CH716009A1 - Process for the pyrolysis of waste mixed into plastics and rubbers and device for carrying out the process. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and a device (100) for manufacturing pyrolysis oils, advantageously installed in at least one standard container. The device comprises, in its initial phase, a pyrolysis reactor (10) for treating, during a first step, by cracking raw materials comprising waste plastic materials and / or rubber products. Following said reactor (10), the device (100) is preferably equipped with a dechlorination tank (20) for removing chlorine-based products, and various equipment for separating water from the pyrolyzed oil produced. by cracking, heat exchange devices for condensing the pyrolysis gases into pyrolyzed oil and finally a device for purifying the oils following a temperature heating by heating in the absence of oxygen, making it possible to produce a purified pyrolyzed oil, substantially equivalent to a diesel type fuel, usable by internal combustion engines called diesel engines.

Description

Technical area

The present invention relates to a process for the transformation of mixed waste comprising plastics, comprising in particular thermoplastics and / or various rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel of the type called "diesel" which can be used by gasoline engines. internal combustion engine designed to use this type of fuels.

[0002] The invention also relates to a device for processing mixed waste of plastics, comprising in particular different thermoplastic materials and / or rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel of the type called "diesel" which can be used by gasoline engines. internal combustion engine designed to use this type of fuels.

Prior art

[0003] Economic growth and changes in consumption and manufacturing patterns are leading to a rapid increase in the production of plastic waste around the world. For more than 50 years, the global production of plastic has continued to increase. And since plastic is a non-biodegradable material, it stays in the soil and pollutes the environment.

The world currently recycles only about 14% of plastic packaging used and around 8 million tonnes of plastics, a large part of which corresponds to packaging, are dumped into the oceans each year. These trap or are ingested by marine organisms and birds, severely damaging their lives. Some plastics are also at risk of binding to industrial chemicals, which have polluted the oceans for decades, and raise concerns that toxins could find their way into the food chain. Recycling the balance of the remaining 86% of single-use plastics, especially as wrapping or packaging products, could generate revenues of between $ 80 billion and $ 120 billion, according to a recent report from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

[0005] The purpose of the waste-to-energy technology is to treat the potential materials contained in the waste, namely plastics, biomass and rubber-based tires, to transform them into fuel products, in particular biofuels .

[0006] One of the known methods has consisted in carrying out a selective sorting of the waste and in treating it according to its composition, in suitable centers, installed on suitable collection and storage sites. These adapted centers are qualified to treat certain plastics and are designed to send back to other centers waste corresponding to materials for which the specific technique is not suitable. This is particularly the case of polyethylenes and polypropylenes which are transformed into thermoformable granules and which are sold, in particular to the automotive industry for the manufacture of thermoformed accessories. Waste containing chlorinated products is totally prohibited in this range of products and must be pre-treated and disposed of. This waste collection is necessarily selective, or requires a pre-treatment phase and the return of materials to a site specializing in the treatment of chlorinated products. In addition, the centers are generally existing and the treatment units are not able to go to mixed waste storage sites. On the other hand, the waste must be moved to existing suitable treatment sites, often over considerable distances, which makes the operation difficult and economically uneconomic.

[0007] On the other hand, an advantageous solution may consist in collecting the mixed waste and in treating them directly without sorting them in order to transform them into liquid fuel in two stages, namely a first stage consisting in transforming the raw materials into a raw liquid fuel , and a second step which consists in purifying this crude fuel and transforming it into a liquid fuel capable of being used as a diesel type fuel by internal combustion engines of this type.

[0008] The pyrolysis technique constitutes a very interesting option for achieving energy recovery from waste, because it makes it possible to obtain a biofuel intended to replace part of the fossil fuel. Pyrolysis is a simple process in which organic material is subjected, in an oxygen-deprived environment, to a high temperature of about 300 ° C to 500 ° C, which results in thermal cracking of organic material, which is favored to obtain final fuels in liquid form, coal and gas. The advantage of the pyrolysis treatment process, to obtain a liquid biofuel, lies in its ability to be able to crack unsorted and uncleaned plastics. In addition, pyrolysis does not emit toxic or harmful emissions for the environment, unlike incineration, which improves working conditions and does not add unfavorable conditions to make a situation that has considerably become profitable. degraded for years.

[0009] The oil obtained by pyrolysis of waste plastics and rubber products is generally dark brown or black and its odor is very unpleasant. According to analyzes, the composition of this pyrolysis oil is complex, as it additionally contains alkanes, aromatics and olefins, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, sulphides and other impurities. Owing to the high quantity of impurities, the value of the crude pyrolysis oil is a priori low and its combustion in particular risks even affecting the service life of heavy fuel oil burners. Therefore, a pyrolysis oil refining process is required to produce high quality primary diesel type fuel. Primary diesel type fuel can be used in a wide range of applications, such as powering various agricultural equipment, heavy trucks, road construction equipment, ships, diesel type generators.

The objective according to the invention is achieved by the method as defined in the preamble and characterized in that, during a first step, a transformation of the raw materials into pyrolyzed oils is carried out, by a method of heat treatment by pyrolysis, in that one carries out, during this first step, a mechanical fractionation of said raw materials, by making them rotate continuously in a reactor during a heating operation with a view to their heating by pyrolysis , in that one carries out, during said first step a succession of steps consisting in particular in extracting chlorinated products, water, solid residues, non-condensable gases, and a condensation of pyrolyzed oils, and in that one proceeds, during a second step, to a purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials during said first step, in which said purification of the pyrolyzed oil is equal ment carried out according to a heat treatment process by pyrolysis.

According to a preferred embodiment, during said first step of producing pyrolysis oil according to a heat treatment process by pyrolysis, a gradual increase in the temperature of the raw materials is carried out substantially between 200 and 500 ° C, preferably advantageously between 250 and 400 ° C and preferably approximately of the order of 400 ° C.

Then, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, is advantageously carried out a dechlorination of the pyrolysis gases containing hydrochloric acid extracted from plastics containing chlorine, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution and in particular a solution based on caustic soda or the like. This technology is advantageously applied due to the fact that the raw materials are not sorted and some plastics may contain chlorine.

Since the raw materials are not sorted, during said first heat treatment step by pyrolysis, after the dechlorination of the gases, a first separation of the water mixed with the pyrolysis gases is carried out.

[0014] For its practical use, in particular as fuel for vehicles of the diesel type, a transformation of the pyrolysis oil into liquid fuel of the diesel type is carried out, and a condensation of the vapor of pyrolysis oil into liquid oil .

Subsequently, the method consists, during said first step, by heat treatment process by pyrolysis, to perform filtration of the liquid pyrolysis oil.

Preferably, said filtration of the pyrolysis oil is carried out with silica sand, before entering a tank of crude pyrolysis oil.

During said second step, a distillation of the crude pyrolyzed oil is advantageously carried out by raising its temperature between a value of about 200 to 350 ° C, preferably between 250 and 300 ° C and advantageously to about 280 ° C.

During said second step, after condensation of the pyrolysis gases, a fraction of non-condensable gas is returned to a hybrid burner and used as additional auxiliary fuel.

During said second step, is advantageously carried out a condensation of the distilled oil which uses recirculating cooling water.

[0020] During said second step, after the condensation, filtering of the oil is advantageously carried out, in particular with silica sand, then this oil is ventilated before storing it for use.

During said second step, the non-condensable fuel gas enters the water tank to avoid overpressures and backfires, then this non-condensable gas is introduced into a hybrid combustion system for its combustion serving as additional energy input and to eliminate the risk to the safety of the process and the treatment device.

During said second step, is advantageously carried out a desulphurization and dust removal of the combustion gases.

The objective according to the invention is achieved by the device as defined in the preamble and characterized in that it comprises a first equipment comprising a first reactor, called a pyrolysis reactor comprising a cracking vessel, means for driving said vessel rotating cracker around its central axis, a piece of spiral steel welded inside the cracking vessel to advance said raw materials through the cracking vessel and means for raising the temperature of the raw materials to the during a first step for producing crude pyrolyzed oils, and, with a view to proceeding to a second step, by purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials, by means of an oil distillation device of pyrolyzed crude pyrolysis obtained during said first step.

According to a preferred embodiment, the device advantageously comprises a dechlorination tank (20) of pyrolysis gases containing chlorine, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution and in particular a solution based on caustic soda or similar.

The device also comprises a gas and liquid separator, through which the products from the dechlorination tank pass, comprising a tank and containing in the height direction, a mist eliminator consisting of a porous layer to through which a large part of the liquid droplets in the gas phase are removed.

After the separator, the device advantageously comprises a condenser constituted by a shell which allows the high temperature oil vapor to pass through the heat exchanger, said high temperature oil vapor being condensed by water cooling which passes through pipes arranged in the tank before leaving the tank.

[0027] According to a preferred embodiment, the device comprises an integrated composite installation which comprises two superimposed horizontal tanks which are separated by a fixed wall, the upper tank comprising in its upper part an oil filtering surface which retains the particles solids and the lower tank located under the first oil tank is intended to contain water and preferably several negative pressure fans are installed to dissipate the heat generated by the pyrolyzed oil in the tank and the heat absorbed by the water.

Advantageously, the device for distilling the pyrolysis oil obtained during said first step comprises a tank provided with an inlet for the crude oil and an outlet for the pyrolyzed gases, means for raising the temperature of said oil during a distillation heating procedure of a gas separator which separates the gas from the water which is generated during the distillation of the crude oil.

Advantageously, the device for distilling the pyrolysis oil obtained during said step comprises a gas separator, in which the water and gas are separated, a horizontal condenser which uses recirculating cooling water, supplied by a cold water tank, which is integral with integrated composite equipment.

The pyrolysis oil distillation device advantageously comprises a horizontal condenser arranged to condense the pyrolyzed oil vapors into liquid pyrolyzed oil.

The pyrolysis oil distillation device advantageously comprises a device for filtering the pyrolyzed oil, this filtering device containing in particular silica sand.

The pyrolysis oil distillation device is preferably advantageously equipped with a reservoir of filtered pyrolyzed oil.

Ultimately, the pyrolysis oil distillation device advantageously comprises a hybrid combustion system with liquid fuel spray guns and gas flame guns to burn certain waste (non-condensable oil vapor) and which are arranged at the base of the distillation reactor.

Brief description of the figures

The present invention and its advantages will be better understood on reading the detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the method and of the device suitable for this implementation and of the drawings illustrating a specific embodiment of said device. to apply said process with a view to producing a liquid fuel of the fuel type called Diesel to power corresponding engines, in which: <tb> <SEP> - Figure 1 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a first part of the device according to the invention, making it possible to decompose a mixture of waste to be treated, consisting of plastics or products in rubbers, initially as gaseous components, then as crude pyrolyzed oil; <tb> <SEP> - Figure 2 shows a sectional view of a pyrolysis reactor to ensure thermal cracking of the components of said mixture of waste, <tb> <SEP> - Figure 3 shows a sectional view of an embodiment in section, of a dechlorination tank for the components obtained at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor, <tb> <SEP> - figure 4 shows a sectional view of an embodiment of an apparatus capable of separating gases and liquids from the components obtained at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor, <tb> <SEP> - Figure 5 shows an advantageous sectional view of an embodiment of a tubular heat exchanger, in which some of the components pass, at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor, <tb> <SEP> - Figure 6 shows an advantageous sectional view of an embodiment of a composite device comprising an oil tank, an oil filtering device, a cooling cold water tank , and a ventilation device, <tb> <SEP> - Figure 7 shows a sectional view of an embodiment of a water tank to prevent gas overpressure and prevent backfire during cracking of mixed plastics; <tb> <SEP> - Figure 8 shows a sectional view of an embodiment of desulfurization of the combustion gases from the burner; <tb> <SEP> - Figures 9A and 9B show a view of an appliance for dedusting the combustion gases from the burner, <tb> <SEP> - Figure 10 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a second compartment of the device for treating crude pyrolysis oil obtained by the pyrolysis of compounds of plastics and / or products in rubbers, to obtain a liquid of the diesel type, <tb> <SEP> - Figure 11 shows a sectional view of a distillation reactor for treating pyrolysis oil to obtain a diesel type fuel usable directly by internal combustion engines.

Best ways to carry out the invention

The method according to the invention consists first of all, during a first step, in transforming the raw materials into a pyrolyzed oil by means of a first equipment shown schematically in Figures 1 and 2, then , during a second step, in purifying the pyrolyzed oil produced, by means of a second equipment which is partly close to said first equipment, and which is represented in more detail by FIGS. 10 and 11. Initially, in In the first step, the waste plastics and / or rubber products are first crushed into relatively small pieces. These small pieces are then introduced into a pyrolysis reactor where they undergo a pyrolysis heating process, whereby the materials are heated to high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Plastics are gradually transformed, by cracking, into pyrolysis gas. If the plastic waste contains PVC, when the pyrolysis process reaches high temperatures of approximately between 200 and 500 ° C, or preferably between 250 and 450 ° C and preferably at about 400 ° C, the PVC undergoes a reaction dehydrochlorination which releases hydrogen chloride and forms a conjugated polyene, such as for example aromatic hydrocarbons. As hydrochloric gas (HCI) is irritating and corrosive, a dechlorination process is necessary afterwards, to remove chlorinated products. This process can be carried out via a dechlorination tank connected to the pyrolysis reactor and containing a solution of 10-20% by mass NaOH or other types of alkaline solutions to neutralize the hydrochloric acid. After passing through a dechlorination tank, a process of reducing the water content of the pyrolysis gas, is to pass through the gas and liquid separator, the water entrained in the pyrolysis gas and some impurities can be effectively removed.

Then, the pyrolysis gas is introduced into shell and tube heat exchangers, to condense. Inside the heat exchangers, the water dissolved in the pyrolysis gases can be condensed and then collected, stored and recovered. At the same time, large quantities of combustible compounds, present in the pyrolysis gases, condense into an oil called pyrolyzed oil.

Pyrolyzed oil is a mixture of aliphatic, aromatic and polar compounds having a boiling point of between about 70 and 400 ° C. Therefore, it is difficult to find possible applications without purification. The pyrolyzed oil is pumped into a distillation reactor where the distillation takes place substantially between 250 and 280 ° C. Then, a step of separation of the evaporated oil vapor is provided, in which solid residues mixed with a heavy oil , impurities and residual water are separated from the product mixture using specific separating devices. The heavy oil can be recycled as a feed material consisting of future waste plastics and rubber products for a subsequent process of cracking the raw materials by pyrolysis. The hot oil vapors are routed to the shell and tube heat exchangers, where cold water is used to cool and condense the incoming gas stream. After that, the condensate is subjected to the processes of discoloration, deodorization and filtration, and finally becomes a fuel equivalent to a primary diesel fuel. The purification of the pyrolyzed oil will have a mass loss of about 10 to 20%. After condensation, a small fraction of non-condensable gas is returned to the hybrid burner and used as additional fuel, in order to reduce the risks during the cracking decomposition of the raw materials.

The combustion gases are subjected to desulphurization and dust removal processes before being safely emitted into the atmosphere, avoiding any additional pollution.

The treatment device according to the invention consists of a first assembly comprising the equipment which ensures the treatment of the raw material, namely the mixture of plastics and / or rubber products, to obtain a liquid fuel which consists of crude oil, which will subsequently be purified to be usable as a diesel type fuel by engines of this type. For this purpose, this fuel will have to be purified, either immediately or subsequently, by means of suitable equipment which is relatively close to the production device.

FIG. 1 illustrates said first assembly 100, the constituent equipment of which is successively a pyrolysis reactor 10, horizontal rotary which is advantageously designed to be integrated into a standard container, preferably 20 feet, and illustrated in more detail by the figure 2, as well as various other additional equipment making it possible to transform the raw materials, which are mixed waste, into a liquid fuel which will have to be purified subsequently. This additional equipment is advantageously illustrated in detail in Figures 3 to 9.

Note that the raw materials, consisting of plastics and / or rubber products, are introduced into the reactor vessel 10 in the direction of arrow A, then are heated to a temperature of about 400 ° C. in the reactor 10 in order to ensure the cracking of the raw materials. In order to ensure uniform heating of the raw materials to be treated, the pyrolysis reactor 10 rotates slowly and continuously around its axis, during the heating process which can last several hours, until the moment when the materials start to decompose. by vaporizing.

At the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor 10, schematically represented by the arrow B, is placed a second equipment, consisting of a dechlorination tank 20 which is intended to remove the gases containing chlorine, from raw materials containing in particular plastics containing in particular polyvinyl (PVC), and treated by cracking. The dechlorination tank 20 is made of stainless steel to resist chlorine. It advantageously contains a solution containing between 10 and 20% by weight of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or another similar alkaline solution, which absorbs the chlorine gas.

At the outlet of the dechlorination tank 20, the following equipment consists of a gas separator 30, crossed by the products from the dechlorination tank 20. Inside the gas separator 30, the mixture of Oil vapor produced by the cracking of the raw materials to be processed and produced by the high temperature, as regards the oil, is separated from the water.

The equipment following the gas separator 30 consists of a horizontal condenser 40 which receives the products at the outlet of the gas separator 30. The oil vapors contained in these products are cooled in the horizontal condenser 40 , which uses recirculating cooling water. This cooling water is supplied by a cold water tank, which is part of the following equipment, consisting of an integrated composite device 50. The integrated composite device 50 is an equipment containing a cold water tank used as water. cooling system, an oil filtering device, an oil tank and a ventilation device. Passing through the horizontal condenser 40, the oil vapor is condensed by cooling with said reserve of cold water, that is to say transformed into liquid oil, then passes through a filtration device, containing silica sand, before finally entering an oil reservoir of the composite device 50.

A very small amount of non-condensed oil vapor passes through a water tank 60, which prevents backfires and adjust the pressure during the process, before being introduced into a gas line from a hybrid combustion system. Thus, this oil vapor not only serves as an additional energy source, but it is also removed, which reduces the risk to the safety of the process and the treatment device.

For safe emission, the combustion exhaust gases pass through a desulfurization system 70 and a dedusting system 80 using a draft fan for subsequent treatment.

[0047] Set up in a standard container of the standard 20-foot container type, for example, this system is designed to carry out a daily treatment of the order of 1000 kg of used tires or other rubber products and / or 500 kg of mixed plastics, containing in particular polluting and dirty products, such as dyes and having stayed for sometimes very long periods on unprotected sites.

[0048] FIG. 2 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of the pyrolysis reactor 10 for the treatment of transformation by cracking of a mixture of waste plastics and / or rubber products which constitute the raw materials to be treated. The raw materials are introduced according to arrow A into a central pyrolysis cracking tank 11 and are progressively subjected to thermal decomposition by cracking at relatively high temperature. To facilitate the supply of materials, the inlet of the cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10 advantageously comprises a metal door 12 which can be fully open. The side walls 13 of the central cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10 are preferably made of stainless steel or of steel for a boiler. Said side walls 13 are isolated by an insulating layer 14. In order to ensure uniform heating of the raw materials in the cracking vessel 11, the pyrolysis reactor 10 is rotated slowly and unidirectionally by a mechanical drive device. external 15. A spiral piece of steel 16 is welded inside the side wall 13 of the cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10. As it rotates, the cracking vessel 11 drives the spiral piece of steel. 16 for driving and pushing the raw material to the outlet B towards the rear end of the cracking tank 11. The spiral steel piece 16 also serves to push the solid pyrolysis residues towards the slag tank 18.

The pyrolysis reactor 10 is fed by a hybrid oil and gas combustion system. The hybrid combustion system is located at the bottom of the cracking tank 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10 and comprises for example three guns 19a for spraying liquid fuel, centered as the main source of energy. Two sets of gas flame guns 19b, serving as additional energy supply, are distributed on the left and right sides of the gun sets 19a.

[0050] FIG. 3 illustrates the following equipment, consisting of a sectional view of the dechlorination tank 20 of FIG. 1. It comprises a tank 21, preferably made of stainless steel which is carried by feet 22 for supporting the tank 21. This tank 21 is intended to receive pyrolysis gas which may contain hydrochloric acid (HCl) gas, depending on the composition of the plastics to be treated. To this end, it is provided with at least one vertical duct 23 having an inlet 24 located at the top of the vertical duct 23, preferably located outside the tank 21 and an outlet 25, located at the bottom of the duct 23 to the interior at the bottom of the tank 21. On the side wall of the tank 21, is located an inlet 26 intended to receive the sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) at 10-20% by mass or other types of alkaline solutions intended for neutralize hydrochloric acid. After neutralization of a sufficient quantity of gaseous hydrochloric acid, the solution can be discharged through an evacuation orifice 28 which opens out at the base of the tank 21. The gas resulting from cracking within the framework of the pyrolysis treatment is evacuated by an outlet 27, arranged at the top of the tank 21.

Figure 4 shows additional equipment consisting of a device 30 for separating the gas and the liquid, arranged after the dechlorination tank 20 of Figure 1. The oil vapor from the pyrolysis treatment and which is called pyrolysis gas, is a complex mixture containing a lot of water. When a high temperature gas enters a large vessel, instantaneous expansion can cause liquefaction. The gas and liquid separator 30 adopts this principle to realize the separation of gas and liquid. The gas and liquid separator 30 consists of a tank 31, arranged vertically and which is separated, in the height direction by a mist eliminator 33 consisting of a porous layer through which a large part of the liquid droplets in the gas phase is eliminated. The free water mixed with the gas at the outlet 27 of the tank 21 of the dechlorination tank 20 and the heavy oil are separated by gravity. They are introduced into the tank 31 of the apparatus 30 for separating the gas and the liquid through an inlet 32 which is the inlet, according to arrow G, for the pyrolysis oil vapor. The heavy oil initially present in the pyrolysis oil is discharged through an outlet 34a and the water is discharged through an outlet 34b. The relatively dry oil vapors are discharged through an outlet 36, according to arrow H. The outlet 37 is used for drainage and slag. A safety valve 38 is arranged at the top of the tank 31 to regulate the pressure of the gas. Reference numeral 39 designates the liquid level valves used to adjust the liquid level.

Figure 5 illustrates equipment corresponding to a sectional view of an advantageous embodiment of the heat exchanger 40 of Figure 1. After the gas and liquid separator 30, the oil vapor to high temperature enters the interior of a horizontal tank 41 through an inlet 42, along arrow J. To allow heat exchange, cooling water is introduced through inlet 44 along arrow L and passes through the horizontal tank through pipes 41a, 41b, 41c and 41d. The cooling water is then discharged through the outlet 45 according to the arrow M. The oil vapor exchanges heat with the cooling water contained in the pipes 41a, 41b, 41c and 41d throughout its passage through the horizontal tank 41. The path of the oil vapor is impeded by deflectors 46 which allow better heat exchange between the oil vapor and the cooling water in the heat exchanger 40. This vapor of oil is condensed and can escape through outlet 43 according to arrow K.

Figure 6 illustrates equipment corresponding to a sectional view of an advantageous embodiment of the integrated composite device 50 of Figure 1. This device comprises an upper horizontal tank 51a and a lower horizontal tank 51b which are respectively a pyrolyzed oil tank for the upper tank 51a and a water tank for the lower tank 51b. The upper horizontal tank 51a and the lower horizontal tank 51b are separated by a horizontal separation member 52. The pyrolyzed oil enters the upper tank 51a through the inlets 54, and the upper tank 51a comprises a horizontal filtering sheet 53, through which the pyrolyzed oil must pass in order to be stored in the tank. An outlet 55 is provided at the base of the upper tank 51a to allow the recovery of the liquid pyrolyzed oil stored in this tank. The lower tank 51b constitutes a water tank located under the pyrolyzed oil tank. The water enters through line 56 and is discharged through 57. The water is circulated by an external water pump. A metal grid cooling mesh and several negative pressure fans 59 are installed to dissipate heat from pyrolyzed oil and heat absorbed by water.

The next component 60 of Figure 1 is shown in more detail by Figure 7 to act as a safety valve to prevent gas overpressure and prevent backfire during thermal cracking of plastics. This is a water tank 60 intended to prevent gas leaks, to recover the dialyzed gas, to regulate the pressure of the device and finally to prevent backfires. The water tank 60 consists of a tank 61, arranged vertically. The tank 61 comprises at the top, an inlet 62 which is connected to a central vertical tube 63, descending beyond the middle of the tank 61 and which serves as a conduit, open at its base, to bring the non-condensable fuel gas into the water in the tank 61, in order to prevent gas leaks, recover the dialyzed gas, regulate the pressure of the device and prevent backfire from the combustion of the gases of the hybrid combustion system. The water is added to the tank 61 through an inlet 64. The fuel gas, after having been in contact with the body of water in the tank 61, is discharged through a side outlet 65. The excess internal water is discharged. via an outlet 66 located at the base of the tank 61.

The following component 70 of the device of Figure 1 is shown in more detail by Figure 8 which illustrates a flue gas desulfurization apparatus. The combustion gases contain sulfur and enter the desulphurization apparatus 70 which is composed of a vessel 71 arranged vertically. This tank 71 has an inlet 72 through which the combustion gases enter. Inside the tank 71 are arranged several horizontal nozzles, offset between them and distributed in the upper and lower layers in order to clean and desulfurize the combustion gases. From bottom to top, the tank contains two rinsing ramps 73 with nozzles directed downwards to rinse the combustion gases entering through an inlet 72, according to arrow I. Above these rinsing ramps 73 is located another ramp 74 with nozzles directed upwards, in the direction of a distributor 75 of anti-foam products. A second distributor 75 of anti-foam products is placed above, under a central outlet 76 of the tank 71. Between the two distributors 75 of anti-foam products is positioned a double water spray boom 77 with two series of spraying nozzles. water downwards and upwards respectively on said distributors 75. The circulation water used by the different nozzles is supplied by a circulation pump 78 or by an additional pipe. After an initial cleaning, the ascending combustion gases pass through the lower and upper layers of the defoamer and are finally discharged through 76, in the direction of arrow J. The material adsorbed on the defoamer 75 is removed by rinse water. The wastewater generated during the desulphurization process is discharged through an outlet 79, according to the arrow K, arranged at the bottom of the tank 71.

The following component 80 of the device of Figure 1 is shown in more detail by Figures 9A and 9B which illustrate the component parts of a dust removal apparatus 80 of the combustion gases. Figure 9A shows the complete dust collection apparatus. The combustion gases emitted by the combustion are taken care of by the dedusting apparatus 80 which comprises, as shown in FIG. 9A, for example a framework in the form of a hollow container 81, completed downwards and upwards by two trunks of cone 82 which each have an inlet 83, respectively serving as inlet and outlet of the gases before and after the dust removal of the gases. The frame 81 has a door 84, behind which there is a cylindrical bucket 85 of stainless steel wire mesh, shown in Figure 9B. Door 84 is an openable metal door. The cylindrical bucket 85 is open at the top and closed at its base in order to hold the activated carbon for the adsorption of the gases. The combustion gas enters the dedusting apparatus 80 through the lower inlet 83, according to the arrow O and the clean combustion gas is discharged through the upper outlet 83, according to the arrow P.

The device for refining crude oil produced with plastics and rubbers is advantageously housed entirely in a standard container, in particular 20 feet, to be able to be moved easily and above all in a standardized manner in a room designed according to a rational and complete architecture. However, the manufacture of dialyzed oils requires a purification treatment so that these oils from mixed products can be used effectively as a diesel type fuel, by engines suitable for diesel type fuels. This is the reason why this pyrolyzed oil must undergo a second operation, which is a purification operation and which must complete the oil production operation which consists in particular in cracking plastics. This second operation is performed during a second step by a device which will be described in detail and illustrated by Figures 10 and 11.

[0058] FIG. 10 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of said second pyrolyzed oil purification device carried out, substantially like the production of pyrolyzed oil, with said second equipment which is relatively close to the first equipment known as pyrolyzed oil production.

During this pyrolyzed oil purification process, the crude pyrolyzed oil is heated to a temperature of the order of 200 to 300 ° C in a horizontal distillation reactor 100. This pyrolyzed oil is introduced into the reactor 100 according to the arrow N. Said second device called purification device is advantageously positioned, like said first device, in a standard container, for example 20 feet. During this heating, the pyrolyzed oil to be purified begins to vaporize. The pyrolyzed oil vapor is transported to a gas separator 200, along the arrow L, in which the water and gas are separated. Subsequently, the oil vapor is routed to a horizontal condenser 210 which uses recirculating cooling water, supplied by a cold water tank 220b, which integrates with a composite equipment 220. The equipment Integrated composite 220 contains a cooling cold water tank, an oil filtering device, an oil tank and a ventilation device. After passing through a horizontal condenser 210, the oil vapors are condensed into liquid oil. Then, the liquid oil passes through an oil filtering device containing in particular silica sand, and finally enters an oil tank 220a. A very small quantity of uncondensed oil vapor passes into the water tank to prevent backfire, before being introduced through the pipes in a hybrid combustion system 119b, arranged at the base of the reactor 100. These Oil vapors are burned as a source of additional energy, and / or to eliminate hazards. In order to allow safe evacuation, the combustion exhaust gases are introduced into a desulfurization system and a dedusting system identical to components of the first device for producing pyrolysis oil.

[0060] FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the reactor for purification by distillation of pyrolysis oil also called pyrolyzed oil. The distillation reactor 100 consists of a vessel 91, arranged horizontally, and has a front door 92, a rear door 93 and side walls 94, which are preferably made of stainless steel or normal boiler steel. The front door 92 has an inlet 95, through which the pyrolyzed oil is introduced into the tank 91, according to the arrow N. The side wall 94 is covered with an insulating layer 96. The distillation reactor is fed by a system of hybrid combustion of oil and gas. The hybrid combustion system is located at the bottom of the distillation reactor 100, below the vessel 91, and has liquid fuel guns 119a centered as the primary source of power. Two sets of gas flame guns 119b are arranged on either side as an additional energy supply. The oil vapor generated after the distillation process is discharged through an outlet 97, arranged at the top and at the rear of the tank 91, according to the arrow L.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but can undergo various modifications or variants obvious to those skilled in the art. In particular, the various components which allow, on the one hand, the production of crude pyrolysis oil from waste plastics and used rubber products, could have particular shapes. In addition, the two pieces of equipment, one intended for the manufacture and the other for the purification of pyrolyzed oil by distillation, could be placed in the same site or in two separate sites. Ideally, the two sites are identical and the two devices are relatively close from the point of view of realization. The sites are preferably standard containers, for example of the 20ft type, which can be placed in strategic locations, close to waste storage areas and could even be mounted on boats to collect waste and then for waste. treat them directly, eliminating them as polluting waste which clutters marine surfaces.

Claims (26)

1. Process for transforming raw materials, in particular mixed waste comprising plastics, for example thermoplastics and / or various rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel, in particular of the "diesel" type, usable by internal combustion engines, characterized in that, during a first step, a transformation of the raw materials into pyrolyzed oils is carried out, by a heat treatment process by pyrolysis, in that one carries out, at during this first step, a mechanical fractionation of said raw materials, by making them rotate continuously in a reactor during a heating operation with a view to their heating by pyrolysis, in that one carries out, during said first step a succession of steps consisting in particular of extracting chlorinated products, water, solid residues, non-condensable gases, and condensation of pyrolyzed oils, and in that during a second step, a purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials is carried out during said first step, in which said purification of the pyrolyzed oil is also carried out according to a treatment process thermal by pyrolysis. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step of producing pyrolysis oil according to a pyrolysis heat treatment process, a gradual increase in the temperature of the raw materials is carried out substantially between 200 and 500 ° C, preferably preferably between 250 and 400 ° C and preferably approximately of the order of 400 ° C. 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a heat treatment process by pyrolysis, dechlorination of the pyrolysis gases containing hydrochloric acid extracted from plastics containing chlorine is carried out, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution and in particular a solution based on caustic soda or the like. 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, after the dechlorination of the gases, a first separation of the water mixed with the pyrolysis gases is carried out. 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, condensation of the pyrolysis oil vapor is carried out during which it is transformed into liquid oil. then it passes through a filtration device. 6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a pyrolysis heat treatment process, filtration of the liquid pyrolysis oil is carried out. 7. The method of claim 6, characterized in that said filtration of the pyrolysis oil is carried out with silica sand before entering a tank of crude pyrolysis oil. 8. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said second step, a distillation of crude pyrolysis oil is carried out by raising their temperature between a value of about 200 to 350 ° C, preferably between 250 and 300 ° C and preferably at about 280 ° C. 9. The method of claim 1, characterized in that, during said second step, after condensation of the pyrolysis gases, a fraction of non-condensable gases is returned to a hybrid burner and used as additional auxiliary fuel. 10. The method of claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, one carries out a condensation of the distilled oil which uses recirculating cooling water. 11. The method of claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, an oil filtering is carried out, in particular with siliceous sand, then one proceeds to a cooling ventilation of this oil before storing it in view of its use. 12. The method of claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, a reserve of water is carried out used to prevent backfires and overpressures. 13. The method of claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, a hybrid combustion is carried out for the supply of energy using liquid fuel as the main source of energy and the gas constitutes a supply of energy. additional energy. 14. The method of claim 8, characterized in that, during said first step and said second step, the combustion of non-condensable gas as additional energy input eliminates a potential risk of gas. 15. The method of claim 8, characterized in that, during said first step and said second step, desulfurization and dedusting of the combustion gases emitted during the heating process of the distillation is carried out. 16. Device for transforming raw materials, in particular mixed waste comprising plastics, for example in particular thermoplastics and / or various rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel, in particular of the “diesel” fuel type which can be used by internal combustion engines, the device being characterized in that it comprises a first equipment comprising a first reactor (10), called a pyrolysis reactor comprising a cracking vessel (11), means for driving said cracking vessel (11) rotating about its central axis, a spiral piece of steel (16) welded inside the cracking vessel (11) to advance said raw materials through the cracking vessel (11) and means for raising the temperature of the raw materials during a first step to produce crude pyrolyzed oils, and, with a view to proceeding to a second step, by purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials, by means of a device (100) for the distillation of the pyrolysis oil obtained during said first step. 17. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a dechlorination tank (20) of pyrolysis gases containing chlorine, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution and in particular a solution based on caustic soda or the like. 18. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a gas and liquid separator (30), through which the products from the dechlorination tank (20), comprising a tank (31) pass. ) and containing in the height direction, a mist eliminator (33) consisting of a porous layer through which a large part of the liquid droplets in the gas phase are removed. 19. Apparatus for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a condenser (40) consisting of a tank (41) which contains high temperature oil vapor, said oil vapor. at high temperature being condensed by the cooling water which passes through pipes (41a, 41b, 41c and 41d) arranged in the tank (41) before leaving the tank (41). 20. Raw material processing device, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises an integrated composite device (50) which comprises two superimposed horizontal tanks (51a) and (51b) which are separated by a wall (52). fixed, the upper tank 51a comprising in its upper part an oil filtering surface (53) which retains the solid particles and the lower tank (51b) located under the first oil tank is intended to contain water and preferably several negative pressure fans (59) are installed to dissipate the heat generated by the pyrolyzed oil in the tank (51a) and the heat absorbed by the water (51b). 21. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that the distillation device (100) of the pyrolysis oil obtained during said first step, comprises a tank (100) provided with an inlet (95) for crude oil and an outlet (97) for the purified pyrolyzed gases, means for raising the temperature of said oil during a pyrolysis heating procedure, of a separator gas (200) which separates the gas from the water which occurs during the distillation of the crude oil. 22. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a gas separator (200), in which the separation of water and gas is carried out, a horizontal condenser (210) which uses recirculating cooling water, supplied by a cold water tank (220b), which is integral with integrated composite equipment (220). 23. Raw material processing device, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a horizontal condenser (210) arranged to condense the vapors of pyrolyzed oil into liquid pyrolyzed oil. 24. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a device for filtering the pyrolyzed oil, this filtering device containing in particular silica sand. 25. Apparatus for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a reservoir of pyrolyzed oil (220a) filtered. 26. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a hybrid combustion system (119a and 119b), arranged at the base of the distillation reactor (100).