BRPI0608302A2 - processo para a preparação de um copolìmero do etileno em um reator tubular - Google Patents

processo para a preparação de um copolìmero do etileno em um reator tubular

Info

Publication number
BRPI0608302A2
BRPI0608302A2 BRPI0608302-1A BRPI0608302A BRPI0608302A2 BR PI0608302 A2 BRPI0608302 A2 BR PI0608302A2 BR PI0608302 A BRPI0608302 A BR PI0608302A BR PI0608302 A2 BRPI0608302 A2 BR PI0608302A2
Authority
BR
Brazil
Prior art keywords
ethylene copolymer
tubular reactor
preparation
monomer
mol
Prior art date
Application number
BRPI0608302-1A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Neuteboom
Geert Imelda Valerie Bonte
Jacobus Christinus Josephus Franciscus Tacx
Marcellinus Guilliame Marie Neilen
Original Assignee
Saudi Basic Ind Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saudi Basic Ind Corp filed Critical Saudi Basic Ind Corp
Publication of BRPI0608302A2 publication Critical patent/BRPI0608302A2/pt
Publication of BRPI0608302B1 publication Critical patent/BRPI0608302B1/pt

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/02—Ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/01—Processes of polymerisation characterised by special features of the polymerisation apparatus used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
    • C08F222/10—Esters
    • C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
    • C08F222/102—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08J2323/08—Copolymers of ethene

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)

Abstract

PROCESSO PARA A PREPARAçãO DE UM COPOLìMERO DO ETILENO EM UM REATOR TUBULAR. A presente invenção refere-se a um processo para a preparação de um copolímero do etileno e de um monómero copolimerizável a partir do mesmo. A polimerização ocorre em um reator tubular em um pico de temperatura entre 290°C e 350°C, o co-monómero é um metacrilato difuncional ou com funcionalidade mais elevada e o co-monómero é aplicado em uma quantidade entre 0,008 mol% e 0,200 mol% em relação à quantidade do copolímero do etileno.
BRPI0608302-1A 2005-03-09 2006-02-27 Process for the preparation of an ethylene copolymer in a tubular reactor BRPI0608302B1 (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05075571 2005-03-09
EP05075571.9 2005-03-09
PCT/EP2006/001974 WO2006094723A1 (en) 2005-03-09 2006-02-27 A process for the preparation of an ethylene copolymer in a tubular reactor

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
BRPI0608302A2 true BRPI0608302A2 (pt) 2009-12-08
BRPI0608302B1 BRPI0608302B1 (pt) 2017-07-18

Family

ID=34938089

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
BRPI0608302-1A BRPI0608302B1 (pt) 2005-03-09 2006-02-27 Process for the preparation of an ethylene copolymer in a tubular reactor

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (1) US7820776B2 (pt)
EP (1) EP1861434B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP2008533223A (pt)
KR (2) KR101391511B1 (pt)
CN (1) CN101137681B (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0608302B1 (pt)
CA (1) CA2599636C (pt)
DK (1) DK1861434T3 (pt)
EA (1) EA015960B1 (pt)
ES (1) ES2421584T3 (pt)
MX (1) MX2007011007A (pt)
NO (1) NO20075055L (pt)
PL (1) PL1861434T3 (pt)
PT (1) PT1861434E (pt)
WO (1) WO2006094723A1 (pt)
ZA (1) ZA200707776B (pt)

Families Citing this family (57)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101409021B1 (ko) * 2006-03-24 2014-06-18 사우디 베이식 인더스트리즈 코포레이션 압출 코팅 조성물
EP2069145A2 (en) 2006-09-11 2009-06-17 Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Food packaging
SG190030A1 (en) 2010-10-29 2013-06-28 Dow Global Technologies Llc Ethylene-based polymers and processes for the same
BR112013016031B1 (pt) 2010-12-22 2020-04-07 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh processo para preparar copolímero de etileno na presença de iniciador da polimerização por radicais livres por copolimerização de etileno, copolímero de etileno obtido por tal processo e seu uso, bem como processo para revestimento por extrusão de um substrato
US20130333832A1 (en) * 2011-03-03 2013-12-19 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Process for preparing ethylene homopolymers or copolymers in a tubular reactor with at least two reaction zones having different concentrations of chain transfer agent
EP3098262B1 (en) 2011-11-23 2019-06-05 Dow Global Technologies LLC Low density ethylene-based polymers with broad molecular weight distributions and low extractables
US9334348B2 (en) 2011-11-23 2016-05-10 Dow Global Technologies Llc Low density ethylene-based polymers with extracts at lower molecular weights
MX360854B (es) 2011-12-22 2018-11-20 Dow Global Technologies Llc Polímeros basados en etileno con una resistencia a la fusión mejorada, y procesos para lo mismo.
EP2636691A1 (en) 2012-03-07 2013-09-11 Borealis AG Process and plant for manufacturing polyethylene-diene-copolymers
CA2862081C (en) 2012-04-02 2017-01-10 Borealis Ag Ethylene polymerization process using an inhibitor
US10442878B2 (en) 2012-06-27 2019-10-15 Dow Global Technologies Llc Ethylene-based polymers and processes for the same
JP6325566B2 (ja) 2012-11-20 2018-05-16 ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー 高い溶融強度を有する低密度エチレン系ポリマー
KR20200120756A (ko) 2013-05-22 2020-10-21 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 고용융 강도를 갖는 저밀도 에틸렌-기반 폴리머를 함유하는 조성물 및 이로부터 형성된 필름
CN105308104B (zh) * 2013-06-20 2019-06-18 沙特基础工业公司 包含聚乙烯泡沫的发泡膜
EP3027682B1 (en) 2013-07-31 2018-03-14 Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Foamed caps and closure seal comprising polyethylene foam
EP2886338B1 (en) 2013-12-19 2018-02-21 Borealis AG Extrusion coating of low density polyethylene and heat-sealed article made therefrom
KR102284307B1 (ko) * 2013-12-26 2021-08-04 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 비대칭 폴리엔을 이용하여 에틸렌계 중합체의 제조를 위한 반응기 안정성을 개선하는 방법
JP2017502131A (ja) * 2013-12-26 2017-01-19 ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー 非対称ポリエンを使用して形成されるエチレン系ポリマー
SG11201605091RA (en) 2013-12-26 2016-07-28 Dow Global Technologies Llc Processes to form ethylene-based polymers using asymmetrical polyenes
JP6464187B2 (ja) * 2014-03-31 2019-02-06 サウディ ベーシック インダストリーズ コーポレイション 管型反応装置内でエチレンコポリマーを調製する方法
WO2015166297A1 (en) 2014-04-30 2015-11-05 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for manufacturing ethylene polymers and copolymers
KR102359175B1 (ko) 2014-06-27 2022-02-08 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 일산화탄소 및 레올로지 개질제로부터 유도된 단위를 포함하는 에틸렌계 폴리머
BR112016029649A2 (pt) * 2014-06-27 2017-08-22 Dow Global Technologies Llc processos para preparar polímeros à base de etileno usando uma distribuição de monóxido de carbono
CN106715486B (zh) 2014-07-24 2020-07-31 Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 用于制备乙烯共聚物的方法
US10273318B2 (en) 2014-12-30 2019-04-30 Dow Global Technologies Llc Process to control output and quality of ethylene-based polymer formed by high pressure free radical polymerization
WO2016150657A1 (en) 2015-03-24 2016-09-29 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Packaging material comprising polyethylene foam
EA201792135A1 (ru) 2015-03-26 2018-01-31 Сабик Глоубл Текнолоджиз Б.В. Способ получения полиэтилена путем полимеризации при высоком давлении
EP3310853B1 (en) 2015-06-17 2022-03-30 Dow Global Technologies LLC Process for making crosslinked cable insulation using high melt strength ethylene-based polymer made in a tubular reactor and optionally modified with a branching agent
ES2799524T3 (es) 2015-06-24 2020-12-18 Dow Global Technologies Llc Procedimientos para preparar polímeros a base de etileno con resistencia en estado fundido mejorada
US10400046B2 (en) 2015-06-25 2019-09-03 Joseph J. Matsko Portable powered paint system
KR102662246B1 (ko) 2015-06-25 2024-05-02 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 에틸렌계 중합체의 제조 방법
US10358512B2 (en) 2015-06-25 2019-07-23 Dow Global Technologies Llc Ethylene-based polymers with low hexane extractables
JP2018518575A (ja) 2015-06-25 2018-07-12 ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー 高溶融強度を有する管状エチレン系ポリマーを作製するための改善されたプロセス
ES2774813T3 (es) 2015-06-25 2020-07-22 Dow Global Technologies Llc Proceso mejorado para preparar polímeros tubulares a base de etileno con G' elevado y amplia MWD
EP3121199B1 (en) * 2015-07-23 2017-04-26 Basell Polyolefine GmbH High-pressure polymerization process of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in a tubular reactor
CN107949579B (zh) * 2015-08-26 2020-05-05 Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 用于生产乙烯聚合物的方法
CN108349140B (zh) * 2015-09-07 2021-08-03 Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 用于生产拉伸膜的方法
EP3168239A1 (en) 2015-11-10 2017-05-17 Dow Global Technologies LLC High pressure free radical polymerizations
EP3168237A1 (en) 2015-11-10 2017-05-17 Dow Global Technologies LLC High pressure, free radical polymerizations to produce ethylene-based polymers
EP3168238A1 (en) 2015-11-10 2017-05-17 Dow Global Technologies LLC Ethylene-based polymers formed by high pressure free radical polymerizations
PL3390467T3 (pl) * 2015-12-17 2024-01-15 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Kopolimery etylenu i sposób ich wytwarzania
CN106928536A (zh) * 2015-12-31 2017-07-07 Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 适用于挤出涂覆的基于乙烯的聚合物组合物
EP3400255B1 (en) 2016-01-05 2022-04-20 SABIC Global Technologies B.V. Process for preparing graft copolymer comprising polyethylene
EP3400250B1 (en) 2016-01-05 2022-04-20 SABIC Global Technologies B.V. Process for preparing graft copolymer comprising polyethylene
CN105912272B (zh) 2016-04-14 2019-03-01 华为技术有限公司 一种控制多个安全应用软件的运行的装置和方法
JP6946331B2 (ja) * 2016-04-22 2021-10-06 ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー 清浄な押出コーティング処理のための低揮発性管状低密度エチレン系ポリマーを製造する方法
EP3260473A1 (en) 2016-06-24 2017-12-27 Dow Global Technologies LLC High pressure, free radical polymerizations to produce ethylene-based polymers
EP3260472A1 (en) 2016-06-24 2017-12-27 Dow Global Technologies LLC Ethylene-based polymers formed by high pressure free radical polymerizations
US11084893B2 (en) 2017-06-02 2021-08-10 Dow Global Technologies Llc Ethylene-based polymers and processes for the same
ES2965047T3 (es) 2017-10-31 2024-04-10 Dow Global Technologies Llc Interpolímeros de etileno/co y procesos para fabricar los mismos
WO2020006104A1 (en) 2018-06-28 2020-01-02 Dow Global Technologies Llc Ethylene-based polymers with improved melt strength and thermal stability
WO2020183248A1 (en) 2019-03-14 2020-09-17 Braskem S.A. Extrusion coating resin from tubular reactor
AR119441A1 (es) 2019-07-31 2021-12-15 Dow Global Technologies Llc Polietileno de baja densidad con resistencia de adhesión en caliente y adhesión al metal mejoradas mediante la adición de ionómeros
AR119432A1 (es) * 2019-07-31 2021-12-15 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supresión de estrechamiento para polímeros tubulares a base de ldpe para recubrimiento por extrusión a velocidad de línea media y alta
EP4004065A1 (en) 2019-07-31 2022-06-01 Dow Global Technologies LLC Ethylene-based polymer composition with branching
AR119443A1 (es) 2019-07-31 2021-12-15 Dow Global Technologies Llc Polietileno de baja densidad con papel adhesivo de aluminio mejorado mediante la mezcla de resinas de copolímero ácido
US11680117B2 (en) 2020-04-16 2023-06-20 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Polyethylenes and processes for producing polyethylenes

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2403516C2 (de) * 1974-01-25 1983-02-17 VEB Leuna-Werke "Walter Ulbricht", DDR 4220 Leuna Verfahren zur Herstellung von Homo-, Co- und Terpolymerisaten sowie Polymerlegierungen des Äthylens
FR2583759B1 (fr) * 1985-06-20 1988-01-15 Atochem Films de polyolefines photoreticulables et leur procede de fabrication
DE3615562A1 (de) * 1986-05-09 1987-11-12 Basf Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von copolymerisaten des ethylens mit acrylsaeureestern in einem roehrenreaktor bei druecken oberhalb 500 bar
FR2621920B1 (fr) * 1987-10-14 1990-01-26 Charbonnages Ste Chimique Polymeres fonctionnalises de l'ethylene applicables a l'enduction d'un metal et un procede pour leur preparation
US5191050A (en) 1987-10-14 1993-03-02 Norsolor Functionalized ethylene polymers useful for metal coating, and process for their preparation
FR2660660B1 (fr) * 1990-04-09 1993-05-21 Norsolor Sa Perfectionnement au procede de fabrication de polymeres radicalaires de l'ethylene utilisables pour l'enduction d'un metal.
JPH0641238A (ja) 1992-07-21 1994-02-15 Tosoh Corp 押出コ−ティング用エチレン重合体の製造方法
GB9216392D0 (en) 1992-07-31 1992-09-16 Univ Waterloo Surface roughness characterization of extruded plastic products
ES2235285T3 (es) 1993-05-13 2005-07-01 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Copolimeros de etileno con una distribucion de la composicion relativamente estrecha, su produccion y uso.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EA200701924A1 (ru) 2008-02-28
KR101321177B1 (ko) 2013-10-22
JP2008533223A (ja) 2008-08-21
ES2421584T3 (es) 2013-09-04
KR20070117649A (ko) 2007-12-12
US20080242809A1 (en) 2008-10-02
PL1861434T3 (pl) 2013-09-30
NO20075055L (no) 2007-12-03
CN101137681B (zh) 2011-04-13
CA2599636C (en) 2012-03-27
CA2599636A1 (en) 2006-09-14
EP1861434B1 (en) 2013-04-24
BRPI0608302B1 (pt) 2017-07-18
MX2007011007A (es) 2007-11-08
DK1861434T3 (da) 2013-07-08
PT1861434E (pt) 2013-07-09
CN101137681A (zh) 2008-03-05
KR101391511B1 (ko) 2014-05-07
EP1861434A1 (en) 2007-12-05
ZA200707776B (en) 2008-06-25
US7820776B2 (en) 2010-10-26
WO2006094723A1 (en) 2006-09-14
EA015960B1 (ru) 2012-01-30
KR20130090931A (ko) 2013-08-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
BRPI0608302A2 (pt) processo para a preparação de um copolìmero do etileno em um reator tubular
AR083592A1 (es) Polimeros a base de etileno y procesos para dichos polimeros
ATE517131T1 (de) Extrusionsbeschichtungszusammensetzung
BR112018009036A8 (pt) polimerizações via radicais livres a alta pressão para produzir polímeros à base de etileno
BR0208485A (pt) Processo para fazer um polìmero de olefina, polìmero de olefina e processo para produzir um homopolìmero ou interpolìmero de olefina c2-20
BR0300984A (pt) Composição aquosa de mistura polimérica, e, método para a preparação de um revestimento seco
BRPI0414789A (pt) microgéis em meios orgánicos reticuláveis
BR112013009032A2 (pt) métodos para produzir uma dispersão de copolímero, um asfalto modificado por polímero, e uma emulsão de asfalto modificado por polímero, copolímero, mistura, dispersão aquosa, método, e, composição de asfalto modificado com polímero
BRPI0602586A (pt) latex de baixo peso molecular e composições de toner compreendendo o mesmo
DE60226659D1 (de) Hydriertes modifiziertes Polymer, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und dieses enthaltende Zusammensetzung
EA201170485A1 (ru) Пропиленовые полимеры для лабораторного/медицинского оборудования
BR112015015548A2 (pt) processo de polimerização para a produção de polímeros a base de etileno
BR112018009092A2 (pt) polímeros à base de etileno formados por polimerizações de radicais livres de alta pressão
BR9815112B1 (pt) processo para a preparaÇço de polÍmeros sintÉticos com teor de monâmero residual muito baixo.
EP2072084A3 (fr) Compositions cosmétiques contenant un copolymère cationique, une silicone aminée et un polymère cationique et leurs utilisations
UA94933C2 (ru) Амфолитические полимеры низкой молекулярной массы для личной гигиены
BR112018009278A2 (pt) polimerizações de radicais livres de alta pressão
BR112013023769A2 (pt) grupos fotoiniciadores reticuláveis contendo copolímeros em bloco
BRPI0514719A (pt) processo para produzir um polìmero por polimerização com pulverização de uma solução de monÈmero, aparelho para a polimerização com pulverização, uso de polìmeros, e, processo para espessar fluidos aquosos
BR112015015773A2 (pt) sistema de catalisador ziegler-natta heterogêneo e um processo para polimerização de olefina com uso do mesmo
BR112012007446A2 (pt) polímeros de isoolefina e processo para seu preparo
BR112012025921A2 (pt) copolímero combinado, produto de cuidados pessoais, e composição de cuidados pessoais.
BRPI0604988A (pt) composição compreendendo partìculas de toner, processo de formação de imagem e processo para formação de uma composção de toner
BRPI0404824A (pt) Processos para preparar uma composição de polìmero, um polìmero multifuncional, e uma composição multifuncional para modificação de cabelos
EP1394187A4 (en) PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OLEFIN / VINYLAROMAT COPOLYMER

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
B07A Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]
B09A Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]
B15K Others concerning applications: alteration of classification

Ipc: C08F 210/02 (2006.01), C08F 2/00 (2006.01), C08J 5

B16A Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]
B21F Lapse acc. art. 78, item iv - on non-payment of the annual fees in time

Free format text: REFERENTE A 18A ANUIDADE.

B24J Lapse because of non-payment of annual fees (definitively: art 78 iv lpi, resolution 113/2013 art. 12)

Free format text: EM VIRTUDE DA EXTINCAO PUBLICADA NA RPI 2763 DE 19-12-2023 E CONSIDERANDO AUSENCIA DE MANIFESTACAO DENTRO DOS PRAZOS LEGAIS, INFORMO QUE CABE SER MANTIDA A EXTINCAO DA PATENTE E SEUS CERTIFICADOS, CONFORME O DISPOSTO NO ARTIGO 12, DA RESOLUCAO 113/2013.