ATE286916T1 - Verbindung enthaltend ein übergangsmetall-kation und ein aluminoxat-anion und deren verwendung als katalysatorkomponente - Google Patents

Verbindung enthaltend ein übergangsmetall-kation und ein aluminoxat-anion und deren verwendung als katalysatorkomponente

Info

Publication number
ATE286916T1
ATE286916T1 AT99955006T AT99955006T ATE286916T1 AT E286916 T1 ATE286916 T1 AT E286916T1 AT 99955006 T AT99955006 T AT 99955006T AT 99955006 T AT99955006 T AT 99955006T AT E286916 T1 ATE286916 T1 AT E286916T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
transition metal
compound containing
catalyst component
metal cation
leaving group
Prior art date
Application number
AT99955006T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Feng-Jung Wu
Jamie R Strickler
Original Assignee
Albemarle Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Albemarle Corp filed Critical Albemarle Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE286916T1 publication Critical patent/ATE286916T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
    • B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2282—Unsaturated compounds used as ligands
    • B01J31/2295—Cyclic compounds, e.g. cyclopentadienyls
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F17/00—Metallocenes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/40—Complexes comprising metals of Group IV (IVA or IVB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/48—Zirconium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/40—Complexes comprising metals of Group IV (IVA or IVB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/49—Hafnium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F110/02—Ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F110/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
    • C08F110/06—Propene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
    • C08F4/65922—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
    • Y10S526/943—Polymerization with metallocene catalysts

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
AT99955006T 1998-10-23 1999-10-19 Verbindung enthaltend ein übergangsmetall-kation und ein aluminoxat-anion und deren verwendung als katalysatorkomponente ATE286916T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/177,736 US6160145A (en) 1998-10-23 1998-10-23 Transition metal compounds having conjugate aluminoxate anions and their use as catalyst components
PCT/US1999/024337 WO2000024787A1 (en) 1998-10-23 1999-10-19 Compound comprising a transition metal cation linked to an aluminoxate anion and its use as catalyst components

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE286916T1 true ATE286916T1 (de) 2005-01-15

Family

ID=22649789

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT99955006T ATE286916T1 (de) 1998-10-23 1999-10-19 Verbindung enthaltend ein übergangsmetall-kation und ein aluminoxat-anion und deren verwendung als katalysatorkomponente

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US6160145A (de)
EP (1) EP1124859B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2002528572A (de)
AT (1) ATE286916T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2347732A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69923207T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2237175T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2000024787A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6492292B2 (en) 1998-10-23 2002-12-10 Albemarle Corporation Gelatinous compositions formed from hydroxyaluminoxane, solid compositions formed therefrom, and the use of such compositions as catalyst components
US6555494B2 (en) * 1998-10-23 2003-04-29 Albemarle Corporation Transition metal compounds having conjugate aluminoxate anions, their preparation and their use as catalyst components
US6462212B1 (en) * 1998-10-23 2002-10-08 Albemarle Corporation Transition metal compounds having conjugate aluminoxate anions and their use as catalyst components
US20040002420A1 (en) * 1998-10-23 2004-01-01 Feng-Jung Wu Stable catalysts and co-catalyst compositions formed from hydroxyaluminoxane and their use
US6812182B2 (en) * 1998-10-23 2004-11-02 Albemarle Corporation Compositions formed from hydroxyaluminoxane and their use as catalyst components
US6291382B1 (en) * 1999-05-24 2001-09-18 Phillips Petroleum Company Metallocenes, polymerization catalyst systems, their preparation, and use
DE10132519A1 (de) * 2001-07-09 2003-02-06 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Polymerisationsaktivität von Metallocenkatalysatoren mit der UV/VS-Spektroskopie
AU2003264065A1 (en) 2002-08-22 2004-03-11 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Monocyclopentadienyl complexes
EP1572360B1 (de) 2002-12-20 2008-06-25 Basell Polyolefine GmbH Monocyclopentadienylkomplexe
MXPA05006583A (es) 2002-12-20 2005-12-14 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Copolimeros de etileno con alfa-olefinas.
WO2004087776A1 (en) 2003-04-03 2004-10-14 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Preparation of polyolefins having high molecular weights in the presence of an organic transition metal compound in a gas-phase fluidized-bed reactor
EP1625168A1 (de) 2003-05-21 2006-02-15 Basell Polyolefine GmbH Übergangsmetallkomlex beinhaltend einen tridentate ligand beinhaltend stickstoffatome
WO2005005495A2 (en) 2003-07-04 2005-01-20 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Olefin polymerization process
JP2007513990A (ja) 2003-12-16 2007-05-31 バーゼル、ポリオレフィン、ゲゼルシャフト、ミット、ベシュレンクテル、ハフツング モノシクロペンタジエニル錯体
WO2005058983A2 (en) 2003-12-19 2005-06-30 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Monocyclopentadienyl complexes
DE102004020525A1 (de) 2004-04-26 2005-11-10 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Katalysatorsystem zur Olefinpolymerisation, dessen Herstellung und Verwendung
DE102004020524A1 (de) 2004-04-26 2005-11-10 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Polyethylen und Katalysatorzusammensetzung zu dessen Herstellung
DE102004039877A1 (de) 2004-08-17 2006-02-23 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Silylhalogenidsubstituierte Cyclopentadienylkomplexe der Gruppe 6
KR20070110050A (ko) * 2005-02-10 2007-11-15 미쓰이 가가쿠 가부시키가이샤 프로필렌 이량화용 촉매 및 이량화 방법
DE102005014395A1 (de) 2005-03-24 2006-09-28 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Monocyclopentadienylkomplexe
DE102005019393A1 (de) 2005-04-25 2006-10-26 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Polyethylenformmassen für Spritzgussanwendungen
WO2007005921A2 (en) * 2005-07-01 2007-01-11 Albemarle Corporation Bronsted acidic aluminoxane compositions and their use in olefin polymerization catalyst compositions
DE102006001959A1 (de) 2006-01-13 2007-07-19 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von unsymmetrischen Bis(imino)verbindungen
US8227557B2 (en) 2007-03-06 2012-07-24 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Iron complexes and their use in polymerization processes
DE102007017903A1 (de) 2007-04-13 2008-10-16 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Polyethylen und Katalysatorzusammensetzung und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
CN101903413B (zh) 2007-12-19 2014-03-12 巴塞尔聚烯烃股份有限公司 乙烯三元共聚物
WO2009080216A1 (en) 2007-12-19 2009-07-02 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Mono-hydroindacenyl complexes
US20100234548A1 (en) * 2007-12-21 2010-09-16 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Phenanthroline-comprising complexes
CN101910205B (zh) 2007-12-24 2012-11-21 巴塞尔聚烯烃股份有限公司 用于烯烃聚合的多级方法
ATE531776T1 (de) 2008-02-18 2011-11-15 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Poylmer-haftzusammensetzung
EP2356155B1 (de) 2008-12-01 2013-01-23 Basell Polyolefine GmbH Verfahren zur polymerisation von ethylen und ethylenpolymere mit breiter molekulargewichtsverteilung und langkettenverzweigung
US9029478B2 (en) 2011-02-07 2015-05-12 Equistar Chemicals, Lp High clarity polyethylene films
JP6326202B2 (ja) * 2013-05-16 2018-05-16 三井化学株式会社 オレフィン重合用固体触媒成分およびそれを用いたオレフィン系重合体の製造方法

