CN110299562B - Lithium salt additive and lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte thereof - Google Patents

Lithium salt additive and lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte thereof Download PDF

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CN110299562B
CN110299562B CN201910644562.2A CN201910644562A CN110299562B CN 110299562 B CN110299562 B CN 110299562B CN 201910644562 A CN201910644562 A CN 201910644562A CN 110299562 B CN110299562 B CN 110299562B
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lithium
electrolyte
additive
lithium salt
carbonate
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CN110299562A (en
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黄秋洁
毛冲
王霹霹
梁洪耀
戴晓兵
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Hefei Saiwei Electronic Materials Co ltd
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Zhuhai Smoothway Electronic Materials Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025Organic electrolyte
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

The invention provides a lithium ion battery electrolyte, which consists of an organic solvent, lithium salt, a novel additive and other conventional additives. The novel additive is a dicyclic phosphoryl imine lithium salt or dicyclic thiophosphoryl imine lithium salt compound shown in a structural formula 1. In the invention, when the compound shown in the structural formula 1 is used as an electrolyte additive, the reduction potential is higher, so that the compound can participate in the generation of a solid electrolyte membrane on the surface of a negative electrode in preference to a conventional additive, and the components of an interface membrane are improved; meanwhile, the additive has a cyclic phosphate structure, so that a phosphorus-oxygen bond is easy to break under high voltage, and the additive can participate in the generation of a positive electrode electrolyte membrane, and the interface stability of a positive electrode material is improved. Therefore, the introduction of the additives can effectively improve the high-temperature performance, the low-temperature performance and the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery.

Description

Lithium salt additive and lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery.
Background
In recent years, lithium ion batteries have been widely used in the fields of 3C digital, power automobiles, energy storage devices, and the like. Today, the demand of people for lithium ion batteries, such as longer service life, higher energy density, more excellent high and low temperature performance and safety performance, is continuously increasing. The battery material is one of the key technologies for improving the performance of the lithium ion battery. The electrolyte is one of four main materials of the battery, and has great influence on the cycle performance, the high-temperature performance, the low-temperature performance, the safety performance and the like of the battery. The development of various functional additives for lithium ion battery electrolytes has become a research hotspot in the field of new energy.
In recent years, chinese patent application publication No. CN106129456B discloses "a functional additive for electrolyte, a long-cycle lithium ion battery electrolyte and a lithium ion battery", and the functional additive for electrolyte indicated in the patent is prepared by compounding vinylene carbonate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), vinyl sulfate and butyl sultone, so that the stability of an SEI film on the surface of a negative electrode is improved, the internal resistance of the SEI film is reduced, and the reaction between the electrolyte and the negative electrode caused by the destruction of the SEI film in the cycle process is prevented, thereby improving the cycle life of the battery. Chinese patent application publication No. CN104659414B discloses a lithium secondary battery and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution used therein, which describes that lithium difluorophosphate and a cyclic siloxane compound are used in combination, and have excellent low-temperature discharge performance and cycle performance. However, these additives themselves generally have problems of difficulty in achieving both high and low temperature performance, short high temperature cycle life, and poor safety performance, for example, a phenomenon of high temperature gas generation in lithium bis (oxalato) borate, a phenomenon of corrosion of aluminum foil in LiFSI, and a phenomenon of low temperature lithium precipitation in lithium difluorophosphate. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop a new additive which can combine high and low temperature and cycle performance.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above-mentioned related problems, the present invention provides an electrolyte for a lithium ion battery that can significantly improve high-temperature storage, low-temperature discharge, and cycle performance of the battery.
The electrolyte contains an organic solvent, lithium salt, an additive and other additives, wherein the additive is a dicyclic phosphoryl imine lithium salt or dicyclic thiophosphoryl imine lithium salt compound shown in a structural formula 1:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
structural formula 1
In the additive structure R1Is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R2-R9Independently one or more selected from fluorine atom, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aryl, nitrile group or saturated or unsaturated alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
Preferably, the compound represented by the structural formula 1 includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following compounds:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
the preparation method of the bicyclic phosphorus imide lithium salt compound 1 comprises the following steps: dissolving a cyclophosphamide chloride compound in dichloromethane, adding triethylamine, continuously introducing ammonia gas into the solution, generating a white precipitate after the reaction is finished, and filtering and recrystallizing to obtain a dicyclic phosphoryl imine compound; and then continuously dissolving the dicyclic phosphoryl imine in acetonitrile, and then adding lithium carbonate to carry out acid-base reaction to obtain a dicyclic phosphoryl imine lithium salt compound 1. The synthetic route is shown as the following figure:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
the reaction route from lithium salt of bicyclic phosphoryl imine 2 to compound 6 is similar to the synthesis route of compound 1, and the corresponding reaction substrate of monocyclic phosphoric anhydride compound is shown in the following figure:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
the preparation method of the fluorinated thiophosphorylimide lithium salt compounds 7 to 9 is as follows: firstly, fluorine gas raw material and thio-cyclo-phosphoryl chloride are reacted to prepare fluorinated-thio-cyclo-phosphoryl chloride, and then the synthetic route of the compound 1 is continuously adopted to prepare the fluorinated thio-cyclo-phosphoryl imine lithium compound. The synthetic route of the compound 7 is shown as the following figure:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
the organic solvent includes, but is not limited to, one or more combinations of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), Propyl Propionate (PP), Ethyl Propionate (EP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
Preferably, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution further contains other additives such as Vinylene Carbonate (VC), 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene carbonate (VEC), Ethylene Sulfite (ES), Methylene Methanedisulfonate (MMDS), adiponitrile, succinonitrile, succinic anhydride, 1-propylphosphoric anhydride, phthalic anhydride, pyridine, quinoline, and the like.
Preferably, the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluoro (oxalato) phosphate, lithium tetrafluorooxalato phosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, or the like. The preferable concentration of the electrolytic lithium salt is 0.5 to 1.4 mol/L.
The additive of the structural formula 1 accounts for 0.5-10% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte. The additive has lower oxidation potential and higher reduction potential, can form compact solid interfacial films on the surfaces of a positive active material and a negative active material respectively, and both the two interfacial films have higher thermodynamic stability and ion conduction capability, can protect electrolyte from being oxidized and decomposed even under high temperature, high voltage and other deteriorated environments, and ensures the performance of a battery. Meanwhile, the compound in the structural formula 1 is used as an organic lithium salt type additive, has low interface impedance, and can ensure that lithium ions can be rapidly inserted into and removed from the positive electrode and the negative electrode, so that the battery has excellent low-temperature performance.
[ detailed description of the invention ]
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
(1) Preparing an electrolyte:
preparing electrolyte and organic solvent in a vacuum glove box with the water content less than 1ppm in the argon atmosphereThe agent is ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate =2/5/3 (mass ratio), LiPF6The concentration of the lithium salt is 1.0mol/L, the content of PS is 2 percent of the total weight of the electrolyte, the content of lithium difluorophosphate is 1 percent of the total weight of the electrolyte, 1 percent of bimolecular lithium phosphoramidate salt named as compound 1 is added and mixed evenly to obtain the lithium ion electrolyte.
(2) Preparing a positive pole piece: mixing Li [ Ni ]0.5Mn0.2Co0.3]O2: uniformly mixing PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) SP =95:1:4 with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of an aluminum foil, drying and rolling to obtain the positive pole piece.
(3) Preparing a negative pole piece: mixing graphite: SP: CMC: and dissolving SBR =95:1.5:1.0:2.5 in an aqueous solution, uniformly mixing, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of a copper foil, drying and rolling to obtain the negative pole piece.
(4) Preparing a lithium ion battery: and (3) preparing the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the diaphragm prepared in the steps (1) to (3) into a square battery core in a lamination mode, packaging by adopting a polymer, filling the prepared electrolyte, and preparing the lithium ion battery with the capacity of 2300mAh through working procedures of formation, capacity grading and the like.
(5) And (3) testing the performance of the lithium ion battery:
and (3) low-temperature discharge test: firstly, the batteries with the classified capacity are charged and discharged once at the normal temperature by 1C, and then the batteries are fully charged by 1C, and then the batteries are placed for 4 hours at the low temperature of minus 20 ℃ for discharging by 0.2C.
And (3) high-temperature storage test: firstly, the batteries with the classified capacity are charged and discharged once at the normal temperature by 1C, then the batteries are fully charged by 1C, and then the batteries are stored for 7d at the high temperature of 70 ℃, and then the batteries are taken out for 1C discharge.
High-temperature cycle test: the battery is subjected to charge-discharge cycle test at 45 ℃ and 1C/1C for 400 weeks, and the cut-off voltage interval is 3.0-4.4V.
Examples 2-9 and comparative example 1:
this example is used to illustrate a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium ion battery and a method for preparing the same disclosed in the present invention, and includes most of the operation steps in example 1, except that:
in the preparation step of the nonaqueous electrolyte, the components with the mass percentage content shown in examples 2-9 or comparative example 1 in table 1 are added into the nonaqueous electrolyte.
The specific test method was the same as in example 1, and the test results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1 electrolyte composition of examples and comparative examples
Principal solvent Additive agent Lithium salt
Example 1 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21% and compound 11% 1.0mol/L
Example 2 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21 percent and 21 percent of compound 1.0mol/L
Example 3 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21 percent and 31 percent of compound 1.0mol/L
Example 4 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21 percent and compound 41 percent 1.0mol/L
Example 5 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21 percent, compound 51 percent 1.0mol/L
Example 6 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21% and compound 61% 1.0mol/L
Example 7 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21 percent and compound 71 percent 1.0mol/L
Example 8 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21% and 81% of compound 1.0mol/L
Example 9 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F21% and compound 91% 1.0mol/L
Comparative example 1 EC:EMC:DEC=2:5:3 PS 2%;LiPO2F2 1%; 1.0mol/L
TABLE 2 test results
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
As can be seen from the results of comparing examples 1 to 9 with comparative example 1, the lithium salt of dicyclic phosphoric acid amide or dicyclic phosphoric acid sulfur amide shown in formula 1, PS, LiPO, and the like were added to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution2F2The combination can obviously improve the low-temperature discharge performance, the high-temperature cycle performance and the high-temperature storage performance of the lithium ion battery.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention in any manner; those of ordinary skill in the art can readily practice the present invention as described herein; however, those skilled in the art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiments as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention; meanwhile, any changes, modifications, and evolutions of the equivalent changes of the above embodiments according to the actual techniques of the present invention are still within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A lithium ion battery electrolyte is characterized in that: the electrolyte consists of an organic solvent, lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive is a dicyclic phosphoryl imine lithium salt or dicyclic thiophosphoryl imine lithium salt compound shown in a structural formula 1,
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
structural formula 1
Wherein R is1Is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R2-R9Independently from each other, one or more selected from hydrogen atom, fluorine atom, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aryl, nitrile group or saturated or unsaturated alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium bicyclic phosphoryl imide salt or lithium bicyclic thiophosphoryl imide salt compound comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of the following compounds:
Figure 526128DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
3. the electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt of bicyclic phosphoryl imine or the lithium salt of bicyclic thiophosphoryl imine compound represented by the structural formula 1 accounts for 0.5-10% of the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein: the organic solvent comprises one or more of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), Propyl Propionate (PP), Ethyl Propionate (EP) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
5. The electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte further contains other additives, and the other additives are one or more combinations of Vinylene Carbonate (VC), 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene carbonate (VEC), Ethylene Sulfite (ES), Methylene Methanedisulfonate (MMDS), adiponitrile, succinonitrile, succinic anhydride, 1-propylphosphoric anhydride, phthalic anhydride, pyridine, and quinoline.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is one or more combinations of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate, lithium tetrafluorooxalato phosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
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