CH624088A5 - Process for the preparation of enantiomorphs of acyloxypropionic acid derivatives with high optical purity - Google Patents
Process for the preparation of enantiomorphs of acyloxypropionic acid derivatives with high optical purity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH624088A5 CH624088A5 CH1070576A CH1070576A CH624088A5 CH 624088 A5 CH624088 A5 CH 624088A5 CH 1070576 A CH1070576 A CH 1070576A CH 1070576 A CH1070576 A CH 1070576A CH 624088 A5 CH624088 A5 CH 624088A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- group
- bis
- carbon atoms
- formula
- optionally substituted
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- -1 o-anisylphenyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007172 homogeneous catalysis Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 3
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 3
- YUSJHYOMZBLZFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 YUSJHYOMZBLZFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- FVZVCSNXTFCBQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanyl Chemical group [PH2] FVZVCSNXTFCBQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005346 substituted cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 16
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000009876 asymmetric hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 6
- CAHPEYNELBHXTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 3-acetyloxy-3-phenylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C(OC(C)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CAHPEYNELBHXTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- MHJYJCPZTDJIOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-acetyloxy-3-phenylprop-2-enoate Chemical class CCOC(=O)C(OC(C)=O)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MHJYJCPZTDJIOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KJIFKLIQANRMOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidanium;4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound O.CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 KJIFKLIQANRMOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JAGZUIGGHGTFHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 JAGZUIGGHGTFHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100456896 Drosophila melanogaster metl gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- NPZXJVJAHYWLJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-acetyloxy-3-phenylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(OC(C)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 NPZXJVJAHYWLJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HNOFMAVEDATAJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 3-acetyloxy-3-phenylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(OC(C)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HNOFMAVEDATAJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GKZIPAQOHJQRTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methoxyphenyl)methyl-[2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl-phenylphosphanyl]ethyl]-phenylphosphane Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1CP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CCP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1OC GKZIPAQOHJQRTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWCHELUCVWSRRS-SECBINFHSA-N (2r)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@](O)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 NWCHELUCVWSRRS-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGRSNCNEIIUJEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-chlorophenyl)-[2-[(3-chlorophenyl)-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]phosphanyl]ethyl]-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]phosphane (4-chlorophenyl)-[2-[(4-chlorophenyl)-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]phosphanyl]ethyl]-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]phosphane (2-methoxyphenyl)methyl-[2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl-(4-methylphenyl)phosphanyl]ethyl]-(4-methylphenyl)phosphane Chemical compound C(C=1C(=CC=CC1)OC)P(CCP(C1=CC(=CC=C1)Cl)CC=1C(=CC=CC1)OC)C1=CC(=CC=C1)Cl.C(C=1C(=CC=CC1)OC)P(CCP(C1=CC=C(C=C1)Cl)CC=1C(=CC=CC1)OC)C1=CC=C(C=C1)Cl.C(C=1C(=CC=CC1)OC)P(CCP(C1=CC=C(C=C1)C)CC=1C(=CC=CC1)OC)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C UGRSNCNEIIUJEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-Hexadiene Natural products CC=CCC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYXHVRARDIDEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-cyclooctadiene Chemical compound C1CC=CCCC=C1 VYXHVRARDIDEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004912 1,5-cyclooctadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000590 4-methylphenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKKZMYDNDDMXSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GKKZMYDNDDMXSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical group FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HETCEOQFVDFGSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropenyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=C)OC(C)=O HETCEOQFVDFGSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003668 acetyloxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(=O)O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical group BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UMSUVRQADXVIDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-acetyloxyprop-2-enoate Chemical class CCOC(=O)C(=C)OC(C)=O UMSUVRQADXVIDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CLRHEGMAWYPMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CLRHEGMAWYPMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical compound C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009905 homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007327 hydrogenolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- NGJIJGCJRNAGHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-acetyloxyprop-2-enoate Chemical class COC(=O)C(=C)OC(C)=O NGJIJGCJRNAGHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003854 p-chlorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C1Cl 0.000 description 1
- XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pristane Chemical compound CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003284 rhodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YWFDDXXMOPZFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-H rhodium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[Rh+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YWFDDXXMOPZFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- WMUVAMXULTVKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromorhodium;hydrate Chemical compound O.Br[Rh](Br)Br WMUVAMXULTVKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HSSMNYDDDSNUKH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichlororhodium;hydrate Chemical compound O.Cl[Rh](Cl)Cl HSSMNYDDDSNUKH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
- C07C67/303—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US60709075A | 1975-08-25 | 1975-08-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH624088A5 true CH624088A5 (en) | 1981-07-15 |
Family
ID=24430767
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1070576A CH624088A5 (en) | 1975-08-25 | 1976-08-24 | Process for the preparation of enantiomorphs of acyloxypropionic acid derivatives with high optical purity |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5850207B2 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU499782B2 (fr) |
| BE (1) | BE845454A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR7605568A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1086771A (fr) |
| CH (1) | CH624088A5 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE2638070A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2322126A1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB1501558A (fr) |
| NL (1) | NL7609340A (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9823716D0 (en) | 1998-10-29 | 1998-12-23 | Isis Innovation | Diphosphines |
-
1976
- 1976-08-23 NL NL7609340A patent/NL7609340A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-08-24 CA CA259,754A patent/CA1086771A/fr not_active Expired
- 1976-08-24 FR FR7625642A patent/FR2322126A1/fr active Granted
- 1976-08-24 DE DE19762638070 patent/DE2638070A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1976-08-24 BR BR7605568A patent/BR7605568A/pt unknown
- 1976-08-24 BE BE170021A patent/BE845454A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-08-24 JP JP10027876A patent/JPS5850207B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1976-08-24 CH CH1070576A patent/CH624088A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-08-24 GB GB3512576A patent/GB1501558A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-08-24 AU AU17094/76A patent/AU499782B2/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU1709476A (en) | 1978-03-02 |
| FR2322126B1 (fr) | 1980-05-16 |
| FR2322126A1 (fr) | 1977-03-25 |
| CA1086771A (fr) | 1980-09-30 |
| JPS5227716A (en) | 1977-03-02 |
| BE845454A (fr) | 1977-02-24 |
| JPS5850207B2 (ja) | 1983-11-09 |
| NL7609340A (nl) | 1977-03-01 |
| AU499782B2 (en) | 1979-05-03 |
| BR7605568A (pt) | 1977-08-09 |
| DE2638070A1 (de) | 1977-03-10 |
| GB1501558A (en) | 1978-02-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased |