • Fig. 12A Volcano plots of differentially expressed proteins in 4-treated MDA-MB-231 cells compared to untreated MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • Fig. 12B Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (molecular function) of the differentially expressed proteins in 4-treated MDA-MB-231 cells were plotted with the top 10 statistically most enriched terms.
  • FIG. 13 Additional microscope images at 10 ⁇ magnification for the blood agglutination assay. Chamber slides were filled with a 1%rbc solution incubated with either Fig. 13A LPAT agent 5, or Fig. 13B ACG lectin 14. Incubations were carried out for 1 hr at room temperature.
  • nucleic acid or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides.
  • nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
  • gene means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain. It may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
  • amino acid refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids.
  • Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, whereas non-naturally occurring amino acids include D-amino acids and those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, ⁇ -carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine.
  • Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an ⁇ carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid.
  • Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds having a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. There are various known methods in the art that permit the incorporation of an unnatural amino acid derivative or analog into a polypeptide chain in a site-specific manner, see, e.g., WO 02/086075.
  • Amino acids may be referred to herein by either the commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes. In the present application, amino acid residues are numbered according to their relative positions from the left most residue, which is numbered 1, in an unmodified wild-type polypeptide sequence.
  • Polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. All three terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
  • an “antibody” refers to a polypeptide substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, which specifically bind and recognize an analyte (antigen) .
  • the recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes.
  • Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda.
  • Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.
  • An exemplary immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit comprises a tetramer.
  • Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light” (about 25 kD) and one "heavy” chain (about 50-70 kD) .
  • the N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition.
  • the terms variable light chain (V L ) and variable heavy chain (V H ) refer to these light and heavy chains respectively.
  • Antibodies exist, e.g., as intact immunoglobulins or as a number of well characterized fragments produced by digestion with various peptidases.
  • pepsin digests an antibody below the disulfide linkages in the hinge region to produce F (ab) ' 2, a dimer of Fab which itself is a light chain joined to V H -C H 1 by a disulfide bond.
  • the F (ab) ' 2 may be reduced under mild conditions to break the disulfide linkage in the hinge region, thereby converting the F (ab) ' 2 dimer into an Fab' monomer.
  • the Fab' monomer is essentially an Fab with part of the hinge region (see, Paul (Ed.
  • chimeric antibodies combine the antigen binding regions (variable regions) of an antibody from one animal with the constant regions of an antibody from another animal.
  • the antigen binding regions are derived from a non-human animal, while the constant regions are drawn from human antibodies.
  • the presence of the human constant regions reduces the likelihood that the antibody will be rejected as foreign by a human recipient.
  • "humanized" antibodies combine an even smaller portion of the non-human antibody with human components.
  • a humanized antibody comprises the hypervariable regions, or complementarity determining regions (CDR) , of a non-human antibody grafted onto the appropriate framework regions of a human antibody.
  • Antigen binding sites may be wild type or modified by one or more amino acid substitutions, e.g., modified to resemble human immunoglobulin more closely. Both chimeric and humanized antibodies are made using recombinant techniques, which are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321: 522-525) .
  • antibody also includes antibody fragments either produced by the modification of whole antibodies or antibodies synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies (e.g., single chain Fv, a chimeric or humanized antibody) that retain the ability to specifically bind the same intended target antigen.
  • recombinant DNA methodologies e.g., single chain Fv, a chimeric or humanized antibody
  • one binding partner e.g., a pre-determined antigen
  • the first binding partner in a binding pair binds to the second binding partner in the binding pair at a level at least two times the background level and do not substantially bind in any significant amount to other molecules present in the sample.
  • specific binding to a particular glycan by a particular lectin under suitable conditions should yield at least twice of the binding signal between another glycan-lectin pair without a specific binding relationship and more typically more than 5, 10, 20, 50, or up to 100 times the non-specific binding signal.
  • An “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular polynucleotide sequence in a host cell.
  • An expression cassette may be part of a plasmid, viral genome, or nucleic acid fragment.
  • an expression cassette includes a polynucleotide to be transcribed, operably linked to a promoter, especially one of a heterologous origin.
  • heterologous as used in the context of describing the relative location or position of two elements, such as two polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a promoter and a polypeptide-encoding sequence) or polypeptide sequences (e.g., a first and a second amino acid sequences in a fusion protein) , means that the two elements are not naturally found in the same relative location or position.
  • a “heterologous promoter” for a gene refers to a promoter that is not naturally operably linked to that gene.
  • heterologous polypeptide/amino acid sequence or “heterologous polynucleotide” to a protein, a fragment, or its encoding sequence is one derived from an origin other than the protein/gene.
  • cancer encompasses various malignant neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites.
  • Non-limiting examples of different types of cancer suitable for treatment using the compositions and methods of the present invention include colorectal cancer, colon cancer, anal cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, thyroid cancer, pleural cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, bile duct cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, esophageal cancer, gall bladder cancer, rectal cancer, appendix cancer, small intestine cancer, stomach (gastric) cancer, renal cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma) , cancer of the central nervous system, skin cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, choriocarcinomas, head and neck cancers, bone cancer, osteogenic sarcomas, fibrosarcoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, mel
  • an “increase” or a “decrease” refers to a detectable positive or negative change in quantity from a control or an established comparison basis (such as the metastatic potential of an established line of cancer cells) .
  • An increase is a positive change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, or 50%, or 100%, and can be as high as at least 2-fold or at least 5-fold or even 10-fold of the control value.
  • a decrease is a negative change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, 30%, or 50%, or even as high as at least 80%or 90%of the control value.
  • treatment includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying of onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition.
  • a preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100%elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
  • an “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of an active agent that, when administered to a subject or patient for treating a disorder, is sufficient to prevent, reduce the frequency of, or alleviate the symptoms of the disorder.
  • the effective amount will vary depending on a variety of the factors, such as a particular compound or bioactive agent used, the disease and its severity, the age, weight, and other factors of the subject to be treated. Amelioration of a symptom of a particular condition by administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein refers to any lessening, whether permanent or temporary, that can be associated with the administration of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically acceptable” excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • excipient refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention.
  • excipient includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks.
  • compositions containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition.
  • a composition consisting essentially of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention effective for reducing metastatic risk of cancer in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process (e.g., anti-cancer metastasis efficacy) or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of cancer metastasis among the receiving subjects.
  • This disclosure relates to the development of a glycan-targeting therapeutic strategy, exemplified by a lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) , which combines the strong glycan-targeting capabilities of multivalent lectins with the aggregating propensities of bacterial microcompartment proteins.
  • LPAT lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy
  • the design is meant to create a system sensitive enough to elicit cell-specific aggregation towards invasive, metastatic tumor cells, all while being nontoxic to normal tissues.
  • LPAT agents were screened against a panel of 6 breast cancer cells lines, with the most potent agent showing preferential anti-adhesive and anti-invasive activity against the hypersialylated/MMP-9 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cell line.
  • the present invention discloses a fusion construct that specifically targets sugar molecules (glycan) present on the surface of cancer cells, undergoes multimerization through its self-aggregating domain, and ultimately alters the cancer cell surface properties so as to inhibit the metastatic potential of the cancer cells.
  • the fusion constructs include these segments: a glycan-binding moiety that targets cancer cells over-expressing a pre-determined glycan on their surface, an aggregating moiety that allows multimerization of individual fusion construct molecules, and an optional moiety of a solubilizing protein that confers a level of solubility to the construct.
  • These moieties are typically joined through covalent bonds, such as peptide bonds, in some cases by way of peptide linkers.
  • additional amino acid residue (s) may be present not only between any two of these elements but also at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus.
  • Glycan-targeting domain this domain is responsible for the fusion construct of the present invention being able to specifically target cancer cells expressing a pre-determined glycan, such as one of the known tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) , including truncated O-glycans, gangliosides, Lewis antigens, and polysialic acids.
  • TACA tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens
  • Any molecule that can specifically bind a relevant glycan may be used for this purpose, for example, nucleic acids such as aptamers and proteins such as lectins capable of specific binding to glycans may be used.
  • the ACG and PSL lectins can be used.
  • the ACG lectin which is derived from the fungus Agrocybe cylindracea, primarily recognizes ⁇ 2, 3-linked sialic acids.
  • the PSL lectin which is derived from the fungus Polyporus squamosus, primarily recognizes ⁇ 2, 6-linked sialic acids. Their amino acid sequences and locations within the exemplary fusion constructs of this invention are indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 1-11 and 14 (in shaded portions) .
  • amino acid sequence having a sequence identity at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher to any one of the exemplary lectin sequences may be used as a part of the glycan-targeting domain for constructing the fusion polypeptide of this invention.
  • Suitable monosaccharides suitable for use to target cancer cells via a glycan-targeting domain in this invention include sialic acid, fucose, and high mannose, see, e.g., Dobie et al. Br. J. Cancer. 2021, 124 (1) , 76-90; Miyoshi et al. Biomolecules. 2012, 2 (1) , 34-45; and Boyaval et al. Cancers. 2022, 14 (6) , 1552.
  • Glycan epitopes suitable for targeting cancer cells via a glycan-targeting domain include GD2 and GD3 ganglioside, GM3 ganglioside, fucosyl-GM1 ganglioside, Globo H, Tn and sTn antigen, TF antigen, SLeA, SLeX, LeY, and polysalic acid, see, e.g., Zhe et al. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2023, 11, 1076862; Ng et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 2019, 26 (16) , 2933-2947; Drivsholm et al. Ann. Oncol. 1994, 5 (7) , 623-626; Yang et al.
  • molecular moieties suitable for use as a glycan-targeting domain in this invention include glycan-binding antibodies or their fragments or variants such as nanobodies, single-chain antibodies (scFv) , DNA/RNA aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, see, e.g., Yau et al. Molecules. 2015, 20 (3) , 3791-3810; Khilji et al. Cell Chem. Biol. 2022, 29 (8) , 1353-1361. e6; Lu et al. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1) , 5101; D ⁇ az-Mart ⁇ nez et al. Anal. Chem. 2024, 96 (7) , 2759-2763; and Xing et al. Nat. Protoc. 2017, 12, 964-987.
  • glycan-binding antibodies or their fragments or variants such as nanobodies, single-chain antibodies (scFv) , DNA/RNA
  • Aggregating domain this domain is responsible for the aggregation of the glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention.
  • Any molecule that has the ability to self-aggregate and form multimers can be used for producing the fusion construct of the present invention.
  • bacterial microcompartments BMCs
  • BMCs bacterial microcompartments
  • the selectively permeable shell of BMCs is made of a few thousand copies of self-assembling protein building blocks: the shell units BmcH and BmcT, and the vertex unit BmcP.
  • the hexamer-forming BmcH and trimer-forming BmcT proteins are used. Their amino acid sequences and locations within the exemplary fusion constructs of this invention are indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 1-13 (in bolded portions) .
  • An amino acid sequence having a sequence identity at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher to any one of the exemplary Bmc sequences may be used as a part of the aggregating domain for constructing the fusion polypeptide of this invention.
  • molecular moieties suitable for use as an aggregating domain in this invention include helicases, ATPases, chaperon proteins, and capsid proteins, see, e.g., Sutter et al. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12(1) , 3809; Fernandez et al. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2021, 56 (6) , 621-639; Zhao et al. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1) , 6439; Wang et al. Nature. 2011, 471 (7338) , 331-335; and Pornillos et al. Cell. 2009, 137 (7) , 1282-1292.
  • Solubilizing domain this domain is responsible for conveying a desired level of solubility to the glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention.
  • Any molecule, especially protein, that provides a significant degree of solubility may be used for this purpose.
  • the ⁇ 12 kDa SUMO protein and the ⁇ 43 kDa maltose-binding protein (MBP) may be used.
  • Their amino acid sequences and locations within the exemplary fusion constructs of this invention are indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 2-5, 7, 8, and 10-13 (in underlined portions) .
  • amino acid sequence having a sequence identity at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher to any one of the exemplary SUMO or MBP sequences may be used as a part of the solubilizing domain for constructing the fusion polypeptide of this invention.
  • molecular moieties suitable for use as a solubilizing domain in this invention include NusA, glutathione S-transferase (GST) , and TrxA proteins, see, e.g., Fox et al. FEBS Lett. 2003, 537 (1-3) , 53-57; Marblestone et al. Protein Sci. 2006, 15, 182-189; Nallamsetty et al. Protein Expr. Purif. 2006, 45 (1) , 175-182; et al. Methods Enzymol. 2015, 559, 127-139; and Yasukawa et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270 (43) , 25328-25331.
  • Linkers the glycan-targeting domain, the aggregating domain, and the optional solubilizing domain of the fusion construct of this invention are connected via covalent bonds, e.g., peptide bonds, and in some cases involving the use of peptide linkers, especially when the fusion construct is a fusion protein.
  • a suitable linker may be as few as 1 to 2 amino acids and as many as 30 to 40 or up to 50 amino acids in length. For instance, it may be between 2 to 30, 3 to 30, 2 to 25, 3 to 25, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 5 to 25, 5 to 20, 5 to 15, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 7 to 10, or 8 to 10 amino acids in length.
  • a protease cleavage site may be included in a linker, for example, to allow release of the solubilizing domain from the fusion construct upon contact with targeted cancer cell surface where the pertinent protease (e.g., MMP-9 or MMP-2) is present and especially over-expressed.
  • additional amino acids in the same length range may be included at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or both of the fusion polypeptide.
  • cancer cell surface expressed enzymes suitable for use to create a cleavage site in a cancer-responsive linker in this invention include ADAM10/ADAM17, Meprin ⁇ /Meprin ⁇ , kallikreins (KLKs) , and cathepsins, see, e.g., Jiang et al. BMC Cancer, 2021, 21, 149; Tsang et al. EBioMedicine. 2018, 38, 89-99; Lottaz et al. PLoS One. 2011, 6 (11) , e26450; Avgeris et al. Biol Chem. 2012, 393 (5) , 301-317; and Tan et al. World J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 4 (4) , 91-101.
  • the activity of the fusion construct to alter cancer cell surface properties and inhibit metastatic potential can be tested and confirmed in a cell migration assay known in the field and disclosed herein. Briefly, a standard wound healing assay is performed a line of suitable cancer cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231) is used in to measure changes in the ability of the cells to close a wound gap in the presence or absence of a candidate agent. An inhibitory effect is deemed present when a decrease in the wound closure rate of the cells incubated in the agent for a given time period (e.g., 18 hours) is observed, and the agent is determined as effective for suppressing cancer metastatic potential.
  • a given time period e.g. 18 hours
  • cancer cells having a certain glycan or protease expression profile on the cell surface are most effectively treated with the methods and compositions of this invention, for example, breast cancer cells expressing at least 1/5, or at least 1/3, preferably more, of the level of a pertinent glycan or protease, corresponding to the level of the glycan or protease expressed on the MDA-MB-231 cell surface.
  • cancer cells from a patient may be pre-screened for glycan/protease expression profile to determine whether a fusion construct of this invention targeting the corresponding glycan and/or cleavable by the corresponding protease would provide an effective means for treating or preventing cancer metastasis.
  • cancer cells suitable for this glycan-targeting aggregation therapy express on their surface an increased level of a glycan and/or protease, e.g., of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 times or more, compared to the non-cancerous cells of the same tissue type.
  • the individual elements of the glycan-targeting aggregation construct of this invention have known amino acid sequences, see, e.g., Figure 8 and SEQ ID NOs: 1-14.
  • the construct be chemically synthesized using conventional peptide synthesis or other protocols well known in the art.
  • Polypeptides may be synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis methods using procedures similar to those described by Merrifield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85: 2149-2156 (1963) ; Barany and Merrifield, Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, in The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology Gross and Meienhofer (eds. ) , Academic Press, N. Y., vol. 2, pp. 3-284 (1980) ; and Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis 2nd ed., Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, Ill. (1984) .
  • N- ⁇ -protected amino acids having protected side chains are added stepwise to a growing polypeptide chain linked by its C-terminal and to a solid support, i.e., polystyrene beads.
  • the peptides are synthesized by linking an amino group of an N- ⁇ -deprotected amino acid to an ⁇ -carboxy group of an N- ⁇ -protected amino acid that has been activated by reacting it with a reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The attachment of a free amino group to the activated carboxyl leads to peptide bond formation.
  • the most commonly used N- ⁇ -protecting groups include Boc, which is acid labile, and Fmoc, which is base labile.
  • halomethyl resins such as chloromethyl resin or bromomethyl resin
  • hydroxymethyl resins such as phenol resins, such as 4- ( ⁇ - [2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl] -Fmoc-aminomethyl) phenoxy resin
  • tert-alkyloxycarbonyl-hydrazidated resins such as 4- ( ⁇ - [2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl] -Fmoc-aminomethyl) phenoxy resin
  • tert-alkyloxycarbonyl-hydrazidated resins and the like.
  • the C-terminal N- ⁇ -protected amino acid is first attached to the solid support.
  • the N- ⁇ -protecting group is then removed.
  • the deprotected ⁇ -amino group is coupled to the activated ⁇ -carboxylate group of the next N- ⁇ -protected amino acid.
  • the process is repeated until the desired peptide is synthesized.
  • the resulting peptides are then cleaved from the insoluble polymer support and the amino acid side chains deprotected. Longer peptides can be derived by condensation of protected peptide fragments.
  • the glycan-targeting aggregation agent of this invention can be produced using routine techniques in the field of recombinant genetics, relying on the polynucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptide disclosed herein.
  • a strong promoter to direct transcription e.g., in Sambrook and Russell, supra, and Ausubel et al., supra.
  • Bacterial expression systems for expressing the polypeptide are available in, e.g., E. coli, Bacillus sp., Salmonella, and Caulobacter. Kits for such expression systems are commercially available.
  • the eukaryotic expression vector is an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated vector, or a retroviral vector.
  • the promoter used to direct expression of a heterologous nucleic acid depends on the particular application. In some cases, an inducible promoter is preferred.
  • Standard transfection methods are used to produce bacterial, mammalian, yeast, insect, or plant cell lines that express large quantities of a recombinant polypeptide, which are then purified using standard techniques (see, e.g., Colley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264: 17619-17622 (1989) ; Guide to Protein Purification, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182 (Deutscher, ed., 1990) ; Morrison, J. Bact. 132: 349-351 (1977) ; Clark-Curtiss &Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology 101: 347-362 (Wu et al., eds, 1983) ) .
  • the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or physiological compositions comprising an effective amount of a glycan-targeting fusion construct that inhibits the metastatic potential of cancer cells overexpressing a particular glycan targeted by the fusion construct, such as one of the LPAT agents described herein.
  • Such compositions also include one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of delivery methods, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., oral, nasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal.
  • the preferred routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are local delivery to an organ or tissue affected by cancer, especially one with metastatic potential (e.g., intratumoral injection to a tumor) at daily doses of about 0.01 -5000 mg, preferably 5-500 mg or 10-250 mg, for example, 20-100 mg, of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention for a 70 kg adult human per day.
  • the appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
  • inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid.
  • Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories.
  • a solid carrier can be one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component, e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct of the present invention.
  • the active ingredient e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct
  • the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
  • Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5%to about 70%by weight of the active ingredient (such as a glycan-targeting fusion construct) .
  • suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
  • compositions can include the formulation of the active compound of a glycan-targeting fusion construct with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the fusion construct (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the fusion construct.
  • a carrier providing a capsule in which the fusion construct (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the fusion construct.
  • cachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
  • Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral or parenteral administration, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration.
  • Sterile water solutions of the active component e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention
  • sterile solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration.
  • the compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
  • Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component (e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile component in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions.
  • the resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration.
  • the pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
  • compositions containing a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
  • compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a metastatic cancer in an amount sufficient to prevent, cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the condition and its complications.
  • An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose.
  • Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the condition and the weight and general state of the patient, but generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg of the glycan-targeting fusion construct per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages of from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of the fusion construct per day for a 70 kg patient being more commonly used.
  • compositions containing glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention are administered to a patient who has been diagnosed with cancer and is at risk of developing metastasis in an amount sufficient to delay or prevent metastasis.
  • an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose. "
  • the precise amounts of the fusion construct again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, but generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg of the fusion construct for a 70 kg patient per day, more commonly from about 5 mg to about 500 mg for a 70 kg patient per day.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention sufficient to effectively inhibit cancer metastasis in the patient, either therapeutically or prophylactically.
  • the patient has already been given another form of cancer treatment (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any combination thereof) at least, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks prior, or is currently receiving such cancer treatment, or is scheduled to start receiving such cancer treatment shortly, for example, within the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks.
  • another form of cancer treatment e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any combination thereof
  • a cancer patient may be administered an effective amount of a glycan-targeting fusion construct described here, as deemed appropriate by an attending physician, along with another anti-cancer therapeutic agent known to be effective for suppressing cancer cell proliferation as a means of intervention therapeutically or prophylactically.
  • a glycan-targeting fusion construct described here as deemed appropriate by an attending physician
  • another anti-cancer therapeutic agent known to be effective for suppressing cancer cell proliferation as a means of intervention therapeutically or prophylactically.
  • various treatment strategies are available for treating cancer (especially solid cancer) in these patients including but not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, or any combination thereof.
  • a glycan-targeting fusion construct of the present invention may be used concurrently, shortly before or after, together with one or more of these therapies.
  • one or more of these previously known effective anti-cancer therapeutic agents can be administered to subjects in need of treatment.
  • the active agents including the glycan-targeting fusion construct
  • the active agents may be administered concurrently each in an effective amount, either together in a single composition or separately in two or more separate compositions.
  • chemotherapeutic agents are known to be effective for use to treat various cancers.
  • a “chemotherapeutic agent” encompasses any chemical compound exhibiting suppressive effect against cancer cells, thus useful in the treatment of cancer.
  • Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, kinase inhibitors, spindle poison plant alkaloids, cytotoxic/antitumor antibiotics, topisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) , anti-progesterones, estrogen receptor down-regulators (ERDs) , estrogen receptor antagonists, leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, anti-androgens, aromatase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, and anti-sense oligonucleotides that inhibit expression of genes implicated in abnormal cell proliferation or tumor growth.
  • anti-cancer therapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as altretamine, bendamustine, busulfan, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, chlormethine, chlorozotocin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, fotemustine, ifosfamide, lomustine, melphalan, melphalan flufenamide, mitobronitol, nimustine, nitrosoureas, pipobroman, ranimustine, semustine, streptozotocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, treosulfan, triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, trofosfamide, and uramustine; anthracyclines such as aclarubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, valrubicin, and zor
  • Immunotherapeutic approaches useful for cancer treatment include (1) active immunotherapy, which directs the immune system to specifically target the cancer cells, e.g., targeted antibody therapy and cell-based immunotherapy such as CAR T cell therapy; and (2) passive immunotherapy, e.g., using checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines to stimulate the immune system without specifically targeting cancer cells.
  • active immunotherapy which directs the immune system to specifically target the cancer cells
  • cell-based immunotherapy such as CAR T cell therapy
  • passive immunotherapy e.g., using checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines to stimulate the immune system without specifically targeting cancer cells.
  • Various monoclonal antibodies are used in targeted antibody therapy.
  • antibodies and their conjugates include adotrastuzumab (HER2) , alemtuzumab (CD52) , bevaclzumab (VEGF) , brentuximab (CD30) , capromab (PSMA) , cetuximab (EGFR) , elotuzumab (SLAMF7) , ibritumomab (CD20) , necitumumab (EGFR) , obinutumab (CD20) , ofatumumab (CD20) , olaratumab (PDGFRA) , panitumumab (EGFR) , pertuzumab (HER2) , ramucirumab (VEGFR2) , rituximab (CD-20) , trastuzumab (HER-2) , inotuzumab-ozogamicin (CD22) , gemtuzumab-ozogamicin (CD33)
  • CTLA4 ipilimumab
  • PD-1 PD-1
  • PD-L1 ipilimumab
  • Cytokines for use in the treatment of cancer and associated conditions include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , and interleukin-11 (IL-11) .
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
  • GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • IL-11 interleukin-11
  • the invention also provides compositions and kits for practicing the methods described herein to treat cancer, especially for inhibiting cancer metastasis, by administering a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention to a cancer patient.
  • a cancer patient with or without a metastasis diagnosis may be treated.
  • Kits for the therapeutic use of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention typically include one container containing a composition comprising the glycan-targeting fusion construct (such as one of the LPAT agents shown in Figure 8) .
  • a composition comprising the glycan-targeting fusion construct (such as one of the LPAT agents shown in Figure 8) .
  • such composition is formulated for delivering the glycan-targeting fusion construct, e.g., by injection such as subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral.
  • the kit includes at least one, possibly two or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents, known for their effectiveness in treating cancer, for example, any one or more of the therapeutic agents known/used in the medical field or described herein, or which might belong to any of the following 3 categories: (A) chemotherapeutic drugs, e.g., drugs capable of killing or suppressing cells that are actively undergoing proliferation; (B) immunotherapeutic agents, e.g., monoclonal antibodies for targeted antibody therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines; and (C) cell-based therapeutic agents, e.g., those used in CAR T cell therapy or other immune cell therapy.
  • chemotherapeutic drugs e.g., drugs capable of killing or suppressing cells that are actively undergoing proliferation
  • immunotherapeutic agents e.g., monoclonal antibodies for targeted antibody therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines
  • C cell-based therapeutic agents, e.g., those used in CAR T cell therapy or other immune cell therapy.
  • kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in the proper administration of the composition comprising the glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention, optionally in combination with one or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents, to a subject deemed in need of such treatment by a physician (e.g., a cancer patient whose cancer may or may not have metastasized) , the schedule (e.g., dose and frequency of administration) and route of administration, and the like.
  • a physician e.g., a cancer patient whose cancer may or may not have metastasized
  • the schedule e.g., dose and frequency of administration
  • TACA tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen
  • sialic acids which are also referred to as N-acetylneuraminic acids. These 9-carbon carboxylated monosaccharides are typically found in animal tissues and fluids as parts of varying glycoproteins and glycolipids. With an increase in sialic acid levels (hypersialylation) on cell surfaces, researchers quickly identified this phenomena as a consistent occurence for many cancer types (i.e., 40–60%through enhanced immune evasion and migration. 6, 7
  • TACA-targeting antibodies are still principally composed from glycans of human-origin.
  • the neurotoxicity of GD2-targeting dinutuximab and naxitamab is attributed to the fact that healthy cells also express GD2. 12
  • the selectivity of TACA-targeting antibodies is highly dependent on dosages that can operate within a narrow therapeutic threshold range. Otherwise, normal cells expressing endogenous levels of targeted glycans are likely to be affected by antibody off-targeting and the consequent adverse side effects (Figure 1A) .
  • lectins also referred to as carbohydrate binding proteins, this large family of proteins are known to bind varying glycan ligands in a specific and reversible nature. 13 Prominant examples of their applications in targeted therapeutics can be seen with the development of lectin-drug conjugates, 14-18 and lectin-conjugated nanoparticles. 19-23
  • multivalent lectins promote clumping of red blood cells in a process referred to as agglutination ( Figure 1B) . 24 These cell clumps eventually block blood vessels throughout the body, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients. Due to the risks of blood agglutination, no lectin-based targeted therapeutics have ever progressed past clinical trials.
  • the primary aim of this study is to introduce an alternative strategy for glycan targeting that can circumvent issues related to both traditional antibody-and lectin-based therapies.
  • a concept referred to as “cancer-activated lectin multivalency” will be pursued.
  • the goal of such system expects that binding to normal cells (basal levels of glycosylation) will occur, but lectin multivalency can only be activated in the presence of highly metastatic cancer cells (hyperglycosylated surfaces) to elicit a biological effect. In this manner, cell selectivity should be improved while also avoiding any risk of blood agglutination.
  • targeted peptide assemblies is an approach that aims to have soluble precursor peptides accumulate to specific cells, where a trigger event can lead to aggregation/gelation.
  • precursor targeting is typically aided by directed groups, 27 or reliant on activation by tumor-associated enzymes.
  • 28 Using this approach, studies focused on the aggregation/gelation of peptide nanoassemblies have been done with much success. 29 With consideration that the low molecular weight of peptide precursors often requires higher dosages (low to high millimolar range) to reach critical aggregation concentrations, we were inspired to find a protein-based aggregating biomolecule that could potentially operate at lower concentrations to improve sensitivity.
  • BMCs Bacterial microcompartments
  • Figure 1C specific metabolic processes
  • the selectively permeable shell of BMCs is made of a few thousand copies of self-assembling protein building blocks: the shell units BmcH and BmcT, and the vertex unit BmcP.
  • the most abundant shell unit is the BmcH protein, which forms a cyclic homohexamer that self-assembles to form an impermeable wall.
  • the BmcT shell protein exists to form a cyclic trimer (pseudohexamer) with a central pore opening.
  • BMCs display remarkable self-assembling properties, researchers have looked to exploit them for varying bioengineering applications. For example, the Kerfeld group were able to develop unique BMC architectures by simply creating protease-cleavable SUMO-BmcH fusions. In doing so, the natural self-assembling properties could be thwarted during expression/purification, allowing these proteins to form unnatural BmcH-based nanotubes upon controlled protease exposure.
  • lectin multivalency defined as the collective binding strength of multiple glycan ligands to multiple lectin receptors, is not just limited to nature. Numerous studies have created varying bioinspired materials to possess “engineered multivalency. ” For example, the Hudalla group used ⁇ -helical coiled-coil domains to create trimeric galectin-3 assemblies capable of tissue-specific enzyme activity. 34 In another study, the Turnbull group also exploited coiled-coil domains by appending them to one face of the GM1 ganglioside-targeting cholera toxin to induce supramolecular assembly. 35 And finally, multivalency control can also be manipulated via a connected glycan network. This was shown by the Tanaka group, whom have decorated albumin with multiple complex N-glycans to influence its in vivo distribution for targeted drug release/synthesis. 36-40
  • LPAT lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy
  • LPAT agents 1-13 are briefly summarized on Figure 2A and detailed in Figure 8.
  • ACG derived from the fungus Agrocybe cylindracea
  • PSL derived from the fungus Polyporus squamosus
  • hexamer-forming BmcH and trimer-forming BmcT were chosen.
  • the solubilizing unit the ⁇ 12 kDa SUMO protein and the ⁇ 43 kDa maltose-binding protein (MBP) were chosen.
  • SUMO was chosen on the basis of its previous use in preventing BmcH assembly during purification.
  • 33 MBP is a well-known protein capable of increasing the water solubility of its fusion partners.
  • the PLGLAG linker was chosen due its known cleavage activity by matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) .
  • both MMP-2 and MMP-9 are enzymes known to be overexpressed in cancer cells to facilitate invasion and tumor metastasis.
  • 48, 49 In cases where MMP cleavage is not desired, the random sequence GNGFVG was used as a non-cleavable linker. All protein complexes used in this study were confirmed by size on SDS-PAGE ( Figure 2B) .
  • aggregation assay was first carried out. Protein aggregates in solution are known to scatter incoming light, 50 so turbidity at 340nm was used to quantify aggregation. To perform this assay, all proteins were purified in urea-supplemented buffers to ensure protein denaturation. Serial dilutions made of these protein solutions were then individually dialyzed in urea-free buffer. With the gradual elimination of urea, refolded protein complexes are then sensitive to BmcH-facilitated self-assembly and concentration-dependent aggregation. From this assay, only LPAT agents 1, 6, and 9 showed any visible protein aggregation.
  • TNBC triple negative breast cancers
  • MDA-MB-231 basal B cell lines like MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t are identified as more invasive and have stem/progenitor-like characteristics. This fact serves to justify why MDA-MB-231 possesses such high levels of MMP9.
  • Figure 3E A summary chart of the relative balance between sialic acid expression and cell surface MMP2/9 activities are depicted on Figure 3E. With consideration of this data, MDA-MB-231 was naturally chosen as the model cell line to screen LPAT agents developed in this study.
  • hypersialylated cancer cells circulating in the blood stream will initially tether with P-selectin, causing the cells to roll and eventually adhere onto the endothelium. Subsequent extravasation then allows these invasive cells to establish metastatic tumors.
  • LPAT agents 2 and 3 gave a ⁇ 54%difference while agents 4 and 5 gave a ⁇ 36%difference.
  • the proteins 12 and 13 were also tested and showed no activity. All other LPAT pairs (7 and 8, 10 and 11) did not show significant differences between uncleavable/cleavable proteins, nor the overall ability to impair cell adhesion.
  • MBP-containing LPAT agents 4 and 5 were screened against a panel of 6 breast cancer cell lines for their ability to impair cell adhesion (Figure 4D) .
  • Figure 4D MBP-containing LPAT agents 4 and 5 were screened against a panel of 6 breast cancer cell lines for their ability to impair cell adhesion.
  • Figure 10B Similar results were also observed when utilizing SUMO-containing 2 and 3 ( Figure 10B) .
  • the next assay analyzed the inhibitory effects of LPAT agent 5 on cell migration. This was carried out using a standard wound healing assay ( Figures 4H-I, Figures 11A-B) , which measures the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to close a wound gap under varying conditions. When incubated with agent 5, an inhibitory effect was observed where the wound closure rate in 18 hours could be suppressed by up to 63%.
  • LPAT agents will need to display non-existent or highly depressed blood agglutination properties.
  • one common adjustment is to simply decrease the number of binding sites on multivalent lectins is through genetic modifications. 71 Doing so, however, adversely affects in vivo avidity.
  • LPAT agent 5 acts as a precursor that possesses only one glycan binding site.
  • agent 5 is not expected to agglutinate red blood cells ( Figure 6A) .
  • Figure 6A Once MMP-dependent cleavage of the solubilizing unit is induced near cancer cells, however, BmcH oligomerization can create a hexamer complex possessing strong lectin multivalency.
  • LPAT agents should not be able to form multivalent complexes.
  • 72 LPAT agent 5 and a control (ACG lectin 14) were incubated in a 1%red blood cells suspension and then allowed to stand in v-bottom 96-well plates ( Figure 6C) .
  • Figure 6C v-bottom 96-well plates
  • MDA-MB-231-LM2 is also encoded with firefly luciferase, which makes in vivo tumor detection possible through bioluminescent imaging.
  • mice were then injected into 5-week-old female nude mice, which were then arranged into control and treatment groups. While the control group received a saline solution, the treatment group received a dosage of 12 mg/kg of LPAT 5. All solutions were administered via intravenous tail vein injections. Following a period of 20 weeks, mice were then imaged for tumor burden via in vivo bioluminescent imaging (Figure 7D) . From this data, a clear depreciation of tumor burden in the upper body region of mice can be seen with the treatment group when compared to the control ( Figure 7E) . To consolidate this data, all mice were then sacrificed, and their lungs were excised and imaged ( Figure 7F) . Quantification of lung tumor burden by bioluminescent imaging again showed a clear reduction of tumor burden with the treatment group compared to the control ( Figure 7G) . CONCLUSION
  • any potential aftercare drugs would need to fulfill two main requirements: 1) to be selective enough to only target highly metastatic cancer cells, and 2) to be safe and not cause any adverse health effects typically associated with cancer treatment.
  • the design of LPAT fusion proteins was done with these two requirements in mind.
  • the targeting of LPAT is meant to be dually dependent on two important characteristics of metastatic breast cancer cells.
  • the first barrier is the need for metastatic cells to be hypersialylated. In this manner, LPAT agents will not only disrupt selectin-based adhesion, 64, 65 but should also suppress immune evasion of hypersialylated cells caused by Siglec-sialic acid inhibitory immune interactions. 6, 7
  • the second barrier is the need for metastatic cells to overexpress MMP2/9. This is a key factor in combating invasive breast cancer cells as studies show that increased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 confer a higher risk towards distant and lymph node metastases. 53
  • LPAT agents are non-toxic and do not possess any hemagglutination properties that are typically associated with lectins.
  • LPAT fusion proteins were synthesized by Genscript and inserted into pET-21a (+) vectors between differing combinations of NdeI, BamHI, HindIII, and XhoI cut sites. LPAT protein sequences are shown in Figure 7.
  • plasmids were transformed into One Shot TM BL21 (DE3) Chemically Competent E. coli (ThermoFisher) and then incubated on Luria-Bertani (LB) Agar plates with ampicillin (50 ⁇ g/mL) overnight at 37 °C.
  • Isolated colonies were picked and cultured in 7 mL LB broth with ampicillin (50 ⁇ g/mL) overnight in shaking incubators at 37 °C. These overnight cultures were then used to inoculate larger LB cultures (500 mL) , which were grown in shaking incubators at 37 °C until an O. D. reading (at 600 nm) of 0.6 was reached.
  • O. D. reading at 600 nm
  • cultures were supplemented with 0.5 mM isopropyl ⁇ -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and then grown for an additional 4 hours at 26 °C.
  • Bacterial pellets were obtained through centrifugation (7,350 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min) and then resuspended in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.4) supplemented with a Pierce protease inhibitor tablet (ThermoFisher) . Sonication was performed (5s on/10s off for 15 min) , followed by centrifugation (12,000 rpm at 4 °C for 20 min) to isolate the supernatant. LPAT protein purification was carried out using affinity chromatography columns connected to an start FPLC system (Cytiva) .
  • the supernatant was loaded onto a HisPur Ni-NTA Cartridge (ThermoFisher) and washed with at least 10 column volumes of an equilibration buffer (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) .
  • An imidazole gradient (0–300 mM) was then applied to the column by mixing the equilibration buffer with an elution buffer (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole, pH 7.4) .
  • the supernatant was loaded onto a MBPTrap HP Cartridges (Cytiva) and washed with at least 10 column volumes of an equilibration buffer (20 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) .
  • a maltose gradient (0–10 mM) was then applied to the column by mixing the equilibration buffer with an elution buffer (20 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl, 10 mM maltose, pH 7.4) .
  • Eluted protein fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, with appropriate fractions then collected and combined.
  • Approximate protein sizes were obtained by comparison to BSA (66 kDa) and a Gel Filtration Standard (Bio-rad) that contains thyroglobulin, ⁇ -globulin, ovalbumin, and myoglobin (17–670 kDa) .
  • urea was supplemented into the equilibration (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 6 M urea, pH 7.4) and elution (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole, 6 M urea, pH 7.4) buffers to promote protein unfolding. Following volume reduction using 30K MWCO protein concentrators and determination of protein concentration, serial dilutions of each protein was prepared. Protein solutions of varying concentrations were then placed into SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing (ThermoFisher) and dialyzed twice against 3L of 10 mM phosphate buffer.
  • ThermoFisher SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing
  • This step allows the removal of urea, thereby allowing the protein to refold when incubated at 37 °C in 96-well UV transparent plates (Beyotime) .
  • absorbance values at 340 nm were obtained using a VANTAstar Microplate Reader (BMG) . Readings were plotted on a logarithmic scale using GraphPad Prism 9 software.
  • MDA-MB-468, HCC1937, Hs578t, and T47D were obtained from the iCell Bioscience (China)
  • MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were obtained from ATCC (USA) via donation from Prof. Randy YC Poon.
  • MDA-MB-231-LM2 was obtained from Prof. Joan Massagué via an MTA with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.
  • MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, Hs578t, and T47D were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM; Gibco)
  • HCC1937 and MCF-7 were maintained in RPMI media (Gibco) .
  • FBS heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
  • P/S penicillin-streptomycin
  • ELISA assay To quantify and compare secreted MMP-9 among the various breast cancer cell lines, a human MMP-9 ELISA kit (Excell Bio) was used according to the manufacturer’s protocol. 2 ⁇ 10 6 of each cell line was first seeded onto a 10 cm tissue culture plate (4 ⁇ ) and incubated overnight at 37 °C. The growth media was then replaced with 10 ml of serum-free growth media and incubated for an addition 2 days at 37 °C. The growth media from plates of each cell line were then collected and concentrated to a volume of 330 ⁇ l. To begin the ELISA analysis, 100 ⁇ l of the concentrated growth media was loaded into each well of a 96-well microplate pre-coated with the capture antibody for 90 min.
  • analyte levels were measured by the addition of tetramethylbenzidine to each well. Absorbance measurements were read at 450 nm using a VANTAstar Microplate Reader (BMG) and analyte levels were then extrapolated from a standard curve.
  • BMG VANTAstar Microplate Reader
  • Cytotoxicity assays Cell viability was determined using a colorimetric MTS Assay Kit (Abcam) . Cells were first seeded onto 96-well plates at a density of 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 °C. The media was then removed, followed by the incubation of various concentrations of LPAT proteins used in this study. In general, 20 ⁇ l of LPAT proteins were added to 80 ⁇ l of growth media. Following an incubation time of 1 day, the media was removed and replacing with 20 ⁇ l of MTS reagent and 80 ⁇ l of growth media.
  • Adhesion assay using FBS-coated plates The 96-well assay plates were first precoated overnight with extracellular matrix proteins from FBS (growth media + 10%FBS) . Separate 6-well plates were seeded at a density of 3 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 °C. After media removal, cells were then incubated with fresh growth media supplemented with varying proteins concentrations (5 ⁇ M) . In general, 25 ⁇ l of protein stock solution was mixed with 1.5 ml of growth media. Following a 24 hr incubation period, the cells were washed and harvested to create a suspension of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml in serum-free medium.
  • Adhesion assay using P-selectin-coated plates was carried out using a slight modification of a literature protocol. 77
  • the 96-well assay plates were first precoated for 24 hours at 4 °C with 40 ⁇ g/mL of recombinant P-selectin (Sino biological, China) dissolved in 50 ⁇ L of PBS buffer. Separate 6-well plates were seeded at a density of 3 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 °C. After media removal, cells were then incubated with fresh growth media supplemented with varying proteins concentrations (5 ⁇ M) . In general, 25 ⁇ l of protein stock solution was mixed with 1.5 ml of growth media.
  • the cells were washed and harvested to create a suspension of 5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml in serum-free medium.
  • 100 ⁇ l of cell suspension was added to each P-selectin-coated well and then allowed to incubate at 37 °C for 2 hr. The media was then carefully suctioned out from each well, and then washed four times with PBS buffer. Metabolically active adherent cells were then determined using a colorimetric MTS Assay Kit (Abcam) .
  • Millicell Cell Culture Inserts (Merck Millipore) were used to perform the assay, which has a 8.0 ⁇ m pore size and are designed as hanging inserts for 24-well plates. Before use, inserts are coated with matrigel (1 mg/mL) and dried for 2 hr at 37 °C. To conduct the assay, cells were first seeded onto 6-well plates at a density of 3 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 °C. Following media removal, cells were treated with fresh growth media supplemented with 5 ⁇ M of protein and then incubated for 24 hr at 37 °C. After harvesting, cells were suspended in serum-free media. Approximately 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells were placed in each upper chamber (i.e.
  • Blood agglutination assay The assay was carried out using a slight modification of a literature protocol. 72 Whole-blood was collected from a healthy male volunteer and then centrifuged at 2000 g for 4 minutes. After discarding the supernatant, the cell pellet was washed three times with PBS buffer (pH 7.4) . The pellet of red blood cells was diluted to 2%(v/v) with PBS buffer and then tested immediately. To perform the agglutination assay, varying concentrations of proteins (0-5 nM) were tested by mixing 50 ⁇ l of the cell suspension with 50 ⁇ l of stock protein solutions in V shaped 96-well plates (Sangon) . Following incubation for 1 hr at room temperature, photographs of the wells were taken.
  • Lectin-decorated nanoparticles enhance binding to the inflamed tissue in experimental colitis. J. Control. Release 2014, 188, 9-17 (21) He, X. ; Liu, F. ; Liu, L. ; Duan, T. ; Zhang, H. ; Wang, Z. Lectin-Conjugated Fe2O3@Au Core@Shell Nanoparticles as Dual Mode Contrast Agents for in Vivo Detection of Tumor. Mol. Pharm. 2014, 11 (3) , 738-745 (22) Gao, X. ; Tao, W. ; Lu, W. ; Zhang, Q. ; Zhang, Y. ; Jiang, X. ; Fu, S.
  • Lectin- conjugated PEG–PLA nanoparticles Preparation and brain delivery after intranasal administration. Biomaterials 2006, 27 (18) , 3482-3490 (23) Yin, Y. ; Chen, D. ; Qiao, M. ; Wei, X. ; Hu, H. Lectin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles loaded with thymopentin: Ex vivo bioadhesion and in vivo biodistribution. J. Control. Release 2007, 123 (1) , 27-38 (24) Sharon, N. ; Lis, H. Lectins: Cell-Agglutinating and Sugar-Specific Proteins.
  • Synthetic prodrug design enables biocatalytic activation in mice to elicit tumor growth suppression.
  • Nat. Commun. 2022, 13 (1) , 39 (37) Vong, K. ; Tahara, T. ; Urano, S. ; Nasibullin, I. ; Tsubokura, K. ; Nakao, Y. ; Kurbangalieva, A. ; Onoe, H. ; Watanabe, Y. ; Tanaka, K. Disrupting tumor onset and growth via selective cell tagging (SeCT) therapy. Sci. Adv. 7 (17) , eabg4038 (38) Tsubokura, K. ; Vong, K. K. H. ; Pradipta, A. R.
  • the Breast 2022, 66, 15-23 (74) Jin, X. ; Demere, Z. ; Nair, K. ; Ali, A. ; Ferraro, G. B. ; Natoli, T. ; Deik, A. ; Petronio, L. ; Tang, A. A. ; Zhu, C. ; et al. A metastasis map of human cancer cell lines. Nature 2020, 588 (7837) , 331-336 (75) Fan, T. -c. ; Lin, W. -d. ; Chang, C. -h. ; Chang, L. -y. ; Chen, Z. -m. ; Khoo, K. -h. ; Yu, A.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

Provided is a fusion construct that includes (1) a glycan-targeting domain capable of specifically binding a pre-determined sugar molecule (such as one over-expressed on certain cancer cell surface), (2) an aggregating domain capable of self-aggregation to form multimers among molecules containing the same domain, and (3) an optional solubilizing domain, which is connected to (1) or (2) via a peptide linker optionally containing a protease (such as one over-expressed on certain cancer cell surface) cleavage site. Also provided is using of said construct in treatment of cancer.

Description

GLYCAN-TARGETING PROTEIN AGGREGATION THERAPY
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/679,595, filed August 5, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Each year, nearly 10 million cancer deaths are recorded worldwide, or about 26,000 per day and 1 in every 6 deaths. In the US, annual deaths are about 600,000 from various forms of cancer. Because of the high prevalence of cancer in human health, there exists an urgent need for the development of new and effective therapeutics targeting cancer cells in a therapeutic context. The present invention fulfills this and other related needs. Specifically, this invention relates to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the sugar molecules present on cancer cell surface, for example, a lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) , which combines the strong glycan-targeting capabilities of multivalent lectins with the aggregating propensities of bacterial microcompartment proteins. The design of this system is meant to be sensitive enough to elicit cell-specific aggregation towards invasive, metastatic tumor cells, all while being nontoxic to normal tissues. The selective targeting is possible because cancer cells are known to exhibit aberrant glycosylation, with hypersialylation and hyperfucosylation being well-known examples. In addition, invasive cancer cells that metastasize to other sites are also known to produce and secrete matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) to break down the extracellular matrix. The exemplary LPAT agent of this invention is designed as a fusion construct with these main components: a glycan-targeting moiety (such as a lectin) , an aggregating protein domain, and optionally a solubilizing domain connected via a linker region that optionally contains a protease (such as MMP-9) cleavage site. For normal tissues, the LPAT agent does not aggregate on cell surface due to the low basal expression of targeted glycans and MMP-9. Conversely, upon contact with an LPAT agent, highly metastatic cancer cells should fulfil the necessary conditions for dual targeting via hyperglycosylation and MMP overexpression. As such, a higher localized concentration of LPAT agent is expected on metastatic cancer cell surface. This leads to impaired adhesion, invasion, and migration of targeted cancer cells. Through screening studies, it has been shown that metastatic properties of triple negative breast cancer cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231) are impaired by LPAT agents using α2, 3-sialic acid-binding lectins, and metastatic properties of colorectal cancer cells (e.g., HCT116) are impaired by LPAT agents using fucose-binding lectins. Furthermore, LPAT agents are shown to be safe as they did not display any hemagglutination properties with blood, which is the principle disadvantage of using only lectin-based targeting systems. Overall, this invention was built to serve as a supplementary therapy for existing first-line anticancer therapies. This is because the five-year survival rate for cancer patients is of utmost importance, as cancer recurrence often leading to more aggressive tumors with higher mortality. With LPAT, the aim is to use it as a regularly administered drug to impair the adhesion or metastatic potential of any circulating tumor cells that may lead to cancer recurrence. Since LPAT is nontoxic in nature, it is safe to take while helping patients maintain a high quality of life that is not possible with traditional chemotherapy.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides methods and compositions based on the novel concept of “cancer-activated lectin multivalency” for the purpose of specifically targeting cancer cells and inhibiting their metastatic potential. Thus, in one aspect, the present invention provides a fusion molecule or construct comprising (1) a glycan-binding domain that specifically binds a pre-determined glycan; (2) an aggregating domain; and optionally (3) a solubilizing domain, with the solubilizing domain connected to the glycan-binding domain or the aggregating domain by a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the fusion construct is a fusion polypeptide, with the glycan-binding domain comprising a polypeptide that specifically binds the pre-determined glycan, and all domains connected by peptide bond (s) or peptide linker (s) . In some embodiments, the fusion molecule includes a non-protein portion, e.g., the glycan-targeting domain being a nucleic acid-based moiety (such as an aptamer specifically binding a pre-determined glycan) , and a protein portion, e.g., the aggregating domain and/or the solubilizing domain, with the two portions linked by a covalent bond.
In some embodiments, any two of the glycan-binding domain, the aggregating domain, and the solubilizing domain are connected by a peptide linker, for example, between the solubilizing domain and the aggregating or glycan-binding domain. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a protease cleavage site, such as a cleavage site PLGLAG recognized by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) . In some embodiments, the fusion construct of this invention described above and herein is a fusion protein that comprises a glycan-binding domain comprising an ACG lectin or a PSL lectin, an aggregating domain comprising a BmcH or BmcT protein unit, and the solubilizing domain comprising a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein or a maltose-binding protein (MBP) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises, from its N-terminus to C-terminus, the solubilizing domain, the aggregating domain, and glycan-binding domain, wherein the peptide linker connects the solubilizing domain and the aggregating domain and optionally contains a protease cleavage site: for example, the fusion polypeptide comprises, from its N-terminus to C-terminus, the MBP in the solubilizing domain, the BmcH in the aggregating domain, and the ACG lectin in the glycan-binding domain, wherein the peptide linker connects the solubilizing domain and the aggregating domain contains a protease cleavage site PLGLAG. In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide is present in a composition, which further comprises one or more physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the fusion polypeptide of this invention as described above and herein. Also provided are an expression cassette comprising such a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to a promoter, for example, a heterologous promoter, which directs the expression of the fusion polypeptide of this invention, a vector comprising the expression cassette, as well as a host cell comprising the expression cassette or the vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid, the expression cassette, the vector, or the host cell is present in a composition, which further comprises one or more physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating cancer by suppressing the metastatic potential of cancer cells. The method includes a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising the fusion construct of this invention as described above and herein, including in the form of a fusion polypeptide or the nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide coding sequence to express the fusion polypeptide. In some embodiments, the composition is administered systemically (e.g., by injection or oral ingestion) or locally (e.g., by topical application or by suppository) . In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the subject by intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous, intramuscular, or intratumoral injection. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally or nasally or topically. In some embodiments, the subject is concurrently receiving chemotherapy or immunotherapy for cancer treatment, including metastatic cancer. In some embodiments, the subject is a cancer patient who previously received treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, cancer cells from the subject were previously taken from the subject and analyzed to determine the presence of specific types of glycan and protease present on the cancer cell surface, for example, whether α2,3-or α2, 6-linked sialic acids and MMP-2 or MMP-9 might be present on the cancer cell surface. In some embodiments, the cancer being treated is breast cancer, such as metastatic breast cancer, or any other type of cancer over-expressing α2, 3-linked sialic acid, α2, 6-linked sialic acid, MMP-2, and/or MMP-9 on the cell surface.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a kit for treating cancer or for reducing the risk of metastasis in a cancer patient. The kit includes a first container containing the composition of this invention as described above or herein, for example, comprising a glycan-targeting fusion polypeptide, and a second container containing a second anti-cancer therapeutic agent (e.g., a chemo-therapeutic agent or an immune-therapeutic agent) . Optionally, the kit further includes user instruction material providing description of dosing arrangements and its intended use etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 Design principles and strategy. Fig. 1A Traditional antibodies have been ineffective against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (like sialic acid) as they are often found endogenously on normal tissues. Fig. 1B Lectins have shown to possess potent agglutination properties when exposed to red blood cells. Fig. 1C BmcH and BmcT are two important shell proteins found in bacterial microcompartments. Fig. 1D The design of Lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) aims to exploit principles of controllable lectin multivalency, cancer-specific proteases, and targeted protein assembly to create a system sensitive enough to target invasive and hypersialylated metastatic cancer cells over normal tissues.
Fig. 2 Design and characterization of LPAT agents. Fig. 2A List of fusion proteins used in this study and their composition. Protein images were generated from the following Protein Data Bank files: MBP from 1ELJ, SUMO from 1EUV, BmcT from 5V76, BmcH from 5DJB, PSL from 3PHZ, ACG from 1WW4. Fig. 2B SDS-PAGE of LPAT agents and controls 1-13 used in this study. Fig. 2C Representative turbidity plot for the determination of the critical aggregation concentration of 1. Fig. 2D Summary of critical aggregation concentrations obtained for LPAT agents 1-11. Fig. 2E Photo of 100 μM solutions of 1 and 5 following protein refolding after dialysis.
Fig. 3 Analysis of sialic acid and MMP9 expression of various breast cancer cell lines. Fig. 3A List of breast cancer cells used in this study, along with known histological subtypes and categorizations. Fig. 3B Flow cytometry histograms to quantify total levels of cell surface exposed sialic acid. Cells were first treated with Ac4ManNAz (40 μM) , followed by labelling with DBCO-fluorescein (10 μM) . Cell suspensions were then prepared and analysed by FACS. Fig. 3C Summary of FACS data to compare mean fluorescence intensities, which indirectly correlates to sialic acid expression among varying breast cancer cell lines. Fig. 3D ELISA assay done on the concentrated culture media of varying breast cancer cells to detect levels of secreted MMP9 following 1 day of incubation. Fig. 3E Summary chart comparing the relative balance between sialic acid expression and secreted MMP9 activities among varying breast cancer cell lines. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P<0.03, **P<0.002, ***P<0.0002, ****P<0.0001, ns = not significant..
Fig. 4 Anti-adhesive properties of LPAT agents. Fig. 4A Diagram to depict the role that P-selectins play in tethering to hypersialylated cancer cells circulating in the blood stream. This binding leads to subsequent adhesion onto the endothelium, eventually leading to the establishment of metastatic tumors. Fig. 4B With multivalent binding of LPAT agents on cell surfaces, crucial sialic acid binding sites necessary for selectin-based adhesion will theoretically be occupied. This should suppress adhesion and consequently the onset and progression of metastatic tumors. Fig. 4C Adhesion assay using FBS coated 96-well plates to test the inhibitory effects of LPAT agents 2-5, 7-8, 10-13 (5 μM) on the adhesive properties of MDA-MB-231. Fig. 4D Adhesion assay using FBS coated 96-well plates to test the inhibitory effects of LPAT agents 4, 5 (5 μM) on the adhesive properties of a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Fig. 4E Adhesion assay using P-selectin coated 96-well plates to test the inhibitory effects of LPAT agents 2-5 (5 μM) on the adhesive properties of MDA-MB-231. Fig. 4F Summary of the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (5 μM) for 24 hr at 37℃. Fig. 4G Sample images obtained for the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (5 μM) for 24 hr at 37℃. The invading cells on the lower insert membranes were stained with crystal violet and imaged using a microscope at 10× magnification. From the obtained images, the total number of invading cells was quantified and compared. Fig. 4H Sample images obtained for the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (1 μM) . Fig. 4I Summary of the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 5 (1 μM) . Images were obtained using a microscope at 5× magnification. Effects on migration were identified by measuring changes to the wound area compared to a control (no treatment) . Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P<0.03, **P<0.002, ***P<0.0002, ****P<0.0001, ns =not significant.
Fig. 5 Proteomics analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with MMP-9 cleavable LPAT agent 5. Fig. 5A Volcano plots of differentially expressed proteins in 5-treated MDA-MB-231 cells compared to untreated MDA-MB-231 cells. Fig. 5B Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed proteins in 5-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. The data was categorized into molecular function, cellular components, and biological processes with the top 10 statistically most enriched terms.
Fig. 6 Investigation into the blood agglutinating properties of LPAT agents. Fig. 6A Diagram to highlight the principle that the single glycan binding site and bulky MBP group of LPAT 5 likely prevents hemagglutination. Following MBP removal near hypersialyated and MMP-overexpressing cancer cells, oligomerization is then expected to elicit lectin multivalency that can be localized towards these cells. Fig. 6B Overlayed size-exclusion chromatogram run with a solution of BmcH-ACG 1 (red) , MBP-BmcH-ACG 5 (blue) , and protein standards of varying sizes (grey; A=670 kDa, B=158 kDa, C= 66 kDa, D=44 kDa, E=17 kDa) . Fig. 6C Hemagglutination assay run with varying concentrations of either LPAT 5 or ACG lectin 14 (1.3, 2.5, 5.0 nM) in a 1%rbc solution. Fig. 6D Microscope images at 40× magnification of a 1%rbc solution incubated with either LPAT agent 5 or ACG lectin 14 following 1 hr incubation at room temperature.
Fig. 7 Investigation into the anti-metastatic properties of LPAT agent 5 with a spontaneous metastasis mouse model. Fig. 7A Photos of excised lungs of mice injected with 1×106 cells of either MDA-MB-231 (parental strain) or MDA-MB-231-LM2. The significantly increased tumor nodules highlight the strong metastatic properties of the MDA-MB-231-LM2 cell line. Fig. 7B Comparison of total sialic acid levels as determined by metabolic labelling and analysis by FACS. Fig. 7C Comparison of secreted MMP9 levels as determined by an ELISA assay done on concentrated culture media following 2 days of incubation. To carry out the mouse experiments, two groups received intravenous injections of 1×105 MDA-MB-231-LM2 cells. However, the treatment group (n = 6) received a 12 mg/kg dosage of LPAT 5, while the control group (n = 6) was given saline. Following 20 weeks, lung tumor burden was quantified and compared by bioluminescence. Fig. 7D Images of whole body bioluminescence of mice from the treatment and control groups. Fig. 7E Summary of quantified bioluminescent signals of mice from the treatment and control groups. Fig. 7F Images of bioluminescent signals obtained from extracted lungs of mice from treatment and control groups. Fig. 7G Summary of quantified bioluminescent signals obtained from extracted lungs of mice from treatment and control groups. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test. All numerical data is presented as mean ± s. e. m. *P<0.03, **P<0.002, ***P<0.0002, ****P<0.0001, ns = not significant.
Fig. 8 Sequences of protein complexes designed and created for this study.
Fig. 9 Turbidity plots for the determination of critical aggregation concentrations for LPAT agents 1-11.
Fig. 10 Additional cell assay data on cytotoxicity, adhesion, and invasion. Fig. 10A Cell viability tests were done to evaluate the cytotoxicity of LPAT agents 2-3, 4-5, 7-8, 10-11 and 12-13 against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Fig. 10B Cell adhesion assays on plates pre-coated with extracellular matrix proteins (sourced from FBS) to determine the anti-adhesive properties of LPAT agents 2 and 3. Fig. 10C Summary for the full dataset of the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agents 2-5 (5 μM) for 24 hr at 37℃. Fig. 10D All images obtained for the invasion assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agents 2-5 (5 μM) for 24 hr at 37℃. The invading cells on the lower insert membranes were stained with crystal violet and imaged using a microscope at 10× magnification. From the obtained images, the total number of invading cells was quantified and compared.
Fig. 11 Additional cell assay data on migration. Fig. 11A Summary for the full dataset of the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 3 and 5 (1 μM) . Fig. 11B All images obtained for the wound healing assay conducted for MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LPAT agent 3 and 5 (1 μM) . Images were obtained using a microscope at 5× magnification. Effects on migration were identified by measuring changes to the wound area compared to a control (no treatment) .
Fig. 12 Additional proteomics analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with uncleavable LPAT agent 4. Fig. 12A Volcano plots of differentially expressed proteins in 4-treated MDA-MB-231 cells compared to untreated MDA-MB-231 cells. Fig. 12B Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (molecular function) of the differentially expressed proteins in 4-treated MDA-MB-231 cells were plotted with the top 10 statistically most enriched terms.
Fig. 13 Additional microscope images at 10× magnification for the blood agglutination assay. Chamber slides were filled with a 1%rbc solution incubated with either Fig. 13A LPAT agent 5, or Fig. 13B ACG lectin 14. Incubations were carried out for 1 hr at room temperature.
DEFINITIONS
The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain. It may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, whereas non-naturally occurring amino acids include D-amino acids and those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. “Amino acid mimetics” refers to chemical compounds having a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. There are various known methods in the art that permit the incorporation of an unnatural amino acid derivative or analog into a polypeptide chain in a site-specific manner, see, e.g., WO 02/086075.
Amino acids may be referred to herein by either the commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes. In the present application, amino acid residues are numbered according to their relative positions from the left most residue, which is numbered 1, in an unmodified wild-type polypeptide sequence.
“Polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. All three terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
An "antibody" refers to a polypeptide substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, which specifically bind and recognize an analyte (antigen) . The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.
An exemplary immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit comprises a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25 kD) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kD) . The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The terms variable light chain (VL) and variable heavy chain (VH) refer to these light and heavy chains respectively.
Antibodies exist, e.g., as intact immunoglobulins or as a number of well characterized fragments produced by digestion with various peptidases. Thus, for example, pepsin digests an antibody below the disulfide linkages in the hinge region to produce F (ab) '2, a dimer of Fab which itself is a light chain joined to VH-CH1 by a disulfide bond. The F (ab) '2 may be reduced under mild conditions to break the disulfide linkage in the hinge region, thereby converting the F (ab) '2 dimer into an Fab' monomer. The Fab' monomer is essentially an Fab with part of the hinge region (see, Paul (Ed. ) Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, Raven Press, NY (1993) ) . While various antibody fragments are defined in terms of the digestion of an intact antibody, one of skill will appreciate that such fragments may be synthesized de novo either chemically or by utilizing recombinant DNA methodology.
Further modification of antibodies by recombinant technologies is also well known in the art. For instance, chimeric antibodies combine the antigen binding regions (variable regions) of an antibody from one animal with the constant regions of an antibody from another animal. Generally, the antigen binding regions are derived from a non-human animal, while the constant regions are drawn from human antibodies. The presence of the human constant regions reduces the likelihood that the antibody will be rejected as foreign by a human recipient. On the other hand, "humanized" antibodies combine an even smaller portion of the non-human antibody with human components. Generally, a humanized antibody comprises the hypervariable regions, or complementarity determining regions (CDR) , of a non-human antibody grafted onto the appropriate framework regions of a human antibody. Antigen binding sites may be wild type or modified by one or more amino acid substitutions, e.g., modified to resemble human immunoglobulin more closely. Both chimeric and humanized antibodies are made using recombinant techniques, which are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321: 522-525) .
Thus, the term "antibody, " as used herein, also includes antibody fragments either produced by the modification of whole antibodies or antibodies synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies (e.g., single chain Fv, a chimeric or humanized antibody) that retain the ability to specifically bind the same intended target antigen.
The phrase “specifically binds, ” when used to describe the binding relationship between a pair of binding partners, such as an antibody and its target antigen, refers to a binding reaction that is determinative of the presence of one binding partner (e.g., a pre-determined antigen) in a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated binding assay conditions, the first binding partner in a binding pair binds to the second binding partner in the binding pair at a level at least two times the background level and do not substantially bind in any significant amount to other molecules present in the sample. For example, specific binding to a particular glycan by a particular lectin under suitable conditions should yield at least twice of the binding signal between another glycan-lectin pair without a specific binding relationship and more typically more than 5, 10, 20, 50, or up to 100 times the non-specific binding signal.
An “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular polynucleotide sequence in a host cell. An expression cassette may be part of a plasmid, viral genome, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, an expression cassette includes a polynucleotide to be transcribed, operably linked to a promoter, especially one of a heterologous origin.
The term "heterologous, " as used in the context of describing the relative location or position of two elements, such as two polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a promoter and a polypeptide-encoding sequence) or polypeptide sequences (e.g., a first and a second amino acid sequences in a fusion protein) , means that the two elements are not naturally found in the same relative location or position. Thus, a “heterologous promoter” for a gene refers to a promoter that is not naturally operably linked to that gene. Similarly, a “heterologous polypeptide/amino acid sequence” or “heterologous polynucleotide” to a protein, a fragment, or its encoding sequence is one derived from an origin other than the protein/gene.
As used herein, the term “cancer” encompasses various malignant neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites. Non-limiting examples of different types of cancer suitable for treatment using the compositions and methods of the present invention include colorectal cancer, colon cancer, anal cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, thyroid cancer, pleural cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, bile duct cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, esophageal cancer, gall bladder cancer, rectal cancer, appendix cancer, small intestine cancer, stomach (gastric) cancer, renal cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma) , cancer of the central nervous system, skin cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, choriocarcinomas, head and neck cancers, bone cancer, osteogenic sarcomas, fibrosarcoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, melanoma, leukemia (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or hairy cell leukemia) , lymphoma (e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, or Burkitt's lymphoma) , and multiple myeloma.
As used in this application, an "increase" or a "decrease" refers to a detectable positive or negative change in quantity from a control or an established comparison basis (such as the metastatic potential of an established line of cancer cells) . An increase is a positive change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, or 50%, or 100%, and can be as high as at least 2-fold or at least 5-fold or even 10-fold of the control value. Similarly, a decrease is a negative change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, 30%, or 50%, or even as high as at least 80%or 90%of the control value. Other terms indicating quantitative changes or differences from a comparative basis, such as "more, " "less, " "higher, " and "lower, " as well as terms indicating an action to cause such changes or differences, such as "increase, " "promote, " "enhance, " "decrease, " "inhibit, " and "suppress, " including their grammatical variations, are used in this application in the same fashion as described above. In contrast, the term "substantially the same" or "substantially lack of change" indicates little to no change in quantity from the standard control value, typically within ± 10%of the standard control, or within ± 5%, 2%, or even less variation from the standard control.
As used herein, the term "treatment" or "treating" includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying of onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition. A preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100%elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
As used herein, an "effective amount" or a "therapeutically effective amount" means the amount of an active agent that, when administered to a subject or patient for treating a disorder, is sufficient to prevent, reduce the frequency of, or alleviate the symptoms of the disorder. The effective amount will vary depending on a variety of the factors, such as a particular compound or bioactive agent used, the disease and its severity, the age, weight, and other factors of the subject to be treated. Amelioration of a symptom of a particular condition by administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein refers to any lessening, whether permanent or temporary, that can be associated with the administration of the pharmaceutical composition.
A "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
The term "excipient" refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention. For example, the term "excipient" includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks.
The term “consisting essentially of, ” when used in the context of describing a composition containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients, refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition. For example, a composition consisting essentially of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention effective for reducing metastatic risk of cancer in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process (e.g., anti-cancer metastasis efficacy) or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of cancer metastasis among the receiving subjects.
The term “about” as used herein denotes a range of ±10%of a given value. For example, “about 10” means a range of 10 ± 1 (10 x 10%) , i.e., 9-11.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. INTRODUCTION
This disclosure relates to the development of a glycan-targeting therapeutic strategy, exemplified by a lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) , which combines the strong glycan-targeting capabilities of multivalent lectins with the aggregating propensities of bacterial microcompartment proteins. The design is meant to create a system sensitive enough to elicit cell-specific aggregation towards invasive, metastatic tumor cells, all while being nontoxic to normal tissues. LPAT agents were screened against a panel of 6 breast cancer cells lines, with the most potent agent showing preferential anti-adhesive and anti-invasive activity against the hypersialylated/MMP-9 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cell line. Furthermore, LPAT agents did not show any hemagglutination properties, which is a principle disadvantage of lectin-based targeting systems. Overall, this work has built the foundation for an anti-cancer therapy aimed at preventing metastatic tumor onset and progression in a safe and selective manner.
II. GLYCAN-TARGETING PROTEIN AGGREGATION CONSTRUCTS
A. General Structure
The present invention discloses a fusion construct that specifically targets sugar molecules (glycan) present on the surface of cancer cells, undergoes multimerization through its self-aggregating domain, and ultimately alters the cancer cell surface properties so as to inhibit the metastatic potential of the cancer cells. The fusion constructs include these segments: a glycan-binding moiety that targets cancer cells over-expressing a pre-determined glycan on their surface, an aggregating moiety that allows multimerization of individual fusion construct molecules, and an optional moiety of a solubilizing protein that confers a level of solubility to the construct. These moieties are typically joined through covalent bonds, such as peptide bonds, in some cases by way of peptide linkers. In the case of the fusion construct being a fusion polypeptide, additional amino acid residue (s) may be present not only between any two of these elements but also at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus.
Glycan-targeting domain: this domain is responsible for the fusion construct of the present invention being able to specifically target cancer cells expressing a pre-determined glycan, such as one of the known tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) , including truncated O-glycans, gangliosides, Lewis antigens, and polysialic acids. Any molecule that can specifically bind a relevant glycan may be used for this purpose, for example, nucleic acids such as aptamers and proteins such as lectins capable of specific binding to glycans may be used. In particular, the ACG and PSL lectins can be used. The ACG lectin, which is derived from the fungus Agrocybe cylindracea, primarily recognizes α2, 3-linked sialic acids. The PSL lectin, which is derived from the fungus Polyporus squamosus, primarily recognizes α2, 6-linked sialic acids. Their amino acid sequences and locations within the exemplary fusion constructs of this invention are indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 1-11 and 14 (in shaded portions) . An amino acid sequence having a sequence identity at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher to any one of the exemplary lectin sequences may be used as a part of the glycan-targeting domain for constructing the fusion polypeptide of this invention.
Other monosaccharides suitable for use to target cancer cells via a glycan-targeting domain in this invention include sialic acid, fucose, and high mannose, see, e.g., Dobie et al. Br. J. Cancer. 2021, 124 (1) , 76-90; Miyoshi et al. Biomolecules. 2012, 2 (1) , 34-45; and Boyaval et al. Cancers. 2022, 14 (6) , 1552. Glycan epitopes suitable for targeting cancer cells via a glycan-targeting domain include GD2 and GD3 ganglioside, GM3 ganglioside, fucosyl-GM1 ganglioside, Globo H, Tn and sTn antigen, TF antigen, SLeA, SLeX, LeY, and polysalic acid, see, e.g., Zhe et al. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2023, 11, 1076862; Ng et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 2019, 26 (16) , 2933-2947; Drivsholm et al. Ann. Oncol. 1994, 5 (7) , 623-626; Yang et al. Cancer Biomark. 2017, 21 (1) , 211-220; Fu et al. HLA. 2016, 88 (6) , 275-286; MacLean et al. Semin. Cancer Biol. 1991, 2 (6) , 433-439; Kolben et al. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2022, 148 (12) , 3323-3335; and Tanaka et al. Cancer Res. 2000, 60 (11) , 3072-3080.
In addition to various lectins, other molecular moieties suitable for use as a glycan-targeting domain in this invention include glycan-binding antibodies or their fragments or variants such as nanobodies, single-chain antibodies (scFv) , DNA/RNA aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, see, e.g., Yau et al. Molecules. 2015, 20 (3) , 3791-3810; Khilji et al. Cell Chem. Biol. 2022, 29 (8) , 1353-1361. e6; Lu et al. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1) , 5101; Díaz-Martínez et al. Anal. Chem. 2024, 96 (7) , 2759-2763; and Xing et al. Nat. Protoc. 2017, 12, 964-987.
Aggregating domain: this domain is responsible for the aggregation of the glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention. Any molecule that has the ability to self-aggregate and form multimers can be used for producing the fusion construct of the present invention. As illustrated in Figure 1C, bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are large, self-assembling organelles predominantly found in several species of bacteria and archaea that work to enclose specific metabolic processes. The selectively permeable shell of BMCs is made of a few thousand copies of self-assembling protein building blocks: the shell units BmcH and BmcT, and the vertex unit BmcP. In some exemplary glycan-targeting fusion constructs of this invention, the hexamer-forming BmcH and trimer-forming BmcT proteins are used. Their amino acid sequences and locations within the exemplary fusion constructs of this invention are indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 1-13 (in bolded portions) . An amino acid sequence having a sequence identity at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher to any one of the exemplary Bmc sequences may be used as a part of the aggregating domain for constructing the fusion polypeptide of this invention.
In addition to various bacterial microcompartment proteins, other molecular moieties suitable for use as an aggregating domain in this invention include helicases, ATPases, chaperon proteins, and capsid proteins, see, e.g., Sutter et al. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12(1) , 3809; Fernandez et al. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2021, 56 (6) , 621-639; Zhao et al. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1) , 6439; Wang et al. Nature. 2011, 471 (7338) , 331-335; and Pornillos et al. Cell. 2009, 137 (7) , 1282-1292.
Solubilizing domain: this domain is responsible for conveying a desired level of solubility to the glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention. Any molecule, especially protein, that provides a significant degree of solubility may be used for this purpose. For example, the ~12 kDa SUMO protein and the ~43 kDa maltose-binding protein (MBP) may be used. Their amino acid sequences and locations within the exemplary fusion constructs of this invention are indicated in SEQ ID NOs: 2-5, 7, 8, and 10-13 (in underlined portions) . An amino acid sequence having a sequence identity at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or higher to any one of the exemplary SUMO or MBP sequences may be used as a part of the solubilizing domain for constructing the fusion polypeptide of this invention.
In addition to MBP and SUMO proteins, other molecular moieties suitable for use as a solubilizing domain in this invention include NusA, glutathione S-transferase (GST) , and TrxA proteins, see, e.g., Fox et al. FEBS Lett. 2003, 537 (1-3) , 53-57; Marblestone et al. Protein Sci. 2006, 15, 182-189; Nallamsetty et al. Protein Expr. Purif. 2006, 45 (1) , 175-182; et al. Methods Enzymol. 2015, 559, 127-139; and Yasukawa et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270 (43) , 25328-25331.
Linkers: the glycan-targeting domain, the aggregating domain, and the optional solubilizing domain of the fusion construct of this invention are connected via covalent bonds, e.g., peptide bonds, and in some cases involving the use of peptide linkers, especially when the fusion construct is a fusion protein. A suitable linker may be as few as 1 to 2 amino acids and as many as 30 to 40 or up to 50 amino acids in length. For instance, it may be between 2 to 30, 3 to 30, 2 to 25, 3 to 25, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 5 to 25, 5 to 20, 5 to 15, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 7 to 10, or 8 to 10 amino acids in length. Optionally, a protease cleavage site may be included in a linker, for example, to allow release of the solubilizing domain from the fusion construct upon contact with targeted cancer cell surface where the pertinent protease (e.g., MMP-9 or MMP-2) is present and especially over-expressed. Additional amino acids in the same length range may be included at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or both of the fusion polypeptide.
In addition to MMP2 and MMP9, other cancer cell surface expressed enzymes suitable for use to create a cleavage site in a cancer-responsive linker in this invention include ADAM10/ADAM17, Meprin α/Meprin β, kallikreins (KLKs) , and cathepsins, see, e.g., Jiang et al. BMC Cancer, 2021, 21, 149; Tsang et al. EBioMedicine. 2018, 38, 89-99; Lottaz et al. PLoS One. 2011, 6 (11) , e26450; Avgeris et al. Biol Chem. 2012, 393 (5) , 301-317; and Tan et al. World J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 4 (4) , 91-101.
The activity of the fusion construct to alter cancer cell surface properties and inhibit metastatic potential can be tested and confirmed in a cell migration assay known in the field and disclosed herein. Briefly, a standard wound healing assay is performed a line of suitable cancer cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231) is used in to measure changes in the ability of the cells to close a wound gap in the presence or absence of a candidate agent. An inhibitory effect is deemed present when a decrease in the wound closure rate of the cells incubated in the agent for a given time period (e.g., 18 hours) is observed, and the agent is determined as effective for suppressing cancer metastatic potential. Conversely, cancer cells having a certain glycan or protease expression profile on the cell surface are most effectively treated with the methods and compositions of this invention, for example, breast cancer cells expressing at least 1/5, or at least 1/3, preferably more, of the level of a pertinent glycan or protease, corresponding to the level of the glycan or protease expressed on the MDA-MB-231 cell surface. In practice, cancer cells from a patient may be pre-screened for glycan/protease expression profile to determine whether a fusion construct of this invention targeting the corresponding glycan and/or cleavable by the corresponding protease would provide an effective means for treating or preventing cancer metastasis. Typically, cancer cells suitable for this glycan-targeting aggregation therapy express on their surface an increased level of a glycan and/or protease, e.g., of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 times or more, compared to the non-cancerous cells of the same tissue type.
B. Chemical Synthesis
The individual elements of the glycan-targeting aggregation construct of this invention have known amino acid sequences, see, e.g., Figure 8 and SEQ ID NOs: 1-14. Thus, the construct be chemically synthesized using conventional peptide synthesis or other protocols well known in the art.
Polypeptides may be synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis methods using procedures similar to those described by Merrifield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85: 2149-2156 (1963) ; Barany and Merrifield, Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, in The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology Gross and Meienhofer (eds. ) , Academic Press, N. Y., vol. 2, pp. 3-284 (1980) ; and Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis 2nd ed., Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, Ill. (1984) . During synthesis, N-α-protected amino acids having protected side chains are added stepwise to a growing polypeptide chain linked by its C-terminal and to a solid support, i.e., polystyrene beads. The peptides are synthesized by linking an amino group of an N-α-deprotected amino acid to an α-carboxy group of an N-α-protected amino acid that has been activated by reacting it with a reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The attachment of a free amino group to the activated carboxyl leads to peptide bond formation. The most commonly used N-α-protecting groups include Boc, which is acid labile, and Fmoc, which is base labile.
Materials suitable for use as the solid support are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, the following: halomethyl resins, such as chloromethyl resin or bromomethyl resin; hydroxymethyl resins; phenol resins, such as 4- (α- [2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl] -Fmoc-aminomethyl) phenoxy resin; tert-alkyloxycarbonyl-hydrazidated resins, and the like. Such resins are commercially available, and their methods of preparation are known by those of ordinary skill in the art.
Briefly, the C-terminal N-α-protected amino acid is first attached to the solid support. The N-α-protecting group is then removed. The deprotected α-amino group is coupled to the activated α-carboxylate group of the next N-α-protected amino acid. The process is repeated until the desired peptide is synthesized. The resulting peptides are then cleaved from the insoluble polymer support and the amino acid side chains deprotected. Longer peptides can be derived by condensation of protected peptide fragments. Details of appropriate chemistries, resins, protecting groups, protected amino acids and reagents are well known in the art and so are not discussed in detail herein (See, Atherton et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press (1989) , and Bodanszky, Peptide Chemistry, A Practical Textbook, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag (1993) ) .
C. Recombinant Production
The glycan-targeting aggregation agent of this invention, especially in the form of a fusion polypeptide, can be produced using routine techniques in the field of recombinant genetics, relying on the polynucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptide disclosed herein.
To obtain high level expression of a nucleic acid encoding a glycan-targeting fusion polypeptide of the present invention, one typically subclones a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide into an expression vector that contains a strong promoter to direct transcription, a transcription/translation terminator and a ribosome binding site for translational initiation. Suitable bacterial promoters are well known in the art and described, e.g., in Sambrook and Russell, supra, and Ausubel et al., supra. Bacterial expression systems for expressing the polypeptide are available in, e.g., E. coli, Bacillus sp., Salmonella, and Caulobacter. Kits for such expression systems are commercially available. Eukaryotic expression systems for mammalian cells, yeast, and insect cells are well known in the art and are also commercially available. In one embodiment, the eukaryotic expression vector is an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated vector, or a retroviral vector. The promoter used to direct expression of a heterologous nucleic acid depends on the particular application. In some cases, an inducible promoter is preferred.
Standard transfection methods are used to produce bacterial, mammalian, yeast, insect, or plant cell lines that express large quantities of a recombinant polypeptide, which are then purified using standard techniques (see, e.g., Colley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264: 17619-17622 (1989) ; Guide to Protein Purification, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182 (Deutscher, ed., 1990) ; Morrison, J. Bact. 132: 349-351 (1977) ; Clark-Curtiss &Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology 101: 347-362 (Wu et al., eds, 1983) ) . Any of the well-known procedures for introducing foreign nucleotide sequences into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells may be used for the recombinant production of the glycan-targeting fusion polypeptide of this invention.
III. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND ADMINISTRATION
The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or physiological compositions comprising an effective amount of a glycan-targeting fusion construct that inhibits the metastatic potential of cancer cells overexpressing a particular glycan targeted by the fusion construct, such as one of the LPAT agents described herein. Such compositions also include one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of delivery methods, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., oral, nasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal. The preferred routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are local delivery to an organ or tissue affected by cancer, especially one with metastatic potential (e.g., intratumoral injection to a tumor) at daily doses of about 0.01 -5000 mg, preferably 5-500 mg or 10-250 mg, for example, 20-100 mg, of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention for a 70 kg adult human per day. The appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention, inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used. The pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories. A solid carrier can be one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
In powders, the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component, e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct of the present invention. In tablets, the active ingredient (e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct) is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
For preparing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of suppositories, a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5%to about 70%by weight of the active ingredient (such as a glycan-targeting fusion construct) . Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
The pharmaceutical compositions can include the formulation of the active compound of a glycan-targeting fusion construct with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the fusion construct (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the fusion construct. In a similar manner, cachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral or parenteral administration, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration. Sterile water solutions of the active component (e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention) or sterile solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component (e.g., a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile component in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
The pharmaceutical compositions containing a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a metastatic cancer in an amount sufficient to prevent, cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the condition and its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose. " Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the condition and the weight and general state of the patient, but generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg of the glycan-targeting fusion construct per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages of from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of the fusion construct per day for a 70 kg patient being more commonly used.
In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions containing glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention are administered to a patient who has been diagnosed with cancer and is at risk of developing metastasis in an amount sufficient to delay or prevent metastasis. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose. " In this use, the precise amounts of the fusion construct again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, but generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg of the fusion construct for a 70 kg patient per day, more commonly from about 5 mg to about 500 mg for a 70 kg patient per day.
Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention sufficient to effectively inhibit cancer metastasis in the patient, either therapeutically or prophylactically. Typically, the patient has already been given another form of cancer treatment (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any combination thereof) at least, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks prior, or is currently receiving such cancer treatment, or is scheduled to start receiving such cancer treatment shortly, for example, within the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks.
IV. CANCER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
In accordance with the present invention, a cancer patient may be administered an effective amount of a glycan-targeting fusion construct described here, as deemed appropriate by an attending physician, along with another anti-cancer therapeutic agent known to be effective for suppressing cancer cell proliferation as a means of intervention therapeutically or prophylactically. In particular, for those who have been confirmed in their diagnosis as having already developed cancer, various treatment strategies are available for treating cancer (especially solid cancer) in these patients including but not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, or any combination thereof. A glycan-targeting fusion construct of the present invention may be used concurrently, shortly before or after, together with one or more of these therapies.
In such applications, one or more of these previously known effective anti-cancer therapeutic agents, including those named in this application, can be administered to subjects in need of treatment. For combination therapy, the active agents (including the glycan-targeting fusion construct) may be administered concurrently each in an effective amount, either together in a single composition or separately in two or more separate compositions.
For example, various chemotherapeutic agents are known to be effective for use to treat various cancers. As used herein, a “chemotherapeutic agent” encompasses any chemical compound exhibiting suppressive effect against cancer cells, thus useful in the treatment of cancer. Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, kinase inhibitors, spindle poison plant alkaloids, cytotoxic/antitumor antibiotics, topisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) , anti-progesterones, estrogen receptor down-regulators (ERDs) , estrogen receptor antagonists, leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, anti-androgens, aromatase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, and anti-sense oligonucleotides that inhibit expression of genes implicated in abnormal cell proliferation or tumor growth. Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the treatment methods disclosed herein also include cytostatic and/or cytotoxic agents.
Exemplary anti-cancer therapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as altretamine, bendamustine, busulfan, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, chlormethine, chlorozotocin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, fotemustine, ifosfamide, lomustine, melphalan, melphalan flufenamide, mitobronitol, nimustine, nitrosoureas, pipobroman, ranimustine, semustine, streptozotocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, treosulfan, triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, trofosfamide, and uramustine; anthracyclines such as aclarubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, valrubicin, and zorubicin; cytoskeletal disruptors (taxanes) such as abraxane, cabazitaxel, docetaxel, larotaxel, paclitaxel, taxotere, and tesetaxel; epothilones such as ixabepilone; histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat, romidepsin, and inhibitors of topoisomerase I such as belotecan, camptothecin, exatecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, and topotecan; inhibitors of topoisomerase II such as etoposide, teniposide, and tafluposide; kinase inhibitors such as bortezomib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, vemurafenib, and vismodegib; nucleotide analogs and precursor analogs such as azacitidine, azathioprine, capecitabine, cytarabine, doxifluridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and tioguanine (formerly thioguanine) ; peptide antibiotics such as actinomycin and bleomycin; platinum-based agents such as carboplatin, cisplatin, dicycloplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, and satraplatin; retinoids such as alitretinoin, bexarotene, and tretinoin; and vinca alkaloids and derivatives such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
Immunotherapeutic approaches useful for cancer treatment include (1) active immunotherapy, which directs the immune system to specifically target the cancer cells, e.g., targeted antibody therapy and cell-based immunotherapy such as CAR T cell therapy; and (2) passive immunotherapy, e.g., using checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines to stimulate the immune system without specifically targeting cancer cells. Various monoclonal antibodies are used in targeted antibody therapy. Examples of such antibodies and their conjugates include adotrastuzumab (HER2) , alemtuzumab (CD52) , bevaclzumab (VEGF) , brentuximab (CD30) , capromab (PSMA) , cetuximab (EGFR) , elotuzumab (SLAMF7) , ibritumomab (CD20) , necitumumab (EGFR) , obinutumab (CD20) , ofatumumab (CD20) , olaratumab (PDGFRA) , panitumumab (EGFR) , pertuzumab (HER2) , ramucirumab (VEGFR2) , rituximab (CD-20) , trastuzumab (HER-2) , inotuzumab-ozogamicin (CD22) , gemtuzumab-ozogamicin (CD33) , and bevacizumab-awwb (VEGF) . Currently approved checkpoint inhibitors target molecules CTLA4, PD-1, and PD-L1, including ipilimumab (CTLA4) , nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, spartalizumab (PD-1) , atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab (PD-L1) . Cytokines for use in the treatment of cancer and associated conditions include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , and interleukin-11 (IL-11) .
V. KITS
The invention also provides compositions and kits for practicing the methods described herein to treat cancer, especially for inhibiting cancer metastasis, by administering a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention to a cancer patient. Both therapeutic use and prophylactic use are contemplated, i.e., a cancer patient with or without a metastasis diagnosis may be treated.
Kits for the therapeutic use of a glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention typically include one container containing a composition comprising the glycan-targeting fusion construct (such as one of the LPAT agents shown in Figure 8) . Typically, such composition is formulated for delivering the glycan-targeting fusion construct, e.g., by injection such as subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral. Optionally, the kit includes at least one, possibly two or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents, known for their effectiveness in treating cancer, for example, any one or more of the therapeutic agents known/used in the medical field or described herein, or which might belong to any of the following 3 categories: (A) chemotherapeutic drugs, e.g., drugs capable of killing or suppressing cells that are actively undergoing proliferation; (B) immunotherapeutic agents, e.g., monoclonal antibodies for targeted antibody therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines; and (C) cell-based therapeutic agents, e.g., those used in CAR T cell therapy or other immune cell therapy.
Further, the kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in the proper administration of the composition comprising the glycan-targeting fusion construct of this invention, optionally in combination with one or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents, to a subject deemed in need of such treatment by a physician (e.g., a cancer patient whose cancer may or may not have metastasized) , the schedule (e.g., dose and frequency of administration) and route of administration, and the like.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially the same or similar results.
INTRODUCTION
With over 162 approved and marketed antibody therapies (as of June 2022) , 1 there continues to be significant growth in this area of biotherapeutics. For example, 14 different antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have already received FDA approval with more than 100 other ADCs currently under various stages of clinical research. 2 As this new renaissance in targeted cancer therapy begins to grow, one notable absence has been the lack of effective glycan-specific antibodies for cancer treatment.
As early as 1969, 3 aberrant glycosylation in cancer has been widely regarded as a reliable cancer biomarker. 4 During cancer progression, studies show that glycan patterns on cell surfaces are altered (glycan composition, truncation, or modified branching points) to promote carcinogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. Examples of well-known tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA) biomarkers include truncated O-glycans, gangliosides, Lewis antigens, and polysialic acids. 5
Of particular interest to this study are sialic acids, which are also referred to as N-acetylneuraminic acids. These 9-carbon carboxylated monosaccharides are typically found in animal tissues and fluids as parts of varying glycoproteins and glycolipids. With an increase in sialic acid levels (hypersialylation) on cell surfaces, researchers quickly identified this phenomena as a consistent occurence for many cancer types (i.e., 40–60%through enhanced immune evasion and migration. 6, 7
With the plethora of studies that support TACA as an important cancer biomarker, there has been a natural inclination to develop TACA-based anticancer vaccines capable of distinguishing tumor cells from normal, healthy tissues. Unfortunately, while numerous candidates have entered clinical trials throughout the past decades, there has been very limited success. 8 The only known TACA-targeting cancer therapeutics that have received FDA approval are dinutuximab and naxitamab. 9, 10 Approved in 2015 and 2020, respectively, both monoclonal antibodies are used to treat high-risk neuroblastoma by targeting ganglioside GD2. Although effective in improving patient survival, studies have shown both dinutuximab and naxitamab elicit a myriad of severe side effects rooted from their known neurotoxic activity. 11
One probable reason for the failures of many glycan-targeting antibodies comes from the fact that all TACAs are still principally composed from glycans of human-origin. For example, the neurotoxicity of GD2-targeting dinutuximab and naxitamab is attributed to the fact that healthy cells also express GD2.12 Thus, the selectivity of TACA-targeting antibodies is highly dependent on dosages that can operate within a narrow therapeutic threshold range. Otherwise, normal cells expressing endogenous levels of targeted glycans are likely to be affected by antibody off-targeting and the consequent adverse side effects (Figure 1A) .
Besides antibodies, another known strategy to target TACAs is through the usage of lectins. Also referred to as carbohydrate binding proteins, this large family of proteins are known to bind varying glycan ligands in a specific and reversible nature. 13 Prominant examples of their applications in targeted therapeutics can be seen with the development of lectin-drug conjugates, 14-18 and lectin-conjugated nanoparticles. 19-23
Although promising, there are two main disadvantages when developing lectin-based therapeutics. First, studies have shown that single-site glycan binding affinities for many lectins are typically weak. This is reflected by dissociation constants (KD) with monosaccharide substrates that fall within the low micromolar range. 13 To circumvent this, lectins naturally oligomerize (i.e. dimers, trimers, hexamers) to increase binding strength via multivalency, thereby producing the high-avidity binding needed for in vivo interactions. However, lectin multivalency is a double-edged sword that leads to a well-known adverse side effect. By recognizing and binding to glycans on the surface of erythrocytes, multivalent lectins promote clumping of red blood cells in a process referred to as agglutination (Figure 1B) . 24 These cell clumps eventually block blood vessels throughout the body, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients. Due to the risks of blood agglutination, no lectin-based targeted therapeutics have ever progressed past clinical trials.
The primary aim of this study is to introduce an alternative strategy for glycan targeting that can circumvent issues related to both traditional antibody-and lectin-based therapies. To do this, a concept referred to as “cancer-activated lectin multivalency” will be pursued. The goal of such system expects that binding to normal cells (basal levels of glycosylation) will occur, but lectin multivalency can only be activated in the presence of highly metastatic cancer cells (hyperglycosylated surfaces) to elicit a biological effect. In this manner, cell selectivity should be improved while also avoiding any risk of blood agglutination.
As an emerging field, targeted peptide assemblies is an approach that aims to have soluble precursor peptides accumulate to specific cells, where a trigger event can lead to aggregation/gelation. 25, 26 For anticancer applications, precursor targeting is typically aided by directed groups, 27 or reliant on activation by tumor-associated enzymes. 28 Using this approach, studies focused on the aggregation/gelation of peptide nanoassemblies have been done with much success. 29 With consideration that the low molecular weight of peptide precursors often requires higher dosages (low to high millimolar range) to reach critical aggregation concentrations, we were inspired to find a protein-based aggregating biomolecule that could potentially operate at lower concentrations to improve sensitivity.
Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are large, self-assembling organelles predominantly found in several species of bacteria and archaea that work to enclose specific metabolic processes (Figure 1C) . 30 The selectively permeable shell of BMCs is made of a few thousand copies of self-assembling protein building blocks: the shell units BmcH and BmcT, and the vertex unit BmcP. The most abundant shell unit is the BmcH protein, which forms a cyclic homohexamer that self-assembles to form an impermeable wall. 31, 32 To allow the free flow of metabolites into the microcompartments, the BmcT shell protein exists to form a cyclic trimer (pseudohexamer) with a central pore opening. 31 Since BMCs display remarkable self-assembling properties, researchers have looked to exploit them for varying bioengineering applications. For example, the Kerfeld group were able to develop unique BMC architectures by simply creating protease-cleavable SUMO-BmcH fusions. In doing so, the natural self-assembling properties could be thwarted during expression/purification, allowing these proteins to form unnatural BmcH-based nanotubes upon controlled protease exposure. 33
The idea of lectin multivalency, defined as the collective binding strength of multiple glycan ligands to multiple lectin receptors, is not just limited to nature. Numerous studies have created varying bioinspired materials to possess “engineered multivalency. ” For example, the Hudalla group used α-helical coiled-coil domains to create trimeric galectin-3 assemblies capable of tissue-specific enzyme activity. 34 In another study, the Turnbull group also exploited coiled-coil domains by appending them to one face of the GM1 ganglioside-targeting cholera toxin to induce supramolecular assembly. 35 And finally, multivalency control can also be manipulated via a connected glycan network. This was shown by the Tanaka group, whom have decorated albumin with multiple complex N-glycans to influence its in vivo distribution for targeted drug release/synthesis. 36-40
This study illustrates the development of lectin-directed protein aggregation therapy (LPAT) . The overall aim of this system is to exploit principles of controllable lectin multivalency, cancer-specific proteases, and targeted protein assembly to create a system sensitive enough to elicit cell-specific aggregation towards invasive, hypersialylated metastatic breast cancer cells (Figure 1D) . LPAT agents were designed with four main components: a sialic acid-targeting lectin, an aggregating protein unit, a linker region with a protease responsive cut site, and a solubilizing protein unit. The hypothesis of this design is that in the presence of normal tissues, the LPAT agents will not aggregate on cell surfaces due to the sparse expression of sialoglycoproteins and MMP-9. With highly metastatic cancers, however, these cells should fulfill the necessary conditions for dual targeting via hypersialylation and MMP overexpression. As such, a higher localized concentration of MMP-cleaved LPAT is expected on metastatic cancer cell surfaces. Through screening LPAT agents against a panel of breast cancer cell lines in this study, anti-metastatic activities have been revealed.
RESULTS
The different components chosen to create LPAT agents 1-13 are briefly summarized on Figure 2A and detailed in Figure 8. For the lectin-based targeting units, the ACG and PSL lectins were chosen as a complementary pair. ACG (derived from the fungus Agrocybe cylindracea) primarily recognizes α2, 3-linked sialic acids, 41, 42 whreas PSL (derived from the fungus Polyporus squamosus) primarily recognizes α2, 6-linked sialic acids. 43 For the aggregating unit, the hexamer-forming BmcH and trimer-forming BmcT were chosen. For the solubilizing unit, the ~12 kDa SUMO protein and the ~43 kDa maltose-binding protein (MBP) were chosen. SUMO was chosen on the basis of its previous use in preventing BmcH assembly during purification. 33 MBP is a well-known protein capable of increasing the water solubility of its fusion partners. 44, 45 For the cancer-activated sequence, the PLGLAG linker was chosen due its known cleavage activity by matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) . 46, 47 As part of the gelatinase subgroup of the MMP family, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 are enzymes known to be overexpressed in cancer cells to facilitate invasion and tumor metastasis. 48, 49 In cases where MMP cleavage is not desired, the random sequence GNGFVG was used as a non-cleavable linker. All protein complexes used in this study were confirmed by size on SDS-PAGE (Figure 2B) .
To investigate whether triggered aggregation of the LPAT agents were possible, an aggregation assay was first carried out. Protein aggregates in solution are known to scatter incoming light, 50 so turbidity at 340nm was used to quantify aggregation. To perform this assay, all proteins were purified in urea-supplemented buffers to ensure protein denaturation. Serial dilutions made of these protein solutions were then individually dialyzed in urea-free buffer. With the gradual elimination of urea, refolded protein complexes are then sensitive to BmcH-facilitated self-assembly and concentration-dependent aggregation. From this assay, only LPAT agents 1, 6, and 9 showed any visible protein aggregation. This was an expected outcome, as all these proteins lack a solubilizing unit. Critical aggregation concentrations (cac) of agents 1, 6, and 9 were determined to be 20.6, 4.9, and 38.4 μM, respectively (Figure 2C-D and Figure 9) . In contrast, any LPAT agents possessing a SUMO or MBP solubilizing unit were found to remain soluble even at concentrations of 100 μM. Images to highlight the differences in aggregation between BmcH-ACG 1 and its MBP-containing equivalent 5 are shown in Figure 2E. With this collected data, it is clear to see that the utilization of a solubilizing unit to suppress BmcH-or BmcT-facilitated aggregation is a viable approach.
Breast cancer was deemed to be a suitable model system for conducting screening tests for LPAT activity as numerous literature reports have identified them to be hypersialylated, 51 and overexpress MMP2/9.52, 53 Furthermore, the high incidence of metastatic breast cancer (occurring in 20-50%of breast cancer patients) along with its poor prognosis (5-year survival rate of 26%) , 54 means that there is an urgent need to develop effective antimetastatic therapies. In this study, a panel of 6 breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, HCC1937, Hs578T, T47D) were tested, as outlined in Figure 3A with their histological subtypes and categorizations. 55
To determine the sialic acid content of each cell line, metabolic incorporation of Ac4ManNAz was first done so that cell surface sialic acids would be decorated with an azide. Following DBCO-fluorescein labelling, cells were then analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to determine the mean fluorescence intensity per cell (Figure 3B) . As summarized in Figure 3C, an observation was made that triple negative breast cancer cell lines (Hs578T, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, HCC1937) generally have higher sialic acid content than the luminal A subtype (MCF-7, T47D) . This data also correlates well with other literature FACS studies. 56, 57
To next investigate the extracellular MMP-9 activities produced by cells, an ELISA assay was carried out on the concentrated culture media collected from each cell line following one day of incubation (Figure 3D) . From this comparative data, MDA-MB-231 showed the highest levels of detected MMP-9. Again, this data is consistent with other literature sources that have shown MDA-MB-231 consistently produces high levels of MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels. 58, 59
Collectively, the data provides several insights into the potential breast cancer types that may be susceptible to LPAT. Since triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are a highly aggressive form of cancer characterized by high rates of tumor relapse, metastasis, and poor prognosis, 60, 61 they could be a potential therapeutic target of LPAT due to its high sialic acid expression levels. Additionally, there are known to be two distinct basal groups in TNBC cell lines identified by gene expression profiling. 62 From this grouping, basal B (TNB) cell lines like MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t are identified as more invasive and have stem/progenitor-like characteristics. This fact serves to justify why MDA-MB-231 possesses such high levels of MMP9. A summary chart of the relative balance between sialic acid expression and cell surface MMP2/9 activities are depicted on Figure 3E. With consideration of this data, MDA-MB-231 was naturally chosen as the model cell line to screen LPAT agents developed in this study.
To being the investigations into biological activity, confirmation needed to be made that the aggregation of multivalent lectin complexes on the surface of hypersialylated breast cancer cells could impact cell viability or another biological function. So to start, viability assays were run using LPAT agents 2-5, 7, 8, 10, 11 and found that these proteins were non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 10 μM (Figure 10A) . This result was largely expected since lectin binding to cell surface glycoproteins are not currently known to strongly elicit cell apoptosis pathways.
Investigations then shifted to whether LPAT agents could impact the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. This approach is rooted from current knowledge about the role of selectins, which are a family of transmembrane proteins that can bind to sialylated glycan structures to facilitate early steps of adhesion. 63 Studies have found evidence to support that selectins aid metastasis by promoting the adhesion of circulating cancer cells to selectin-expressing cells in distant organs. 64, 65 As highlighted in Figure 4A, one manner this can occur is with P-selectins found on the surface of endothelial cells. The theory is that hypersialylated cancer cells circulating in the blood stream will initially tether with P-selectin, causing the cells to roll and eventually adhere onto the endothelium. Subsequent extravasation then allows these invasive cells to establish metastatic tumors.
Of particular interest to breast cancer is metastases to the lungs, 66, 67 where autopsy studies have found it can be present in about 57-77%of patients. 68 To understand why breast cancer preferentially metastasizes to the lungs, some studies have attributed it to the role of selectins, which can be found upregulated in the metastatic microenvironment of pulmonary tumors. 69 Furthermore, studies carried out with mice knocked out (or immunodepleted) with lung-derived selectins showed significant reductions in metastatic progression caused by TNBC cells like MDA-MB-231.70
With the aim of blocking access to crucial adhesion molecules in the metastatic process, it was hypothesized that multivalent binding of LPAT agents on cell surfaces could occupy sialic acid binding sites that are necessary for selectin-based adhesion (Figure 4B) . To test this theory, an assay was first run to examine the impact of LPAT agents on the adhesion capabilities of MDA-MB-231 onto plates pre-coated with extracellular matrix proteins (sourced from FBS) . From these results (Figure 4C) , it was clear to see that the most effective protein scaffolds at impairing cell adhesion possessed a BmcH aggregating unit with an ACG lectin. For example, when looking at the change in cell adhesion capabilities between uncleavable and MMP-cleavable protein complexes, LPAT agents 2 and 3 gave a ~54%difference while agents 4 and 5 gave a ~36%difference. As a negative control, the proteins 12 and 13 (mimics of 4 and 5 lacking an ACG lectin) were also tested and showed no activity. All other LPAT pairs (7 and 8, 10 and 11) did not show significant differences between uncleavable/cleavable proteins, nor the overall ability to impair cell adhesion.
Next, MBP-containing LPAT agents 4 and 5 were screened against a panel of 6 breast cancer cell lines for their ability to impair cell adhesion (Figure 4D) . Interestingly, no other cell line apart from MDA-MB-231 was significantly affected. Similar results were also observed when utilizing SUMO-containing 2 and 3 (Figure 10B) .
Given the promising results, the cell adhesion assay was next carried out using plates precoated with recombinant human P-selectin (Figure 4E) . From this data, the change in cell adhesion capabilities between uncleavable and MMP-cleavable protein complexes was again examined. Under these conditions, a reverse trend was seen where SUMO-containing LPAT agents 2 and 3 gave a lower difference (~23%) while MBP-containing LPAT agents 4 and 5 gave a higher difference (~85%) . A possible explanation may come down to the complicated protein matrix of FBS coated plates compared to P-selectin only coated plates. Nevertheless, since disrupting adhesion-related sialic acid interactions is the main focus of this work, LPAT agent 5 was chosen as the principle candidate going forward.
A standard invasion assay was next run to judge whether LPAT agent 5 had any inhibitory effects on cell invasion (Figures 4F-G) . After incubating in Matrigel-coated transwells, the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells normally migrate with ease to reach the lower membrane (cell count of ~1710 in obtained images) . However, detected counts of invasive cells drop by 86%when incubated with agent 5, thereby proving its anti-invasive activity. Additional assay data was also obtained with LPAT agents 2-4 (Figures 10C-D) . Although the weakened inhibitory activity of the uncleavable LPAT 4 was expected and observed, the low difference between SUMO-containing 2 and 3 was unexpected. Along with the low difference seen in the P-selectin adhesion assay, SUMO protein appears to be a less favorable solubilizing unit in the LPAT development.
The next assay analyzed the inhibitory effects of LPAT agent 5 on cell migration. This was carried out using a standard wound healing assay (Figures 4H-I, Figures 11A-B) , which measures the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to close a wound gap under varying conditions. When incubated with agent 5, an inhibitory effect was observed where the wound closure rate in 18 hours could be suppressed by up to 63%.
To demonstrate their potential as viable therapeutic agents, LPAT agents will need to display non-existent or highly depressed blood agglutination properties. In the literature, one common adjustment is to simply decrease the number of binding sites on multivalent lectins is through genetic modifications. 71 Doing so, however, adversely affects in vivo avidity. In our concept of “cancer controlled multivalency” , LPAT agent 5 acts as a precursor that possesses only one glycan binding site. Along with a bulky solubilizing unit that likely prevents BmcH oligomerization, agent 5 is not expected to agglutinate red blood cells (Figure 6A) . Once MMP-dependent cleavage of the solubilizing unit is induced near cancer cells, however, BmcH oligomerization can create a hexamer complex possessing strong lectin multivalency.
As an initial test to confirm this theory, buffered solutions of LPAT agents 1 and 5 were both run on a size exclusion column to observe for protein complexation (Figure 6B) . Since LPAT agent 1 lacks any solubilizing unit, hexamer formation would lead to a lectin-BmcH complex of 183.6 kDa in size, which was the rough size of the only observed peak. Since the LPAT agent 5 monomer is 73.6 kDa in size, hexamer complexation would theoretically produce a size of 441.6 kDa. However, the only observed peak in a solution of 5 was one corresponding to the monomer. Thus, it can be concluded that without MMP-activation, LPAT agents should not be able to form multivalent complexes. To test for hemagglutination according to literature assays, 72 LPAT agent 5 and a control (ACG lectin 14) were incubated in a 1%red blood cells suspension and then allowed to stand in v-bottom 96-well plates (Figure 6C) . With tightly bound agglutinates, cell clumps generally become disperse and do not gather at the bottom of the wells. As expected, this was observed for wells containing natural ACG lectin 14. When dealing with free red blood cells, they are unimpeded in gathering at the bottom of wells, giving off an appearance of a red dot. Thus, the appearance of wells incubated with LPAT agent 5 clearly indicates an absence of hemagglutination. This is further supported by sample imaging, where red blood cells incubated with LPAT agent 5 remain separated and healthy (Figure 6D and Figure 13) . This is in stark contrast to ACG lectin 14, which clearly produces large cell agglutinates.
Finally, the anti-metastatic nature of LPAT was tested in mouse studies (Figure 7) . To do this, the TNBC cell line known as MDA-MB-231-LM2 was used, which is a lung-selective metastatic derivative obtained from 3 rounds of in vivo passaging in nude mice with MDA-MB-231 cells. When applied in spontaneous metastasis models, the onset and growth of lung metastatic tumors is significantly greater compared to its parental cell line (Figure 7A) . To identify potential factors contributing to the increased metastatic potential of the LM2 variant, investigations were next made to measure its levels of hypersialylation and MMP overexpression. With a 1.5× increase in sialylation (Figure 7B) and a 3.2× increase in MMP9 secretion (Figure 7C) , the LM2 variant shows a clear increase in both components compared to its parental cell line. To add to these favorable properties, MDA-MB-231-LM2 is also encoded with firefly luciferase, which makes in vivo tumor detection possible through bioluminescent imaging.
In the experimental setup, MDA-MB-231-LM2 cells were first injected into 5-week-old female nude mice, which were then arranged into control and treatment groups. While the control group received a saline solution, the treatment group received a dosage of 12 mg/kg of LPAT 5. All solutions were administered via intravenous tail vein injections. Following a period of 20 weeks, mice were then imaged for tumor burden via in vivo bioluminescent imaging (Figure 7D) . From this data, a clear depreciation of tumor burden in the upper body region of mice can be seen with the treatment group when compared to the control (Figure 7E) . To consolidate this data, all mice were then sacrificed, and their lungs were excised and imaged (Figure 7F) . Quantification of lung tumor burden by bioluminescent imaging again showed a clear reduction of tumor burden with the treatment group compared to the control (Figure 7G) .
CONCLUSION
Breast cancer is widely regarded as one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, with some metrics anticipating rates of 1 million annual deaths by 2040.73 A major factor in its lethality stems from the fact that patient often see high rates (20-50%) of developing metastatic tumors with a five year window following initial treatment. 54 Thus, for many cancer survivors, reaching five years without recurrence is a significant hallmark that correlates to vastly improved survival rates. Despite this delicate situation, continual chemotherapy is not considered viable.
Currently, what is lacking in any cancer treatment regimen is an “aftercare” drug that can be safely taken continually for years following chemotherapy to target and suppress any dormant micrometastases. To be considered a viable option that would not disturb a patient’s quality of life, any potential aftercare drugs would need to fulfill two main requirements: 1) to be selective enough to only target highly metastatic cancer cells, and 2) to be safe and not cause any adverse health effects typically associated with cancer treatment. The design of LPAT fusion proteins was done with these two requirements in mind.
The targeting of LPAT is meant to be dually dependent on two important characteristics of metastatic breast cancer cells. The first barrier is the need for metastatic cells to be hypersialylated. In this manner, LPAT agents will not only disrupt selectin-based adhesion, 64, 65 but should also suppress immune evasion of hypersialylated cells caused by Siglec-sialic acid inhibitory immune interactions. 6, 7 The second barrier is the need for metastatic cells to overexpress MMP2/9. This is a key factor in combating invasive breast cancer cells as studies show that increased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 confer a higher risk towards distant and lymph node metastases. 53
The safety of LPAT agents is mainly based off the fact that they are composed of protein parts with no known cytotoxic traits. Moreover, experimental data from this study show that LPAT agents are non-toxic and do not possess any hemagglutination properties that are typically associated with lectins.
In this study, the anti-adhesive, anti-invasive, and anti-migration activities of LPAT was the most pronounced against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, with little effect shown with other cell lines. The significance of this result is best highlighted by a study stating that MDA-MB-231 possesses the highest metastatic potential out of a panel of 21 basal-like breast cancer cell lines. 74 So with selectivity towards highly metastatic breast cancers and a favorable safety profile, LPAT has the necessary framework to be potentially developed into a novel type of aftercare drug aimed at combatting metastatic tumor recurrence. Moving forward from this proof-of-concept study, future work will look to test more clinical metastatic breast cancer samples, while also developing and screening LPAT agents for efficacy against others forms of metastatic tumors.
METHODS
Recombinant protein expression, purification, and analysis. Genes encoding LPAT fusion proteins were synthesized by Genscript and inserted into pET-21a (+) vectors between differing combinations of NdeI, BamHI, HindIII, and XhoI cut sites. LPAT protein sequences are shown in Figure 7. For expression, plasmids were transformed into One ShotTM BL21 (DE3) Chemically Competent E. coli (ThermoFisher) and then incubated on Luria-Bertani (LB) Agar plates with ampicillin (50 μg/mL) overnight at 37 ℃. Isolated colonies were picked and cultured in 7 mL LB broth with ampicillin (50 μg/mL) overnight in shaking incubators at 37 ℃. These overnight cultures were then used to inoculate larger LB cultures (500 mL) , which were grown in shaking incubators at 37 ℃ until an O. D. reading (at 600 nm) of 0.6 was reached. To induce LPAT fusion protein expression, cultures were supplemented with 0.5 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and then grown for an additional 4 hours at 26 ℃. Bacterial pellets were obtained through centrifugation (7,350 rpm at 4 ℃ for 10 min) and then resuspended in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.4) supplemented with a Pierce protease inhibitor tablet (ThermoFisher) . Sonication was performed (5s on/10s off for 15 min) , followed by centrifugation (12,000 rpm at 4 ℃ for 20 min) to isolate the supernatant. LPAT protein purification was carried out using affinity chromatography columns connected to anstart FPLC system (Cytiva) . To perform His-tag purification, the supernatant was loaded onto a HisPur Ni-NTA Cartridge (ThermoFisher) and washed with at least 10 column volumes of an equilibration buffer (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) . An imidazole gradient (0–300 mM) was then applied to the column by mixing the equilibration buffer with an elution buffer (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole, pH 7.4) . To perform MBP purification, the supernatant was loaded onto a MBPTrap HP Cartridges (Cytiva) and washed with at least 10 column volumes of an equilibration buffer (20 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) . A maltose gradient (0–10 mM) was then applied to the column by mixing the equilibration buffer with an elution buffer (20 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl, 10 mM maltose, pH 7.4) . Eluted protein fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, with appropriate fractions then collected and combined. Following volume reduction using Pierce Protein Concentrators 30K MWCO (ThermoFisher) , buffer exchange using PBS buffer was done to remove any eluting agents. Final protein concentrations were determined using a Pierce Bradford Protein Assay Kit (ThermoFisher) . Protein complex sizes were analyzed using size exclusion chromatography. A COSMOSIL 5Diol-300-II Packed Column, 7.5 mm I. D. x 600 mm (Nacalai tesque) was connected to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system (Shimadzu) running an isocratic 20 mM phosphate buffer (150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) . Approximate protein sizes were obtained by comparison to BSA (66 kDa) and a Gel Filtration Standard (Bio-rad) that contains thyroglobulin, γ-globulin, ovalbumin, and myoglobin (17–670 kDa) .
Critical aggregation concentration. To ensure proteins do not aggregate during purification, urea was supplemented into the equilibration (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 6 M urea, pH 7.4) and elution (20 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole, 6 M urea, pH 7.4) buffers to promote protein unfolding. Following volume reduction using 30K MWCO protein concentrators and determination of protein concentration, serial dilutions of each protein was prepared. Protein solutions of varying concentrations were then placed into SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing (ThermoFisher) and dialyzed twice against 3L of 10 mM phosphate buffer. This step allows the removal of urea, thereby allowing the protein to refold when incubated at 37 ℃ in 96-well UV transparent plates (Beyotime) . After 1 hr, absorbance values at 340 nm were obtained using a VANTAstar Microplate Reader (BMG) . Readings were plotted on a logarithmic scale using GraphPad Prism 9 software.
Cell lines and cell culture. In this study, the human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-468, HCC1937, Hs578t, and T47D were obtained from the iCell Bioscience (China) , while MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were obtained from ATCC (USA) via donation from Prof. Randy YC Poon. MDA-MB-231-LM2 was obtained from Prof. Joan Massagué via an MTA with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York. MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, Hs578t, and T47D were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM; Gibco) , while HCC1937 and MCF-7 were maintained in RPMI media (Gibco) . All media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) , and 100 μg/ml penicillin-streptomycin (P/S; ThermoFisher) . Cells were incubated at 37 ℃ in a humidified incubator with an atmosphere of 5%CO2 and 95%air.
Flow cytometric analysis. Total sialic acid content on cell surfaces was measured using metabolic labelling. 6-well plates were seeded with 5×105 of cells in 4 mL of appropriate growth media. Following overnight incubation at 37 ℃, cells were incubated with fresh media supplemented with or without 40 μM of Ac4ManNAz (Lumiprobe) . Following a 48 hr incubation time, the culture media was replaced with 4 mL of 10 μM DBCO-fluorescein (Lumiprobe) in PBS with 5%FBS. Cells were then incubated for an additional 1 hr at 37 ℃, before adherent cells were washed four times with PBS buffer and harvested. Following centrifugation, ~1×106 of cell suspension was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using a FACSAriaTM III Cell Sorter (BD) . Gating was set to 10,000 events using a FITC channel (250V) with other standard settings (filter=2.0, nozzle=85μm, flow rate=1.0 ml/min) .
ELISA assay. To quantify and compare secreted MMP-9 among the various breast cancer cell lines, a human MMP-9 ELISA kit (Excell Bio) was used according to the manufacturer’s protocol. 2×106 of each cell line was first seeded onto a 10 cm tissue culture plate (4×) and incubated overnight at 37 ℃. The growth media was then replaced with 10 ml of serum-free growth media and incubated for an addition 2 days at 37 ℃. The growth media from plates of each cell line were then collected and concentrated to a volume of 330 μl. To begin the ELISA analysis, 100 μl of the concentrated growth media was loaded into each well of a 96-well microplate pre-coated with the capture antibody for 90 min. Following subsequent incubations with the antibody-biotin and streptavidin-HRP conjugates, analyte levels were measured by the addition of tetramethylbenzidine to each well. Absorbance measurements were read at 450 nm using a VANTAstar Microplate Reader (BMG) and analyte levels were then extrapolated from a standard curve.
Cytotoxicity assays. Cell viability was determined using a colorimetric MTS Assay Kit (Abcam) . Cells were first seeded onto 96-well plates at a density of 1×104 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 ℃. The media was then removed, followed by the incubation of various concentrations of LPAT proteins used in this study. In general, 20 μl of LPAT proteins were added to 80 μl of growth media. Following an incubation time of 1 day, the media was removed and replacing with 20 μl of MTS reagent and 80 μl of growth media. Cells were then incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 hr, and viability was determined by the absorbance at 490 nm measured using a VANTAstar Microplate Reader (BMG) . The background control for this assay was the incubation of 20 μl MTS reagent and 80 μl media in the absence of cells.
Adhesion assay using FBS-coated plates. The 96-well assay plates were first precoated overnight with extracellular matrix proteins from FBS (growth media + 10%FBS) . Separate 6-well plates were seeded at a density of 3×105 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 ℃. After media removal, cells were then incubated with fresh growth media supplemented with varying proteins concentrations (5 μM) . In general, 25 μl of protein stock solution was mixed with 1.5 ml of growth media. Following a 24 hr incubation period, the cells were washed and harvested to create a suspension of 2×105 cells/ml in serum-free medium. To conduct the assay, 100 μl of cell suspension was added to each FBS-coated well and then allowed to incubate at 37 ℃ for 1 hr. The media was then carefully suctioned out from each well, and then washed four times with PBS buffer. Metabolically active adherent cells were then determined using a colorimetric MTS Assay Kit (Abcam) .
Adhesion assay using P-selectin-coated plates. The assay was carried out using a slight modification of a literature protocol. 77 The 96-well assay plates were first precoated for 24 hours at 4 ℃ with 40 μg/mL of recombinant P-selectin (Sino biological, China) dissolved in 50 μL of PBS buffer. Separate 6-well plates were seeded at a density of 3×105 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 ℃. After media removal, cells were then incubated with fresh growth media supplemented with varying proteins concentrations (5 μM) . In general, 25 μl of protein stock solution was mixed with 1.5 ml of growth media. Following a 24 hr incubation period, the cells were washed and harvested to create a suspension of 5×105 cells/ml in serum-free medium. To conduct the assay, 100 μl of cell suspension was added to each P-selectin-coated well and then allowed to incubate at 37 ℃ for 2 hr. The media was then carefully suctioned out from each well, and then washed four times with PBS buffer. Metabolically active adherent cells were then determined using a colorimetric MTS Assay Kit (Abcam) .
Wound healing assay. Cells were first seeded onto 24-well plates and grown to 80–90%confluence. The monolayer of cells was scratched with a sterile micropipette tip, then washed with PBS to remove cellular debris. Cells were then incubated with serum-free media supplemented with 1 μM of protein. Cell migration was observed and counted using a Cell Discoverer 7 microscope (Zeiss) at a magnification of 5×. Each well was photographed at 0, 9, and 18 hrs after protein exposure. The images were then analyzed using ImageJ, where changes to open wound area represent cell motility. Relative to the movement of cells in untreated wells, percent inhibition of cell motility caused by each protein could be determined.
Cell Invasion assay. Millicell Cell Culture Inserts (Merck Millipore) were used to perform the assay, which has a 8.0 μm pore size and are designed as hanging inserts for 24-well plates. Before use, inserts are coated with matrigel (1 mg/mL) and dried for 2 hr at 37 ℃. To conduct the assay, cells were first seeded onto 6-well plates at a density of 3×105 cells per well and grown overnight at 37 ℃. Following media removal, cells were treated with fresh growth media supplemented with 5 μM of protein and then incubated for 24 hr at 37 ℃. After harvesting, cells were suspended in serum-free media. Approximately 5×104 cells were placed in each upper chamber (i.e. hanging insert) while growth media supplemented with 10%FBS was added to the lower chambers. Following 24 hr incubation at 37 ℃, non-invasive cells that remain on the upper side of the insert membrane were removed using cotton swabs. Invasive cells found on the lower side of the insert membrane were fixed and stained with 2%crystal violet in ethanol. Using a trinocular microscope equipped with a 10-megapixel camera (Amscope) , images of the stained cells were obtained at 10× magnification. The images were then analyzed using ImageJ to quantify the number of invasive cells.
Blood agglutination assay. The assay was carried out using a slight modification of a literature protocol. 72 Whole-blood was collected from a healthy male volunteer and then centrifuged at 2000 g for 4 minutes. After discarding the supernatant, the cell pellet was washed three times with PBS buffer (pH 7.4) . The pellet of red blood cells was diluted to 2%(v/v) with PBS buffer and then tested immediately. To perform the agglutination assay, varying concentrations of proteins (0-5 nM) were tested by mixing 50 μl of the cell suspension with 50 μl of stock protein solutions in V shaped 96-well plates (Sangon) . Following incubation for 1 hr at room temperature, photographs of the wells were taken. To confirm hemagglutination, solutions were agitated and 10 μl was pipetted into a chamber slide. Using a trinocular microscope equipped with a 10-megapixel camera (Amscope) , images of the red blood cells were obtained at 10× and 40× magnification.
REFERENCES
(1) Lyu, X. ; Zhao, Q. ; Hui, J. ; Wang, T. ; Lin, M. ; Wang, K. ; Zhang, J. ; Shentu, J. ; 
Dalby, P. A. ; Zhang, H. ; et al. The global landscape of approved antibody therapies. Antib. Ther. 2022, 5 (4) , 233-257
(2) Fu, Z. ; Li, S. ; Han, S. ; Shi, C. ; Zhang, Y. Antibody drug conjugate: the “biological 
missile” for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2022, 7 (1) , 93
(3) Meezan, E. ; Wu, H. C. ; Black, P. H. ; Robbins, P. W. Comparative Studies on the 
Carbohydrate-containing membrane components of normal and virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts. II. Separation of glycoproteins and glycopeptides by Sephadex chromatography. Biochemistry 1969, 8 (6) , 2518-2524
(4) Munkley, J. ; Elliott, D. J. Hallmarks of glycosylation in cancer. Oncotarget 2016, 7 
(23) , 35478-35489
(5) Berois, N. ; Pittini, A. ; Osinaga, E. Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: 
Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives. Cancers 2022, 14 (3) ,
(6) Dobie, C. ; Skropeta, D. Insights into the role of sialylation in cancer progression 
and metastasis. Br. J. Cancer 2021, 124 (1) , 76-90
(7) Fuster, M. M. ; Esko, J. D. The sweet and sour of cancer: glycans as novel 
therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5 (7) , 526-542
(8) Gillmann, K. M. ; Temme, J. S. ; Marglous, S. ; Brown, C. E. ; Gildersleeve, J. C. 
Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies: Basic research and clinical applications. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2023, 74, 102281
(9) Yu, A. L. ; Gilman, A. L. ; Ozkaynak, M. F. ; London, W. B. ; Kreissman, S. G. ; 
Chen, H. X. ; Smith, M. ; Anderson, B. ; Villablanca, J. G. ; Matthay, K. K. ; et al. Anti-GD2 Antibody with GM-CSF, Interleukin-2, and Isotretinoin for Neuroblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363 (14) , 1324-1334
(10) Markham, A. Naxitamab: First Approval. Drugs 2021, 81 (2) , 291-296
(11) Wang, G. ; Wang, J. ; Du, R. ; Wang, Y. ; Li, Z. Toxicity Spectrum of Anti-GD2 
Immunotherapy: A Real-World Study Leveraging the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Paediatr. Drugs 2024, 26 (2) , 175-185
(12) Wieczorek, A. ; Manzitti, C. ; Garaventa, A. ; Gray, J. ; Papadakis, V. ; Valteau-
Couanet, D. ; Zachwieja, K. ; Poetschger, U. ; Pribill, I. ; Fiedler, S. ; et al Clinical Phenotype and Management of Severe Neurotoxicity Observed in Patients with Neuroblastoma Treated with Dinutuximab Beta in Clinical Trials. Cancers 2022, 14 (8) , 1919
(13) Weis, W. I. ; Drickamer, K. Structural basis of lectin-carbohydrate recognition. 
Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996, 65 (Volume 65, 1996) , 441-473
(14) Kitaguchi, D. ; Oda, T. ; Enomoto, T. ; Ohara, Y. ; Owada, Y. ; Akashi, Y. ; Furuta, 
T. ;Yu, Y. ; Kimura, S. ; Kuroda, Y. ; et al. Lectin drug conjugate therapy for colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci. 2020, 111 (12) , 4548-4557
(15) Kurhade, S. E. ; Ross, P. ; Gao, F. P. ; Farrell, M. P. Lectin Drug Conjugates 
Targeting High Mannose N-Glycans. ChemBioChem 2022, 23 (19) , e202200266
(16) Justin, D. ; Roarke, A. K. ; Simon, W. ; David, S. R. ; Egan, L. P. ; Michael, C. B. ; 
Carolyn, R. B. A Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Sortilin as the Receptor Responsible for Galectin-1 Lysosomal Trafficking. bioRxiv 2024, 2024.2001.2003.574113
(17) Tateno, H. ; Minoshima, F. ; Saito, S. Engineering of a Potent Recombinant 
Lectin-Toxin Fusion Protein to Eliminate Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Molecules 2017, 22 (7) , 1151
(18) Tateno, H. ; Onuma, Y. ; Ito, Y. ; Minoshima, F. ; Saito, S. ; Shimizu, M. ; Aiki, Y. ; 
Asashima, M. ; Hirabayashi, J. Elimination of Tumorigenic Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by a Recombinant Lectin-Toxin Fusion Protein. Stem Cell Rep. 2015, 4 (5) , 811-820
(19) Martínez-Carmona, M. ; Lozano, D. ; Colilla, M. ; Vallet-Regí, M. Lectin-
conjugated pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted bone cancer treatment. Acta Biomater. 2018, 65, 393-404
(20) Moulari, B. ; Béduneau, A. ; Pellequer, Y. ; Lamprecht, A. Lectin-decorated 
nanoparticles enhance binding to the inflamed tissue in experimental colitis. J. Control. Release 2014, 188, 9-17
(21) He, X. ; Liu, F. ; Liu, L. ; Duan, T. ; Zhang, H. ; Wang, Z. Lectin-Conjugated 
Fe2O3@Au Core@Shell Nanoparticles as Dual Mode Contrast Agents for in Vivo Detection of Tumor. Mol. Pharm. 2014, 11 (3) , 738-745
(22) Gao, X. ; Tao, W. ; Lu, W. ; Zhang, Q. ; Zhang, Y. ; Jiang, X. ; Fu, S. Lectin-
conjugated PEG–PLA nanoparticles: Preparation and brain delivery after intranasal administration. Biomaterials 2006, 27 (18) , 3482-3490
(23) Yin, Y. ; Chen, D. ; Qiao, M. ; Wei, X. ; Hu, H. Lectin-conjugated PLGA 
nanoparticles loaded with thymopentin: Ex vivo bioadhesion and in vivo biodistribution. J. Control. Release 2007, 123 (1) , 27-38
(24) Sharon, N. ; Lis, H. Lectins: Cell-Agglutinating and Sugar-Specific Proteins. 
Science 1972, 177 (4053) , 949-959
(25) Qiao, Y. ; Xu, B. Peptide Assemblies for Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2023, 
18 (17) , e202300258
(26) Liu, Z. ; Guo, J. ; Qiao, Y. ; Xu, B. Enzyme-Instructed Intracellular Peptide 
Assemblies. Acc. Chem. Res. 2023, 56 (21) , 3076-3088
(27) Mang, D. ; Roy, S. R. ; Zhang, Q. ; Hu, X. ; Zhang, Y. Heparan Sulfate-Instructed 
Self-Assembly Selectively Inhibits Cancer Cell Migration. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13 (15) , 17236-17242
(28) Yi, M. ; Wang, F. ; Tan, W. ; Hsieh, J. -T. ; Egelman, E. H. ; Xu, B. Enzyme 
Responsive Rigid-Rod Aromatics Target “Undruggable” Phosphatases to Kill Cancer Cells in a Mimetic Bone Microenvironment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144 (29) , 13055-13059
(29) Yang, L. ; Peltier, R. ; Zhang, M. ; Song, D. ; Huang, H. ; Chen, G. ; Chen, Y. ; Zhou, 
F. ;Hao, Q. ; Bian, L. ; et al. Desuccinylation-Triggered Peptide Self-Assembly: Live Cell Imaging of SIRT5 Activity and Mitochondrial Activity Modulation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142 (42) , 18150-18159
(30) Kerfeld, C. A. ; Aussignargues, C. ; Zarzycki, J. ; Cai, F. ; Sutter, M. Bacterial 
microcompartments. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2018, 16 (5) , 277-290
(31) Sutter, M. ; Greber, B. ; Aussignargues, C. ; Kerfeld, C. A. Assembly principles 
and structure of a 6.5-MDa bacterial microcompartment shell. Science 2017, 356 (6344) , 1293-1297
(32) Sutter, M. ; Faulkner, M. ; Aussignargues, C. ; Paasch, B. C. ; Barrett, S. ; Kerfeld, 
C. A. ; Liu, L. N. Visualization of Bacterial Microcompartment Facet Assembly Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. Nano Lett. 2016, 16 (3) , 1590-1595
(33) Hagen, A. R. ; Plegaria, J. S. ; Sloan, N. ; Ferlez, B. ; Aussignargues, C. ; Burton, 
R. ;Kerfeld, C. A. In Vitro Assembly of Diverse Bacterial Microcompartment Shell Architectures. Nano Lett. 2018, 18 (11) , 7030-7037
(34) Farhadi, S. A. ; Bracho-Sanchez, E. ; Fettis, M. M. ; Seroski, D. T. ; Freeman, S. 
L. ;Restuccia, A. ; Keselowsky, B. G. ; Hudalla, G. A. Locally anchoring enzymes to tissues via extracellular glycan recognition. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9 (1) , 4943
(35) Ross, J. F. ; Wildsmith, G. C. ; Johnson, M. ; Hurdiss, D. L. ; Hollingsworth, K. ; 
Thompson, R. F. ; Mosayebi, M. ; Trinh, C. H. ; Paci, E. ; Pearson, A. R. ; et al. Directed Assembly of Homopentameric Cholera Toxin B-Subunit Proteins into Higher-Order Structures Using Coiled-Coil Appendages. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141 (13) , 5211-5219
(36) Nasibullin, I. ; Smirnov, I. ; Ahmadi, P. ; Vong, K. ; Kurbangalieva, A. ; Tanaka, K. 
Synthetic prodrug design enables biocatalytic activation in mice to elicit tumor growth suppression. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13 (1) , 39
(37) Vong, K. ; Tahara, T. ; Urano, S. ; Nasibullin, I. ; Tsubokura, K. ; Nakao, Y. ; 
Kurbangalieva, A. ; Onoe, H. ; Watanabe, Y. ; Tanaka, K. Disrupting tumor onset and growth via selective cell tagging (SeCT) therapy. Sci. Adv. 7 (17) , eabg4038
(38) Tsubokura, K. ; Vong, K. K. H. ; Pradipta, A. R. ; Ogura, A. ; Urano, S. ; Tahara, T. ; 
Nozaki, S. ; Onoe, H. ; Nakao, Y. ; Sibgatullina, R. ; et al. In Vivo Gold Complex Catalysis within Live Mice. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56 (13) , 3579-3584
(39) Ogura, A. ; Urano, S. ; Tahara, T. ; Nozaki, S. ; Sibgatullina, R. ; Vong, K. ; Suzuki, 
T. ;Dohmae, N. ; Kurbangalieva, A. ; Watanabe, Y. ; et al. A viable strategy for screening the effects of glycan heterogeneity on target organ adhesion and biodistribution in live mice. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54 (63) , 8693-8696
(40) Vong, K. ; Yamamoto, T. ; Tanaka, K. Artificial Glycoproteins as a Scaffold for 
Targeted Drug Therapy. Small 2020, 16 (27) , 1906890
(41) Wang, H. ; Ng, T. B. ; Liu, Q. Isolation of a new heterodimeric lectin with 
mitogenic activity from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Life Sci. 2002, 70 (8) , 877-885
(42) Ban, M. ; Yoon, H. J. ; Demirkan, E. ; Utsumi, S. ; Mikami, B. ; Yagi, F. Structural 
basis of a fungal galectin from Agrocybe cylindracea for recognizing sialoconjugate. J. Mol. Biol. 2005, 351 (4) , 695-706
(43) Kadirvelraj, R. ; Grant, O. C. ; Goldstein, I. J. ; Winter, H. C. ; Tateno, H. ; Fadda, 
E. ;Woods, R. J. Structure and binding analysis of Polyporus squamosus lectin in complex with the Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc human-type influenza receptor. Glycobiology 2011, 21 (7) , 973-984
(44) Fox, J. D. ; Routzahn, K. M. ; Bucher, M. H. ; Waugh, D. S. Maltodextrin-binding 
proteins from diverse bacteria and archaea are potent solubility enhancers. FEBS Lett. 2003, 537 (1-3) , 53-57
(45) Pryor, K. D. ; Leiting, B. High-level expression of soluble protein in Escherichia 
coli using a His6-tag and maltose-binding-protein double-affinity fusion system. Protein Expr. Purif. 1997, 10 (3) , 309-319
(46) Olson, E. S. ; Jiang, T. ; Aguilera, T. A. ; Nguyen, Q. T. ; Ellies, L. G. ; Scadeng, M. ; 
Tsien, R. Y. Activatable cell penetrating peptides linked to nanoparticles as dual probes for in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging of proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (9) , 4311-4316
(47) Jiang, T. ; Olson, E. S. ; Nguyen, Q. T. ; Roy, M. ; Jennings, P. A. ; Tsien, R. Y. 
Tumor imaging by means of proteolytic activation of cell-penetrating peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 2004, 101 (51) , 17867-17872
(48) Vandooren, J. ; Van den Steen, P. E. ; Opdenakker, G. Biochemistry and 
molecular biology of gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) : The next decade. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2013, 48 (3) , 222-272
(49) M. ; Koivunen, E. Gelatinase-mediated migration and invasion of 
cancer cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Canc. 2005, 1755 (1) , 37-69
(50) Hall, D. ; Zhao, R. ; Dehlsen, I. ; Bloomfield, N. ; Williams, S. R. ; Arisaka, F. ; Goto, 
Y. ;Carver, J. A. Protein aggregate turbidity: Simulation of turbidity profiles for mixed-aggregation reactions. Anal. Biochem. 2016, 498, 78-94
(51) Teoh, S. T. ; Ogrodzinski, M. P. ; Ross, C. ; Hunter, K. W. ; Lunt, S. Y. Sialic Acid 
Metabolism: A Key Player in Breast Cancer Metastasis Revealed by Metabolomics. Front. oncol. 2018, 8,
(52) Scorilas, A. ; Karameris, A. ; Arnogiannaki, N. ; Ardavanis, A. ; Bassilopoulos, P. ; 
Trangas, T. ; Talieri, M. Overexpression of matrix-metalloproteinase-9 in human breast cancer: a potential favourable indicator in node-negative patients. British Journal of Cancer 2001, 84 (11) , 1488-1496
(53) Jiang, H. ; Li, H. Prognostic values of tumoral MMP2 and MMP9 overexpression 
in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021, 21 (1) , 149
(54) Lu, J. ; Steeg, P. S. ; Price, J. E. ; Krishnamurthy, S. ; Mani, S. A. ; Reuben, J. ; 
Cristofanilli, M. ; Dontu, G. ; Bidaut, L. ; Valero, V. ; et al. Breast Cancer Metastasis: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancer Res. 2009, 69 (12) , 4951-4953
(55) Dai, X. ; Cheng, H. ; Bai, Z. ; Li, J. Breast Cancer Cell Line Classification and Its 
Relevance with Breast Tumor Subtyping. J. Cancer 2017, 8 (16) , 3131-3141
(56) Cui, H. ; Lin, Y. ; Yue, L. ; Zhao, X. ; Liu, J. Differential expression of the α2, 3-sialic 
acid residues in breast cancer is associated with metastatic potential. Oncol. Rep. 2011, 25 (5) , 1365-1371
(57) El-Schich, Z. ; Zhang, Y. ; T. ; Dizeyi, N. ; Persson, J. L. ; Johansson, 
E. ;Caraballo, R. ; Elofsson, M. ; Shinde, S. ; Sellergren, B. ; et al. Sialic Acid as a Biomarker Studied in Breast Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro Using Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11 (7) , 3256
(58) Li, H. ; Qiu, Z. ; Li, F. ; Wang, C. The relationship between MMP-2 and MMP-9 
expression levels with breast cancer incidence and prognosis. Oncol. Lett. 2017, 14 (5) , 5865-5870
(59) Figueira, R. C. S. ; Gomes, L. R. ; Neto, J. S. ; Silva, F. C. ; Silva, I. D. C. G. ; 
Sogayar, M. C. Correlation between MMPs and their inhibitors in breast cancer tumor tissue specimens and in cell lines with different metastatic potential. BMC Cancer 2009, 9 (1) , 20
(60) Haffty, B. G. ; Yang, Q. ; Reiss, M. ; Kearney, T. ; Higgins, S. A. ; Weidhaas, J. ; 
Harris, L. ; Hait, W. ; Toppmeyer, D. Locoregional relapse and distant metastasis in conservatively managed triple negative early-stage breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24 (36) , 5652-5657
(61) Rakha, E. A. ; El-Sayed, M. E. ; Green, A. R. ; Lee, A. H. ; Robertson, J. F. ; Ellis, I. 
O. Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2007, 109 (1) , 25-32
(62) Neve, R. M. ; Chin, K. ; Fridlyand, J. ; Yeh, J. ; Baehner, F. L. ; Fevr, T. ; Clark, L. ; 
Bayani, N. ; Coppe, J. P. ; Tong, F. ; et al. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell. 2006, 10 (6) , 515-527
(63) Bevilacqua, M. ; Butcher, E. ; Furie, B. ; Furie, B. ; Gallatin, M. ; Gimbrone, M. ; 
Harlan, J. ; Kishimoto, K. ; Lasky, L. ; McEver, R. ; et al. Selectins: A family of adhesion receptors. Cell 1991, 67 (2) , 233
(64) H. ; Borsig, L. Selectins promote tumor metastasis. Semin. Cancer Biol. 
2010, 20 (3) , 169-177
(65) Erpenbeck, L. ; M. P. Deadly allies: the fatal interplay between platelets 
and metastasizing cancer cells. Blood 2010, 115 (17) , 3427-3436
(66) Kennecke, H. ; Yerushalmi, R. ; Woods, R. ; Cheang, M. C. ; Voduc, D. ; Speers, 
C. H. ; Nielsen, T. O. ; Gelmon, K. Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28 (20) , 3271-3277
(67) Smid, M. ; Wang, Y. ; Zhang, Y. ; Sieuwerts, A. M. ; Yu, J. ; Klijn, J. G. ; Foekens, J. 
A. ;Martens, J. W. Subtypes of breast cancer show preferential site of relapse. Cancer Res. 2008, 68 (9) , 3108-3114
(68) Lee, Y. T. Breast carcinoma: pattern of metastasis at autopsy. J. Surg. Oncol. 
1983, 23 (3) , 175-180
(69) H. ; Borsig, L. Selectins as mediators of lung metastasis. Cancer 
Microenviron. 2010, 3 (1) , 97-105
(70) Khan, S. U. ; Xia, Y. ; Goodale, D. ; Schoettle, G. ; Allan, A. L. Lung-Derived 
Selectins Enhance Metastatic Behavior of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2021, 9 (11) , 1580
(71) Tobola, F. ; Wiltschi, B. One, two, many: Strategies to alter the number of 
carbohydrate binding sites of lectins. Biotechnology Advances 2022, 60, 108020
(72) Mrázková, J. ; Malinovská, L. ; Wimmerová, M. Microscopy examination of red 
blood and yeast cell agglutination induced by bacterial lectins. PLOS ONE 2019, 14 (7) , e0220318
(73) Arnold, M. ; Morgan, E. ; Rumgay, H. ; Mafra, A. ; Singh, D. ; Laversanne, M. ; 
Vignat, J. ; Gralow, J. R. ; Cardoso, F. ; Siesling, S. ; et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. The Breast 2022, 66, 15-23
(74) Jin, X. ; Demere, Z. ; Nair, K. ; Ali, A. ; Ferraro, G. B. ; Natoli, T. ; Deik, A. ; Petronio, 
L. ; Tang, A. A. ; Zhu, C. ; et al. A metastasis map of human cancer cell lines. Nature 2020, 588 (7837) , 331-336
(75) Fan, T. -c. ; Lin, W. -d. ; Chang, C. -h. ; Chang, L. -y. ; Chen, Z. -m. ; Khoo, K. -h. ; Yu, 
A. Role of ST3Gal1 sialyltransferase in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2011, 71 (8_Supplement) , 2305-2305
(76) Cui, H. X. ; Wang, H. ; Wang, Y. ; Song, J. ; Tian, H. ; Xia, C. ; Shen, Y. ST3Gal III 
modulates breast cancer cell adhesion and invasion by altering the expression of invasion-related molecules. Oncol Rep 2016, 36 (6) , 3317-3324
(77) Davenpeck, K. L. ; Berens, K. L. ; Dixon, R. A. F. ; Dupre, B. ; Bochner, B. S. 
Inhibition of adhesion of human neutrophils and eosinophils to P-selectin by the sialyl Lewis x antagonist TBC1269: Preferential activity against neutrophil adhesion in vitro. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000, 105 (4) , 769-775
All patents, patent applications, and other publications, including GenBank Accession Numbers and the like, cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.
SEQUENCE LISTING (solubilizing domain is underlined; aggregating domain is in bold; 
lectin sequence is in shade; protease cleavage site is italicized and in shade)
SEQ ID NO: 1 (LPAT agent 1)

