BE905451A - Jauge de contrainte pour detecter des efforts ou deformations dans des organes ou structures. - Google Patents
Jauge de contrainte pour detecter des efforts ou deformations dans des organes ou structures.Info
- Publication number
- BE905451A BE905451A BE0/217180A BE217180A BE905451A BE 905451 A BE905451 A BE 905451A BE 0/217180 A BE0/217180 A BE 0/217180A BE 217180 A BE217180 A BE 217180A BE 905451 A BE905451 A BE 905451A
- Authority
- BE
- Belgium
- Prior art keywords
- deformations
- bodies
- structures
- stress gauge
- efforts
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012777 electrically insulating material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
- G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
- G01L1/2206—Special supports with preselected places to mount the resistance strain gauges; Mounting of supports
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by resistance strain gauge
- G01B7/18—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by resistance strain gauge using change in resistance
- G01B7/20—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by resistance strain gauge using change in resistance formed by printed-circuit technique
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
- G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
- G01L1/2206—Special supports with preselected places to mount the resistance strain gauges; Mounting of supports
- G01L1/2218—Special supports with preselected places to mount the resistance strain gauges; Mounting of supports the supports being of the column type, e.g. cylindric, adapted for measuring a force along a single direction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
- G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
- G01L1/2206—Special supports with preselected places to mount the resistance strain gauges; Mounting of supports
- G01L1/2218—Special supports with preselected places to mount the resistance strain gauges; Mounting of supports the supports being of the column type, e.g. cylindric, adapted for measuring a force along a single direction
- G01L1/2225—Special supports with preselected places to mount the resistance strain gauges; Mounting of supports the supports being of the column type, e.g. cylindric, adapted for measuring a force along a single direction the direction being perpendicular to the central axis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
- G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
- G01L1/2287—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges constructional details of the strain gauges
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
- G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
- G01L1/2287—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges constructional details of the strain gauges
- G01L1/2293—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges constructional details of the strain gauges of the semi-conductor type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
- G01R31/14—Circuits therefor, e.g. for generating test voltages, sensing circuits
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/38—Concrete; Lime; Mortar; Gypsum; Bricks; Ceramics; Glass
- G01N33/388—Ceramics
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
- Measurement Of Force In General (AREA)
Abstract
Un détecteur à jauge comprend un substrat de support (1) sous la forme d'une plaque faite de matière électriquement isolante, de préférence une matière céramique, sur une face de laquelle est déposée au moins une résistance à couche épaisse (R) , ledit substrat de support (1) étant destiné à etre fermement fixé par son autre face sur un organe ou une structure dont les efforts et déformations doivent etre détectés localement, de telle sorte que lesdits efforts ou déformations déterminent, par l'intermédiaire du substrat (1), des déformations correspondantes de ladite au moins une résistance à couche épaisse (R).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT8553804U IT206727Z2 (it) | 1985-09-17 | 1985-09-17 | Sensore estensimetrico a film spesso per la rilevazione di sforzi e deformazioni in organi o strutture meccaniche |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BE905451A true BE905451A (fr) | 1987-01-16 |
Family
ID=11285267
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE0/217180A BE905451A (fr) | 1985-09-17 | 1986-09-17 | Jauge de contrainte pour detecter des efforts ou deformations dans des organes ou structures. |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4793189A (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2514502Y2 (fr) |
| BE (1) | BE905451A (fr) |
| CH (1) | CH669994A5 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE3631647C2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2003115A6 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2587484B1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB2184239B (fr) |
| IT (1) | IT206727Z2 (fr) |
| NL (1) | NL8602362A (fr) |
| PT (1) | PT83393B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (43)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2234629B (en) * | 1989-06-28 | 1993-01-27 | Ivor John Martin Fehr | Improvements relating to strain gauges |
| US5440193A (en) * | 1990-02-27 | 1995-08-08 | University Of Maryland | Method and apparatus for structural, actuation and sensing in a desired direction |
| JPH05508117A (ja) * | 1990-02-27 | 1993-11-18 | メリーランド大学 カレッジ パーク校 | 任意方向において物体に作用を与えかつ検出を行うための方法と装置 |
| US5140849A (en) * | 1990-07-30 | 1992-08-25 | Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology | Rolling bearing with a sensor unit |
| JPH05141907A (ja) * | 1991-09-24 | 1993-06-08 | Tokyo Electric Co Ltd | 歪センサ及びその製造方法並びにその歪センサを使用したロードセル秤 |
| DE4206577A1 (de) * | 1992-03-02 | 1993-09-09 | Hottinger Messtechnik Baldwin | Einrichtung und verfahren zur ermittlung der verformung eines bauteils und verfahren zur montage der einrichtung |
| US5528151A (en) * | 1992-11-09 | 1996-06-18 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Thermal fatigue testing using plural test trips with graduated sizing and recessed anchoring |
| FR2701317B1 (fr) * | 1993-02-09 | 1995-03-31 | Thomson Csf | Dispositif de mesure d'efforts exercés sur une pièce mécanique et procédé de fixation. |
| GB2310288B (en) * | 1996-02-17 | 1999-09-29 | John Karl Atkinson | A force sensitive device |
| DE19907673A1 (de) * | 1999-02-23 | 2000-08-31 | Klaus Dietzel | Meßeinrichtung mit Smarttransponder an Schlauchleitungen |
| US6378384B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2002-04-30 | C-Cubed Limited | Force sensing transducer and apparatus |
| DE10023838C2 (de) * | 2000-05-16 | 2002-11-28 | Siemens Ag | Vorrichtung zum Messen einer Wegänderung zwischen Abschnitten eines Bauteils und Verwendung dieser Vorrichtung |
| JP4583576B2 (ja) * | 2000-10-19 | 2010-11-17 | 富士重工業株式会社 | 繊維強化樹脂複合材の損傷位置検出装置および損傷検出センサーの製造方法 |
| DE10134586A1 (de) * | 2001-07-17 | 2003-02-06 | Siemens Ag | Sensoreinrichtung zum Erfassen einer Dehnungsbeanspruchung |
| DE10225549B4 (de) * | 2002-06-06 | 2007-12-06 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Erfassen von mechanischen Krafteinwirkungen auf einen Bauelementträger für elektrische Bauelemente |
| JP2004301508A (ja) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-10-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | トルクセンサおよびそれを用いた操舵トルク検出装置 |
| DE10335690A1 (de) * | 2003-06-04 | 2004-12-23 | Sensor-Technik Wiedemann Gmbh | Verformungssensor |
| FR2867275B1 (fr) * | 2004-03-03 | 2006-05-19 | Seb Sa | Capteur de poids |
| DE102005028906A1 (de) * | 2005-06-22 | 2006-12-28 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Vorrichtung für die Prüfung von Banknoten |
| GB0620944D0 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2006-11-29 | Insensys Ltd | Curvature measurement moving relative to pipe |
| US20080203137A1 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2008-08-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Substrate bonding methods and system including monitoring |
| DE102007012157A1 (de) * | 2007-03-12 | 2008-09-18 | Brosa Ag | Modular aufgebaute Messachse |
