ATE292305T1 - System mit schnittstellen und einem schalter für die trennung von kohärentem und nichtkohärentem datenpaketverkehr - Google Patents
System mit schnittstellen und einem schalter für die trennung von kohärentem und nichtkohärentem datenpaketverkehrInfo
- Publication number
- ATE292305T1 ATE292305T1 AT02025684T AT02025684T ATE292305T1 AT E292305 T1 ATE292305 T1 AT E292305T1 AT 02025684 T AT02025684 T AT 02025684T AT 02025684 T AT02025684 T AT 02025684T AT E292305 T1 ATE292305 T1 AT E292305T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- switch
- coherent
- memory
- interface
- interconnect
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/90—Buffering arrangements
- H04L49/901—Buffering arrangements using storage descriptor, e.g. read or write pointers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
- G06F13/20—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus
- G06F13/28—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus using burst mode transfer, e.g. direct memory access DMA, cycle steal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/10—Packet switching elements characterised by the switching fabric construction
- H04L49/103—Packet switching elements characterised by the switching fabric construction using a shared central buffer; using a shared memory
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/90—Buffering arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/90—Buffering arrangements
- H04L49/9063—Intermediate storage in different physical parts of a node or terminal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/90—Buffering arrangements
- H04L49/9063—Intermediate storage in different physical parts of a node or terminal
- H04L49/9068—Intermediate storage in different physical parts of a node or terminal in the network interface card
- H04L49/9073—Early interruption upon arrival of a fraction of a packet
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
- G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
- G06F12/08—Addressing or allocation; Relocation in hierarchically structured memory systems, e.g. virtual memory systems
- G06F12/0802—Addressing of a memory level in which the access to the desired data or data block requires associative addressing means, e.g. caches
- G06F12/0806—Multiuser, multiprocessor or multiprocessing cache systems
- G06F12/0813—Multiuser, multiprocessor or multiprocessing cache systems with a network or matrix configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/30—Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
- H04L49/3009—Header conversion, routing tables or routing tags
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Memory System Of A Hierarchy Structure (AREA)
- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
- Multi Processors (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US33178901P | 2001-11-20 | 2001-11-20 | |
| US34471301P | 2001-12-24 | 2001-12-24 | |
| US34877702P | 2002-01-14 | 2002-01-14 | |
| US34871702P | 2002-01-14 | 2002-01-14 | |
| US38074002P | 2002-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | |
| US10/270,029 US6748479B2 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2002-10-11 | System having interfaces and switch that separates coherent and packet traffic |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE292305T1 true ATE292305T1 (de) | 2005-04-15 |
Family
ID=27559482
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT02025684T ATE292305T1 (de) | 2001-11-20 | 2002-11-20 | System mit schnittstellen und einem schalter für die trennung von kohärentem und nichtkohärentem datenpaketverkehr |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US6748479B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1313023B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE292305T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE60203469T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (42)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1233346A1 (de) * | 2001-02-14 | 2002-08-21 | Micronas GmbH | Netzwerk-Co-Prozessor für Kraftfahrzeuge |
| US6748479B2 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2004-06-08 | Broadcom Corporation | System having interfaces and switch that separates coherent and packet traffic |
| US7302505B2 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2007-11-27 | Broadcom Corporation | Receiver multi-protocol interface and applications thereof |
| US7114043B2 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2006-09-26 | Broadcom Corporation | Ambiguous virtual channels |
| US7490187B2 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2009-02-10 | Broadcom Corporation | Hypertransport/SPI-4 interface supporting configurable deskewing |
| US7200137B2 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2007-04-03 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | On chip network that maximizes interconnect utilization between processing elements |
| US7051150B2 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2006-05-23 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Scalable on chip network |
| US7277449B2 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2007-10-02 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | On chip network |
| US6996651B2 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2006-02-07 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | On chip network with memory device address decoding |
| US7139860B2 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2006-11-21 | Freescale Semiconductor Inc. | On chip network with independent logical and physical layers |
| US7103320B2 (en) * | 2003-04-19 | 2006-09-05 | International Business Machines Corporation | Wireless communication system within a system on a chip |
| US6981074B2 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2005-12-27 | Broadcom Corporation | Descriptor-based load balancing |
| JP2005165508A (ja) * | 2003-12-01 | 2005-06-23 | Renesas Technology Corp | ダイレクトメモリアクセスコントローラ |
| US20050216637A1 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2005-09-29 | Smith Zachary S | Detecting coherency protocol mode in a virtual bus interface |
| US7558920B2 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2009-07-07 | Intel Corporation | Apparatus and method for partitioning a shared cache of a chip multi-processor |
| US7296167B1 (en) | 2004-10-01 | 2007-11-13 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Combined system responses in a chip multiprocessor |
| US7447810B2 (en) * | 2004-10-28 | 2008-11-04 | Intel Corporation | Implementing bufferless Direct Memory Access (DMA) controllers using split transactions |
| US7970980B2 (en) * | 2004-12-15 | 2011-06-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method and apparatus for accessing memory in a computer system architecture supporting heterogeneous configurations of memory structures |
| US7583664B2 (en) | 2004-12-28 | 2009-09-01 | Michael Ho | Techniques for transmitting and receiving traffic over advanced switching compatible switch fabrics |
| US7499452B2 (en) * | 2004-12-28 | 2009-03-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | Self-healing link sequence counts within a circular buffer |
| US7644221B1 (en) | 2005-04-11 | 2010-01-05 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | System interface unit |
| US20060277126A1 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-07 | Intel Corporation | Ring credit management |
| US7716387B2 (en) * | 2005-07-14 | 2010-05-11 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Memory control apparatus and method |
| US7673199B2 (en) * | 2006-02-03 | 2010-03-02 | Teradyne, Inc. | Multi-stream interface for parallel test processing |
| US7493468B2 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2009-02-17 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for broadcasting instructions/data to a plurality of processors in a multiprocessor device via aliasing |
| US7707324B1 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2010-04-27 | Marvell International Ltd. | DMA controller executing multiple transactions at non-contiguous system locations |
| US7996484B2 (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2011-08-09 | Microsoft Corporation | Non-disruptive, reliable live migration of virtual machines with network data reception directly into virtual machines' memory |
| US8880696B1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2014-11-04 | F5 Networks, Inc. | Methods for sharing bandwidth across a packetized bus and systems thereof |
| US8112491B1 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2012-02-07 | F5 Networks, Inc. | Methods and systems for providing direct DMA |
| US9152483B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2015-10-06 | F5 Networks, Inc. | Network devices with multiple fully isolated and independently resettable direct memory access channels and methods thereof |
| US8335857B1 (en) * | 2009-05-21 | 2012-12-18 | Sprint Communications Company L.P. | System and methods of data transmission to devices |
| US9313047B2 (en) | 2009-11-06 | 2016-04-12 | F5 Networks, Inc. | Handling high throughput and low latency network data packets in a traffic management device |
| FR2953307B1 (fr) | 2009-12-01 | 2011-12-16 | Bull Sas | Controleur d'acces direct a une memoire pour le transfert direct de donnees entre memoires de plusieurs dispositifs peripheriques |
| FR2953308B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-01 | 2011-12-09 | Bull Sas | Systeme autorisant des transferts directs de donnees entre des memoires de plusieurs elements de ce systeme |
| US9176913B2 (en) * | 2011-09-07 | 2015-11-03 | Apple Inc. | Coherence switch for I/O traffic |
| US8473658B2 (en) | 2011-10-25 | 2013-06-25 | Cavium, Inc. | Input output bridging |
| US9270602B1 (en) * | 2012-12-31 | 2016-02-23 | F5 Networks, Inc. | Transmit rate pacing of large network traffic bursts to reduce jitter, buffer overrun, wasted bandwidth, and retransmissions |
| US10375155B1 (en) | 2013-02-19 | 2019-08-06 | F5 Networks, Inc. | System and method for achieving hardware acceleration for asymmetric flow connections |
| US9864606B2 (en) | 2013-09-05 | 2018-01-09 | F5 Networks, Inc. | Methods for configurable hardware logic device reloading and devices thereof |
| KR102192165B1 (ko) | 2013-11-25 | 2020-12-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 전자 장치에서 헤더 압축된 패킷을 처리하기 위한 장치 및 방법 |
| US11855898B1 (en) | 2018-03-14 | 2023-12-26 | F5, Inc. | Methods for traffic dependent direct memory access optimization and devices thereof |
| US11537716B1 (en) | 2018-11-13 | 2022-12-27 | F5, Inc. | Methods for detecting changes to a firmware and devices thereof |
Family Cites Families (45)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4788679A (en) | 1986-09-02 | 1988-11-29 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Packet switch with variable data transfer rate links |
| CH670715A5 (de) | 1986-10-03 | 1989-06-30 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
| US5765011A (en) | 1990-11-13 | 1998-06-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Parallel processing system having a synchronous SIMD processing with processing elements emulating SIMD operation using individual instruction streams |
| US5963745A (en) | 1990-11-13 | 1999-10-05 | International Business Machines Corporation | APAP I/O programmable router |
| US5634004A (en) | 1994-05-16 | 1997-05-27 | Network Programs, Inc. | Directly programmable distribution element |
| EP0692893B1 (de) | 1994-07-12 | 2000-03-01 | Ascom AG | Vorrichtung zur Vermittlung in digitalen Datennetzen für asynchronen Transfermodus |
| EP0735487B1 (de) | 1995-03-31 | 2001-10-31 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Schnelle Zweitor-Cachesteuerungsschaltung für Datenprozessoren in einem paketvermittelten cachekohärenten Multiprozessorsystem |
| US5805920A (en) | 1995-11-13 | 1998-09-08 | Tandem Computers Incorporated | Direct bulk data transfers |
| US5710907A (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1998-01-20 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Hybrid NUMA COMA caching system and methods for selecting between the caching modes |
| US5887138A (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1999-03-23 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Multiprocessing computer system employing local and global address spaces and COMA and NUMA access modes |
| US5878268A (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1999-03-02 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Multiprocessing system configured to store coherency state within multiple subnodes of a processing node |
| US5813029A (en) | 1996-07-09 | 1998-09-22 | Micron Electronics, Inc. | Upgradeable cache circuit using high speed multiplexer |
| US5961623A (en) | 1996-08-29 | 1999-10-05 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Method and system for avoiding starvation and deadlocks in a split-response interconnect of a computer system |
| WO1998015155A1 (de) | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-09 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur mehrpunktverbindung in einem atm-übertragungssystem mit verbindungsindividuellen warteschlangen |
| JPH10154100A (ja) | 1996-11-25 | 1998-06-09 | Canon Inc | 情報処理システム及び装置及びその制御方法 |
| US5991824A (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 1999-11-23 | Silicon Graphics, Inc. | Method and system for simultaneous high bandwidth input output |
| JP3904282B2 (ja) | 1997-03-31 | 2007-04-11 | 株式会社ルネサステクノロジ | 半導体集積回路装置 |
| US6298370B1 (en) | 1997-04-04 | 2001-10-02 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Computer operating process allocating tasks between first and second processors at run time based upon current processor load |
| US6105119A (en) | 1997-04-04 | 2000-08-15 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Data transfer circuitry, DSP wrapper circuitry and improved processor devices, methods and systems |
| US6182201B1 (en) | 1997-04-14 | 2001-01-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Demand-based issuance of cache operations to a system bus |
| FR2762418B1 (fr) | 1997-04-17 | 1999-06-11 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | Procede de gestion d'une memoire partagee |
| JP3524337B2 (ja) | 1997-07-25 | 2004-05-10 | キヤノン株式会社 | バス管理装置及びそれを有する複合機器の制御装置 |
| US6128728A (en) | 1997-08-01 | 2000-10-03 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Virtual shadow registers and virtual register windows |
| US6209065B1 (en) | 1997-10-24 | 2001-03-27 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Mechanism for optimizing generation of commit-signals in a distributed shared-memory system |
| US6085294A (en) | 1997-10-24 | 2000-07-04 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Distributed data dependency stall mechanism |
| US6101420A (en) | 1997-10-24 | 2000-08-08 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Method and apparatus for disambiguating change-to-dirty commands in a switch based multi-processing system with coarse directories |
| US6108752A (en) | 1997-10-24 | 2000-08-22 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Method and apparatus for delaying victim writes in a switch-based multi-processor system to maintain data coherency |
| US6032228A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 2000-02-29 | International Business Machines Corporation | Flexible cache-coherency mechanism |
| FR2771573B1 (fr) | 1997-11-27 | 2001-10-19 | Alsthom Cge Alkatel | Element de commutation de paquets a memoires tampons |
| US6141733A (en) | 1998-02-17 | 2000-10-31 | International Business Machines Corporation | Cache coherency protocol with independent implementation of optimized cache operations |
| JP3563257B2 (ja) | 1998-02-20 | 2004-09-08 | Necエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Atmスイッチ回路 |
| US6070215A (en) | 1998-03-13 | 2000-05-30 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Computer system with improved transition to low power operation |
| GB9806184D0 (en) | 1998-03-23 | 1998-05-20 | Sgs Thomson Microelectronics | A cache coherency mechanism |
| US6185520B1 (en) | 1998-05-22 | 2001-02-06 | 3Com Corporation | Method and system for bus switching data transfers |
| US6195739B1 (en) | 1998-06-29 | 2001-02-27 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for passing data among processor complex stages of a pipelined processing engine |
| US6266731B1 (en) | 1998-09-03 | 2001-07-24 | Compaq Computer Corporation | High speed peripheral interconnect apparatus, method and system |
| US6338122B1 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 2002-01-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) data processing system that speculatively forwards a read request to a remote processing node |
| US6631401B1 (en) | 1998-12-21 | 2003-10-07 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Flexible probe/probe response routing for maintaining coherency |
| US6714994B1 (en) * | 1998-12-23 | 2004-03-30 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Host bridge translating non-coherent packets from non-coherent link to coherent packets on conherent link and vice versa |
| US6925097B2 (en) * | 2000-03-29 | 2005-08-02 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Decoder, decoding method, multiplexer, and multiplexing method |
| US6606679B2 (en) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-08-12 | Intel Corporation | Software transparent system and method for peer-to-peer message routing |
| US20030088796A1 (en) * | 2001-11-06 | 2003-05-08 | Soubhi Abdulkarim | Communication adapter |
| US6748479B2 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2004-06-08 | Broadcom Corporation | System having interfaces and switch that separates coherent and packet traffic |
| US6718444B1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2004-04-06 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Read-modify-write for partial writes in a memory controller |
| US7003631B2 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2006-02-21 | Broadcom Corporation | System having address-based intranode coherency and data-based internode coherency |
-
2002
- 2002-10-11 US US10/270,029 patent/US6748479B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-20 DE DE60203469T patent/DE60203469T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-20 AT AT02025684T patent/ATE292305T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-20 EP EP02025684A patent/EP1313023B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-06-04 US US10/861,624 patent/US6941406B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-06-07 US US11/146,449 patent/US20050226234A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6941406B2 (en) | 2005-09-06 |
| EP1313023B1 (de) | 2005-03-30 |
| DE60203469T2 (de) | 2006-02-23 |
| US20040221072A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
| EP1313023A1 (de) | 2003-05-21 |
| US20050226234A1 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
| DE60203469D1 (de) | 2005-05-04 |
| US6748479B2 (en) | 2004-06-08 |
| US20030097416A1 (en) | 2003-05-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| ATE292305T1 (de) | System mit schnittstellen und einem schalter für die trennung von kohärentem und nichtkohärentem datenpaketverkehr | |
| ATE309574T1 (de) | System mit schnittstellen, einem schalter und einer speicherbrücke mit cc-numa (cache-coherent non-uniform memory access) | |
| DE69837377D1 (de) | Datenübertragungssystem und verfahren | |
| ATE289098T1 (de) | Multicomputersystem mit konfigurierbaren schnittstellen für flexible systemkonfigurationen | |
| ATE309660T1 (de) | System, welches zwei oder mehr paketschnittstellen, einen schalter, einen gemeinsamen paket-dma (direct memory access)- schaltkreis sowie einen l2 (level 2) cache aufweist | |
| ATE291805T1 (de) | Systeme, welche paketschnittstellen und paket-dma (direct memory access) schaltkreise beinhalten, um paketströme zu teilen und zusammenzusetzen | |
| EP1451975A4 (de) | Vorrichtung und zugeordnetes verfahren zum abrufen von logischen bauminformationen für mobile knoten | |
| DE50007159D1 (de) | System zum steuern des betriebs von modulen mittels von einem steuergerät über einen datenbus erfolgender informationsübertragung sowie zündgerät und prüfschaltung | |
| WO2002017102A3 (en) | Method and apparatus for centralized snoop filtering | |
| DE60201650D1 (de) | Systeme, welche eine Mischung aus paketartigem, kohärentem und nicht-kohärentem Verkehr verwenden, um die Übertragung zwischen Systemen zu optimieren | |
| ATE367610T1 (de) | Busbrücke mit einem burst-übertragungsmodebus und einem einzel-übertragungsmodebus | |
| JP2019164486A (ja) | 情報処理システム、情報処理方法及びメモリシステム | |
| DE59914861D1 (de) | Schnittstelleneinrichtung | |
| KR970068365A (ko) | 통신제어장치 및 그것을 사용한 통신시스템 | |
| CN100461066C (zh) | 多层系统和时钟控制方法 | |
| ATE386662T1 (de) | Datenübertragungssystem im fahrzeug mit redundanten verbindungen | |
| DE60316866D1 (de) | Verfahren und Brückenelement-Modul | |
| ATE512401T1 (de) | Verfahren zum betrieb eines endgeräts | |
| CN115328826A (zh) | 具有直接通信模式和转接驱动器模式的控制器 | |
| JP2003124947A (ja) | シリアル通信方式によるデージーチェーン・データ入出力システム | |
| ATE360842T1 (de) | Synchronisationsverfahren und -vorrichtung | |
| ATE332059T1 (de) | Bildpuffer mit mehreren zugriffsmoden | |
| DE59108980D1 (de) | Schaltungsanordnung zum Aufbau gleichartiger Peripheriegeräteanschlussschaltungen als Zugangsschaltungen für unterschiedliche Peripheriegeräte zu einem gemeinsamen Bus | |
| DE60316856D1 (de) | Datenübertragungsvorrichtung zur Übertragung von Flüssigkeitsausstoßdaten und Flüssigkeitsausstoßvorrichtung | |
| JPH0594404A (ja) | ダイレクト・メモリ・アクセス・コントローラ |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |