CN1020003C - 高效逆反射材料 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种改进了其在高入射角的逆反射能力的逆反射材料。该逆反射材料包括一透明的表面层和一系列的反射单元,其反射单元的构造与排布有其特殊之外,具体请见说明书所述。
Description
本发明涉及一种逆反射制件,确切地说,涉及便于从一个方向和一个高入射角逆反射的制件。
逆反射材料广泛地用在制作公路标志、街道标志、人行道标志等方面。作为一种逆反射材料,其特点是能把一束非垂直入射光线返回到光源方位。这种类型的反射有别于镜面反射,也有别于漫反射表面将入射光向各个方向散射所致的反射。
在本技术领域中,使用立方角型(Cube-Corner type)反射单元的逆反射材料现是众所周知的。立方角型反射单元是三面体型的结构,它有三个相互垂直的、交汇于一个单角的侧面,比如由一空间角(或一立方角)单元所确定的构型。典型地,由立方角型反射单元所获得的逆反射能力(retroreflectivity)遵循全内反射原理。一个透明的立方角单元接受某一角度的一束入射光,并以相同方向将其返回,关于这方面的内容可见(如)美国专利序列号3,924,929和4,672,089。
随着可见光的入射角增加,立方角型逆反射材料所具有的反射能力通常渐减。一般而言,当入射角大于约20°时,这类材料的反射能力大大降低了,当入射角大于约40°时,几乎损失所有的反射能力。入射角是从垂直于层状逆反射材料表面的直线开始测算
的。
在美国专利4,349,598(以后称为怀特专利(White patent))中叙述了一种逆反射材料,它利用了一种立方角(单元)的逆反射性质,但在高入射角时仍保持其有效性。在怀特专利中所述的逆反射材料能从几乎平行于入射光的一个表面使光逆反射。在怀特专利中描述的反射单元是具反射性的、透明的、具有一个矩形基面的直角三角形棱柱、两个相互垂直的矩形面与其基面交接成45°角,同时有两个平行的三角形面与其矩形面垂直。
虽然怀特式结构在采用逆反射材料解决高入射角光线的反射问题时是成功的,但它仍具有某些缺陷。所需的介于怀特反射单元之间的垂直切口(vertical cuts)会引起25~50%的该材料有效面积的损失,所说的有效面积是能使光线逆反射的面积。同时,在单个反射单元两端分别存在的两个平行的直立表面使得模制(molding)变得困难。该两直立表面提供不了卸具角(relief angle),从而不利于反射层与模具分开。作为其结果,当这种材料从模具上剥离出来时,各单个逆反射单元就会显出很大的应力。这种应力可导致各个逆反射单元的变形,引起对逆反射材料预期的逆反射形式的偏离。
包括怀特式构造在内的许多立方角构造并非用来获得对每个逆反射单元而言的最大有效孔径。例如,斜三面体立方角材料的各个单元可能具有大约30%的有效孔径,而怀特式构造的一个单元的有效孔径约为70%。
因此,存在一种改进逆反射材料的需要,以使它在高入射角时保持有效。此外,还需要有一种逆反射材料,它的单元具有高百分值的有效孔径、高百分值的层上有效面积,同时,它的构造要便于用工业上的模制技术来模制。
本发明提供了一种逆反射材料,它在高入射角具有改进了的逆反射能力。本发明的逆反射材料的每个反射单元具有一个三角形面,该面对于垂直面而言是倾斜的。除开它的光学上的优越性之外,该倾斜面有助于逆反射材料的模制。
本发明的逆反射材料包括一个透明的表面层和一系列的反射单元,每个反射单元包括一个其边长为L的矩形基面、两个几乎相互垂直的四边形面且其交截线的长度为Y,Y比所说长度L要短,还包括一个几乎垂直于所说四边形面的三角形面;同时还包括一个非垂直三角面,它与垂直于基面的平面形成一个α(Alpha)角,α角选在约sin-1(0.25/n)至sin-1(1/n)为好,更好的是在约sin-1(0.35/n)至sin-1(0.9/n)之间,此处的n为反射单元的折射率,所说垂直三角面和四边形面围成一个近似的立方角体且所说非垂直三角形面与四边形面围成一个非正交角体,这些反射单元的排列方式是使其基面相邻于所说表面层。
本发明的逆反射材料也可个别地制作以便将由制件逆反射的光线分配成所需的形式或分布轮廓。本发明的反射单元由两套垂直相交的平行槽构成。第一套为V形槽,具有第一号和第二号面。第二套槽具有近似垂直于所说表面层的第三号面和不垂直于所说表面层
的第四号面。第一、第二或第三套面中至少之一以一种重复方式包括了至少一个槽边角,该角不同于同一套中的另一槽边角。逆反射单元阵列包含了子组或子阵列,每个子组或子阵列含有众多的形状有别的立方角逆反射单元,它们以不同形状方式逆反射着入射光。不同形状单元中至少有一个是非正交立方角逆反射单元,该单元的存在意味着至少有该单元上的一个面以一个不同于形成正交单元的所有二面角所需的角度倾斜。这样一种构造在此仍当作立方角(单元),因为它在形状和功能上与正交立方角(单元)十分相似。
槽边角一词定义了这样一种角:该角介于槽边和某一平面之间,所说某一平面平行于槽长且垂直于由两套相交的槽的底边所确定的平面。如果各槽底是不共平面的,则参考平面就是透明表面层的前侧(即,反射材料中通常面向观视者的一侧)。因此,参考平面将平行于槽长且垂直于透明表面层的前侧表面。例如,对于V形槽(它围成四边形面)的第一和第二号面,其垂直中分单元的槽边角将近似为45°。对于限定出第三号几乎垂直的三角形面和第四号非垂直面的那些槽而言,其槽边角将分别为近似0°和角α。
虽然此处采用了如“几乎垂直”或“近似垂直”这样的术语,具有实际为90°的二面角的本发明逆反射材料(层)的实施方案也包含在本发明的范围之内。
图1是本发明反射单元局部透视示意图,
图2是本发明反射材料一个具体实例的片断的平面图;
图3是图2材料的一个侧视图;
图4是沿图2中4-4线的一个垂直截面;
图5是本发明逆反射材料另一具体实例的垂直截面的部分示意图;
图6是一个逆反射单元垂直截面示意图,
图7是本发明的一种材料与通常材料和怀特型材料的逆反射能力的比较曲线。
首先参照图1,它表示在相邻于盖板层40处有反射单元20。反射单元20包含一个矩形基面22,其边长为L且有两个四边形面24和25。四边形面24和25沿着线26交截且线26长为Y。反射单元还包含一个垂直的三角形面28,它近似垂直于基面22、一个非垂直的三角形面,它与垂直于基面22的平面形成一个α角。α角在图4和图6中得到很好表示。
四边形面24和25与非垂直面30形成非正交角32。四边形面24和25与垂直面28形成立方角34。
材料10的全内反射的例子如图1所示,一束入射光线42通过盖板40射到单元20上。光线42通过内反射从面28反射到面25再反射到面24然后作为逆反射光线44通过盖板40返回光源。
参见图2-4,反射单元20以行式均匀排列如图2所示,以其非垂直三角面30和接邻的反射单元20的垂直面28接邻。这种排列产生了一种具有高效区域的逆反射反射器,即在盖板中发生逆反射作用的面积百分比比较高。在图2-4所示的实施方案中,邻接三角面30和28具有一个共同的基面29。面28和面30形成一个槽50,如图4所示。如果通道(未显示出)被安排在反
射单元20之间,那么逆反射材料10仍然实用,但由于有效区域减小了,其效率变低。
在图4所示的本发明实施方案中,逆反射单元20是贴在具有粘性层62的背衬材料60上,其中粘性层62用以粘结逆反射材料10与标记材料64。图4也标出了α角、长度L和Y以及深度D。元件20的宽度W如图2所示。
参见图5,展示了本发明另一个实施方案的剖面示意图。展示了在水平方向改进了的可视角度(angularity)的逆反射材料70的局部图。这种改进了的可视角度在例如路面标记、垂直障碍图型中是重要的。具有低角度的逆反射材料只能以窄角范围(集中在光轴附近)明亮地逆反射那些射在其表面上的光线。可视角度是在垂直于入射角平面的平面上测量的。例如,在公路上的路面标记,入射角是汽车前灯射向路面标记的光线与路面标记中垂直于反射板表面的线的夹角。可视角度是反射板的一种性质,它定义为在任何方向的最大角,它是从垂直于反射表面的直线至某一方向的夹角,在该方向上的入射光仍能被路标有效的逆反射。
如图5所示,反射单元72和74有共同的基面71。单元72有一对垂直四边形面76,它们相交得到基本为垂直的角。平分线78平分了面76之间的夹角并与基面71相交成基本垂直的角。这是一个与图1~4所述类似的结构,有时称之为垂直平分单元。
单元74有一对四边形面80,它们相交从而确定一个基本垂直的角,该角有平分线82。平分线82与基面71相交成一角度
但不是90°。β角是基面71的垂直线与平分线82之间的角。这些单元有时称为倾斜的平分单元。
设计有改进了的可视角度的逆反射材料可以包括这样一些单元,这些单元一部分或全部是如单元74的倾斜平分单元。β角可以是例如对所有单元都相同的角度,也可随机变化,也可按一种一致的方式变化,或可为特殊最终用途而设计出的一个重复的或随机变化的角。
图6是反射单元120的示意图。反射单元120有一个长度为L的矩形基面122,长度L大于长度为Y的交线126。在基面122和线126之间是一个非垂直的三角面130,它从基面122开始,朝着垂直面123向反射单元120倾斜。
α角最好不大于本材料的临界角。其通常在6-65°范围。如图6所示,如果一束入射光线以某一个入射角I(按Snell定律)射到单元120的表面上,则它将以R角折射(R角取决于单元120的折射率)。R=sin-1(sinI/n)。在实际应用中,对于反射材料的预定角I,α角和R角最好相等。表Ⅰ给出了对于不同入射角I的R角,按丙烯酸n=1.492,聚碳酸酯树脂n=1.586计算。
表Ⅰ
I R
n=1.492 n=1.586
15.0° 10.0° 9.4°
20.0° 13.2° 12.4°
25.0° 16.4° 15.4°
30.0° 19.6° 18.4°
35.0° 22.6° 21.2°
40.0° 25.5° 23.9°
45.0° 28.3° 26.5°
50.0° 30.9° 28.9°
55.0° 33.3° 31.1°
60.0° 35.5° 33.1°
65.0° 37.4° 34.8°
70.0° 39.0° 36.3°
75.0° 40.3° 37.5°
80.0° 41.3° 38.4°
85.0° 41.9° 38.9°
90.0° 42.1° 39.1°
当长度L等于(0.5)(D)正切(α),长度L等于(D)正切(α)时,可以得到几乎100%的有效逆反射孔径。有效孔径是指用以逆反线光线的每一个反射单元的那部分。在某些现有结构中,反射单元有不能逆反射光线的大片黑域或死域。
虽然可以选用具有不同折射率n的反射单元和表面层材料,但不同折射率却常使设计复杂化。因此,反射单元和盖板材料最好有相同的折射率。
制造盖板和反射单元的有用材料,最好是那些尺寸稳定的,耐久的,耐气候的和易于成型成理想结构的材料。合适材料的例子包括折射率通常约为1.5的丙烯酸,如Rohm和Haas的Plexiglas树脂;折射率约为1.6的聚碳酸酯;如在英国专利号2,027,441中公开的反应性材料;聚乙烯基的离子键聚合物(商标为“SURL YN”);聚酯;乙酸丁酯纤维。盖板也可以包括UV吸收剂或其他所需添加剂。
合适的背衬层可以由能与逆反射单元20密封粘结的透明或不透明材料、包括有色或无色材料制成。合适的背衬材料包括铝板,镀锌钢板,聚合物材料如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚酯、聚胺、聚氟乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯和由这些和其它材料制成的各种层压板。
本发明逆反射材料可以用各种方法如模压,铸造,压制或其他对一种透明材料适宜的模制形式制备。通过提供卸具面(relief surface)以利于从材料上移开模制设备,每个单元上的非垂直三角面有助于用每一种所述方法来制造这种材料。
一种尤其有用的生产技术包括通过在两个彼此垂直方向切槽以
制备母模。一个槽型切成近似90°(包括角对称工具)。另一方向的槽用不对称工具切割,形成垂直侧壁(面28)和卸具面(面30)。通常,被切割以形成四边形面24,25的90°槽的槽深为D,槽宽W约等于2D。反射单元20峰尖间距离约为2D。D典型地约为0.02~10mm。若需要时,长度L可为长度y的两倍。
为了制备包括平分单元在内的本发明逆反射材料,通过使用一个约90°尖角工具来切削第一槽以制备一个母模。90°尖角工具对某些切削(垂直平分单元)是角度对称的(在槽的垂直角每一边各45°),同时,对其他切削(倾斜平分单元)可以开出可变化的不对称角度。第二方向的切削用不对称工具进行,形成垂直侧壁和一个卸具面,其角度为α。
β角、或从其平分线开始倾斜的垂直面算起的角最好为约5~45°,尤其好的为5~15°。平分线倾斜量对应于倾斜方向可视角度的增加。
模型切削以后,可用作负模生产的母模。复制母模可以从负模出发通过电铸或其他已知的模具复制方法进行。然后透明塑料膜或板对着复制模挤压或模压成型以把塑料膜或板模压成母模的形状。通过控制挤压塑料膜或板的深度,没有受到模压的膜或板的基面部分成为得到的逆反射材料的透明盖板,如图1所示的盖板40。
反射单元和透明盖板的结合体上可以背衬上一层材料以强化结合体的强度和保护反射单元以防污染和潮气。典型地,背衬层是一不透明的热塑料膜或热塑板,最好是一具有良好耐气候性能的热塑
膜或板。
背衬层膜或板可以以网格状线或其它适合的结构对反射单元密封。可使用各种方法包括超声波焊接,粘接进行密封,或通过热密封对反射单元阵列的不联接位置进行密封(见例如:美国专利号3,924,929)。为了防止泥土和潮气进入以保护在立方角反射面的气体,密封是重要的。
如果需要,逆反射单元可以用金属处理。如果这些单元被金属处理,那么单元周围的空气空间不是重要的,因为金属反射光线并使其从这些单元上逸散。
如果结合体需要附加的强度或硬度,则可以使用聚碳酸酯、聚丁酸酯或纤维加固塑料作背衬层。基于所得逆反射材料的柔韧度,该材料可以卷曲或切割成条状或其它适当的形状。逆反射材料也可以覆盖一粘性层和分离板(release sheet),使其应用于任何基片时不需附加涂施粘性层步骤或使用其它固化手段的步骤。
本发明逆反射材料特别适用于路面标记,最适合小范围内的入射角。例如如果逆反射材料板面最优化的入射角为60°,则板面可按装在与道路成30°角的路面标记面上。因此汽车司机能够以约60°入射角观看到这种材料。本发明材料对预定入射角约15°~90°,最好约20°~60°的场合特别有用。
参见图7,以逆反射能力作为入射角的函数,对常规的立方角薄膜、在怀特专利中所述薄膜和掺加了本发明逆反射材料的薄膜进行测定。使用相同折射率(约1.5)的反射单元比较了这三种材料。常规立方角薄膜含有300微米槽间距的三面角立方体,如
Stam所述(美国专利3,712,706)。怀特专利薄膜含有横过矩形基面的具有350微米槽间距的棱镜逆反射反射器,有平行末端面的间距为325微米、和在接邻的棱镜末端之间的空隙为175微米。本发明薄膜具有跨越矩形基面(相当于图2中的W)一个方向的350微米的槽间距,跨越另一个方向(相当于图4中的L)的228微米间距和一个30°的α角(见图4)。所有材料试样都有标称正交的反射面。
已知常规的立方角逆反射反射器的最大逆反射能力是在低入射角(约0°-20°数量级)下获得的(曲线140),在入射角约为40°下,逆反射能量非常小。在60°入射角下测得的小峰被认为是由镜面反射引起的。在使用怀特逆反射材料(曲线142)情况下,逆反射能力起初随入射角而增大,在约20°~80°间保持良好结果,然后在入射角接近90°时逐渐减少。本发明的逆反射材料(曲线144)具有与怀特结构相似图形的曲线,在20°~60°达到良好结果。本发明逆反射材料显示出比怀特专利材料实际更高的绝对值,而且在入射角大于约15°时,比常规立方角材料的值有更大的增加。绘制图7的实际结果由下表Ⅱ给出。
本发明逆反射单元可以单独制作,以便由其制品将逆反射的光线分配成所需的图形或离散分布轮廓,如1986年11月21日申请的美国专利系列号933,470所述。至少四边形面中的一个面或垂直三角面将以不同于在将形成四边形面的立方角中构成所有二面角所需的角度倾斜。典型地,平面只须离90°倾斜几分几秒角度。这种变化只须工具较微小的变化即可完成。
平面角度的倾斜形成非正交角,这种倾斜包括在成套的或重复的图形中,分成重复的次级阵列。由一个制品逆反射的光线的总体图形,即,该制品所致的离散分布轮廓,包括了不同光图形的叠加,其中次级阵列以这些不同的光图形逆反射入射光。各个不同形状的光图形可以选来给出理想形状或轮廓的总体图形。
应根据上述讨论定出α角。第一,第二和第三号槽面是两个四边形面而且几乎分别是垂直面。这三个平面相互之间为每一个反射单元确定了一个立方角体。使关于第一、第二和第三重复图形平面的槽边角进行变化,形成稍稍非正交的立方角,划分成重复的次级阵列,以不同形状的图形逆反射入射光。
Claims (21)
1、包括一透明表面层和一系列反射单元的一种逆反射材料,其特征在于,每个所说反射单元包括:
a)一个边长为L的矩形基面,
b)两个基本上相互垂直的四边形面,该两面有一长度为Y的交线,所说长度Y短于所说的长度L,
c)基本上垂直于所说的四边形的一个三角形面;和
d)一个非垂直三角形面,它与垂直于所说基面的一个平行面形成一个α角,所说的α角约在sin-1(0.25/n)至sin-1(1/n)之间,此处n是反射单元的折射率;所说的三角形面与四边形面围成一个立方角体(单元),且所说非垂直的三角形面与所说的四边形面形成一个非正交角体(单元),所说反射单元的排布使得它们的基面与所说表面层相邻。
2、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说四边形面与所说基面相截形成实际上是45°的角。
3、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说材料包括倾斜的平分反射单元,每个单元有一平分由所说相互垂直的、与所说基面相交的四边形面相交而成的角的角平分面,所说角平分面与一垂直于所说基面的线形成一个β角(Beta),其中β角介于约5°至45°之间。
4、依权利要求3的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说角β介于约5°至约15°之间。
5、依权利要求3或4中任意一个的逆反射材料,其特征在于,对于所说的倾斜的平分反射单元,角β相同。
6、依权利要求3或4中任意一个的逆反射材料,其特征在于,对于所说的倾斜的平分反射单元,β角随机地变化。
7、依权利要求3或4中任意一个逆反射材料,其特征在于,对于所说倾斜的平分反射单元,β角按一种一致的方式变化。
8、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说反射单元由两套垂直相交的平行槽形成,第一套为V形槽,其中的每个V形槽具有第一号和第二号面,第二套槽中每个槽具有几乎垂直于表面层的第三号面和不垂直于表面层的第四号面。
9、依权利要求8的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说第一套、第二套、或第三套面中至少之一以重复的方式包括了至少一个槽边角,该槽边角有别于同一套中另外的槽边角。
10、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,n介于约1.4至约1.6之间。
11、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说α角介于约sin-1(0.35/n)至约sin-1(0.9/n之间。
12、包含一个透明表面层和一系列反射单元的一种逆反射材料,每个所说反射单元包括:
a)其边长为L的一个矩形基面,
b)两个基本上相互垂直的四边形面,其交线长度为Y,所说长度Y要短于所说长度L,
c)基本上垂直于所说四边形面的一个三角形面;和
d)一个非垂直的三角形面,它与垂直于所说基面的一个平面形成一个α角,所说α角处于6°至约65°之间;
所说三角形面与四边形面围成一个立方角体(单元),同时所说非垂直的三角形面与所说四边形面形成一个非正交角体(单元),所说反射单元的排布使得它们的基面与所说表面层相邻。
13、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说反射单元均匀排布。
14、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说反射单元按行和列排布。
15、依权利要求14的逆反射材料,其特征在于,在一列反射单元中的非垂直面和在其相邻列反射单元中的实际上垂直的三角形面分离一个共同的基面线。
16、依权利要求14的逆反射材料,其特征在于,在一行反射单元内的四边形面与在相邻行反射单元内的四边形面共有一个基面线。
17、依权利要求15的逆反射材料,其特征在于,在相邻行中反射单元的各线Y的间隔是这些反射单元深度D的两倍。
18、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说反射单元的深度为D,其中D介于约0.02至10毫米之间,且L约是Y的两倍。
19、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说反射单元是用金属处理的。
20、依权利要求1的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说材料还包括了一个背衬层。
21、依权利要求20的逆反射材料,其特征在于,所说立方角体(单元)和非正交角体(单元)与所说背衬层相邻。
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|---|---|---|---|
| US224,387 | 1988-07-26 | ||
| US07/224,387 US4895428A (en) | 1988-07-26 | 1988-07-26 | High efficiency retroreflective material |
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| CN1040440A CN1040440A (zh) | 1990-03-14 |
| CN1020003C true CN1020003C (zh) | 1993-03-03 |
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| US3458245A (en) * | 1966-08-15 | 1969-07-29 | Reflex Corp Canada Ltd | Retro-reflective reflectors |
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1988
- 1988-07-26 US US07/224,387 patent/US4895428A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-07-21 CA CA000606393A patent/CA1321726C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-24 ES ES89307491T patent/ES2052920T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-24 AT AT89307491T patent/ATE105941T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-07-24 EP EP89307491A patent/EP0356005B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-24 DE DE68915367T patent/DE68915367T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-25 BR BR898903688A patent/BR8903688A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-07-25 MX MX016911A patent/MX166717B/es unknown
- 1989-07-25 KR KR1019890010586A patent/KR0152071B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-25 AU AU38911/89A patent/AU618615B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-07-25 JP JP1192449A patent/JP2735299B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-26 CN CN89106100A patent/CN1020003C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0356005A1 (en) | 1990-02-28 |
| CN1040440A (zh) | 1990-03-14 |
| MX166717B (es) | 1993-01-29 |
| JPH0285884A (ja) | 1990-03-27 |
| BR8903688A (pt) | 1990-04-17 |
| CA1321726C (en) | 1993-08-31 |
| ATE105941T1 (de) | 1994-06-15 |
| KR910003404A (ko) | 1991-02-27 |
| KR0152071B1 (ko) | 1999-05-01 |
| DE68915367D1 (de) | 1994-06-23 |
| US4895428A (en) | 1990-01-23 |
| DE68915367T2 (de) | 1994-11-17 |
| AU618615B2 (en) | 1992-01-02 |
| AU3891189A (en) | 1990-02-01 |
| JP2735299B2 (ja) | 1998-04-02 |
| EP0356005B1 (en) | 1994-05-18 |
| ES2052920T3 (es) | 1994-07-16 |
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