CN114158564A - 一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，包括采用复配农药，在腊熟期对已发生赤霉病的小麦的正对麦穗部位采用药液喷洒处理；农药处理后正对麦穗部位施喷酵母菌悬浮液，所述酵母菌悬浮液施喷时间优选在小麦施喷药液后第三天。所述酵母菌悬浮液有效成分施喷计量为35g/亩‑45g/亩。待小麦成熟后进行收割；进行存放处理直至喷洒农药残留符合GB2763标准。本发明采用广泛使用的农药对已发生赤霉病的小麦进行处理，在小麦腊熟期进行施喷，实现呕吐毒素降低；在收割前对小麦施喷酵母菌在降低呕吐毒素同时对农药残留进行消耗；可以避免储存期间DON含量上升；采用农药与酵母菌双处理既降低了DON含量又降低了农药的残留。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业领域，尤其是针对发病后小麦呕吐毒素超标的处理方法。
背景技术
赤霉病是小麦生产中最主要的病害之一，重发年份约占50%。赤霉病成因为镰刀菌侵入小麦麦粒，引起小麦减产，麦粒中产生多种真菌毒素造成小麦品质严重下降，危害小麦及其制品的质量安全。其中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol，DON）即呕吐毒素是小麦中检出率最高、危害最严重的真菌毒素之一。呕吐毒素严重威胁这人类和动物健康，粮站也将粮食作物中呕吐毒素含量作为收粮的重要指标。
目前小麦生产中采用防治法，即通过减轻赤霉病的发生来控制呕吐毒素，举措为在扬花期对小麦赤霉病进行防治。检索相关论文，文章中涉及的《几种复配杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及DON 毒素污染控制作用》（侯冕等，农业灾害研究 ，2019，9（6）： 3-5）、“于小麦抽穗80%，扬花初期第1次施药，间隔7 d左右进行第2次施药。”
《不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂在小麦赤霉病及呕吐毒素防治中的作用》（殷宪超等，麦类作物学报，2020，40（10）：1275－1280）、《戊唑醇不同防治时间对小麦赤霉病发生和籽粒中DON毒素积累的影响》（徐飞等，植物保护 ，2018，44（1）： 179-185）均是指在小麦扬花期等前期使用杀菌剂预防赤霉病，通过减轻赤霉病发生,最后实现小麦籽粒中呕吐毒素检出量降低的目的。
杀菌剂农药的一般使用时间是在农作物生长前期、尚未发病时使用，其主要作用是预防或控制病害。但如果预防、控制小麦赤霉病措施失败，镰刀菌入侵小麦，就引起赤霉病发生。镰刀菌感染后小麦不会立即显现出病态，颗粒不变色；当小麦显病态时已经进入生长后期，腊熟期时麦粒中镰刀菌已普遍产生，呈红褐色，其代谢产物呕吐毒素超标，粮站无法收粮，至此呕吐毒素已经大量产生，目前对防治失效后对呕吐毒素的处理没有一种很好的方法。呕吐毒素超标小麦如果用于饲养牲畜饲喂也会导致牲畜中毒，更有人将此类小麦混合至正常小麦中售卖。
发明内容
为了解决小麦赤霉病显病时呕吐毒素超标问题，本发明提供一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法。
本发明采用的技术方案为：一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，包括以下步骤，A采用复配农药，所述复配农药为 36%克菌丹•叶菌唑或45%戊唑醇•咪鲜胺或48%氰烯•戊唑醇或40%戊唑•多菌灵，并采用二次稀释形成药液；B在腊熟期对已发生赤霉病的小麦的正对麦穗部位采用药液喷洒处理；农药处理后正对麦穗部位施喷酵母菌悬浮液，所述酵母菌悬浮液施喷时间优选在小麦施喷药液后第三天。所述酵母菌悬浮液有效成分施喷计量为35g/亩-45g/亩。施喷酵母菌悬浊液后第二天对施喷小麦施喷水雾提高酵母菌作用时间。C待小麦成熟后进行收割；D收割后小麦进行存放处理直至喷洒农药残留符合GB2763标准。
作为优选的，所述复配农药采用45%的戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂，其使用计量为50ml每亩；45%的戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂每50ml采用二次稀释配置成30L药液喷施1亩。
作为优选的，小麦成熟后延期2-5天收割。
作为优选的，还包括覆膜保温处理，若干采用长条状膜，所述长条装膜两侧设有若干穿孔，所述穿孔内穿设有牵拉钢丝，还包括位于两端的立柱，所述立柱固定在田地上上端采用斜拉进一步固定，还包括中部的支撑柱，所述支撑柱上端设有固定牵拉钢丝的固定部，位于侧面的长条状膜直接与地面接触对侧面保温，两端延伸下垂与地面接触对两端密封。
戊唑醇•咪鲜胺作为目前广泛使用的农药在多种真菌类防治中起到良好的效果，常规防治工作中在小麦扬花期进行施喷，本发明采用腊熟期进行施喷，将镰刀菌迅速杀灭，降低呕吐毒素。采用酵母菌对已杀灭镰刀菌的小麦进行作用，进行呕吐毒素分解。
本发明有益效果在于：1、采用广泛使用的农药对已发生赤霉病的小麦进行处理，在小麦腊熟期进行施喷，实现呕吐毒素降低；2、在收割前对小麦施喷酵母菌在降低呕吐毒素同时对农药残留进行消耗；3、实验表明储存温度对于DON含量有关，《小麦贮藏阶段呕吐毒素产生与积累预测模型研究》（中国食品科学技术学会第十七届年会，熊科等）储存不好会导致DON含量上升，采用本方案可以避免储存期间DON含量上升；采用农药与酵母菌双处理既降低了DON含量又加速了农药的分解。
采用广泛普及使用的农药以及常见的酵母菌对小麦处理利于技术普及。本发明专利有效解决了发病小麦的呕吐毒素问题，与前面的防病措施相比，主要区别在于：1.已经突破了杀菌剂农药的常规使用时间，而是在发病以后使用。二者之间有着本质的区别。2.以往论文中检索到的相关呕吐毒素控制措施均是前置的预防措施；而本发明所涉及的措施，是前置预防措施失败、失效后，病害控制不住的一种有效补救措施。通过补救措施，使原本已经发病发霉小麦的呕吐毒素得到控制、质量更加安全、重获利用成为可能。切实保障小麦的有效供给，促进粮食安全。
在收割期昼夜温差大，酵母菌活性降低，常规棚膜种植一般不适用于大面积的麦田，本发明采用新型覆膜方法能够重复利用，有效降低使用成本，使用后能够提高酵母菌活性时间，提高处理效率。
附图说明
图1为本发明覆膜结构示意图。
其中1、长条状膜；2、穿孔；3、牵拉钢丝；4、立柱；5、支撑柱。
具体实施方式
实施例1：一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，包括以下步骤，A采用复配农药，所述复配农药采用45%的戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂，其使用计量为50ml每亩；并采用二次稀释形成30L药液施喷1亩；B在腊熟期对已发生赤霉病的小麦的正对麦穗部位采用药液喷洒处理；C待小麦成熟后进行收割；D收割后小麦进行存放处理直至喷洒农药残留符合GB2763标准。本实施例中45%戊唑醇·咪鲜胺的水乳剂具有良好的防治效果：
经两个地区的试验检测：检验结果如表1所示：
地区A检验结果：戊唑醇·咪鲜胺组实验后检测DON含量分别为621μg/kg、630μg/kg、617μg/kg；均值622.6667μg/kg，低于1000μg/kg；采用相同比例的氰烯菌酯·已唑醇做对比检测DON含量为1740μg/kg、1390μg/kg、1740μg/kg,；均值1623.3333μg/kg，对照组检测DON含量为1060μg/kg，1080μg/kg，1070μg/kg，均值为1070μg/kg，采用本发明技术方案相对于采用氰烯菌酯•已唑醇，已经常规对照组有明显效果，DON含量已经降低至1000μg/kg以下。
地区B检验结果：戊唑醇·咪鲜胺组DON检测值1180μg/kg、1190μg/kg，1180μg/kg，均值为1183.3334μg/kg，氰烯菌酯·已唑醇组检测DON值为2530μg/kg，2530μg/kg，2530μg/kg；对照组为1390μg/kg，1370μg/kg，1330μg/kg均值为1363.3333μg/kg。地区B中相比于对照组DON也明显降低，虽然仍旧高于1000μg/kg。
实施例2：一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，包括以下步骤，A采用复配农药，所述复配农药为36%克菌丹•叶菌唑或45%戊唑醇•咪鲜胺或48%氰烯•戊唑醇或40%戊唑•多菌灵进行二次稀释形成药液；B在腊熟期对已发生赤霉病的小麦的正对麦穗部位采用药液喷洒处理；C待小麦成熟后进行收割；D收割后小麦进行存放处理直至喷洒农药残留符合GB2763标准。根据不同地区小麦的赤霉菌耐受情况不同，可在复配农药中选择常规防治情况较好的农药进行操作。例如在某地区常规采用戊唑醇•多菌灵进行防治，防治失败后采用其他复配农药进行处理，例如戊唑醇•咪鲜胺。
实施例3：本实施例是实施例1的进一步改进，在实施例1的基础上采用酵母菌具有更好的呕吐毒素以及农药残留降解效果。一种针对发病小麦降低呕吐毒素含量的方法，包括以下步骤，A采用复配农药，所述复配农药采用45%的戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂，其使用计量为50ml每亩；并采用二次稀释形成30L药液施喷1亩；B在腊熟期对已发生赤霉病的小麦的正对麦穗部位采用药液喷洒处理；本实施例中45%戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂具有良好的防治效果：间隔后正对麦穗部位施喷酵母菌悬浮液，所述酵母菌悬浊液施喷时间优选在小麦施喷药液后第三天。所述酵母菌悬浮液有效成分施喷计量为35g/亩-45g/亩。本实施例中为提高酵母菌活性，增加酵母菌效果对小麦施喷水雾提高酵母菌活性延长酵母菌作用时间。小麦成熟后延期2-5天收割。利用农药在田间降解速率高于收割后仓库的自然降解速率，延后收割进一步降低农药残留。
本实施例中为提高酵母菌效率，可优选经过培养选择的对呕吐毒素有针对性分解的菌种。收割后小麦进行存放处理直至喷洒农药残留符合GB2763标准。
实施例4
本实施例是实施例3的改进，在喷洒酵母菌后对小麦进行覆膜保温，温度控制在20-30℃。在棚膜内种植的小麦可直接控制温度在20-30度。采用若干长条状膜1，所述长条状膜1两侧设有若干穿孔2，所述穿孔2内穿设有牵拉钢丝3，还包括位于两端的立柱4，所述立柱4固定在田地上上端采用斜拉进一步固定，还包括中部的支撑柱5，所述支撑柱5上端设有固定牵拉钢丝的通孔，支撑柱5穿设在牵拉钢丝上，位于侧面的长条状膜1直接与地面接触对侧面保温，两端延伸下垂与地面接触对两端密封。采用简易安装的棚膜能够快速拆装、重复使用。
Claims (9)
1.一种针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：
包括以下步骤，
A采用复配农药，并采用二次稀释形成药液；
B在腊熟期对已发生赤霉病的小麦的正对麦穗部位于采用药液喷洒处理；
C待小麦成熟后进行收割；
D收割后小麦进行存放处理直至喷洒农药残留符合GB2763标准。
2.根据权利要求1所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：步骤A中复配农药为克菌丹·叶菌唑或戊唑醇·咪鲜胺或氰烯·戊唑醇或戊唑·多菌灵。
3.根据权利要求2所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于： 复配农药为浓度为 36%克菌丹•叶菌唑或45%戊唑醇•咪鲜胺或48%氰烯•戊唑醇或40%戊唑•多菌灵进行二次稀释形成药液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：所述复配农药采用45%的戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂，其使用计量为50ml每亩；45%的戊唑醇•咪鲜胺的水乳剂每50ml采用二次稀释配置成30L药液喷施1亩。
5.根据权利要求1所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：在步骤B与步骤C之间还包括在农药处理后正对麦穗部位施喷酵母菌悬浮液，所述酵母菌悬浮液施喷时间优选在小麦施喷药液后第三天。
6.根据权利要求5所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：所述酵母菌悬浮液有效成分施喷计量为35g/亩-45g/亩。
7.根据权利要求6所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：施喷酵母菌悬浊液后第二天对施喷小麦施喷水雾提高酵母菌作用时间。
8.根据权利要求1至7任一所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：小麦成熟后延期2-5天收割。
9.根据权利要求5-7任一所述的针对发病小麦控制呕吐毒素含量的方法，其特征在于：还包括覆膜保温处理，若干采用长条状膜(1)，所述长条装膜两侧设有若干穿孔(2)，所述穿孔(2)内穿设有牵拉钢丝(3)，还包括位于两端的立柱(4)，所述立柱(4)固定在田地上上端采用斜拉进一步固定，还包括中部的支撑柱(5)，所述支撑柱(5)上端设有固定牵拉钢丝(3)的通孔，支撑柱(5)穿设在牵拉钢丝(3)上，位于侧面的长条状膜(1)直接与地面接触对侧面保温，两端延伸下垂与地面接触对两端密封。
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