| DE102008013203A1 (de) * | 2008-03-08 | 2009-09-17 | Terex-Demag Gmbh | Ausleger zur endseitigen Aufnahme von Lasten, Ausleger-Baugruppe mit mindestens zwei derartigen Auslegern sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines derartigen Auslegers |
| JP5487672B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-27 | 2014-05-07 | パナソニック株式会社 | 物理量センサ |
| US8943896B2 (en) * | 2012-10-10 | 2015-02-03 | Auto Industrial Co., Ltd. | Pressure transducer using ceramic diaphragm |
| ITGE20130091A1 (it) * | 2013-09-18 | 2015-03-19 | Realte Di Giovanni Landro | Sistema di cambio elettronico e di controllo di velocità e di trazione per motocicli |
| US10225629B2 (en) * | 2013-11-25 | 2019-03-05 | Chi Hung Louis Lam | System for monitoring condition of adjustable construction temporary supports |
| JP6488698B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-25 | 2019-03-27 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 外力検出アレイモジュール |
| CN107532953A (zh) * | 2015-03-31 | 2018-01-02 | 株式会社NejiLaw | 带通电路径的部件和通电路径的图案化方法及部件变化测量方法 |
| EP3431948A1 (fr) * | 2017-07-17 | 2019-01-23 | Planet GDZ AG | Bandelette de test pour joints d'étanchéité |
| JP6820817B2 (ja) * | 2017-10-03 | 2021-01-27 | アズビル株式会社 | トルク検出装置 |
| JP7034811B2 (ja) * | 2018-04-09 | 2022-03-14 | 日本電産コパル電子株式会社 | 歪センサの固定装置とそれを用いたトルクセンサ |
| JP7191737B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-11 | 2022-12-19 | 日本電産コパル電子株式会社 | ロードセル |
| JP7203645B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-11 | 2023-01-13 | 日本電産コパル電子株式会社 | ロードセル |
| JP7321872B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-09 | 2023-08-07 | ニデックコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 歪センサの固定装置とそれを用いたトルクセンサ |
| CN114364941A (zh) * | 2019-10-09 | 2022-04-15 | 日本电产科宝电子株式会社 | 应变传感器的固定装置和使用该固定装置的扭矩传感器 |
| JP7350605B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-09 | 2023-09-26 | ニデックコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 歪センサの固定装置とそれを用いたトルクセンサ |
| JP7350606B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-09 | 2023-09-26 | ニデックコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 歪センサの固定装置とそれを用いたトルクセンサ |
| JP7321871B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-09 | 2023-08-07 | ニデックコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 歪センサの固定装置とそれを用いたトルクセンサ |
| CN114303046A (zh) | 2019-10-09 | 2022-04-08 | 日本电产科宝电子株式会社 | 应变传感器的固定装置和使用该固定装置的扭矩传感器 |
| CN112484624B (zh) * | 2020-10-22 | 2022-08-09 | 浙江航鑫支吊架有限公司 | 一种基于物联网的抗震支吊架在线监测装置 |
| US12571691B2 (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2026-03-10 | Lenlok Holdings Llc | Sensor device for fluid fitting |
| FR3159591A1 (fr) * | 2024-02-26 | 2025-08-29 | Airbus | Attache instrumentee de moteur d’aeronef et aeronef comprenant une telle attache. |
Family Cites Families (33)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2599578A (en) * | 1950-11-17 | 1952-06-10 | Obert Leonard | Device for measuring the change of strain in a solid medium |
| US2626338A (en) * | 1952-05-08 | 1953-01-20 | Trans Sonics Inc | Measuring device |
| US2722587A (en) * | 1953-03-20 | 1955-11-01 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Electric strain sensing device |
| US2982127A (en) * | 1957-06-07 | 1961-05-02 | George F Cummings Jr | Strain gage |
| US3303450A (en) * | 1964-10-06 | 1967-02-07 | Blh Electronics | Symmetrical dual-grid strain gaging |
| US3327270A (en) * | 1965-01-06 | 1967-06-20 | Pneumo Dynamics Corp | Semi-conductor sensing assembly |
| US3411348A (en) * | 1966-06-30 | 1968-11-19 | W C Dillon & Company Inc | Electronic dynamometer |
| US3479739A (en) * | 1967-04-24 | 1969-11-25 | Statham Instrument Inc | Method of making a transducer beam |
| NL6811584A (fr) * | 1967-08-18 | 1969-02-20 | ||
| DE1950836B2 (de) * | 1969-10-09 | 1973-03-08 | Pietzsch, Ludwig, Dr Ing , 7500 Karlsruhe | Dehnungsmessanordnung |
| US3695096A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1972-10-03 | Ali Umit Kutsay | Strain detecting load cell |
| US3738162A (en) * | 1971-09-10 | 1973-06-12 | Us Army | Fatigue damage indicator |
| US3899695A (en) * | 1973-09-24 | 1975-08-12 | Nat Semiconductor Corp | Semiconductor pressure transducer employing novel temperature compensation means |
| US4055078A (en) * | 1976-07-01 | 1977-10-25 | Antonio Nicholas F D | Strain transducer |
| US4104605A (en) * | 1976-09-15 | 1978-08-01 | General Electric Company | Thin film strain gauge and method of fabrication |
| DE2810782A1 (de) * | 1978-03-13 | 1979-09-20 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Messeinrichtung fuer elastische verformungen |
| DE2842190C2 (de) * | 1978-09-28 | 1985-01-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Dehnmeßstreifen in Dickschichttechnik |
| US4311980A (en) * | 1978-10-12 | 1982-01-19 | Fabrica Italiana Magneti Marelli, S.P.A. | Device for pressure measurement using a resistor strain gauge |
| JPS55118109U (fr) * | 1979-02-16 | 1980-08-21 | ||
| JPS55140112A (en) * | 1979-04-19 | 1980-11-01 | Tokyo Electric Co Ltd | Weighing device employing load cell |
| US4322980A (en) * | 1979-11-08 | 1982-04-06 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Semiconductor pressure sensor having plural pressure sensitive diaphragms and method |
| JPS56140203A (en) * | 1980-04-02 | 1981-11-02 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | Bridge circuit |
| FR2502327A1 (fr) * | 1981-03-20 | 1982-09-24 | Dal Dan Felice | Procede de realisation de capteurs a jauge de contrainte |
| GB2098739B (en) * | 1981-05-16 | 1985-01-16 | Colvern Ltd | Electrical strain gauges |
| US4424717A (en) * | 1981-10-08 | 1984-01-10 | The Babcock & Wilcox Company | Force transducer |
| JPS58150816A (ja) * | 1982-03-04 | 1983-09-07 | Kyowa Dengiyou:Kk | ひずみ検出器 |
| US4481497A (en) * | 1982-10-27 | 1984-11-06 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Transducer structures employing ceramic substrates and diaphragms |
| JPS59190603A (ja) * | 1983-04-13 | 1984-10-29 | Hitachi Ltd | ひずみゲ−ジ |
| GB2141548A (en) * | 1983-06-16 | 1984-12-19 | Welwyn Electronics Ltd | Strain-gauge transducer |
| US4586018A (en) * | 1983-09-19 | 1986-04-29 | Ford Motor Company | Combustion pressure sensor |
| GB8332527D0 (en) * | 1983-12-06 | 1984-01-11 | Barnett J D | Strain transducers |
| US4553872A (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-11-19 | Fmc Corporation | Load cell clamping apparatus |
| DE3429649A1 (de) * | 1984-08-11 | 1986-02-20 | Vdo Adolf Schindling Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Elektrischer widerstand |
-
1985
- 1985-09-17 IT IT8553804U patent/IT206727Z2/it active
-
1986
- 1986-07-16 ES ES8602295A patent/ES2003115A6/es not_active Expired
- 1986-09-15 CH CH3700/86A patent/CH669994A5/it not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-09-17 BE BE0/217180A patent/BE905451A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-09-17 PT PT83393A patent/PT83393B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-09-17 JP JP1986143442U patent/JP2514502Y2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-09-17 NL NL8602362A patent/NL8602362A/nl active Search and Examination
- 1986-09-17 FR FR868613013A patent/FR2587484B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-09-17 DE DE3631647A patent/DE3631647C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-09-17 GB GB8622354A patent/GB2184239B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-11-02 US US07/115,557 patent/US4793189A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PT83393B (pt) | 1993-01-29 |
| NL8602362A (nl) | 1987-04-16 |
| PT83393A (en) | 1986-10-01 |
| IT8553804V0 (it) | 1985-09-17 |
| IT206727Z2 (it) | 1987-10-01 |
| GB8622354D0 (en) | 1986-10-22 |
| US4793189A (en) | 1988-12-27 |
| JPS6267206U (fr) | 1987-04-27 |
| FR2587484A1 (fr) | 1987-03-20 |
| GB2184239B (en) | 1990-05-09 |
| DE3631647A1 (de) | 1987-03-26 |
| CH669994A5 (en) | 1989-04-28 |
| ES2003115A6 (es) | 1988-10-16 |
| DE3631647C2 (de) | 1996-09-12 |
| GB2184239A (en) | 1987-06-17 |
| JP2514502Y2 (ja) | 1996-10-23 |
| FR2587484B1 (fr) | 1992-02-14 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| RE | Patent lapsed |
Owner name: MARELLI AUTRONICA S.P.A. Effective date: 19990930 |