Family Cites Families (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1924708A1 (de) * 1968-05-15 1970-01-08 Stamicarbon Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkylenpolymerisaten
DE2608863A1 (de) * 1976-03-04 1977-09-08 Basf Ag Verfahren zum herstellen von polyaethylen
DE2608933A1 (de) * 1976-03-04 1977-09-08 Basf Ag Verfahren zum herstellen von polyaethylen
DE3240382A1 (de) * 1982-11-02 1984-05-03 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Verfahren zur herstellung von gefuellten polyolefinen
US5324800A (en) * 1983-06-06 1994-06-28 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Process and catalyst for polyolefin density and molecular weight control
US4752597A (en) * 1985-12-12 1988-06-21 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. New polymerization catalyst
US4658078A (en) * 1986-08-15 1987-04-14 Shell Oil Company Vinylidene olefin process
DE3772331D1 (de) * 1986-11-13 1991-09-26 Idemitsu Kosan Co Verfahren zur oligomerisierung von propen.
PL276385A1 (en) * 1987-01-30 1989-07-24 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Method for polymerization of olefines,diolefins and acetylene unsaturated compounds
IL85097A (en) * 1987-01-30 1992-02-16 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Catalysts based on derivatives of a bis(cyclopentadienyl)group ivb metal compound,their preparation and their use in polymerization processes
US5198401A (en) * 1987-01-30 1993-03-30 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Ionic metallocene catalyst compositions
US5241025A (en) * 1987-01-30 1993-08-31 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Catalyst system of enhanced productivity
US5391629A (en) * 1987-01-30 1995-02-21 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Block copolymers from ionic catalysts
US5408017A (en) * 1987-01-30 1995-04-18 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. High temperature polymerization process using ionic catalysts to produce polyolefins
US5621126A (en) * 1987-01-30 1997-04-15 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Monocyclopentadienyl metal compounds for ethylene-α-olefin-copolymer production catalysts
US5384299A (en) * 1987-01-30 1995-01-24 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Ionic metallocene catalyst compositions
US5153157A (en) * 1987-01-30 1992-10-06 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Catalyst system of enhanced productivity
US5340786A (en) * 1988-02-12 1994-08-23 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Olefin polymerization catalyst and process for the polymerization of olefins
US5008228A (en) * 1988-03-29 1991-04-16 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Method for preparing a silica gel supported metallocene-alumoxane catalyst
US5147949A (en) * 1988-03-29 1992-09-15 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Polymerization process using a silica gel supported metallocene-alumoxane catalyst
US4960878A (en) * 1988-12-02 1990-10-02 Texas Alkyls, Inc. Synthesis of methylaluminoxanes
US5041584A (en) * 1988-12-02 1991-08-20 Texas Alkyls, Inc. Modified methylaluminoxane
IT1237398B (it) * 1989-01-31 1993-06-01 Ausimont Srl Catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione di olefine.
US5321107A (en) * 1989-01-31 1994-06-14 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Olefin polymerization catalyst and process for the polymerization of olefins
DE59104869D1 (de) * 1990-11-12 1995-04-13 Hoechst Ag 2-Substituierte Bisindenylmetallocene, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung als Katalysatoren bei der Olefinpolymerisation.
US5087788A (en) * 1991-03-04 1992-02-11 Ethyl Corporation Preparation of high purity vinylindene olefin
US5296433A (en) * 1992-04-14 1994-03-22 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane complexes and catalysts derived therefrom
WO1993025591A1 (en) * 1992-06-18 1993-12-23 Spherilene S.R.L. Process for preparing an ethylenic polymer
JP2936189B2 (ja) * 1992-09-09 1999-08-23 東ソー株式会社 有機遷移金属錯体
US5502017A (en) * 1994-03-10 1996-03-26 Northwestern University Metallocene catalyst containing bulky organic group
US5486632A (en) * 1994-06-28 1996-01-23 The Dow Chemical Company Group 4 metal diene complexes and addition polymerization catalysts therefrom
IT1273661B (it) * 1994-07-20 1997-07-09 Spherilene Srl Catalizzatori per la polimerizzazione delle olefine
US5763543A (en) * 1994-09-14 1998-06-09 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Olefin polymerization process with little or no scavenger present
US5693727A (en) * 1996-06-06 1997-12-02 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Method for feeding a liquid catalyst to a fluidized bed polymerization reactor
IT1284097B1 (it) * 1996-07-02 1998-05-08 Montell Tecnology Company Bv Processo in sospensione per la preparazione di copolimeri elastomerici dell'etilene
US5854166A (en) * 1996-08-19 1998-12-29 Northwestern University Synthesis and use of (perfluoroaryl) fluoro-aluminate anion
FI972230A7 (fi) * 1997-01-28 1998-07-29 Borealis As Uusi homogeeninen olefiinien polymerointikatalysaattorikoostumus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2000024787A1 (en) 2000-05-04
JP2002528572A (ja) 2002-09-03
ES2237175T3 (es) 2005-07-16
US6160145A (en) 2000-12-12
DE69923207T2 (de) 2005-06-23
CA2347732A1 (en) 2000-05-04
DE69923207D1 (de) 2005-02-17
EP1124859A1 (de) 2001-08-22
EP1124859B1 (de) 2005-01-12

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ATE286916T1 (de) Verbindung enthaltend ein übergangsmetall-kation und ein aluminoxat-anion und deren verwendung als katalysatorkomponente
CA2091741A1 (en) Polymethylaluminoxane of enhanced solution stability
PT1212323E (pt) Complexos piridino-pentaazamacrociclo substituidos que possuem actividade de superoxido-dismutase
MX9404778A (es) Preparacion electroquimica de catalizadores para polimerizacion poradicion.
NO20021745D0 (no) Omdannelse av nitrogenoksider under n¶rv¶r av en katalysator stöttet av en nettstruktur
ZA986801B (en) Chemical compound.
DE69609193D1 (de) Neosäure als korrosinsinhibitoren
TR200102800T2 (tr) Yeni bileşikler.
TR200000599T2 (tr) Polimerizasyon katalizörleri.
TR200100802T2 (tr) Bitkilerin etilen tepkisini inhibe etme bileşikleri ve kompleksleri.
DE60017780D1 (de) Membrane und deren verwendung
DE69906307D1 (de) Übergangsmetallkomplexe als linkergruppe
TR199902213T2 (xx) Pirazol t�revleri haz�rlanmas� i�in bir proses.
CA2196900A1 (en) Fluorinated 2-nitroimidazole analogs for detecting hypoxic tumor cells
ITRM930719A0 (it) Perfezionamento nei reattori catalitici per reazioni endotermiche, in particolare per la produzione di idrogeno.
MXPA00012863A (es) Proceso para la preparacion de 3-aril-benzofuranonas.
FI934152A0 (fi) Komponenter och katalysatorer foer polymerisation av olefiner
ATE115949T1 (de) Substituierte mandelsäurederivate, als 5- lipoxygenasehemmer.
ES2154659T3 (es) Soluciones acuosas de isotiazolin-3-onas estables al almacenamiento.
MX9605731A (es) Preparacion de un catalizador de hidratacion con empleo de m(or)mxn.
AU2001283125A1 (en) Compositions for defoaming aqueous compositions
TW200745185A (en) Catalyst composition comprising group 4 transition metal complexes and method for preparing polyolefin using the same
CA2400620A1 (en) Catalytic composition for carbonylation including iridium and pyridine polymers
DE50103553D1 (de) Druckfarben und lacke, enthaltend polyolefinwachse
MY110671A (en) Process for the preparation of olefin polymers

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
RER Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties