ATE89022T1 - Elektrophoretische anzeigepartikel und verfahren zu deren herstellung. - Google Patents
Elektrophoretische anzeigepartikel und verfahren zu deren herstellung.Info
- Publication number
- ATE89022T1 ATE89022T1 AT87103828T AT87103828T ATE89022T1 AT E89022 T1 ATE89022 T1 AT E89022T1 AT 87103828 T AT87103828 T AT 87103828T AT 87103828 T AT87103828 T AT 87103828T AT E89022 T1 ATE89022 T1 AT E89022T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- production
- electrophoretic
- particles
- indicator particles
- electrophoretic indicator
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/44—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes for electrophoretic applications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/205—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase
- C08J3/21—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase the polymer being premixed with a liquid phase
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process
- G03G17/04—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process using photoelectrophoresis
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/842,608 US4891245A (en) | 1986-03-21 | 1986-03-21 | Electrophoretic display particles and a process for their preparation |
| EP87103828A EP0238035B1 (de) | 1986-03-21 | 1987-03-17 | Elektrophoretische Anzeigepartikel und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE89022T1 true ATE89022T1 (de) | 1993-05-15 |
Family
ID=25287789
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT87103828T ATE89022T1 (de) | 1986-03-21 | 1987-03-17 | Elektrophoretische anzeigepartikel und verfahren zu deren herstellung. |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4891245A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0238035B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPS62259051A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR950005305B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE89022T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE3785690T2 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2040707T3 (de) |
Families Citing this family (69)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5298833A (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 1994-03-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Black electrophoretic particles for an electrophoretic image display |
| US6120839A (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2000-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-osmotic displays and materials for making the same |
| US7071913B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2006-07-04 | E Ink Corporation | Retroreflective electrophoretic displays and materials for making the same |
| US6866760B2 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 2005-03-15 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium and process for the production thereof |
| US6262706B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2001-07-17 | E Ink Corporation | Retroreflective electrophoretic displays and materials for making the same |
| US7109968B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2006-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Non-spherical cavity electrophoretic displays and methods and materials for making the same |
| US7106296B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2006-09-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electronic book with multiple page displays |
| US7167155B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2007-01-23 | E Ink Corporation | Color electrophoretic displays |
| US6839158B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2005-01-04 | E Ink Corporation | Encapsulated electrophoretic displays having a monolayer of capsules and materials and methods for making the same |
| US7242513B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2007-07-10 | E Ink Corporation | Encapsulated electrophoretic displays having a monolayer of capsules and materials and methods for making the same |
| US7002728B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2006-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles, and processes for the production thereof |
| US6067185A (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2000-05-23 | E Ink Corporation | Process for creating an encapsulated electrophoretic display |
| US7247379B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2007-07-24 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles, and processes for the production thereof |
| US6704133B2 (en) | 1998-03-18 | 2004-03-09 | E-Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display overlays and systems for addressing such displays |
| AU3190499A (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1999-10-11 | E-Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays |
| US7075502B1 (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 2006-07-11 | E Ink Corporation | Full color reflective display with multichromatic sub-pixels |
| JP4651193B2 (ja) | 1998-05-12 | 2011-03-16 | イー インク コーポレイション | ドローイングデバイス用途のためのマイクロカプセル化した電気泳動性の静電的にアドレスした媒体 |
| US6241921B1 (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2001-06-05 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Heterogeneous display elements and methods for their fabrication |
| AU6293499A (en) | 1998-10-07 | 2000-04-26 | E-Ink Corporation | Capsules for electrophoretic displays and methods for making the same |
| AU6295899A (en) | 1998-10-07 | 2000-04-26 | E-Ink Corporation | Illumination system for nonemissive electronic displays |
| CA2365847A1 (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-10-12 | Gregg M. Duthaler | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays |
| US7038655B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2006-05-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic ink composed of particles with field dependent mobilities |
| US8115729B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2012-02-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic display element with filler particles |
| US6693620B1 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2004-02-17 | E Ink Corporation | Threshold addressing of electrophoretic displays |
| US6337761B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2002-01-08 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Electrophoretic display and method of making the same |
| US6672921B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-01-06 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Manufacturing process for electrophoretic display |
| US6930818B1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2005-08-16 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US6933098B2 (en) | 2000-01-11 | 2005-08-23 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Process for roll-to-roll manufacture of a display by synchronized photolithographic exposure on a substrate web |
| US6833943B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-21 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US6829078B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-07 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US6947202B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2005-09-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with sub relief structure for high contrast ratio and improved shear and/or compression resistance |
| US6788449B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-09-07 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US6865012B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2005-03-08 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7052571B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2006-05-30 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and process for its manufacture |
| US6831770B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-14 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7715088B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2010-05-11 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display |
| US7158282B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2007-01-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US20070237962A1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2007-10-11 | Rong-Chang Liang | Semi-finished display panels |
| US7233429B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2007-06-19 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display |
| US7557981B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2009-07-07 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and process for its manufacture |
| US7408696B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2008-08-05 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Three-dimensional electrophoretic displays |
| US6885495B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2005-04-26 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Electrophoretic display with in-plane switching |
| US7236290B1 (en) | 2000-07-25 | 2007-06-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium with improved stability |
| US6795138B2 (en) * | 2001-01-11 | 2004-09-21 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US8282762B2 (en) * | 2001-01-11 | 2012-10-09 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display and process for its manufacture |
| EP1666964B1 (de) * | 2001-04-02 | 2018-12-19 | E Ink Corporation | Elektrophoretisches Medium mit verbesserter Bildstabilität |
| US7230750B2 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2007-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media and processes for the production thereof |
| US20050156340A1 (en) * | 2004-01-20 | 2005-07-21 | E Ink Corporation | Preparation of capsules |
| US8582196B2 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2013-11-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles and processes for the production thereof |
| JP4188091B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-15 | 2008-11-26 | イー インク コーポレイション | 電気泳動粒子 |
| US20100148385A1 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2010-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media and processes for the production thereof |
| TW527529B (en) * | 2001-07-27 | 2003-04-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display with color filters |
| TW539928B (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2003-07-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved transflective electrophoretic display |
| TWI308231B (en) * | 2001-08-28 | 2009-04-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Electrophoretic display |
| WO2003050607A1 (en) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-06-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic electronic displays with films having a low index of refraction |
| TWI229776B (en) * | 2002-01-03 | 2005-03-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | A novel electrophoretic dispersion with a fluorinated solvent and a charge controlling agent |
| TWI250894B (en) * | 2002-01-03 | 2006-03-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Functionalized halogenated polymers for microencapsulation |
| US7382514B2 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2008-06-03 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Core-shell particles for electrophoretic display |
| TWI229115B (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2005-03-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Core-shell particles for electrophoretic display |
| US7312916B2 (en) * | 2002-08-07 | 2007-12-25 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media containing specularly reflective particles |
| TWI297089B (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2008-05-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | A composition for the preparation of microcups used in a liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal display comprising two or more layers of microcup array and process for its manufacture |
| US8023071B2 (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2011-09-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display |
| JP4119230B2 (ja) * | 2002-11-26 | 2008-07-16 | 株式会社 日立ディスプレイズ | 表示装置 |
| TWI228632B (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2005-03-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Improved electrophoretic display with a bi-modal particle system |
| WO2014186449A1 (en) | 2013-05-14 | 2014-11-20 | E Ink Corporation | Colored electrophoretic displays |
| CN110628239B (zh) | 2014-02-06 | 2021-11-19 | 伊英克公司 | 电泳粒子及其制备方法 |
| CN104745012A (zh) * | 2015-03-28 | 2015-07-01 | 福建六建集团有限公司 | 建筑物墙面处理用的聚合物乳液界面剂及其制备方法 |
| WO2020176193A1 (en) | 2019-02-25 | 2020-09-03 | E Ink Corporation | Composite electrophoretic particles and variable transmission films containing the same |
| JP7357070B2 (ja) | 2019-04-24 | 2023-10-05 | イー インク コーポレイション | 電気泳動粒子、媒体、およびディスプレイならびにそれらの生成のためのプロセス |
Family Cites Families (47)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE541693A (de) * | 1954-10-04 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US2965514A (en) * | 1955-08-09 | 1960-12-20 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Process for coating particles with a thermosetting phenolic resin |
| US3016308A (en) * | 1957-08-06 | 1962-01-09 | Moore Business Forms Inc | Recording paper coated with microscopic capsules of coloring material, capsules and method of making |
| US2954358A (en) * | 1957-10-01 | 1960-09-27 | Rohm & Haas | Aqueous dispersion containing acrylic acid copolymer and aliphatic polyepoxide |
| US3577515A (en) * | 1963-12-13 | 1971-05-04 | Pennwalt Corp | Encapsulation by interfacial polycondensation |
| US3575882A (en) * | 1963-12-13 | 1971-04-20 | Pennwalt Corp | Encapsulation process |
| DE1469611A1 (de) * | 1964-10-23 | 1968-12-19 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Pigmentfaerbungen und -drucken auf Fasergut |
| GB1156652A (en) * | 1965-06-10 | 1969-07-02 | Ici Ltd | Coated Particles |
| BE790373A (fr) * | 1971-10-21 | 1973-02-15 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Feuille d'enregistrement sensible a la pression comportant des micro-capsules ayant des parois en polyuree |
| JPS5814253B2 (ja) * | 1974-04-10 | 1983-03-18 | カンザキセイシ カブシキガイシヤ | ビシヨウカプセルノ セイゾウホウホウ |
| US3996061A (en) * | 1974-06-10 | 1976-12-07 | A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company | Stilt material for pressure sensitive microencapsulated coatings |
| US4026857A (en) * | 1975-05-23 | 1977-05-31 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Epoxy emulsion water-based coating |
| US4029620A (en) * | 1975-08-13 | 1977-06-14 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Blends of partially neutralized carboxyl functional copolymers and epoxy resins in aqueous emulsion |
| US4070323A (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1978-01-24 | Vanderhoff John W | Aqueous polyurethane emulsions |
| US4177177A (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1979-12-04 | El Aasser Mohamed S | Polymer emulsification process |
| US4200667A (en) * | 1977-03-03 | 1980-04-29 | The Mead Corporation | Process for producing a pressure-sensitive carbonless copy sheet using microcapsules formed in situ in a radiation curable binder |
| US4123403A (en) * | 1977-06-27 | 1978-10-31 | The Dow Chemical Company | Continuous process for preparing aqueous polymer microsuspensions |
| FR2413123A1 (fr) * | 1977-12-30 | 1979-07-27 | Philagro Sa | Procede d'encapsulation par polycondensation interfaciale |
| FR2420994A1 (fr) * | 1978-03-30 | 1979-10-26 | Pentel Kk | Microcapsules ayant une paroi en substance minerale et procede de leur preparation |
| US4230495A (en) * | 1979-02-26 | 1980-10-28 | The Mead Corporation | Process for producing a pressure-sensitive carbonless copy sheet using microcapsules formed in situ in a radiation curable binder |
| US4222918A (en) * | 1979-03-19 | 1980-09-16 | Desoto, Inc. | Aqueous emulsions, methods of making the same and impregnated rovings made from the emulsions |
| IT1145696B (it) * | 1979-08-24 | 1986-11-05 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | Procedimento di preparazione di perle magnetiche di polimeri vinilaromatici |
| US4285801A (en) * | 1979-09-20 | 1981-08-25 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophoretic display composition |
| US4264700A (en) * | 1979-10-22 | 1981-04-28 | Xerox Corporation | Method of forming magnetic toner particles having a concentration of magnetic particles greater than 45 percent by weight by dispersion polymerization techniques |
| US4330460A (en) * | 1980-04-14 | 1982-05-18 | Xerox Corporation | Process for preparing colored toner particles employing a halogen salt to inhibit the aqueous phase polymerization |
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| US4471079A (en) * | 1982-03-04 | 1984-09-11 | Pilot Man-Nen Hitsu Kabushiki Kaisha | Aqueous ink |
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| JP2889977B2 (ja) * | 1992-09-09 | 1999-05-10 | 日工株式会社 | 足場研掃装置 |
-
1986
- 1986-03-21 US US06/842,608 patent/US4891245A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1987
- 1987-03-17 DE DE8787103828T patent/DE3785690T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-03-17 AT AT87103828T patent/ATE89022T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-03-17 EP EP87103828A patent/EP0238035B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-03-17 ES ES198787103828T patent/ES2040707T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-03-20 JP JP62067734A patent/JPS62259051A/ja active Pending
- 1987-03-20 KR KR1019870002560A patent/KR950005305B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS62259051A (ja) | 1987-11-11 |
| DE3785690D1 (de) | 1993-06-09 |
| US4891245A (en) | 1990-01-02 |
| KR870008974A (ko) | 1987-10-22 |
| DE3785690T2 (de) | 1993-09-16 |
| EP0238035A3 (en) | 1989-07-19 |
| KR950005305B1 (ko) | 1995-05-23 |
| ES2040707T3 (es) | 1993-11-01 |
| EP0238035A2 (de) | 1987-09-23 |
| EP0238035B1 (de) | 1993-05-05 |
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