ATE491791T1 - Oligonukleotidanalog und verfahren zur behandlung von flavivirusinfektionen - Google Patents

Oligonukleotidanalog und verfahren zur behandlung von flavivirusinfektionen

Info

Publication number
ATE491791T1
ATE491791T1 AT04809538T AT04809538T ATE491791T1 AT E491791 T1 ATE491791 T1 AT E491791T1 AT 04809538 T AT04809538 T AT 04809538T AT 04809538 T AT04809538 T AT 04809538T AT E491791 T1 ATE491791 T1 AT E491791T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
cells
oligonucleotide
virus
analog
oligonucleotide analog
Prior art date
Application number
AT04809538T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Patrick Iversen
David Stein
Original Assignee
Avi Biopharma Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Avi Biopharma Inc filed Critical Avi Biopharma Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE491791T1 publication Critical patent/ATE491791T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • C07K14/08RNA viruses
    • C07K14/18Togaviridae; Flaviviridae
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • C12N15/1131Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against viruses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • A61P31/14Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/10Type of nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/11Antisense
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/31Chemical structure of the backbone
    • C12N2310/314Phosphoramidates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/31Chemical structure of the backbone
    • C12N2310/314Phosphoramidates
    • C12N2310/3145Phosphoramidates with the nitrogen in 3' or 5'-position
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/323Chemical structure of the sugar modified ring structure
    • C12N2310/3233Morpholino-type ring
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
AT04809538T 2003-08-05 2004-08-05 Oligonukleotidanalog und verfahren zur behandlung von flavivirusinfektionen ATE491791T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US49304303P 2003-08-05 2003-08-05
US51200303P 2003-10-16 2003-10-16
PCT/US2004/025335 WO2005030800A2 (en) 2003-08-05 2004-08-05 Oligonucleotide analog and method for treating flavivirus infections

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE491791T1 true ATE491791T1 (de) 2011-01-15

Family

ID=34396142

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT04809538T ATE491791T1 (de) 2003-08-05 2004-08-05 Oligonukleotidanalog und verfahren zur behandlung von flavivirusinfektionen

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (3) US7807801B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1654363B1 (de)
JP (4) JP2007527227A (de)
KR (2) KR100943473B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1829794B (de)
AT (1) ATE491791T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2004276226B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2533218C (de)
DE (1) DE602004030583D1 (de)
WO (1) WO2005030800A2 (de)

Families Citing this family (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8796235B2 (en) * 2003-02-21 2014-08-05 University Of South Florida Methods for attenuating dengue virus infection
CA2533218C (en) 2003-08-05 2014-11-18 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Oligonucleotide analog and method for treating flavivirus infections
CA2548150A1 (en) * 2003-12-04 2005-06-23 University Of South Florida Polynucleotides for reducing respiratory syncytial virus gene expression
EP2933332A1 (de) 2004-06-28 2015-10-21 The University Of Western Australia Antisense-oligonukleotide zur induktion von exon-skipping sowie verfahren zur verwendung davon
EP2351839A3 (de) 2004-07-02 2011-10-05 AVI BioPharma, Inc. Antisinn antibakterielle verfahren und verbindungen
US8129352B2 (en) 2004-09-16 2012-03-06 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating ssRNA viral infection
US8357664B2 (en) 2004-10-26 2013-01-22 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating influenza viral infection
US7524829B2 (en) 2004-11-01 2009-04-28 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Antisense antiviral compounds and methods for treating a filovirus infection
US8067571B2 (en) 2005-07-13 2011-11-29 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Antibacterial antisense oligonucleotide and method
US8524676B2 (en) 2005-09-08 2013-09-03 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Method for treating enterovirus or rhinovirus infection using antisense antiviral compounds
WO2007030576A2 (en) 2005-09-08 2007-03-15 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating picornavirus infection
US8785407B2 (en) 2006-05-10 2014-07-22 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Antisense antiviral agent and method for treating ssRNA viral infection
PL2735568T3 (pl) 2006-05-10 2018-02-28 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Analogi oligonukleotydowe mające kationowe połączenia pomiędzy podjednostkami
EP2046954A2 (de) 2006-07-31 2009-04-15 Curevac GmbH Nukleinsäure der formel (i): gixngn, oder (ii): cixmcn, insbesondere als immunstimulierendes mittel/adjuvans
WO2009030254A1 (en) 2007-09-04 2009-03-12 Curevac Gmbh Complexes of rna and cationic peptides for transfection and for immunostimulation
DK2176408T5 (en) 2008-01-31 2015-12-14 Curevac Gmbh Nucleic acids comprising FORMULA (NuGiXmGnNv) a AND DERIVATIVES AS IMMUNE STIMULATING AGENTS / ADJUVANTS.
WO2010037408A1 (en) 2008-09-30 2010-04-08 Curevac Gmbh Composition comprising a complexed (m)rna and a naked mrna for providing or enhancing an immunostimulatory response in a mammal and uses thereof
EP2344638A1 (de) * 2008-10-06 2011-07-20 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Zusammensetzungen und verfahren zur hemmung der expression einer rna aus west-nile-virus
BR122020021379B1 (pt) 2008-10-24 2021-05-11 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. oligômero morfolino fosforodiamidato, composição que compreende o mesmo e uso do dito oligômero para tratar distrofia muscular
EP2473624B1 (de) * 2009-08-31 2019-05-01 Gen-Probe Incorporated Test für dengue-virus
US20110053829A1 (en) 2009-09-03 2011-03-03 Curevac Gmbh Disulfide-linked polyethyleneglycol/peptide conjugates for the transfection of nucleic acids
TR201816523T4 (tr) 2009-11-12 2018-11-21 Univ Western Australia Patolojilerin tedavisine yönelik antisens moleküller ve yöntemler.
EP2499248B1 (de) 2009-11-13 2017-01-04 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Antivirale antisense-verbindung und verfahren zur behandlung von influenzavirusinfektion
KR20200133284A (ko) 2010-05-28 2020-11-26 사렙타 쎄러퓨틱스, 인코퍼레이티드 변형된 서브유니트간 결합 및/또는 말단 그룹을 갖는 올리고뉴클레오타이드 유사체
SG187155A1 (en) * 2010-07-29 2013-03-28 Bigtec Private Ltd Probes and primers for detection of dengue
KR101761388B1 (ko) 2010-07-30 2017-07-25 큐어백 아게 트랜스펙션 및 면역 자극을 위한 이황화-크로스링크된 양이온 성분 및 핵산의 복합체
US8198429B2 (en) 2010-08-09 2012-06-12 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Antisense antiviral compounds and methods for treating a filovirus infection
US10017763B2 (en) 2010-09-03 2018-07-10 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. dsRNA molecules comprising oligonucleotide analogs having modified intersubunit linkages and/or terminal groups
CA3092114A1 (en) 2011-05-05 2012-11-08 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Peptide oligonucleotide conjugates
HK1201514A1 (en) 2011-11-18 2015-09-04 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Functionally-modified oligonucleotides and subunits thereof
WO2013113326A1 (en) 2012-01-31 2013-08-08 Curevac Gmbh Pharmaceutical composition comprising a polymeric carrier cargo complex and at least one protein or peptide antigen
CN110218727A (zh) 2013-03-14 2019-09-10 萨勒普塔医疗公司 用于治疗肌营养不良的外显子跳跃组合物
US20140329762A1 (en) 2013-03-15 2014-11-06 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions for treating muscular dystrophy
CN105705639A (zh) * 2013-07-05 2016-06-22 柏业公司 登革病毒相关的基因特异性siRNA、包含该siRNA的双链寡RNA分子、和包含它们的用于抑制登革病毒复制的组合物
BR112016003361A2 (pt) 2013-08-21 2017-11-21 Curevac Ag vacina do vírus sincicial respiratório (rsv)
US10369216B2 (en) 2014-04-01 2019-08-06 Curevac Ag Polymeric carrier cargo complex for use as an immunostimulating agent or as an adjuvant
US11020417B2 (en) 2015-06-04 2021-06-01 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc Methods and compounds for treatment of lymphocyte-related diseases and conditions
KR101805980B1 (ko) 2015-07-27 2017-12-07 안재용 수지원료의 이물질 제거장치
AU2017330276B2 (en) * 2016-09-20 2022-01-20 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Synthesis of backbone modified morpholino oligonucleotides and chimeras using phosphoramidite chemistry
BR112019012057A2 (pt) 2016-12-15 2019-11-12 Meharry Medical College agente antiviral, composição farmacêutica para a administração do mesmo e métodos de redução na replicação do vírus zika (zikv) e tratamento de doença mediada pelo vírus zika (zikv)
WO2019118458A1 (en) * 2017-12-11 2019-06-20 Respirogen, Inc. Devices and methods for delivery of oxygen to a wound
US20240226338A9 (en) * 2021-02-26 2024-07-11 Duke University Compositions For and Methods of Improving Gene Therapy

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
HUT69956A (en) * 1990-08-14 1995-09-28 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc Methode for inhibition of influenza virus by antiseuse oligonucleotides
EP0856579A1 (de) * 1997-01-31 1998-08-05 BIOGNOSTIK GESELLSCHAFT FÜR BIOMOLEKULARE DIAGNOSTIK mbH Ein Verfahren zur Zubereitung von Antisense Oligonukleotiden
US20030044979A1 (en) * 2001-04-05 2003-03-06 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Antisense modulation of phospholipid scramblase I expression
US20030087851A1 (en) * 1999-01-20 2003-05-08 Biozak, Inc. Pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing influenza, and novel oligonucleotide
EP1191941A4 (de) * 1999-06-21 2006-12-13 Murdoch Childrens Res Inst Methode der prophylaxe und/oder behandlung von erkrankungen
US6936467B2 (en) * 2000-03-27 2005-08-30 University Of Delaware Targeted chromosomal genomic alterations with modified single stranded oligonucleotides
WO2002068637A2 (en) * 2000-10-20 2002-09-06 Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nucleic acid-based treatment of diseases or conditions related to west nile virus infection
JP2005507660A (ja) * 2001-10-16 2005-03-24 アビ バイオファーマ, インコーポレイテッド ssRNAウイルス感染の処置のためのアンチセンス抗ウイルス剤および方法
CA2533218C (en) 2003-08-05 2014-11-18 Avi Biopharma, Inc. Oligonucleotide analog and method for treating flavivirus infections

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR101032853B1 (ko) 2011-05-06
US20100292189A1 (en) 2010-11-18
CA2533218A1 (en) 2005-04-07
JP2010042015A (ja) 2010-02-25
DE602004030583D1 (de) 2011-01-27
WO2005030800A2 (en) 2005-04-07
EP1654363A2 (de) 2006-05-10
CN1829794B (zh) 2011-06-08
CA2533218C (en) 2014-11-18
KR20100003302A (ko) 2010-01-07
US7807801B2 (en) 2010-10-05
EP1654363B1 (de) 2010-12-15
WO2005030800A3 (en) 2005-06-16
US9347063B2 (en) 2016-05-24
CN1829794A (zh) 2006-09-06
KR100943473B1 (ko) 2010-02-19
JP2007527227A (ja) 2007-09-27
US20050096291A1 (en) 2005-05-05
AU2004276226B2 (en) 2009-07-30
US8618270B2 (en) 2013-12-31
JP2013212110A (ja) 2013-10-17
US20150038462A1 (en) 2015-02-05
AU2004276226A1 (en) 2005-04-07
JP2016041065A (ja) 2016-03-31
KR20060056978A (ko) 2006-05-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ATE491791T1 (de) Oligonukleotidanalog und verfahren zur behandlung von flavivirusinfektionen
DE602007006457D1 (de) Antivirale antisense-verbindung und verfahren zur behandlung von arenavirus-infektion
Wickstrom et al. Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell proliferation and c-myc protein expression are inhibited by an antisense pentadecadeoxynucleotide targeted against c-myc mRNA.
ATE552347T1 (de) Oligonukleotidverbindung und verfahren zur behandlung von nidovirusinfektionen
WO2007030576A3 (en) Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating picornavirus infection
EP1507791A4 (de) Antisense-antivirusmittel und verfahren zur behandlung einer ssrna-virusinfektion
CA2526893A1 (en) Inhibition of the expression of huntingtin gene
WO2007030691A3 (en) Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating picornavirus infection
WO2006033933A3 (en) Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating ssrna viral infection
DE69829115D1 (de) Zusammensetzungen und verfahren zur behandlung von hepatitis c virus-bedingten erkrankungen
WO2006047683A3 (en) Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating influenza viral infection
CA2520541A1 (en) Antisense oligonucleotides (odn) against smad7 and uses thereof in medical field
EA201100907A1 (ru) Композиции и способы ингибирования экспрессии гена pcsk9
Toulme et al. Targeting RNA structures by antisense oligonucleotides
EP2092078A4 (de) Die replikation des hepatitis-c-virus-replikons hemmendes nukleaseresistentes rna-aptamer
WO2005013905A3 (en) SENSE ANTIVIRAL COMPOUND AND METHOD FOR TREATING ssRNA VIRAL INFECTION
J Blake et al. RNA interference for viral infections
JP4545091B2 (ja) C型肝炎ウイルスの働きを阻害するオリゴリボヌクレオチドまたはペプチド核酸
Mohapatra et al. Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory potential of small interfering RNAs directed against various regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus genome
EA200500873A1 (ru) Набор анти-вич- олигонуклеотидов и способ их применения для профилактики и лечения синдрома приобретенного иммунодефицита
Arzumanov et al. Inhibition of the HIV-1 Tat protein-TAR RNA interaction by 2'-O-methyl oligoribonucleotides
Fu et al. Inhibition of rabies virus infection by an oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to rabies virus genomic RNA
IL158739A0 (en) Anti-virus agent
AU2013205445B2 (en) Antisense antiviral compound and method for treating picornavirus infection
DK1537210T3 (da) Decoy-oligonukleotid-inhibering af CD40-ekspression

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
RER Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties