BRPI0407771A - polìmero de alto peso molecular, e, método para flocular sólidos suspensos em um licor de processo bayer - Google Patents

polìmero de alto peso molecular, e, método para flocular sólidos suspensos em um licor de processo bayer

Info

Publication number
BRPI0407771A
BRPI0407771A BRPI0407771-7A BRPI0407771A BRPI0407771A BR PI0407771 A BRPI0407771 A BR PI0407771A BR PI0407771 A BRPI0407771 A BR PI0407771A BR PI0407771 A BRPI0407771 A BR PI0407771A
Authority
BR
Brazil
Prior art keywords
molecular weight
high molecular
bayer process
suspended solids
weight polymer
Prior art date
Application number
BRPI0407771-7A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Murat Quadir
Everett C Phillips
Larry E Brammer Jr
Robert P Mahoney
John D Kildea
Manian Ramesh
John T Malito
Original Assignee
Nalco Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nalco Co filed Critical Nalco Co
Publication of BRPI0407771A publication Critical patent/BRPI0407771A/pt
Publication of BRPI0407771B1 publication Critical patent/BRPI0407771B1/pt

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5272Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using specific organic precipitants
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D21/00Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation
    • B01D21/01Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation using flocculating agents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01FCOMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F7/00Compounds of aluminium
    • C01F7/02Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
    • C01F7/04Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
    • C01F7/06Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom by treating aluminous minerals or waste-like raw materials with alkali hydroxide, e.g. leaching of bauxite according to the Bayer process
    • C01F7/0646Separation of the insoluble residue, e.g. of red mud
    • C01F7/0653Separation of the insoluble residue, e.g. of red mud characterised by the flocculant added to the slurry
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01FCOMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F7/00Compounds of aluminium
    • C01F7/02Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
    • C01F7/46Purification of aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide or aluminates
    • C01F7/47Purification of aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide or aluminates of aluminates, e.g. removal of compounds of Si, Fe, Ga or of organic compounds from Bayer process liquors
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/54Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using organic material
    • C02F1/56Macromolecular compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F246/00Copolymers in which the nature of only the monomers in minority is defined
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/10Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from quarries or from mining activities
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/16Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from metallurgical processes, i.e. from the production, refining or treatment of metals, e.g. galvanic wastes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10Esters
    • C08F220/12Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
    • C08F220/14Methyl esters, e.g. methyl (meth)acrylate
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/52Amides or imides
    • C08F220/54Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F220/58Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine
    • C08F220/585Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine and containing other heteroatoms, e.g. 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid [AMPS]

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

"POLìMERO DE ALTO PESO MOLECULAR, E, MéTODO PARA FLOCULAR SóLIDOS SUSPENSOS EM UM LICOR DE PROCESSO BAYER". Um polímero solúvel em água, de alto peso molecular, compreendendo grupos ácido salicílico pendentes e tendo um peso molecular médio ponderal de pelo menos cerca de 2.000.000 daltons e uso do polímero para clarificar licores contendo lama vermelha, gerados no processo Bayer para a recuperação de alumina de bauxita.
BRPI0407771-7A 2003-02-24 2004-02-11 Polímero compreendendo grupos de ácido salicílico pendentes, e, método para flocular sólidos suspensos em um licor de processo bayer” BRPI0407771B1 (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/373,132 US7138472B2 (en) 2001-01-29 2003-02-24 High molecular weight polymers containing pendant salicylic acid groups for clarifying bayer process liquors
US10/373,132 2003-02-24
PCT/US2004/004004 WO2004076510A2 (en) 2003-02-24 2004-02-11 High molecular weight polymers containing pendent salicyclic acid groups for clarifying bayer process liquors

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
BRPI0407771A true BRPI0407771A (pt) 2006-02-14
BRPI0407771B1 BRPI0407771B1 (pt) 2015-08-11

Family

ID=32926230

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
BRPI0407771-7A BRPI0407771B1 (pt) 2003-02-24 2004-02-11 Polímero compreendendo grupos de ácido salicílico pendentes, e, método para flocular sólidos suspensos em um licor de processo bayer”

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (3) US7138472B2 (pt)
EP (1) EP1597301B1 (pt)
CN (1) CN1753933A (pt)
AU (1) AU2004215445B2 (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0407771B1 (pt)
DE (1) DE602004012973T2 (pt)
ES (1) ES2305726T3 (pt)
RU (1) RU2362787C2 (pt)
WO (1) WO2004076510A2 (pt)

Families Citing this family (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004017034A1 (de) * 2004-04-02 2005-10-20 Stockhausen Chem Fab Gmbh Verwendung von Copolymerisaten zur Verringerung von Ausfällungen und Belägen durch anorganische und organische Verunreinigungen im Bayer Prozess zur Gewinnung von Aluminiumhydroxid
CN101031597B (zh) * 2004-09-30 2010-04-14 Jsr株式会社 共聚物及形成上层膜用组合物
WO2006050567A1 (en) * 2004-11-12 2006-05-18 Ultimate Nominees Pty Ltd Non-toxic dispersants for hydrated lime slurries
US7976820B2 (en) * 2005-06-23 2011-07-12 Nalco Company Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production
US7976821B2 (en) * 2005-06-23 2011-07-12 Nalco Company Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production
US20080107578A1 (en) * 2006-11-07 2008-05-08 Jing Wang The recovery of alumina trihydrate during the bayer process using a water continuous polymer
US8445723B2 (en) * 2008-08-19 2013-05-21 Nalco Company Processes for producing N-alkyl (alkyl)acrylamides
TWI351330B (en) * 2008-11-28 2011-11-01 Univ Nat Taiwan Dielectric fluid with polishing effects
US8282689B2 (en) 2009-07-01 2012-10-09 Nalco Company Composition and method for enhancing the production of crystal agglomerates from a precipitation liquor
US9102995B2 (en) 2010-08-09 2015-08-11 Nalco Company Cross-linked ethylsulfonated dihydroxypropyl cellulose
CN102417559B (zh) * 2011-09-07 2013-08-07 淮海工学院 含有季铵基和水杨醛的丙烯酸酯共聚物多孔树脂球及其制备方法
CN102516452B (zh) * 2011-10-28 2013-12-25 淮海工学院 含有季铵基和水杨醛共聚物多孔树脂球的制备方法
CN103058341A (zh) * 2012-12-14 2013-04-24 内蒙古河西航天科技发展有限公司 一种高水油比例聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂及制备方法
US20140238943A1 (en) * 2013-02-22 2014-08-28 Cedrick Favero Method For Treating Suspensions Of Solid Particles In Water Using Post Hydrolyzed Polymers
WO2014158381A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2014-10-02 Nalco Company Cross-linked ethylsulfonated dihydroxypropyl cellulose
CN103884626A (zh) * 2014-02-21 2014-06-25 大连大学 一种对絮凝体进行定性分类与定量分析的方法
EP2949405B1 (en) * 2014-05-30 2016-12-14 S.P.C.M. Sa Method for treating suspensions of solid particles in water using comb like polymers
FR3024732B1 (fr) 2014-08-08 2016-08-12 Snf Sas Polymere hydroxyalkyle hydrosoluble obtenu par procede de polymerisation en suspension inverse ou emulsion inverse
US9434793B1 (en) * 2015-07-24 2016-09-06 Technology Investment & Development, LLC Continuous adiabatic inverse emulsion polymerization process
WO2017192345A1 (en) 2016-05-03 2017-11-09 Dow Corning Corporation Silsesquioxane resin and oxaamine composition
MX2018015283A (es) 2016-06-10 2019-04-09 Ecolab Usa Inc Polimero de polvo seco de bajo peso molecular para usar como agente de resistencia en estado seco que fabrica papel.
CN105923879A (zh) * 2016-06-22 2016-09-07 陈朝民 一种水体净化方法
BR112020001752B1 (pt) 2017-07-31 2024-01-09 Ecolab Usa Inc Método para incorporar um auxiliar de resistência de polímero de baixo peso molecular em um processo de fabricação de papel
WO2019118675A1 (en) 2017-12-13 2019-06-20 Ecolab Usa Inc. Solution comprising an associative polymer and a cyclodextrin polymer
EP3830035A4 (en) * 2018-07-27 2022-05-04 Solenis Technologies, L.P. SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR ALUMINUM OXIDE PRODUCTION
CN110002718A (zh) * 2019-05-09 2019-07-12 河南理工大学 一种赤泥浓缩沉降方法
CN110950521B (zh) * 2019-11-08 2021-11-09 威海汉邦生物环保科技股份有限公司 一种改进赤泥沉降分离效果的化学处理方法
CN111229474A (zh) * 2019-11-14 2020-06-05 广州城建职业学院 一种去除高硫铝土矿中钛矿物的方法
CN111153423A (zh) * 2020-01-03 2020-05-15 江西理工大学 含有pah的复合抑制剂及其制备方法和应用
CN114652904B (zh) * 2022-03-17 2023-07-07 天津大学 一种抗凝血用两性离子水凝胶涂层及其制备方法
CN115093513B (zh) * 2022-07-25 2024-05-14 山东诺尔生物科技有限公司 制备赤泥沉降用絮凝剂的组合物、赤泥沉降用絮凝剂及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB566760A (en) * 1943-02-19 1945-01-12 Leader Sidney Arthur Adhesive compositions
US2883361A (en) * 1956-09-28 1959-04-21 Du Pont Light stable composition containing a blend of a synthetic rubber and a salicylate polymer
US3290270A (en) * 1963-05-23 1966-12-06 Nat Starch Chem Corp Salicylic acid derivatives and polymers thereof
US3390959A (en) 1965-04-30 1968-07-02 Nalco Chemical Co Process of making alumina
US4169824A (en) 1977-06-22 1979-10-02 Nalco Chemical Company Red mud treatment
US4678585A (en) 1981-12-30 1987-07-07 American Cyanamid Company Process for alumina recovery
US4500601A (en) 1983-08-29 1985-02-19 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Chelating polymers for modifying metal surface properties
US4545902A (en) 1984-09-17 1985-10-08 Nalco Chemical Company Flocculants for bauxite (red mud)
US4767540A (en) * 1987-02-11 1988-08-30 American Cyanamid Company Polymers containing hydroxamic acid groups for reduction of suspended solids in bayer process streams
IT1243492B (it) * 1990-11-23 1994-06-15 Eniricerche Spa Composizioni acquose gelificabili contenenti polimeri con particolari gruppi funzionali chelanti utili per il recupero del petrolio da un giacimento.
US5270382A (en) 1992-04-24 1993-12-14 Phillips Petroleum Company Compositions and applications thereof of water-soluble copolymers comprising an ampholytic imidazolium inner salt
US5217620A (en) 1992-11-23 1993-06-08 Nalco Chemical Company Clarification aid for the Bayer process
US5286391A (en) 1993-02-04 1994-02-15 Nalco Chemical Company Red mud flocculation
US5693320A (en) 1996-03-17 1997-12-02 Ube Industries, Ltd. (Meth)acryloyloxy substituted acetylsalicylates and polymers thereof
US5696228A (en) 1996-10-03 1997-12-09 Cytec Technology Corp. Process for producing substantially dry polymer particles from aqueous dispersions
BR9806714A (pt) 1997-10-16 2000-04-04 Hymo Corp Processo para a produção de uma dispersão de polìmero solúvel em água.
US6036869A (en) 1997-12-12 2000-03-14 Nalco Chemical Company Water continuous methyl acrylate emulsion polymers for improved flocculation of red mud in the Bayer process
US6048463A (en) 1997-12-12 2000-04-11 Nalco Chemical Company Water continuous methyl acrylate emulsion polymer combinations and methyl acrylate emulsion homopolymers for improved flocculation of red mud in the bayer process
US6086771A (en) 1997-12-12 2000-07-11 Nalco Chemical Company Water continuous emulsion polymers for improving scale control in the bayer process
US20030027964A1 (en) * 2001-01-29 2003-02-06 Murat Quadir High molecular weight polymers containing pendant salicylic acid groups
US6527959B1 (en) * 2001-01-29 2003-03-04 Ondeo Nalco Company Method of clarifying bayer process liquors using salicylic acid containing polymers

