CH708687B1 - Plastering mixture as insulating plaster or finishing plaster of buildings, the process for their production, their use and a plastered structure. - Google Patents

Abstract

The plaster mixture serves as insulating plaster, designed to insulate building envelopes, and can also be executed as a top coat. The insulating plaster consists in its volume to 75% to 90% of glazed and thus closed on its surface, filled with air balls of expanded silica sand or expanded perlite. These pearlite spheres are mixed with binders, additives as binders, an air entraining agent and / or other chemical additives as condenser and / or rapid binder. The procedure for the preparation of the Dämmputzes goes so that Perlitsand is first sorted by means of a grading curve in different grain sizes. Each grain size is then inflated in a trickle channel with multi-stage temperature zones, so that the surface of the balls is vitrified. Such produced, glazed expanded perlite is mixed together by the addition of binders and cellulose, air entraining agents and / or chemical additives to form a homogeneous mixture. The insulating plaster is used to insulate exterior or interior walls of buildings. For this purpose it is by means of a screw pump with screw (1) and elastically resilient and from the outside in the field of screw (1) acted upon by air pressure or oil pressure pump cylinder (3), which is housed in a pressure-resistant outer tube (4), via a hose (7 ) and by a nozzle (10) with the addition of water is sprayed onto a wall to be insulated.

Description

Description [0001] This invention relates to a special plastering mixture, which can be used on the one hand as a plaster on buildings, in another variant as insulating plaster for installation as interior and exterior insulation of buildings. On the other hand, the invention relates to the process for producing this Verputzmischung, then its use and finally a building on the outer or inner walls are plastered with it.

Although old buildings are often beautiful - sometimes actual monuments - but they usually have a poorly insulating building shell and are generally difficult to subsequently isolate. The development of efficient insulation systems, such as a well insulating insulating plaster or well insulating insulation boards, is therefore a challenge. Today, there are insulating plasters and insulation boards based on airgel, which are twice as good at insulating as usual insulating plaster types. The reference value for the insulation is the thermal transmittance and this is expressed as lambda value (λ). Airgel insulation plasters have a lambda value of 30 mW / mK, as a pure laboratory value, and insulation boards such a 12-15 mW / mK. Insulation boards are therefore much more efficient. In addition, the airgel insulating plaster, when pumped, partially loses its effect because the airgel is mechanically stressed by the pump.

In Switzerland as an example, there are about 1.5 million old buildings. With this building substance must be lived, yes one wants to receive it consciously often. But at the same time the energy consumption of the country is increasing. 4.5 million tonnes of light heating oil and 3 million cubic meters of natural gas are imported annually, according to the Swiss Federal Office of Energy. 43 percent of them are burned for heating buildings. In order to be more economical with these energy sources, there is no way around a better isolation of these old houses around.

How to insulate a historic building - be it a barn house, a house from the Art Deco era, or an old town house? Homeland Security does not allow you to simply pack historical facades with modern insulation boards.

To get the look of an old house wall, a plaster is best. The lining of winding staircases, round arches and retaining walls with conventional thick insulation boards is sometimes costly. A cladding made of insulating plaster can be decidedly easier to install, especially on winding areas. In addition, the plaster rests directly on the masonry and leaves no gaps where moisture can condense. In practice, therefore, often resorting to combinations of insulation boards and insulation finishes. Large, flat surfaces are covered with insulation boards, while the angled area of the building is covered with insulating plaster.

One of the best, if not the very best, insulating material that can be produced industrially is airgel. The material, also known as "frozen smoke" because of its appearance, consists of about 5 percent silicate - the rest is air. Airgel was used to isolate space suits as early as the 1960s and brought it to 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records, including those for "Best Isolator" and "Lightest Solid". Airgel is already being used in the construction sector, for example as an inflatable insulating material for interstices between walls or in the form of fiber fleece insulation boards. In fact, airgel pellets are extremely light, almost weightless and they can be held between thumb and forefinger. But once you rub your fingers, they crumble. After two or three movements only a fine powder is left. If the powder is gently mixed with water and the plaster thus added is applied by hand, good results can be achieved. But when the plaster is pumped through the hose of a professional plastering machine at a pressure of 7 to 8 bar, the mechanical stress destroys the airgel and its insulating effect. Aerosol should therefore be integrated into the plaster in such a way that its effect is maintained even when mechanically pumping the Dämmputzes. Laboratory samples of this airgel plaster developed by the Federal Materials Testing Institute EMPA in CH-Dübendorf gave a thermal conductivity A of 30 mW / (mK). Thus, this airgel insulating plaster would be more than twice as good insulating as a conventional insulating plaster and comparable or even better insulating than a sheet of extruded polystyrene (EPS). The conventional insulation plasters have lambda values between 65 and 90 mW / (mK), the worst only a λ value of 110 or 130 mW / (mK). For practical application, the airgel insulating plaster is sprayed onto the masonry with a plastering machine and then smoothed. This soft insulating plaster must then be protected in a further operation with a fabric-embossed investment mortar. However, it has been shown that an aerorgel, applied as a pumped plaster, lets in significantly more heat, especially when the pumping section is long. Due to the mechanical stress of the airgel in the pump its effect collapses and the lambda value increases. With a 30-meter-long pumping line, the heat transfer and thus the lambda value increase from 30 to approx. 40 to 45 mW / mK.

Thermal insulation panels on the other hand suffer through their assembly no deterioration of their A value. An airgel plate has a λ value of 15 to 20 mW / mK, which is better than an extruded polystyrene plate (EPS plate) with its λ value of 33 mW / mK. Although thermal insulation panels can not be used everywhere, they are ideal in many situations because they offer a low λ value. Airgel panels or airgel insulation plasters are generally very expensive. If one could use a heat-insulating plaster with comparable λ-values, it would be highly interesting for many applications, because insulating plaster can be very conveniently applied even to angled parts of a structure, simply by spraying.

An entirely different aspect relates to a finishing coat. As a finishing coat, usually dispersible binders are used. So far, a common recipe for such a dispersion plaster looks as follows: 90 percent by volume are sands in ideal Sieblinien the dimension of 0.2 to 5 mm. These sands have a density of about 1.9 kg / l. 10 percent by volume then takes up the dispersion (adhesive) on a water basis. If necessary, an additive is added, for example a foaming agent and / or other additives for the homogeneous drying or its temping. Such finishing plasters are then delivered to the execution of plastering in mostly 25 kg boiler. These boilers must be made in a high-rise over several floors to the top, which must be done many times by hand and is correspondingly tedious. Depending on the type of sand, whether more or less absorbent, some of the dispersion penetrates into the sand. This means that a lot of dispersion is needed and this makes the system more expensive. The sands also absorb water, which causes the topcoat to stiffen quickly. Accordingly, a lot of staff on the site is necessary so that the top coat can be applied homogeneously before he stiffened. Otherwise, the transitions from scaffold to scaffold run are difficult to level and later visible on the object in many cases.

The object of this invention is therefore to provide such a plaster mixture, which can be used depending on the design in a specific embodiment on the one hand as Dämimputz, in another embodiment as a top coat, and the method for producing this plaster mix and their specific embodiments Specify, namely for a Dämimputz that is as light as possible, provides a comparable or lower λ value than conventional insulation plasters, and which has such a stability and durability that it is suitable for installation on the inner and outer walls of buildings, as well as for an outer plaster, which has a much lower weight than conventional top coat and therefore much easier and easier homogeneously applied. In addition, this plaster mixture should be inexpensive to produce compared to conventional Dämmputzen and top plasters, so they also economically kon in the case of a Dämmputzes is competitive with the established insulation methods such as, for example, orders of airgel insulation plaster. In the case of a top coat this should be much easier and easier to use than previously known top plasters. So it is a further object of the invention to provide a method by which such plaster mixtures can be produced.

Finally, it is an object of the invention to provide the use of such plaster mixtures, either as insulation plasters to achieve better thermal insulation of building envelopes, or as top plasters for producing homogeneous top plasters. Finally, the invention also relates to building, which includes wall structures, to which such insulation plasters and / or top plasters were applied.

This object is achieved by a plaster mixture as insulating plaster or top coat, suitable for insulating building envelopes for indoor or outdoor use and for top plastering of building envelopes, with the characterizing features of claim 1.

The method for producing such a plaster mixture is characterized by the features of claim 6.

The use as a top coat is characterized by the fact that the top coat is made available as a pasty mass in buckets to 10 kg weight on the site and made available there manually.

The use of the plaster mixture for insulating building envelopes for indoor or outdoor use is characterized by the features of claim 10.

With reference to the drawings, the gentle pumping and using the perlite Dämmputzes is shown. In addition, the production of the perlite insulating plaster and its composition is disclosed below and its properties are discussed. The application of plastering in a design as a finishing coat is done manually, in which case the very big advantage is that, firstly, this finishing plaster brings only about one fifth of the weight of a conventional top coat for the same area on the scales, and secondly the dispersion through the expanded perlite is not absorbed, whereby a homogeneous orders of the top coat is greatly facilitated. It shows:

Fig. 1: The schematic structure of a screw pump for applying the pearlite Dämmputzes;

Fig. 2: The application of perlite insulating plaster on an outer wall by means of a perlite insulating plaster pumping system.

Raw perlite is a chemically and physically converted volcanic rock (obssidine) with a white, powdery appearance. The crude perlite contains up to 2% water and has a density of 900 to 1000 kg / m3. By multi-stage annealing at temperatures of up to 800 ° C to 1000 ° C perlite inflates to 10 to 15 times the volume. The density of the inflated product is then only 80 to 120 kg / m3. The expanded perlite thus has an exceptionally light weight. The bloating of perlite has been known for years. The previous Blähmethode leads to open-celled torn Perliten. At the core of the present insulation boards, however, a novel perlite, consisting of glazed balls with closed cavities, is used. The process for producing this novel perlite is carried out in a multi-stage process. The perlite sand is first sorted by means of a grading curve into different grain sizes. Each individual particle size is then inflated in a trickle canal with multi-stage temperature zones, glazing the surface of the spheres. Typical grain sizes produced in this way are: 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm 0.8 mm to 1.0 mm 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm [0019 ] These new, glazed spheres have a very low water absorption capacity compared to broken perlite. In order to improve open-cell perlites in terms of water absorbency, they have hitherto been sheathed, for example, with bitumen. Another variant is to impregnate open-celled perlites with paraffin or to refine them with silicone and to use them for fillings. However, the perlites treated in this way are not suitable for direct use as insulating plasters.

By expanding of silica sand or by puffing of pearlite arise as mentioned spheres. These balls of different diameters have a specific weight of only about 80 to 120 kg / m3. So they are extremely light and enormously heat-insulating, with a λ-value of 20 to 35 mW / mK, and thus comparable to that of a much more expensive airgel plate. To produce a pearlite-based Dämmputzes be in terms of its volume to 75% to 90% of such glazed and thus closed on its surface, filled with air balls of expanded silica or expanded perlite with binders, additives, an air entrainment and / or more chemical additives mixed and mixed homogeneously. A particularly advantageous mixture is composed as follows: - 450 ± 25 liters of vitrified, expanded perlite of grain size 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm - 450 ± 25 liters of vitrified expanded perlite of grain size 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm - 120 ± 20 kg Portland cement as binder - 80 ± 20 kg hydraulic lime as softening binder - 200 g cellulose as additive - 20-60 g air entraining agent - Chemical additive as condenser or rapid binder Such insulating plaster for insulating building envelopes weighs depending on the specific Composition only 260 to 350 kgW and offers after pumping over 20 meters (!) A λ-value of 40 to 50 mW / mK.

However, pumping is tricky. When the plaster is pumped through the hose of a professional plastering machine at a pressure of 5 to 20 bar, the mechanical stress destroys the airgel of an airgel damming plaster. To prevent this from happening with the perlite insulating plaster presented here, and to maintain its excellent λ value as far as possible, it must be conveyed and applied with a special screw pump. This screw pump is shown schematically in Fig. 1 and has a special pump cylinder 3 by the screw 1 rotates about the axis 6. The pump cylinder 3 is in the area 2 of the screw 1 made of a soft elastic material. The pump cylinder 3 is surrounded by a further pressure-resistant tube 4. The gap 5 between the pump cylinder 3 and outer tube 4 is adjustably acted upon by air pressure or oil pressure. This makes it possible to ensure that the elastic soft wall of the pump cylinder 3 snuggles in the region of the screw 1 to the outer edges of the turns of the screw 1, and between the turns, the cylinder wall protrudes into the interior of the pump cylinder 3, that is, it bulges something between the turns of the rotating screw 1. Perlite can not be crushed at the outer edges of the screw winding, because before the cylinder wall 3 gives way elastically. Overall, the perlite insulating plaster is promoted very gently in this way, so that even after pumping over 20 meters and more reduce its thermal insulation properties only minimally.

In Fig. 2 it is shown how this perlite insulating plaster is applied. The wall to be coated is prepared beforehand with a flush. Then the insulating plaster is filled through a funnel 9 in a pump carriage 8, in which a screw pump with a soft elastic, flexible, externally pressurized pump cylinder 3 is pumped. The insulating plaster is pumped by the pump carriage 8 with the addition of water in an ideal ratio, so that it adheres to the wall to be insulated. The pressures are then up to 8 bar, and it can be pumping distances of up to 20 meters and overcome more without significantly deteriorate the quality of Dämmputzes. The applied insulating plaster remains permeable to vapor and has a λ-value of approx. 40 to 50 mW / mK. It must therefore be sprayed on a much less thick insulating layer than conventional. It happens that this pearlite insulating plaster is much cheaper to produce than airgel insulating plaster. This soft Perlit insulating plaster is then protected in a further operation with a fabric-finished finishing plaster. The thus treated and coated wall can subsequently be coated with an open-pore silicate paint, and the layer structure remains vapor-permeable, but is highly heat-insulating.

Below are some embodiments of the execution of the plaster mixture for producing and applying a top coat: There are 90 percent by volume expanded closed cell perlite with a Blähkorndurchmesser of 0.2 to 5 mm and a density of only 0.25 to 0.4 kg / l mixed together with a conventional dispersion, which makes up the residual volume. Thanks to the extremely low weight of the expanded Perlite, the density of the finished product, ie the ready-to-use top coat in the boiler, is only about 20% of that of a conventional finishing coat made of mineral binder, ie lime and cement. A kettle with the same volume is thus 5 times lighter! Instead of a 25 kg container 5 kg are transported on the construction site. An important advantage is also that this lightweight finishing material can be applied manually with much less effort. The plasterer / bricklayer has only 20% of the weight on the trowel and rubbing becomes much easier. The light plaster stays much better on the wall. It can be applied thicker layers accordingly. A heavy traditional finish often tends to drain, which is avoided with this perlite-containing top coat. Another advantage is that the bulky closed-cell perlites are not absorbent and therefore do not draw dispersion or water from the mixture. Dispersion, which is expensive in principle, can thus be saved. Since no water is sucked off, the material remains open for a longer time and can therefore be processed longer.

Claims (12)

