CN1031984C - 一种制造加强复合件的工艺 - Google Patents
一种制造加强复合件的工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1031984C CN1031984C CN91105314A CN91105314A CN1031984C CN 1031984 C CN1031984 C CN 1031984C CN 91105314 A CN91105314 A CN 91105314A CN 91105314 A CN91105314 A CN 91105314A CN 1031984 C CN1031984 C CN 1031984C
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- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
- C04B35/565—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide
- C04B35/571—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide obtained from Si-containing polymer precursors or organosilicon monomers
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制造由连续的或长的纤维和/或长丝加强的复合件和层压件的工艺,它包括以下步骤:(a)成型由排布的包括许多连续的纵向取向的由均匀分布的颗粒分隔开并采用柔性粘合剂粘结的纤维或长丝的初生带、条、片或织品检成的加强材料预制坯;(b)去除或转化大部分粘合剂;且如果需要:(c)利用基质材料填充孔隙。进一步地本发明涉及一种制造由切断-顺排纤维和/或长丝加强的复合件和层压件的工艺,包括切断上文中所限定的初生带或条,将切断的带或条与粘合剂、润滑剂和/或基质材料混合,利用模铸法将混合物成形为模制件。
Description
本发明涉及加强的异形复合件及层压件,特别是涉及使用长的或连续的纤维和/或长丝,或切断—顺排的纤维或长丝来制造加强的异形复合件和层压件的工艺,如碳基复合件(FRCC’S)、陶瓷基复合件(FRCMC’S)、玻璃基复合件(FRGMC’S)、玻璃-陶瓷基复合件(FRGC2MC’S)、金属基复合件(FRMMC’S)、金属互化物基复合件(FRIMC’S)、水泥、混凝土或石膏基复合件、加强塑料复合件。并涉及在所述工艺中所应用的长丝带、条、片或织品。
复合件和层压件,即两层或多层材料的结合。其中包括基质材料和加强填充物。它们在现代技术中已成为一种重要类型的结构材料。该复合件与层压件与基础的基质材料和填充材料相比构成了具协合增强的机械和物理性能的结合的准均匀结构。
复合件可以包括两种不同的类型,即:其一,复合件包括具有不连续的粉粒状、薄层片状、须状填料体系的基质,即具有短纤维,片状粉末和切断的纤维的基质,也即纤维的长度约为3mm至大约20cm之间。其二,复合体包括的基质具有预定长度的或连续的纤维和/或长丝。层压件通常包括一个具有许多内置的纤维网的基质,该纤维网由长的或连续的纤维和/或长丝,或切断的纤维和/或长丝构成。
一般的具有切断的纤维和特别是具有连续的纤维和/或长丝的复合件与层压件提供了一种更佳的结构材料,因为它们兼有带有较好强度和刚度的基质的内在物理和/或化学特性。该较好的强度和刚度源于纤维和长丝。切断的纤维或长丝,及长的、连续的纤维或长丝通常用于四种结构[参见寇克·俄斯马(KirkOthmer)、化工技术百科全书、第三版、增补卷、第261页]。一般来说,其中的单向性结构(长的或连续的纤维或长丝大体上彼此平行排布)和切断—顺排纤维结构(切断的纤维或长丝以同一方向排布)具有最好的性能。由于纤维能有效地控制复合件的内在结构,并且它们具有较高的纵横比(长度与直径之比),长的连续的纤维在高性能复合材料中为优选的加强件。
然而在密特尼克(Mittnick)与麦克埃尔曼(Mc Elman)的题为“连续碳化硅加强的金属基复合件”的论文中认为,当制造通常的具有复杂几何形状的复合件时,在制造过程中安置连续的纤维是困难的。该论文发表于制造工程师学会1988年9月的金属基质复合件88年讨论会刊第91~99页。密特尼克和麦克埃尔曼所描述的系统即所谓的“初生带”系统、“等离子喷涂铝带系统”及或许是最有趣的“纤维网”系统都确实仅适用于相当简单的形状的层压件。在所有的这些系统中分离的纤维片被连续地以制造的层状件所需的方向被置于模型中,而每个纤维片包括临时或永久地粘结或波纹交叉在一起的伸直并平行的单层纤维。所描述的制造初生带的方法包括纤维或长丝卷绕于镀箔的转鼓上,在纤维上喷涂(临时)树脂粘合剂。然后从转鼓上剪下该薄层使成平片状再将其平置以用于制造预模制件。这种方法要求小心地控制纤维或长丝的卷绕动作以保证其精确的平行间隔。然而甚至当放置纤维片和后续的清除临时性树脂粘合剂时,长丝的方向至少会部分地偏斜。
在欧洲专利申请EP249927中提出在作为复合件和/或层压件加强系统的长丝连续纤维的单一表面上,对具有细粉粒(短纤维和/或须状物)的连续纤维或长丝束进行粘结。该在单一的连续纤维或长丝表面上的具有细粉粒、短纤维和/或须状物的连续纤维或长丝束的形成是通过将所说的细粉粒、短纤维或须状物导入松散的纤维或长丝束中。在这种情况下,只有当细粉粒和短纤维或须状物二者均被置于连续纤维和长丝的单一表面时才能获得或多或少的均匀一致的效果。当仅仅细粉粒被分布于连续长丝表面时纤维趋向于成一束状。而仅仅将须状物或短纤维分布于连续纱线或长丝表面时,避免纤维或长丝间的相互接触是困难的。长丝容易被分布于其它长丝表面上的材料所损伤,并且放置的材料容易落出,并有可能损伤成型设备。
在应用由纤维产品制造的通常的预成型品时遇到的一个普遍问题是基质材料不能充分地均匀地渗入加强的纤维丝束和加强纤维的单丝之间。纤维束中的间隙通常比用于生产预成型坯的丝束间的间隙小得多,并且丝束的渗入率相对预成型坯是不充足的。
本发明的目的是提供一种复合件和层压件,由长的或连续纤维和/或长丝以单向结构、或由长的切断的纤维或长丝以切断一顺排结构进行加强。本发明的更特别的目的是提供一种经济的、简易的、可靠的而又不存在上述问题的制造这种复合件和层压件的工艺。另一目的是能够应用自动和/或可控的热塑成形/熔融成形技术塑制复杂的预成形坯。进一步的目的是避免在成形和/或处理过程中纤维/单丝受损伤和/或降解。进一步的目的是防止预成形坯中纤维成团。进一步的目的是基本上避免预成型坯的收缩。更进一步的目的是改善预成形坯的渗透性。进一步的目的是简化基质混合物的制作成形,更进一步的目的是减少加工步骤和/或加工时间和/或加热周期。进一步的目的是获得一个网状或近似网状的复合件产品和/或一个结合体系以显著地省减昂贵的机加工。进一步的目的是提供一个新颖的适用于本发明的制造复合件或层压件的加工工艺的并能加工出厚的复合件的具有长的或连续纤维和/或长丝的初生带、条、片或织品。本发明更进一步的目的和优点将在下面的本发明原理及最佳实施例中进行描述。
现已证明,一个准确的稳定的长的或连续的加强纤维长丝的取向易于在下述情况下获得,即:当许多长的或连续的加强纤维或长丝,比如说丝束、粗纱或纱线,其中的纤维或长丝被分布于一个单层或有限的多层之中,纤维或长丝由粉粒状物质分隔开,如细粉、薄层片、须状物或片状粉末,均匀地分布于纤维或长丝之间,然后这种排列用柔性的、有机的或其它种粘合剂进行固定从而形成初生的带、条、片或织品,并且这些带、条、片或织品可加以排列(例如用编织、压缩、层压、挤压(Piltrusion)、辗压、缠绕或织造)形成一个预制坯,其中纤维/单丝在操作/成型时受到保护,并且此时由于粘合剂得以保持纤维或长丝的取向和间距,然后这些预制坯作为加强结构用于进一步的复合件和层压件加工中,特别是用于碳、陶瓷、玻璃、玻璃-陶瓷、金属和金属互化物复合件加工中。本发明即基于这些研究结果。
一方面,本发明涉及一种制造具有连续或长的纤维和/或长丝加强的复合件和层压件的改进工艺,如碳基复合材料(FRCC’S)、陶瓷基复合材料(FRCMC’S)、玻璃基复合材料(FRGMC’S)、玻璃-陶瓷基复合材料(FRGCMC’S)、金属基复合材料(FRMMC’S)、金属互化物基复合材料(FRIMC’S)、水泥、混凝土、金刚石或石膏基复合材料,及增强聚合物。该工艺包括以下步骤;(a)用排布(即编织、压缩、折叠、置入、缠绕和/或织造)使加强材料的预成型坯成型为初生带、条、片或织品,它们包括有许多连续的纵向取向的纤维或长丝。该纤维或长丝被均匀分布的粉粒彼此分开,并且用柔性粘合剂粘合;(b)去除或转化大部分粘合剂;如果需要:(c)部分地或全部地用基质材料填充其中的空洞或孔隙。
另一方面本发明涉及一种改进的制造用切断-顺排纤维和/或长丝加强的复合件和层压件的工艺。它包括切断由许多连续纵向取向纤维或长丝构成的初生带或条,其中纤维或长丝由均匀分布的粉粒彼此隔开,并由柔性粘合剂粘合。将切断的带或条与粘合剂、润滑剂和/或基质材料进行随意混合,然后利用离心法、压缩法、注射法、反应法、挤压法、浇注法、真空吸铸法及其它铸造法将该混合物制成模铸成型件。更好的是所述工艺在成型步骤后进一步包括一个除去或转化大部分粘合剂的步骤。
本发明的一个本质特征是:许多连续的纵向取向的纤维或长丝被一定配量的均匀分布的特制/预定尺寸的粉粒材料彼此分隔开并由柔性粘合所形成的初生带、条、片或织品被用作制造预成型模铸件或用于生产包括切断的条或带和一些可能采用的附加粘合剂、润滑剂和/或基质材料的注模成型混合体的初始材料。这样的条或带最好是由特定含量的基质颗粒与特定含量的柔性粘合剂相混合,以使它们可在保持长丝的取向、间距和隔离粉粒的分布的同时能容易地按所要求的预制坯形状排布。
这些带或条可适当地用标准技术制造,如与英国专利UK1257085所述相应的技术,按照该专利论述,被组合的长丝束或低捻纱线的长丝、粗线和丝束被拆开,例如将它们通过一个具有高速流体流过的文杜里管,或对所有的纤维施以相同的静电荷使其相互排斥。然后在散布的长丝上施加包括分隔粉粒和柔性低熔点粘合剂粉粒的粉状处理剂,接着熔化粘合剂使被分隔的长丝和分隔颗粒团结在一起。
一个较好的制造带或条的现有技术方法是欧洲专利EP274464号公开的方法,在这里作为参考引用。根据此专利但仅采用其中一些特定部分的内容:长丝束,如粗纱,在一单层中分布。其中单根长丝被聚拢在一起,然后悬浮有分隔颗粒和低熔点柔性粘合剂粉粒的流体源(最好是气体流)在可控压力下被直接导入分离的丝束。这样,有间隙的丝束中的长丝被流体流分散,且粉粒均匀地渗入长丝之间,最后熔融的粘合剂将长丝的隔离颗粒固定和封闭。特别是用后一方法在连续的加工中可获得非常均匀的隔离颗粒分布。
所用加强纤维或长丝的类型必须适应于所制造的复合件或层压件的类型,最好是对于任何类型的复合和层压件使用单丝,这样可产生最少的操作问题而又具有最佳的强度。
这些长丝的直径范围可在0.3μm至0.3mm之间,更好地是1μm和0.2mm之间,特别地是在2μm和0.15mm之间。
进一步地对于任何类型的加强的复合和层压件所选用的加强长丝或纤维应容易地与最适合地与所用基质相结合。对于增强塑料,初生条或带中的纤维或长丝最好是高强度、高刚度、低密度的纤维,这样就得到这些特性的最好结合。适合此种用途的纤维或长丝可选自于芳族聚酰胺纤维、硼纤维、碳纤维、陶瓷纤维、玻璃纤维、石墨纤维、金属纤维、硅纤维或其它一些纤维。
对于耐火加强复合和层压件,它们通常要求在高温和/或高压下进行处理以使预成型坯中的空洞和孔隙得以充填,此时加强的长丝或纤维必须能在与熔融、反应粘结或烧结的基质材料相接触时保持其特征不退化。为这一目的初生带、条、片或织品中的纤维或长丝最好是具有高耐火特性的纤维或长丝或纤维组合,以适用于碳基、陶瓷基、玻璃基、玻璃-陶瓷基、金属基、金属互化物基和其它一些复合件或层压件。最好这些纤维选自碳或石墨类,可能的话加以防护涂层,其类型系以树脂或丙烯腈(PAN)作为母体,或元素周期表IIIA族和IVA族元素的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物和硼化物及元素周期表中IIIa、IVa、IIIB至VIIB和VIII族元素的氧化物、碳化物和氮化物的混合物。特别适宜的是有涂层的碳或石墨、氧化铝、氧化铝-硼硅酸盐(boriasilica)、氮化铝、氧化铝-硅、硼、碳化硼、氮化硼、氧化硼、氧化镁、莫来石、氮化物、单晶蓝宝石、高纯度二氧化硅、二氧化硅、碳氮化硅(siliconcarbonnitride)、碳化硅、氮化硅、二硼化钛及氧化锆纤维或长丝。金属类的如铍、不锈钢、钼、钛和钨也可作为纤维材料。也可使用人造金刚石纤维。
选择出的加强或长丝可如上所述进行加工,例如根据UK1259085所述,但最好根据EP274464用隔离粉粒和粘合粉粒的混合物对其进行填充。隔离粉粒的作用是将纤维或长丝均匀的分离一定距离并保持一般的纤维或长丝的纵向取向。为达到这一效果隔离粉粒最好是片状粉末、细粉、薄层片和/或须状物,或是可作为辅助加强成份的惰性材料与可构成基质成份的材料中之一。这些片状粉末、细粉、薄层片或须状物的尺寸特性应是能使加强纤维或长丝被正确地分隔开。实际上这意味着隔离细粉与片状粉末、薄层片或须状物的平均直径和厚度要分别与纤维或长丝的厚度相等或最好要小些。
此处及权利要求中所用术语“粘合剂”的含义系限定某一将其它组元结合在一起的组合物或复合物。该物质用于在层压或模铸之前粘合纤维和粉粒。粘合剂的作用是最终粘合、密封和保护被上述均匀分布的隔离粉粒隔开的纤维或长丝以及这些隔离粉粒,从而形成坚固定型的柔韧的带、条、片或织品。为这一目的使用柔性的粘合剂,它可以是一种永久性的粘合剂,例如制造增强塑料时用的一种基质塑料材料(例如坚硬的高交联的具有高热稳定性的聚合物),或可以是临时性的粘合剂,它必须在引入第二相基质材料前被去除或转化。
本发明的制造具有连续的或长的纤维和/或长丝加强的复合件和层压件的工艺中使用了临时粘合剂,其大部分在步骤(b)中被去除或转化。
合适的临时性粘合剂为具有低熔点的天然的或人造的聚合物和人造蜡或它们的混合物,它们在步骤(b)中可由加热去除。当用蜡时,最好是用石油蜡,因其既便宜又具有良好的粘合剂特性,特别是柔韧的微晶蜡为更好。作为聚合物,当其从预制坯中去除后应完全除尽或仅有极少量的残余。特别是采用燃烧除尽的聚合物较好,如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚链烷碳酸酯、碳酸聚丙烯酯或烯烃聚合物,特别是聚乙烯或聚丙烯,或水溶的粘合材料例如甲基纤维素。它们经济,具有合适的约150~185℃的低熔点,并且具有良好的粘结力,能产生更好的柔性的带、条、片或织品。
更好的粘合剂可作为原料再循环使用。由于基质颗粒存在于单丝之间保持着长丝间的间隔且在分离粘合的过程中预成型坯或模铸结构孔隙越来越多。因此分离粘合的时间(或除去粘合剂所需时间)则被减少。
下面将描述一个可在步骤(b)中被转化的临时粘合剂实例。
在特定情况下,碳作为整体或部分基质,例如碳/碳组分,碳预聚物(pre—carben polymer)粘合剂/母体,该物质在热解后余留可观的质量和体积的碳。例如大批的中间相/树脂、环氧树脂、呋喃、糠醇、糠酯、聚芳基乙炔(PAA),聚酰胺(PA)、聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、聚亚苯基硫醚(PPS)或酚醛树脂或其中的混合物。
在全部或部分的基质为陶瓷材料的情况下,例如碳化硅、氮化硅组份,粘合剂或其中部分粘合剂为具有高陶瓷焦化屈服点的母体料,它在步骤(b)中经加热/化学合成法转化为陶瓷材料。这样的结合剂最好是硅基有机一金属化合物,聚硅烷或聚硅氮烷。聚合的有机一金属混合物的热解是有效的,并且在用聚硅氮烷生产氮化硅陶瓷材料生产过程的温度较低。现在正在不断地发展出许多新的母体材料。
粘合剂通常采用粉状形式。粘合剂颗粒的大小取决于所使用的渗入工艺,可以比隔离细粉、须状物、片状粉末的颗粒尺寸更小、相等或较大,例如约0.1μm至50μm之间或更大些。最好利用熔融以在粘合剂的最终分布之后产生粘合剂颗粒在纤维或长丝与隔离成分间的均匀分布。在环境温度下可转化为固体的液状母体也可被作为粘合剂。
纤维或长丝、隔离颗粒和粘合剂可用于这样的比例,即能得到确实均匀而坚固的条、带、片或织品,而且它们有足够的柔韧性,从而易于排布以理想地用于增强复合和层压件的预制坯中。该复合和层压件最后通过导入基质材料和成型物的固定/增密材料而制成。如需要,粘合聚合物可包括增塑剂以改善柔韧性。可以使用聚合物和蜡的混合物。该效果可通过控制纤维或长丝与带、条、片或织品的体积的5/0%,较好为20~55%,更好为30~50%,且隔离颗粒占带、条、片或织品的体积的3~50%,较好为5~30%,更好为10~25%。剩下的是粘合剂。
除纤维或长丝、隔离颗粒和粘合剂外,如果工艺或最终产品需要,也可加入少剂量的其它添加物,如:添加剂、化学活化剂、染料掺杂物、泡沫材料、空心填料、润滑剂、集结剂和/或反应物,以改善纤维或长丝的表面特性,可能地话改善隔离颗粒的表面特性。并可获得填充物较好的分布。
活性材料颗粒操作/渗入/渗透之前,可由非活性物质的材料涂层包封,最好利用(母体的)粘合剂包封。这样实质上消除了爆炸物氧化的危险。并减轻搬动细微的活性金属颗粒时所需的谨慎程度,例如利用惰性气体防护时。
用此种制造新制造的柔性初生条、带、片或织品可保持单丝的取向和间隔以及颗粒的分布,并且象柔性的热塑性预浸渍体那样,利用编织、压缩、层压、挤压(piltrusion)、辗压、堆迭、织造和/或卷绕构成/熔融形成精心制作的预制坯。或者也可被切断,然后将切断的条、带与粘合剂和/或润滑剂和/或添加颗粒作随机混合,以适应按任一通常的模铸方法的模铸成型模。其中此处和权利要求中使用的“预制坯”用以限定在放置入模型前按要求成形的预成形纤维加强件。
为了容易地进行预制坯的成型,通常最好是提供一个被监控的热源以软化临时粘合剂,这样增进了“初生纱线”的成型柔韧性。以这样的方法,一些精选的纱线加强的复杂形状易于初预制[如象3—D、邻接纱线位置变换(AYDEX),特殊型的纤维编织、针织、多层机织和包括3—D正交机织和3—D编织的混合机织]。预制坯的均匀性决定了最终制品和产品的均匀性。加热与加压被用于对均匀性加以改善。在单丝之间和/或初生纱中的单丝分布间的初始分离在预成型时大部分被保留,纤维与纤维的接触被大大的消除,这样避免了单丝的断裂或损份,同时也增进了横向强度。
对于耐火的加强复合件或层压件,预成型的纤维状颗粒/粉末成型为(初生)预制坯,然后被移入模型,并且:
——对母体聚合粘合剂进行处理(化学合成法/聚合物母体的热解法)。
——利用各种常规去除法去除燃烧除尽的粘合剂。
在上述的处理过程中,存在于单纤维间的孔洞/间隙在纤维或长丝间和隔离颗粒间被进一步扩大。
在加工后,该产品为在单丝的隔离颗粒之间具有均匀分布的细孔的孔隙型预制坯。细孔的大小取决于隔离颗粒的大小和数量,渗入纤维或单丝间的母体和/或燃烧除尽粘合剂的体积。
由于均匀分布的基质颗粒在化学合成法/聚合物母体热解法和/或粘合剂去除过程之前、进行过程中及之后都保持着纤维/单丝的间隙。因此初始的形状实质上被维持下来,并实质上避免了预制坯的收缩。由于这些颗粒的存在仅在单丝中均匀的分布,单丝被以一确定的绞合角度排顺并沿预制坯横向很好地保持并排的间隔,这样增加的预制坯的弯曲强度。预制坯的渗透性可利用颗粒/单丝的均匀公布进行大幅度的调节并且利用选择颗粒的尺寸被准确地设计/优化。该颗粒在渗入过程中被捕获入纤维/单丝之间,并且它们在后续的聚合物母体的热解或粘合剂去除的和后续的预制坯再渗透/化学气相渗透的过程中保持单丝间具有适当的间隔。
以这种方法制造具渗透性的预制坯后,在单丝和颗粒间的空洞处利用任一通常的再渗透法或它们的组合,例如利用重力、连续(continuous)、惰性气体压力或真空渗透法渗入基质材料(该基质材料为液体/熔液体或膏状)。利用化学气相渗透(CVI),利用化学/扩散或活化粘结,或利用在渗透液或固体/膏剂材料和适当的气体间通过在相对低温下反应而就地形成基质材料的方法(例如金属定向氧化),来进行填充或渗透。渗透的深度在无压或较低压和短的时间内,最好在较低的温度下得以增加,且可获得更完全和更快的第二相基质材料的渗透,这样就减少了纤维降解的危险。在这些填充步骤中在使用液体或膏状物时,为改善渗透材料的流动性,可加入添加剂。而在基质材料为陶瓷时,为避免交界面硬化可加入烧结辅助物。如需要这种渗透可重复进行,并可以在加热和/或加压处理后进行。直至将孔隙缩至最小程度。预制坯内部单丝间隔的均匀性和更完全的渗透步骤将产生很小的很均匀的收缩。由于已有了有效量的基质材料,较之通常的渗透/化学气相渗透可在较低压力下和更短得多的时间内进行再渗透至充分的密度。并且工艺的成本的效益得以增加。在单丝和颗粒间的空间可以利用上述任一方法有选择地用基质材料部分地进行填充。该空洞仅被填充到一预定的程度,以便可制造如象隔膜、过滤器、催化剂支持体和生物合成材料这些仍然具有细孔的物品。
本发明的工艺对于制造承受高应力复合结构件也是理想的,本发明的工艺所生产的成形复合件或层压件适用于高性能的场合,如用于航天、汽车、化学制品、石油产品、热核与等离子反应堆、研磨工具、防护品等。在这些领域中都需要或将需要由连续的和长的纤维加强的碳基、碳-陶瓷基、陶瓷基、玻璃基、玻璃/陶瓷基、金属基、金属互化物基和其它基质材料构成的复合材料。特别在航天应用方向很需要例如用于空气排气推进系统的有极高特性的材料,如象燃气轮机元件,热屏蔽元件,火箭喷嘴、冲压式喷气发动机元件和航天飞机(高超音速)和卫星重复使用的基本结构和机身,这些材料可以被制成具有复杂的形状,也可构成一些特殊的特性,例如:导电性/不连续性/发热、磁化、形状记忆、热传导性。
功能梯度变化材料(FGM)对于制造发动机元件和飞机机身和未来的高速飞机/航天飞机的推进系统是至关重要的,或其中包括某些材料或材料复合体,它们的成分沿其厚度或形状逐步发生变化,或变化成不同的材料或材料复合体。轻型结构材料能耐受比常规金属更高的温度而仍然具有很高的强度和抗冲击性。例如超耐热材料,其中一测为陶瓷材料,它提供了耐热性能。另一侧为金属,它提供了强度性能。并且产品的组分或形状通常从一侧到另一侧逐渐发生变化。其它的实例为碳—碳/陶瓷梯度,由于没有材料间的交界面,因此避免了存在热应力分界线的问题。
其它一些组合可根据对磨损、化学稳定性、密度;裂痕缺陷、摩擦、硬度、熔点、刚度、强度、热膨胀性、韧性、耐磨性等的要求及其组合进行设计。
也可以设计具化学性质/组分/微观结构梯度的材料,例如应用母体物、化学气相沉积法(CVD)、物理气相沉积法(PVD)或其它方法或使用渗透/浸渍相结合。例如母体,对液体渗透采用高屈服点高聚物而对化学气相渗透(CVI)采用气体。
在渗透/浸渍时,应用压力和/或温度梯度变化能改进加工效果。制造应用于环境和其它一些方面的薄膜、过滤器和催化剂支持体是利用预定的多孔结构能进行进一步整理的可能性。将分子和/或活性化学基团施加于薄膜表面或可能的话以渐变的方式渗透于细孔中。
通过挤压或其它成型法也可生产绕组式、管状、导线状或其它形状的超导复合材料,例如可使用超导氧化物颗粒和/或可以将纤维与超导氧化物有机金属母体相结合。
对成型的复合件施加电、微波、辐射或其它能源,依据复合件的组分,可以改良复合件的某些特性。例如结合性、化学稳定性、导电性、光电性、磁性、多孔性和其它的特性及其组合。
也可生产模仿生物有机体的生物复合材料,例如人造骨骼,其中的细孔的一部分可由医学供体/母体进行渗透,并且细孔的一部分可以辅助自然骨骼结合/成形。另一方面,电-陶瓷形状记忆合金、压电、磁控材料也越来越多地被应用。
为了获得良好的碳、陶瓷、玻璃、金属和其它类似物基质的材料和结构件,可以在预成型时使用各种各样的插入物,以便在模制过程中检测结构的完整性,如声学控制、振荡控制和其它主动的控制,损伤检查、破断检查,以及成型材料和结构体在使用过程中热膨胀。插入物也可以是激励件、压电件、形状记忆合金和纤维,张力传感器特别是光纤张力三向应变针。
实施例1:
连续的石墨纤维加强的,铝-镁-硅颗粒结构航空器零件。
涂有石墨连续防护层的单丝纱线(直径10μm)被均匀地渗入颗粒尺寸8μm的铝/镁含合粉末、硅粉末(1μm)和聚丙烯粘合剂粉末(颗粒尺寸15~20μm),预制坯根据加工的需要和产品最终使用要求的特性有预先选定的精选的单丝加强物。考虑到后面的复杂成型所要求的柔韧性,合金基质/粘合剂的含量需加以修整。如EP274464所描述的,均匀的渗入是在高速及惰性气体保护下,使用连续的粘合剂/微粒/粉末渗入工艺完成的。带的组分为50%体积的石墨单丝,20%体积的铝-镁合金粉末的基质隔离颗粒并包括碳化硅颗粒,和30%体积的粘合剂(镁的含量为铝-镁合金基质重量的6%)。因陶瓷粉末通常不被熔化的铝浸润,为增强陶瓷粉粒的被浸润性,将镁加入基质材料,其中镁加强了浸润性。在铝镁合金处理过程中使用惰性气体防止爆炸和腐蚀/降解,如在进行渗入熔化时。
被渗入的纱线被移送通过一个红外线加热炉,粘合剂材料熔化并包封含碳化硅的铝-镁合金粉末,使它们在单丝间均匀分布。将初生带层压/校正成细心设计的预制坯。为了使预制坯容易成型,使用可控制的红外热源以软化聚合物粘合剂。因此在预制成形过程中改善了“初生带”的成型特性及在后继的冷却过程中固定预制坯。可用精选的加强纱线对复杂的形状预成型。单丝间的初始间距和/或如在初生纱中的单丝的分布在预制坯成形过程中被保持不变。
然后将纤维—粉末预制坯移入模型成型为最终的结构形式并去除粘合剂(在真空条件下加热产生挥发)。在粘合剂去除的过程中侵入单丝间的铝-镁基体粉末/碳化硅颗粒间的孔隙/空洞变大。为了去除纤维或渗入颗粒中任一之上的污染物,在去除粘合剂过程中用氮作为“清除气体”。
预制坯被预热,然后在较低的惰性气体压力下,温度为850~950℃时,单丝和颗粒间的孔隙用液态的铝镁合金基质材料进行真空渗入。
以这种方法制造的有着良好性能和大大减轻的成形复合件制品比普通的铝-镁合金材料轻35~40%,具有稳定的机械特性。由于石墨纤维具有负的热膨胀,而铝为正的热膨胀,因此所设计的构件在温度变化时无膨胀现象。
使用其它的加强纤维重复这种工艺可以制造类似的预制坯。同样,金属基质也可用其它基质或基质混合物代替。
陶瓷复合材料可用类似的方法制造,其中金属颗粒/溶化的金属构成预制的陶瓷母体材料并且可例如通过金属和氧化剂间的氧化反应完成化学合成。
直接金属氧化技术也可被采用,其中(附加)金属是从自身的氧化物中逐渐析出的,并且预制坯借助毛细作用保持生长过程进入预制坯(LANXIDE的专利已描述了这一氧化反应过程)。
在陶瓷基质材料的实例中包括有氧化铝、氮化铝、氮化锆、氮化钛和氮化铝基质,但并不仅限于此。
金属的母体纤维也可作为成形预制坯的纤维或混合纤维的一部分被使用,它们随后可以通过氧化反应转化为陶瓷材料。实施例2,由长的加强碳化硅纤维—铝制品的注模成型。
现进行一个大体积复杂零件生产的实验。带材与实施例1类似。聚丙烯为粘合剂,带材被切断成10μm长。带的组份为30%体积的碳化硅单丝,40%体积的含碳化硅粒(0.5μm)的铝-镁合金粉状(5m)基质隔离颗粒和30%体积的粘合剂(铝-镁合金基质中镁占重量的6%)。
切断的带与10%的附加粘合剂,以及润滑剂,相混合成能被注入多重模腔中的牙膏状混合物。注模件被模子上移去,且粘合剂利用溶解和/或加热处理相结合的方式被去除。其中粘合剂被破坏和挥发。该处理一直连续进行到残留的粘合剂量达到可保持成型金属不至散开的最小值为止。零件在高温下烧结。为取得最小的收缩量,在烧结前,极细的金属颗粒或熔融金属被渗入注模内。
当使用最大多数的粉状金属及陶瓷利料重复进行该工艺时,以这种方法可以模制多种多样的产品。
实施例3,连续的加强的碳化硅纤维—碳化硅基质制品。
连续的碳化硅单丝纱(10μm)被均匀地渗入碳化硅粉状隔离颗粒(3.5μm)和预制聚硅烷预制陶瓷聚合物母体材料(颗粒尺寸为10—20μm)的混合物。为了调整结合面间的强度,对碳化硅单丝施以热解炭的交界面涂层。
如EP2744 64所述,均匀渗入过程是在高速状态和采用连续渗入粘合剂/颗粒粉末工艺来完成的,其中粘合剂是熔融的。
带子的成份为50%体积的碳化硅单丝,20%体积的碳化硅颗粒和30%体积的聚硅烷母体粘合剂聚合物。
经渗入的纱线被转移通过一个红外线加热炉,母体粘合剂材料被熔融并且封闭碳化硅颗粒并保持其均匀分布。这样的已具某种构形的“初生纤维束”经层压/校正而定型。
该“初生带”被制成细心设计的编织预制坯,并且与堆迭层材料相结合,留心在固化时的收缩,成形为一个“压力鎧装”,随后螺旋形预制带以顺时针和逆时针方向叠层卷在该结构上构成张力鎧装。根据形状和施加于最终柱状结构的应力,该预制坯具有预定的精选的单丝力强件。
在初生纱中存在的单丝间的原始分离状态和/或单丝的分布在所设计的预制坯成形过程中被实质上保留下来。
然后纤维—粉末状预制坯被移入模型成型成最终的结构形状,并且母体物在减低的温度下热解,其温度应低至避免纤维的降解。
碳化硅颗粒均匀分布在单丝之间保持单丝以成角度绞合状顺排,沿循制坯的横向一根根间都很好地被隔离。由于在升高温度时氢的存在,有机硅烷、甲基三氯硅烷(MTS)的热解使得在更快且高度的改善的第二相渗入时基质材料在化学气相渗入法(CVI)的作用下被渗入。
四氮化三硅复合件可采用类似方法制得,即使用预制陶瓷聚硅烷粘合剂材料和化学合成法。
在使用氮气时,化学气相渗透法可以在
——除去“燃烧除尽”粘合剂,或
——预制陶瓷母体粘合剂合成之后使预制坯增加密度。
化学气相渗透可在相当低的温度下进行(例如800—900℃)以加强均匀的沉积/增密/渗透和避免预制坯表面的多孔性过早地失去。
其它的化学气相渗透可能应用的场合包括有氧化铝、二氧化锆、二硼化钛与碳化钛。“溶胶—凝胶”或“反应”结合法也可优先采用。
陶瓷的母体纤维也可作为纤维或纤维材料混合体中的一部分被用于成型预制坯,然后采用热解法转化其成为陶瓷材料。
实施例4,碳/碳复合件制品。
连续的石墨单丝纱(直径10μm)被石墨粉粒(3.5μm)和聚酰胺(PA)粉粒(粒度为10~2μm,大约平均15μm)粘合剂的混合物均匀渗入。
如EP274464中所述,均匀的渗过程是高速地和利用连续渗入粘合剂/颗粒粉末的工艺来完成的,其中石墨粉粒是均匀分布且聚酰胺(PA)粘合剂是熔融的。
带子的成份为50%体积的石墨单丝、25%体积的石墨粉和25%体积的粉状聚酰胺粘合剂。这样多于75%的成分是碳质材料,大大降低了碳/碳圆锥形复合件的生产时间。
被渗入的纱线被移送通过一个红外加热/熔融炉,聚酰胺粘合剂材料熔化并封闭石墨颗粒材料并保持它们的均匀分布。这样的已具某种构形的“初生带”经层压/校正而定型。
“初生带”采用编织和边缘带卷绕(edge—wise tape winding)的结合运用被制成经细心设计的预制坯。
按照花饰形结构(rosette shape)和施加于最终火箭排气锥形构件产品上的力,预成型件具有一个预定的精选的单丝加强体。为了改善均匀性,预制件在热压下进行熔烤,然后在惰性的氮气中进行高温热处理。然后进一步地在低热下和低压下增密,并成形为最终的火箭排气锥结构形状,使得网状锥形体产品能够实现。
纤维一粉状圆锥体预制坯随后被移入一个模子,成型为最终的锥体结构件,聚酰胺粘合剂材料在加热超过800℃惰性气体中热解,剩留下被热解的聚酰胺粘合剂的碳残渣。
伴随热解过程的聚酰胺粘合剂内质量损失是由于温度的作用,并且在渗入的最初的石墨颗粒和被保持在单丝之间聚酰胺次级碳基质材料之间的空洞/孔隙被进一步地扩大。
为了增加密度,在单丝和碳颗粒间的空洞采用热树脂作为碳源进行真空压力渗透并再次热解。在粗机加工之后重复渗透循环直至碳基质密度达到要求。
然后锥形复合体在加热至2400到2800℃的温度后完成,其中基质经过结构转变成为石墨。
根据使用要求,坚硬的碳一碳锥形表面可采用碳化硅进行涂层/浸渍粘合以充满外部的绞股并保护碳/碳复合件不因氧化而产生特性降解。表面填实可以施行以用于提高耐用度。
采用这一工艺后连续的纤维加强的碳/碳复合件甚至复杂形状的复合件均可稳定不断地与非常便宜地进行制造。
由于已经存在大量的碳,充分密度的渗透便可在低压和比已有技术更短的时间内完成。
这些实例包括了一般的类似的制造预制坯的工艺方案。改善的渗入提供了在制备复杂网状复合体时显著增加的柔韧性的潜能,这是由于均匀分布的空洞而造成的预制坯的渗透性以及因而基质材料极易渗入纤维间的空洞处。同时由于大部分基质材料通常以粉状和/或母体存在于预制坯中,渗入时间被大大缩短。而且一致的或相似的第二相的基质材料仅需要追加的渗透。
Claims (17)
1.一种制造由切断—顺排的纤维增强的复合产品的工艺,即形成所需形状的模塑预制坯和随后将该预制坯加工成最终形状的复合产品,该工艺包括以下步骤:
a)切断包括许多连续的纵向取向的由均匀分布的颗粒彼此隔开并采用柔性粘合剂粘结的纤维条;
b)将切断的条与粘合剂、润滑剂和/或基质材料混合形成混合物;
c)采用模塑法由混合物形成模制件;
d)除去粘合剂的主要部分或将粘合剂的主要部件转化成基质材料,从而在纤维和颗粒之间留下空洞;以及任选地
(e)部分地或完全地用另外的基质材料填充纤维和颗粒间的空洞。
2.按照权利要求1的工艺进一步包括在切断步骤后去除或转化大部分粘合剂的步骤。
3.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于均匀分布的颗粒为细粉、片状粉末、薄层片或须状物或它们的混合物。
4.按照权利要求3的工艺,其特征在于所有的或部分的细粉、片状粉末、薄层片或须状物由惰性材料组成或由可形成基质材料组分的材料组成。
5.按照权利要求3的工艺,其特征在于使用一种活性金属颗粒,该颗粒由非活性材料进行包封。
6.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂或其中的一部分是具有高的陶瓷焦化屈服点的母体材料,它可通过加热/化学合成转化为陶瓷。
7.按照权利要求6的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂是硅基有机—金属化合物、聚硅烷或聚硅氮烷。
8.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂或其部分组份是母体碳源材料,它可通过烧尽或热解进行转化,留下显著数量的碳。
9.按照权利要求8的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂是具有分散中间相/树脂、呋喃、糠醇、糠酯、聚芳基乙炔、聚苯并咪唑、聚亚苯基硫醚、环氧树脂、聚酰胺或酚醛树脂或其混合物。
10.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂是蜡或具有较低熔点的合成有机聚合物或它们的混合物,并可采用加热和/或溶解萃取法去除。
11.按照权利要求10的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂是石油蜡,最好是微晶蜡。
12.按照权利要求10的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂材料是一种在去除后基本上无残留物的材料。
13.按照权利要求13的工艺,其特征在于粘合剂是聚碳酸亚烃酯或烯烃聚合物。
14.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于初生带、条、片或织品包括20—55%体积的纤维或长丝,5—30%体积均匀分布的颗粒,剩下的是粘合剂。
15.按照权利要求14的工艺,其特征在于带、条、片或织品包括30—50%体积的纤维或长丝,10—25%体积均匀分布的颗粒,剩下的是粘合剂。
16.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于预制坯被制成具有多层初生带、条、片或织品,其中初生材料的组分和/或结构是起变化的,最好是渐变。
17.按照权利要求1或2的工艺,其特征在于预制坯成型前,带、条、片或织品处理成具有改善的柔韧性。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP90201719.3 | 1990-06-29 | ||
| EP90201719 | 1990-06-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1058618A CN1058618A (zh) | 1992-02-12 |
| CN1031984C true CN1031984C (zh) | 1996-06-12 |
Family
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN91105314A Expired - Fee Related CN1031984C (zh) | 1990-06-29 | 1991-06-29 | 一种制造加强复合件的工艺 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5439627A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0536264B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JPH05508885A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1031984C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE115464T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU8101491A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2086328A1 (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69105976T2 (zh) |
| DK (1) | DK0536264T3 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2068595T3 (zh) |
| GR (1) | GR3015379T3 (zh) |
| IL (1) | IL98610A (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2094229C1 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO1992000182A1 (zh) |
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| US2992960A (en) * | 1958-06-18 | 1961-07-18 | Various Assignees | High temperature resistant materials containing boron and method of manufacture thereof |
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-
1991
- 1991-06-25 JP JP91511905A patent/JPH05508885A/ja active Pending
- 1991-06-25 IL IL9861091A patent/IL98610A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-06-25 AT AT91912487T patent/ATE115464T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-06-25 DE DE69105976T patent/DE69105976T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-25 EP EP91912487A patent/EP0536264B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-25 DK DK91912487.5T patent/DK0536264T3/da active
- 1991-06-25 CA CA002086328A patent/CA2086328A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-06-25 ES ES91912487T patent/ES2068595T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-25 WO PCT/NL1991/000109 patent/WO1992000182A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-06-25 US US07/977,425 patent/US5439627A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-06-25 RU RU9192016476A patent/RU2094229C1/ru active
- 1991-06-25 AU AU81014/91A patent/AU8101491A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-06-29 CN CN91105314A patent/CN1031984C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-03-13 GR GR950400530T patent/GR3015379T3/el unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE115464T1 (de) | 1994-12-15 |
| IL98610A (en) | 1994-11-28 |
| GR3015379T3 (en) | 1995-06-30 |
| EP0536264A1 (en) | 1993-04-14 |
| JPH05508885A (ja) | 1993-12-09 |
| DE69105976D1 (de) | 1995-01-26 |
| EP0536264B1 (en) | 1994-12-14 |
| WO1992000182A1 (en) | 1992-01-09 |
| DE69105976T2 (de) | 1995-07-20 |
| DK0536264T3 (da) | 1995-05-29 |
| ES2068595T3 (es) | 1995-04-16 |
| RU2094229C1 (ru) | 1997-10-27 |
| CA2086328A1 (en) | 1991-12-30 |
| AU8101491A (en) | 1992-01-23 |
| US5439627A (en) | 1995-08-08 |
| CN1058618A (zh) | 1992-02-12 |
| IL98610A0 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
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