SEQ ID NO: 2 (LPAT agent 2)

SEQ ID NO: 3 (LPAT agent 3)

SEQ ID NO: 4 (LPAT agent 4)

SEQ ID NO: 5 (LPAT agent 5)

SEQ ID NO: 6 (LPAT agent 6)

SEQ ID NO: 7 (LPAT agent 7)


SEQ ID NO: 8 (LPAT agent 8)

SEQ ID NO: 9 (LPAT agent 9)

SEQ ID NO: 10 (LPAT agent 10)

SEQ ID NO: 11 (LPAT agent 11)

SEQ ID NO: 12

SEQ ID NO: 13

SEQ ID NO: 14

Claims (21)

  1. A fusion construct comprising (1) a glycan-binding domain that specifically binds a pre-determined glycan; (2) an aggregating domain; and optionally (3) a solubilizing domain, wherein the solubilizing domain is connected to the glycan-binding domain or the aggregating domain by a peptide linker.
  2. The fusion construct of claim 1, which is a fusion polypeptide, and wherein the glycan-binding domain comprises a polypeptide that specifically binds the pre-determined glycan.
  3. The fusion construct of claim 1 or 2, wherein the peptide linker comprises a protease cleavage site.
  4. The fusion construct of claim 3, wherein the protease is matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) .
  5. The fusion construct of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the glycan-binding domain comprises an ACG lectin or a PSL lectin, the aggregating domain comprises a BmcH or BmcT, and the solubilizing domain comprises a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein or a maltose-binding protein (MBP) .
  6. The fusion construct of any one of claims 2-5, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises, from its N-terminus to C-terminus, the solubilizing domain, the aggregating domain, and glycan-binding domain, wherein the peptide linker connects the solubilizing domain and the aggregating domain and optionally contains a protease cleavage site.
  7. A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 2-6.
  8. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 2-6 operably linked to a promoter.
  9. A vector comprising the expression cassette of claim 8.
  10. A host cell comprising the expression cassette of claim 8 or the vector of claim 9.
  11. A composition comprising (1) the fusion construct of any one of claims 1-6, the nucleic acid of claim 7, the expression cassette of claim 8, the vector of claim 9, or the host cell of claim 10; and (2) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  12. A method for treating cancer or reducing risk of cancer metastasis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition of claim 11.
  13. The method of claim 12, wherein the composition is administered to the subject by oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration.
  14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the subject is suffering from breast cancer.
  15. The method of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the subject is concurrently receiving or was previously given another form of cancer therapy.
  16. The method of claim 15, wherein the subject was previously given surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any combination therefore.
  17. The method of any one of claims 12-16, wherein cancer cells from the subject were previously analyzed to determine presence of glycan and protease on the cancer cell surface.
  18. The method of any one of claims 12-17, wherein α2, 3-or α2, 6-linked sialic acids and MMP-2 or MMP-9 are present on the cancer cells surface.
  19. A kit for treating cancer or reducing risk of cancer metastasis, comprising a first container containing the composition of claim 11 and a second container containing a second anti-cancer therapeutic agent.
  20. The kit of claim 19, wherein the second anti-cancer therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic agent.
  21. The kit of claim 19 or 20, further comprising user information and instructions.
PCT/CN2025/109763 2024-08-05 2025-07-22 Glycan-targeting protein aggregation therapy Pending WO2026032010A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202463679595P 2024-08-05 2024-08-05
US63/679,595 2024-08-05

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2026032010A1 true WO2026032010A1 (en) 2026-02-12

Family

ID=98736279

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CN2025/109763 Pending WO2026032010A1 (en) 2024-08-05 2025-07-22 Glycan-targeting protein aggregation therapy

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2026032010A1 (en)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080234177A1 (en) * 2005-07-28 2008-09-25 Edwin Bremer Targeting-enhanced activation of galectins
US20170306046A1 (en) * 2014-11-12 2017-10-26 Siamab Therapeutics, Inc. Glycan-interacting compounds and methods of use
CN107406495A (en) * 2014-05-27 2017-11-28 中央研究院 compositions and methods for treating and detecting cancer
CN110337303A (en) * 2016-09-20 2019-10-15 圣安德鲁斯大学董事会 Cell is adjusted
WO2023244510A2 (en) * 2022-06-13 2023-12-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Improved glycan-dependent immunotherapeutic bi-specific proteins with longer half-life

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080234177A1 (en) * 2005-07-28 2008-09-25 Edwin Bremer Targeting-enhanced activation of galectins
CN107406495A (en) * 2014-05-27 2017-11-28 中央研究院 compositions and methods for treating and detecting cancer
US20170306046A1 (en) * 2014-11-12 2017-10-26 Siamab Therapeutics, Inc. Glycan-interacting compounds and methods of use
CN110337303A (en) * 2016-09-20 2019-10-15 圣安德鲁斯大学董事会 Cell is adjusted
WO2023244510A2 (en) * 2022-06-13 2023-12-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Improved glycan-dependent immunotherapeutic bi-specific proteins with longer half-life

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20230203532A1 (en) Recombinant polypeptides for programming extracellular vesicles
JP6935195B2 (en) Protein containing binding region, effector region of Shiga toxin A subunit, and carboxy-terminal endoplasmic reticulum localization signal motif
DK3086802T3 (en) CD44-BINDING PEPTIDES
US20210322513A1 (en) Method for detecting cancer cells, reagent for introducing substance into cancer cells, and composition for treating cancer
Chen et al. Glioma dual-targeting nanohybrid protein toxin constructed by intein-mediated site-specific ligation for multistage booster delivery
KR102150419B1 (en) PD-L1 binding peptide and use thereof
US20190240258A1 (en) Pd-1 car nk-92 cell and preparation method and use thereof
CN104130315B (en) A kind of polypeptide of special target HER2 albumen
CN102245632A (en) Muc-1 cytoplasmic domain peptides as inhibitors of cancer
US11306119B2 (en) Peptide bound to PD-L1 and use thereof
Grimm et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of membrane proteins in cancer cells
EP2765140A2 (en) Cadherin-2 or Mucin-13 binding molecules for cancer treatment
US20230146706A1 (en) Gpc3 car- t cell compositions and methods of making and using the same
CN117750970B (en) Compositions comprising NKG2D, CXCR2 and DAP10/DAP12 fusion polypeptides and methods of use thereof
CN106177915A (en) The purposes of prolactin receptor antagonist and chemotherapeutics for treating ovarian cancer
KR20190065331A (en) In the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, ligands of the FSH hormone receptor
WO2026032010A1 (en) Glycan-targeting protein aggregation therapy
KR20190113886A (en) Retargeting Virus or VLP
EP3922646A1 (en) Detection of malignant tumor cells antibodies and uses thereof
EP3265117B1 (en) Immune system modulators and compositions
CN116425888A (en) A kind of polypeptide TAT-V2R1C and its application
JP7436710B2 (en) Novel nucleolin-binding peptides and their uses
CN111732635B (en) Polypeptide specifically bound with CD123 protein, polypeptide complex, co-delivery system, preparation method and application thereof
US20260085091A1 (en) PEPTIDES THAT SELECTIVELY BIND TO Trop2 AND USE THEREOF
EP3733685A1 (en) Peptides binding to cd44v6 and use thereof

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 25850375

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1