claims 1. plaster mixture as insulating plaster or top coat, suitable for insulating building envelopes for indoor or outdoor sensenwendung and top plastering of building envelopes, characterized in that it glazed with respect to their volume to 75% to 90% and thus closed on its surface , expanded silica sand balls filled with air, namely expanded perlite, the residual volume of the plaster mixture including at least one or more of the following: - Portland cement, hydraulic lime, cellulose, a dispersion or a combination of these substances as a binder or additives Quick binders, - chemical additives as plasticizers and / or quick binders, - air entraining agents. 2. plaster mixture according to claim 1, characterized in that it glazed for top plastering of building envelopes in relation to their volume to 75% to 90% and thus closed on its surface, filled with air balls of expanded silica sand, that is, from expanded perlite and the residual volume consists of a dispersion as an additive, which acts as a binder, so that the plaster mixture is present as top coat in pasty form. 3. plaster mixture according to claim 2, characterized in that the proportion of expanded silica sand, that is, from expanded perlite, a particle size of 0.2 mm to 5 mm, at a density of 0.25 kg / l to 0.4 kg / l, and the residual volume consists of an additive in the form of a dispersion which acts as a binder, the plaster mixture having a specific gravity of not more than 380 kg / m3. 4. plaster mixture according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the proportion of expanded silica sand, namely the proportion of expanded perlite, consists of different sized balls such expanded silica sand, that is such bloated Perlites. 5. plaster mixture according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 4 for insulating building envelopes for indoor or Aussen senwendung, characterized in that the plaster mixture in relation to 1000 liters volume has the following composition: - 450 ± 50 liters of vitrified, expanded perlite grain size 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, - 450 ± 50 liters vitrified, expanded perlite of grain size 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm, - 120 ± 25 kg of additive in the form of Portland cement, as binder, - 80 ± 25 kg additive in the form of hydraulic lime, as softening binder, - 200 g additive in the form of cellulose, as a binder, - 20-60 g air entrainers, - Chemical additives as plasticizers and / or quick binders. 6. A process for the preparation of a plaster mixture as insulating plaster or top coat according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that perlite sand is first sorted by means of a grading curve in different grain sizes and each individual grain size is then inflated in a trickle channel with multi-stage temperature zones and thus the surfaces of the balls vitrified to produce glazed expanded perlite in different grain sizes, and by adding additives acting as a binder, a homogeneous mixture is prepared so that it contains 10% to 25% binder by volume. A method according to claim 6, wherein glazed, expanded perlite having two or more grain sizes of between 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm for insulating building envelopes for indoor or outdoor use is homogeneously mixed with - 450 ± 25 liters vitrified expanded Perlite of grain size 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, - 450 ± 25 liters of vitrified expanded perlite of grain size 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm, - 120 ± 20 kg of additive in the form of Portland cement, acting as a binder, - 80 ± 25 kg additive in the form of hydraulic lime, acting as a softening binder, - 200 g additive in the form of cellulose, acting as a binder, - 20-60 g air entrainers, - Chemical additives as plasticizers or quick binders. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein glazed, expanded perlite having grain sizes between 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm, namely 30-60% with diameter 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, 20-50% with diameter 0, 5 mm to 0.8 mm, 10-30% with diameter 0.8 mm to 1.0 mm, 0 to 10% with diameter 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm for insulating building envelopes for indoor or outdoor use homogeneous to a mass of 900 ± 50 kg, and to be further added to this mass: - 120 ± 25 kg of additive in the form of Portland cement acting as a binder, - 80 ± 25 kg of additive in the form of hydraulic lime, acting as a softening binder, - 200 g additive in the form of cellulose, acting as a binder, - 20-60 g air entrainers, - Chemical additives as plasticizers and / or quick binders. 9. Use of a plaster mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 4 as a top coat, characterized in that it is made available for the manual orders as pasty mass in buckets to 10 kg in weight on the construction site. 10. Use of a plaster mixture according to one of claims 1 or 5 for insulating building envelopes for indoor or outdoor use, characterized in that for application to a wall to be insulated a building envelope by means of a screw pump with screw (1) and elastically yielding and from the outside in the area of the screw (1) with pneumatic pressure or oil pressure beaufschlagbarem pump cylinder (3), which is housed in a pressure-resistant Aussenrohr (4), via a hose (7) and through a nozzle (10) with the addition of water to the insulating wall is sprayed. 11. Structure, characterized in that it has inside or outside at least one wall structure, which is coated with a plaster mixture as Dämmputz according to claim 1. 12th building, characterized in that it has inside or outside at least one wall structure, which is coated with a plastering mixture as top coat according to claim 1.