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2362787C2 (ru) 2009-07-27
US20040024156A1 (en) 2004-02-05
US7560032B2 (en) 2009-07-14
US20060276597A1 (en) 2006-12-07
DE602004012973D1 (de) 2008-05-21
EP1597301A2 (en) 2005-11-23
US20060273040A1 (en) 2006-12-07
WO2004076510A3 (en) 2005-09-09
AU2004215445A1 (en) 2004-09-10
DE602004012973T2 (de) 2009-05-07
CN1753933A (zh) 2006-03-29
RU2005129709A (ru) 2006-03-20
EP1597301B1 (en) 2008-04-09
BRPI0407771B1 (pt) 2015-08-11
AU2004215445B2 (en) 2009-07-02
ES2305726T3 (es) 2008-11-01
EP1597301A4 (en) 2006-05-17
WO2004076510A2 (en) 2004-09-10
US8008430B2 (en) 2011-08-30
US7138472B2 (en) 2006-11-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
BRPI0407771A (pt) polìmero de alto peso molecular, e, método para flocular sólidos suspensos em um licor de processo bayer
BR9813550B1 (pt) processo para preparação de copolìmeros de alto peso molecular em emulsão, processo para floculação de sólidos suspensos no licor contendo lama vermelha do processo bayer, emulsão de um copolìmero de alto peso molecular, e, processo para inibir a formação de incrustação em equipamento de processo bayer.
BR8906585A (pt) Floculante polimerico,cationico,ramificado,soluvel em agua,nao cizalhado,processo para sua preparacao e processo para liberar agua de uma dispersao de solidos suspensos
BR0214136A (pt) Polìmeros de enxerto, processo para a preparação e uso dos mesmos
AR041756A1 (es) Floculantes polimericos modificados con caracteristicas de eficiencia mejoradas
BR9908977B1 (pt) sistema de catalisador para uso na polimerização ou copolimerização de etileno, processo para preparar uma composição de catalisador e uso do sistema de catalisador.
BR9910482A (pt) Catalisadores mistos e seus usos em um processo de polimerização
BR0213802A (pt) Copolìmero útil para a preparação de géis de ácidos
NZ504216A (en) Use of unsubstituted polydiallylamines as bile sequestering agents to treat hypercholesterolemia
BRPI0413967A (pt) polìmero solúvel em água, processo para preparar um polìmero solúvel em água, composição e solução aquosa
FI880719L (fi) Homogeenisia fluorimetrisiä määritysmenetelmiä, joissa käytetään fluoresoivan taustan poissulkemista ja fluoroforeina vesiliukoisia harvinaisten maametallien kelaatteja
BR9507290A (pt) Filetes de segurança tendo pelo menos dois aspectos de detecção de segurança de papéis de segurança empregando os mesmos
BR9917352B1 (pt) processo para polimerizar etileno e pelo menos uma ou mais outras(s) olefina(s) para produzir interpolìmero de etileno/olefina.
BR0111589A (pt) Sólido catalisador para polimerização de olefina, sólido catalisador pré-polimerizado, uso de um sólido catalisador, e, processo para preparar poliolefinas
DE60107807D1 (de) Polymere, ihre herstellung und verwendung
BR0202852A (pt) Composto polimérico, processo para a preparação de um composto polimérico, e, substrato inorgânico com a superfìcie tratada
BR9701117A (pt) Processo para preparar polímeros com terminação fosfonato
BR9917353B1 (pt) processo para a polimerização de etileno e pelo menos uma ou mais olefina(s) para produzir um interpolìmero de etileno/olefina.
BR0010036A (pt) Processo contìnuo para preparação de um látex de poliuretano
BR0116829A (pt) Método para flocular sólidos em suspensão em um lìquido de processo bayer
GB0005842D0 (en) Copoymer
BR9913144A (pt) Processo de polimerização usando um sistema melhorado de catalisador tipo ligante volumoso - metaloceno
BR0104340A (pt) Processo para modificar quimicamente a superfìcie de uma partìcula de polìmero, e, partìculas de polìmero de emulsão
DK0868437T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af hyaluronsyrefraktion med et lavt polydispersionsindeks
PT805169E (pt) Processo para o fabrico de copolimeros soluveis em meio alcalino a base de (met)acrilatos

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
B06F Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]
B06A Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]
B07A Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]
B09A Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]
B16A Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]

Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 10 (DEZ) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 11/08/2015, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS.

B21F Lapse acc. art. 78, item iv - on non-payment of the annual fees in time

Free format text: REFERENTE A 19A ANUIDADE.

B24J Lapse because of non-payment of annual fees (definitively: art 78 iv lpi, resolution 113/2013 art. 12)

Free format text: EM VIRTUDE DA EXTINCAO PUBLICADA NA RPI 2709 DE 06-12-2022 E CONSIDERANDO AUSENCIA DE MANIFESTACAO DENTRO DOS PRAZOS LEGAIS, INFORMO QUE CABE SER MANTIDA A EXTINCAO DA PATENTE E SEUS CERTIFICADOS, CONFORME O DISPOSTO NO ARTIGO 12, DA RESOLUCAO 113/2013.