CN119123761A - 一种中药材饮片低温干燥方法及复方汤剂 - Google Patents
一种中药材饮片低温干燥方法及复方汤剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN119123761A CN119123761A CN202411186529.7A CN202411186529A CN119123761A CN 119123761 A CN119123761 A CN 119123761A CN 202411186529 A CN202411186529 A CN 202411186529A CN 119123761 A CN119123761 A CN 119123761A
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明提供一种中药材饮片低温干燥方法,所述中药材为后下类药材,通过以下步骤干燥:1)新鲜中药材切段;配置保护液;2)切段的中药材在配置的保护液中浸泡10~50分钟;捞出后自然晾干;3)预冻:将中药材段放入‑10~‑30℃的冷冻间中预冻10~15小时;4)冷冻干燥:将预冻后的中药材段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥。本发明还提供一种复方汤剂。本发明提出的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,针对后下类尤其是叶类的新鲜中药材,先用保护液处理以保持有效成分、以及保持叶片绿色,再低温真空冷冻,得以将中药材饮片有效成分的充分保存。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于中药材加工技术领域,具体涉及一种中药材饮片的干燥方法及用该方法制备的汤剂。
背景技术
真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying简称冻干)是先将湿物料冻结到共晶点温度以下,使水分变成固态的冰,然后通过抽真空将物料中的水分由固态直接升华为气态而排出物料之外的一种干燥方法。
真空冷冻干燥技术因其独特的特点而特别受欢迎,该技术已被应用于一些中药产品的加工中,包括地黄、天麻、人参、虫草和灵芝等名贵药草(真空冷冻干燥在中药材加工中的应用及质量控制(英文),任迪峰等,农业工程学报,2002,18(5):198-201.)。在对名贵药材冬虫夏草研究中,发现冻干和晒干两种干燥方式对冬虫夏草的6种主要核苷和碱基成分具有显著影响,而冻干样品中总核苷、碱基成分、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤、尿苷、肌苷和鸟苷均高于晒干样品,占到了绝大多数药效成分,药效品质更佳。因此,真空冻干干燥是一种获得高品质药材重要方法与途径(国产中药材及原料产地干燥技术研究进展,李坤伦等,中医药研究与促进/2020,2(4):105-115)。
木本中药材也被尝试使用真空冷冻干燥,专利申请CN108635412A公开了一种木本中药材鲜提冷冻干燥粉末饮片的方法,药材采收后净选,去除泥沙等杂质和非药用部位,保持表皮湿润,于12小时内切成2~5mm厚的片,加入药材重量1~5倍量的50~70℃的水,浸泡并时时搅拌5~30分钟,过滤,药渣压榨取汁。所得药渣中再加入药渣重量5~10倍量的水,煮沸10~30分钟,趁热过滤。药渣再次榨汁,收集药汁。合并上述药汁,过60~100目筛,50~80℃条件下减压浓缩至相对密度为1.10~1.25的清膏;将此清膏留取0.5%~3%备用,余下清膏冻结后真空冷冻干燥。收集冻干物,与上述备用的清膏混合制备颗粒,经干燥、整粒后,包装即得成品。
中药汤剂系指将药材饮片或粗颗粒加水煎煮或沸水浸泡后,去渣取汁而得到的液体制剂,其有效成分吸收好,起效快,是中药制剂最基本、最常用的一种剂型。中药汤剂中往往有限定后下的饮片,煎药时待其他药材煎制完成后再放入后下类的药材,稍煎即可。后下类的药材多具有挥发性成分,具有特殊的芳香,冷冻干燥往往导致许多有效成分显著损失。虽然低温冷冻技术已经在中药饮片制备中多有使用,但如何保持具有挥发成分的叶类药材的有效成分不损耗,仍是需要本领域技术人员不断研究摸索的课题。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的不足之处,本发明提出一种针对后下类药材的中药材饮片低温干燥方法。
本发明的第二个目的是提出包括有后下类中药材的一种复方汤剂。
实现本发明上述目的的技术方案为:
一种中药材饮片低温干燥方法,所述中药材为后下类药材,通过以下步骤干燥:
1)新鲜中药材切1~5cm的段;配置丙三醇质量分数为5~8%、氯化钠质量分数为4%~8%、壳聚寡糖质量分数为0.05~0.1%、丙三醇质量分数为2~8%、葡萄糖质量分数为0.5~1%的保护液;
2)切段的中药材在配置的保护液中浸泡10~50分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)预冻:将中药材段放入-10~-30℃的冷冻间中预冻10~15小时;
4)冷冻干燥:将预冻后的中药材段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥,设置冻干温度-20℃~-80℃,真空度设置30~80Pa,冻干时间30~72h。
其中,所述中药材选自薄荷,广藿香,苦瓜,茵陈,紫苏,桑叶,青蒿,马齿苋,绿绒蒿,艾叶和淡竹叶中的一种或多种。
其中,所述保护液的配置方法为:取丙三醇和水,置于搅拌机中充分混合,直至搅拌至乳状,得甘油乳油;
按照质量比例称取配置氯化钠、壳聚寡糖、丙三醇和葡萄糖;置于搅拌机中与所述甘油乳油充分搅拌混合,得保护液。
优选地,所述保护液中,丙三醇质量分数为5~6%,氯化钠质量分数为4%~5%、壳聚寡糖质量分数为0.08~0.1%;葡萄糖质量分数为0.4~0.6%,余量为水。
壳寡糖,又叫壳聚寡糖、低聚壳聚糖,是将壳聚糖经生物酶或化学方法降解得到的聚合度在2~20之间寡糖产品,其分子量≤3200Da,是生物活性高的低分子量产品。壳聚寡糖具有较高溶解度,能全溶于水,容易被生物体吸收利用。壳聚寡糖对真菌和微生物的生长有抑制作用,也被用于果蔬的保鲜和抗菌防腐。
进一步以优选地,步骤4)中,设置冻干温度-40℃~-70℃,真空度40~70Pa,冻干时间35~40h。
本方法中,中药材饮片被冻干至水分降低至5%以下。
所述方法还包括步骤:
5)粉碎:将冷冻后的药材小段粉碎至200目以下。
一种复方汤剂,包括后下类的中药饮片,所述后下类的中药饮片通过本发明所述方法进行低温干燥。
所述的复方汤剂,由以下质量份的中药饮片组成:柴胡12~18份,茯苓10~12份,炒白术12~16份,茵陈12~15份,紫苏叶14~18份,广藿香10~14份,薄荷5~7份,其中紫苏叶,广藿香和薄荷为后下类的中药饮片。
其中,所述复方汤剂通过以下方法制备:
1)按质量份取紫苏梗,广藿香和薄荷的新鲜药材切段,将切段后的中药材混合,
2)在所述的保护液中浸泡10~50分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)茯苓、苍术、茵陈的干燥药材按质量份混合,切1~5cm的段,与后下类的药材段混合;置于-15~-30℃的冷冻间中预冻12h,
4)冷冻干燥:将预冻后的中药材小段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥,设置冻干温度-65℃~-80℃,真空度设置30~80Pa,冻干时间20~40h。
虽然有研究表明,非后下类的药物可以采用更低的温度、不抽真空的方式冷冻,但对于复方汤剂来说,各种药材混合可以获得更好的协同作用;另外,发明人也注意到,将后下类药材和其他药材各自冷冻后再混合,有局部结团的问题,导致粉碎时间较长。
本发明的进一步优选技术方案为:
1)将紫苏叶,广藿香和薄荷的新鲜药材切1~5cm的段;按质量份混合,按照以下配比配置保护液:丙三醇质量分数为5~6%,氯化钠质量分数为4%~5%、壳聚寡糖质量分数为0.06~0.08%;葡萄糖质量分数为0.6-0.8%,余量为水;
2)切段的中药材在配置的保护液中浸泡30分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)预冻:按质量份取茯苓、苍术、茵陈的干燥药材,切1~5cm的段,与后下类的药材混合,将全部中药材段放入-18℃冷冻间中预冻12小时;
4)预冻后的药材段放入冻干机进行冻干,冻干机预冷至约-65~-70℃,真空度设置为60~70Pa,冻干时间30~40h;
5)粉碎:将冷冻后的药材小段与后下类饮片混合,粉碎至200目以下。
当广藿香、苍术和茯苓三者合用时,可以增强化湿、健脾和胃的功效,可有效改善水肿、痰饮、倦怠乏力和脾虚便溏等症状。具有舌淡,苔白等表现,辨证为风寒夹湿患者可考虑使用本复方汤剂。
使用方式:加水复溶。每85克汤剂颗粒加温水约300mL。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明提出的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,针对后下类尤其是叶类的新鲜中药材,先用保护液处理以保持有效成分、以及保持叶片绿色,再低温真空冷冻,得以将中药材饮片有效成分的充分保存;
本方法制备的复方汤剂,颗粒粒度小于200目,可用水直接复溶,不需要煎制,大大节约了人力物力,也提供了储运和包装销售等方面的便利。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例5样品(正离子模式下)的超高效液相色谱串联质谱的图谱;
图2为实施例5样品(负离子模式下)的超高效液相色谱串联质谱的图谱;
图3为对比例样品(正离子模式下)的超高效液相色谱串联质谱的图谱;
图4为对比例样品(负离子模式下)的超高效液相色谱串联质谱的图谱。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
如无特别说明,说明书中采用的技术手段均为本领域已知的技术手段。所用原料均可市购。
实施例1中药材饮片低温干燥方法
新鲜薄荷叶,置于-40℃冰箱中预冻12h后,放入冻干机进行冻干,冻干机预冷至约-80℃(即冻干温度),冻干持续时间24h。
冻干结束后粉碎至200目,约样品重量30g加水150mL,充分振摇复溶,供GC-MS检测分析。
实施例2中药材饮片低温干燥方法
新鲜薄荷叶,置于-40℃冰箱中预冻12h后,放入冻干机进行冻干,冻干机预冷至约-70℃,真空度设置80Pa,冻干时间24h,
冻干结束后粉碎至200目,约样品重量30g加水150mL,充分振摇复溶,供GC-MS检测分析。
实施例和实施例2样品冻干后,薄荷叶颜色灰暗,香味也丧失大半。本项目研究人员参考已有的防冻药品、护色剂等,尝试配置保护液。氯化钠是已知的护色剂,用于保持叶子的绿色;用于植物防冻的药剂较多,但本研究项目是中药饮片制备方法,不能采用任何带入其他化学活性的药品、或破坏中药本身生物活性的药剂,因此仅选择糖类和丙三醇进行试验。
实施例3中药材饮片低温干燥方法
1)取新鲜薄荷叶;并配置保护液:
取丙三醇6Kg,水88Kg,置于搅拌机中充分混合,直至搅拌至乳状,得甘油乳油;
按以下比例称取药品:氯化钠质量分数5%,葡萄糖质量分数1%,加入到甘油乳油中,搅拌均匀;
2)薄荷叶在配置的保护液中浸泡30分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)预冻:将中药材段放入-18℃冷冻间中预冻12小时;
4)冷冻干燥:将预冻后的中药材小段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥,设置冻干温度-68℃,真空度设置70Pa,冻干时间36h,冻干至水分降低至5%。
冻干结束后粉碎至200目,约样品重量30g加水150mL,充分振摇复溶,供GC-MS检测分析。
实施例4中药材饮片低温干燥方法
配置的保护液的成分为:氯化钠质量分数为5%,壳聚寡糖0.1%;丙三醇6%;葡萄糖0.5%,余量为水;
其他操作同实施例3。
本实施例3和实施例4冷冻后的薄荷叶颜色基本不变,香味得到较好的保持。
本研究项目以薄荷为具挥发性成分的叶类药材的代表,对新鲜薄荷叶进行了低温冷冻、低温真空冷冻、使用保护剂低温真空冷冻的试验,冷冻后观察外观、气味,并进行气相色谱质谱分析(GC-MS):将GC顶空进样瓶置于GC仪中,采用直接顶空进样法进行检测。采用GC-MS鉴定主要成分,并对鉴定成分的峰面积进行比较。
未经冻干的中药饮片的样品制备:取300mL水,煮沸,放入30g薄荷,煎煮至体积减少约一半时,用200目筛网滤取提取液,放至室温。取2mL提取液装入GC顶空进样瓶,用于气相色谱质谱分析。
GC-MS鉴定L-薄荷酮和dl-薄荷醇这两个代表性成分,L-薄荷酮分子式C10H18O,保留时间18.1min;dl-薄荷醇分子式C10H20O,保留时间18.6min,GC-MS鉴定结果见下表。检测的结果表明,如果不加保护剂就进行冻干,冻干组各成分的峰面积均小于非冻干组,虽然p>0.05,但总体上挥发性成分减少趋势较为明显。用保护液浸泡后再冻干,对代表性成分有显著的保护作用。其中实施例4的效果更好。该优化后的冷冻方式同样用于复方汤剂制备中。
表1:GC检测到的成分及峰面积(n=3)
实施例5一种复方汤剂
本实施例提出一种复方汤剂,由以下质量份的中药饮片组成:柴胡15份,茯苓10份,炒白术15份,茵陈15份,紫苏叶15份,广藿香10份,薄荷5份,其中紫苏叶、广藿香和薄荷为后下类的中药饮片。
本复方汤剂的制备方法如下:
1),将紫苏叶,广藿香和薄荷的新鲜药材切1~5cm的段;按质量份混合,按照实施例4的配比配置保护液。
2)切段的中药材在配置的保护液中浸泡30分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)预冻:茯苓、苍术、茵陈的干燥药材按质量份混合,切1~5cm的段,与后下类的药材混合,将全部中药材段放入-18℃冷冻间中预冻12小时;
4)将预冻后的中药材小段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥,设置冻干温度-68℃,真空度设置为70Pa,冻干时间36h,冻干至水分降低至5%以下;
5)粉碎:将冷冻后的药材饮片粉碎至200目以下。
使用方式:加水复溶。每85克汤剂颗粒加温水约300mL。
对比例:
柴胡15份,茯苓10份,炒白术15份,茵陈15份,按照85克中药饮片(包括后下类)取760mL水浸泡30min;煎煮25min后,放入紫苏叶15g,广藿香10份,薄荷5份,继续煎煮5min,100目筛网滤取提取液,第二次加水608mL,煎煮30min,100目筛网过滤,合并两次提取液。
水煎液浓缩至300mL左右。
实施例5和对比例每组样品各取100μL,用800μL乙腈萃取2次,离心取上清液,放入LABCONCO台式真空离心浓缩仪挥干溶剂,100μL乙腈复溶,供UPLC-MS检测。
UPLC-MS检测条件:
色谱柱:Waters液相色谱柱(130A,5μm,4.6×250mm),柱温:30℃,进样体积:2μL,流速:0.3mL/min,流动相:A(乙腈,含0.1%甲酸);B(去离子水,含0.1%甲酸和10mM乙酸铵),梯度洗脱:0-4min,0%B;4-6min,0%-25%B;6-15min,25%B;15-16min,25-50%B;16-25min,50%B;25-26min,0%B;26-30min,0%B。
离子源:鞘气流量40arb,辅助气体流量15arb,毛细管温度300℃,辅助气体加热器温度330℃,正喷雾电压3.2kv,负喷雾电压3.0kv。MS的分辨率为70000,MS/MS的分辨率为17500,扫描方式为全扫模式,正、负离子模式同时检测,质谱扫描范围m/z 75-1000。
结果见图1至图4。检测出广藿香酮、亚油酸、阿魏酸、芹菜素和7-甲氧基香豆素5种成分,其中广藿香酮为广藿香挥发油中主要活性成分。两组中同一成分的峰面积相比,差异均无显著性。
虽然,以上通过实施例对本发明进行了说明,但本领域技术人员应了解,在不偏离本发明精神和实质的前提下,对本发明所做的改进和变型,均应属于本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种中药材饮片低温干燥方法,所述中药材为后下类药材,其特征在于,通过以下步骤干燥:
1)新鲜中药材切1~5cm的段;配置丙三醇质量分数为5~8%、氯化钠质量分数为4%~8%、壳聚寡糖质量分数为0.05~0.1%、丙三醇质量分数为2~8%、葡萄糖质量分数为0.5~1%的保护液;
2)切段的中药材在配置的保护液中浸泡10~50分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)预冻:将中药材段放入-10~-30℃的冷冻间中预冻10~15小时;
4)冷冻干燥:将预冻后的中药材段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥,设置冻干温度-20℃~-80℃,真空度设置30~80Pa,冻干时间30~72h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,其特征在于,所述中药材选自薄荷,广藿香,苦瓜,茵陈,紫苏,桑叶,青蒿,马齿苋,绿绒蒿,艾叶和淡竹叶中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,其特征在于,所述保护液的配置方法为:取丙三醇和水,置于搅拌机中充分混合,直至搅拌至乳状,得甘油乳油;
按照质量比例称取配置氯化钠、壳聚寡糖、丙三醇和葡萄糖;置于搅拌机中与所述甘油乳油充分搅拌混合,得保护液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,其特征在于,所述保护液中,丙三醇质量分数为5~6%,氯化钠质量分数为4%~5%、壳聚寡糖质量分数为0.08~0.1%;葡萄糖质量分数为0.4~0.6%,余量为水。
5.根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中,设置冻干温度-40℃~-70℃,真空度40~70Pa,冻干时间35~40h。
6.根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的中药材饮片低温干燥方法,其特征在于,还包括步骤:
5)粉碎:将冷冻后的药材小段粉碎至200目以下。
7.一种复方汤剂,包括后下类的中药饮片,其特征在于,所述后下类的中药饮片通过权利要求1~6任一项所述方法进行低温干燥。
8.根据权利要求7所述的复方汤剂,其特征在于,由以下质量份的中药饮片组成:柴胡12~18份,茯苓10~12份,炒白术12~16份,茵陈12~15份,紫苏叶14~18份,广藿香10~14份,薄荷5~7份,其中紫苏叶,广藿香和薄荷为后下类的中药饮片。
9.根据权利要求8所述的复方汤剂,其特征在于,所述复方汤剂通过以下方法制备:
1)按质量份取紫苏梗,广藿香和薄荷的新鲜药材切段,将切段后的中药材混合,
2)在所述的保护液中浸泡10~50分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)茯苓、苍术、茵陈的干燥药材按质量份混合,切1~5cm的段,与后下类的药材段混合;置于-15~-30℃的冷冻间中预冻12h,
4)冷冻干燥:将预冻后的中药材小段放入冻干设备进行冷冻干燥,设置冻干温度-65℃~-80℃,真空度设置30~80Pa,冻干时间20~40h。
10.根据权利要求7~9任一项所述的复方汤剂,其特征在于,通过以下步骤制备:
1)将紫苏叶,广藿香和薄荷的新鲜药材切1~5cm的段;按质量份混合,按照以下配比配置保护液:丙三醇质量分数为5~6%,氯化钠质量分数为4%~5%、壳聚寡糖质量分数为0.06~0.08%;葡萄糖质量分数为0.6-0.8%,余量为水;
2)切段的中药材在配置的保护液中浸泡30分钟;捞出后自然晾干;
3)预冻:按质量份取茯苓、苍术、茵陈的干燥药材,切1~5cm的段,与后下类的药材混合,将全部中药材段放入-18℃冷冻间中预冻12小时;
4)预冻后的药材段放入冻干机进行冻干,冻干机预冷至约-65~-70℃,真空度设置为60~70Pa,冻干时间30~40h;
5)粉碎:将冷冻后的药材小段与后下类饮片混合,粉碎至200目以下。
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