DE102023211971A1 - Electrode for an electrode/separator arrangement in a battery cell and method for producing such an electrode - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an electrode for an electrode/separator assembly (3) in a battery cell, in particular a lithium-ion battery cell, comprising a substrate film (5) coated on one or both sides with an active material layer (7). According to the invention, the substrate film (5) is formed from conductive graphite (17) and a binder (15), in particular PTFE.

Description

The invention relates to an electrode for an electrode/separator arrangement in a battery cell according to the preamble of claim 1, a method for producing such an electrode according to the preamble of claim 8 and a battery cell according to the preamble of claim 9.

• Eine erste Problemstellung liegt darin, dass im Stand der Technik das aktive Anoden- und Kathodenmaterial auf einer Metallfolie (das heißt Substratfolie) aufgebracht wird. Für die Anode wird in der Regel eine Kupferfolie und für Aluminium eine dünne Aluminiumfolie verwendet. Diese Folien sind elektrisch leitfähig, so dass die Elektronen zur und von der Aktivmaterialschicht wandern können. Sie nehmen normalerweise nicht an der Redoxreaktion teil, um Energie zu sparen. Metall-Substratfolien werden normalerweise nur als Elektronenleiter und als Tragstruktur für die Aktivmaterialschichten verwendet. Normalerweise sind Kupferfolien etwa 10µm und Aluminiumfolien etwa 12 µm dick. Diese Folien tragen zum Gewicht bei und verringern die Energiedichte der Zelle. Wenn es keine Substratfolie gäbe, würde die Energiedichte der Zelle deutlich steigen.

A generic electrode comprises a substrate foil coated on one or both sides with an active material layer. Such an electrode presents the following problems:

• A first problem is that in the current technology, the active anode and cathode materials are applied to a metal foil (i.e., substrate foil). Typically, a copper foil is used for the anode, and a thin aluminum foil for the aluminum. These foils are electrically conductive, allowing electrons to migrate to and from the active material layer. They do not normally participate in the redox reaction to save energy. Metal substrate foils are usually used only as electron conductors and as a support structure for the active material layers. Copper foils are typically about 10 µm thick, and aluminum foils about 12 µm thick. These foils contribute to the weight and reduce the energy density of the cell. Without a substrate foil, the energy density of the cell would increase significantly.

A second problem lies in the comparatively poor adhesion of the active material layer to the metal substrate foil. In the prior art, the active material layer is applied to both sides of the metal substrate foil, either by wet or dry coating. The binder ensures sufficient adhesion between the substrate foil and the active material layer. If this adhesion is lower than the active material, it can detach from the substrate foil, a process known as delamination. This detachment can cause a short circuit between the electrodes. Adhesion decreases over time because the active material swells. The adhesion force can also decrease due to migration of the binder during the drying phase. To ensure sufficient adhesion, it is common practice to add more binder, but this also leads to a reduction in energy density. If the metal substrate foil were omitted, no such adhesion problem would arise.

A third issue concerns the fact that in the electrode/separator arrangement, the resistance to the movement of electrons is much lower than that of ions. Given this, the metal substrate foil is unlikely to contribute to increasing the electrical performance of the battery cell. Typically, a cell has two internal resistances: one for electron transfer and one for lithium ion transfer. The resistance for electron transfer is approximately 100 times lower than the resistance for ion transfer. The carbon binder, the graphite, and the metallic substrate foil ensure electron transfer. Even if the metallic substrate foil were replaced with another conductive substrate material, the electron resistance would not increase significantly. The main limitation to the battery cell's high-speed properties is determined by the conductivity of the lithium ions.

A third problem is that the aluminum substrate foil of the cathode is susceptible to corrosion under the influence of the electrolyte and at high alkalinity. Aluminum tends to form aluminum oxide; however, this aluminum oxide layer is not stable against electrolyte attack. Even at higher alkalinity levels in the slurry (pH above 11), aluminum pits. Without the aluminum layer, many electrolyte salts could be used that could be beneficial for the cell, but are currently not used due to aluminum corrosion.

A fifth concern is that copper oxidation can reduce anode adhesion. Copper is prone to the formation of copper oxide on its surface, which can reduce the conductivity and adhesion of the active anode material. Copper is also prone to dendrite formation when the cell reaches a voltage lower than the allowable discharge voltage. If copper were not used as a substrate, there would be no problems with adhesion and the formation of copper dendrites.

From the WO 2023/122748 A1 Composite materials for use in anodes are known. The new composites comprise silicon-based nanostructures. Furthermore, the composites comprise nanostructures attached to a carbon-based substrate on which a polymer is disposed, the polymer containing monomeric units of styrene and allyl alcohol. The composites enable the production of anode electrodes with a low ratio of inactive materials to active materials, with improved processability in both wet and dry anode coating processes.

The object of the invention is to provide an electrode and a method for producing to provide such an electrode and/or a battery cell which has increased performance compared to the prior art.

The object is solved by the features of claim 1, claim 8 or claim 9. Preferred developments of the invention are disclosed in the subclaims.

The invention relates to an electrode for an electrode/separator arrangement in a battery cell, in particular a lithium-ion battery cell. The electrode comprises a substrate film coated on one or both sides with an active material layer. According to the characterizing part of claim 1, the substrate film is formed from conductive graphite and a binder, in particular PTFE. The substrate film is preferably formed from a PTFE compound with non-metallic, electrically conductive fillers, such as graphite powder and/or electrically conductive carbon black particles.

The invention is based on the following finding: In the prior art, an aluminum substrate foil is used for the cathode and a copper substrate foil for the anode. The substrate foils are important for electronic conductivity and also act as the basis for the active material layers. As explained above, electrical conductivity is much faster than ionic conductivity; therefore, increasing electrical conductivity would not drastically change cell resistance. Accordingly, the main function of the metal substrate foil is to support the active material layers.

Against this background, the following modifications are made according to the invention: No metal foil is used for the manufacture of the anode and cathode electrodes. For the anode, for example, instead of copper foil, nanocopper particles are embedded in a matrix of graphite and PTFE binder (with or without conductive carbon black) to form a thin foil with a maximum thickness of 20 µm using dry coating technology.

This thin film, created by dry coating, serves as a substrate for the subsequent anode coating process. Here, the wet slurry is coated on both sides and then dried to create the final anode electrode. The anode electrode consists of two distinct layers. The first layer, made of copper nanoparticles, acts as an electron conductor. Calendering and subsequent processes are carried out as usual. The copper nanoparticles form a conductive network for electron transfer. If there is no continuous connection between the copper nanoparticles, the graphite embedding these copper nanoparticles acts as an electron conductor.

Graphite particles present in both the upper and lower active material layers of the anode contribute to lithium intercalation. The substrate foil is preferably produced by dry coating (mainly by extrusion of powder and compaction of the powder). The active material layer is produced using wet coating technology. According to the invention, the coating is not applied to a metal foil substrate, but rather to a substrate foil made primarily from graphite powder and PTFE in a dry process. The composition of the substrate foil and the active material layer differs because different binders are used. It is also possible to produce the active material layer using dry coating technology. The active material layer contains no metal powder in either wet or dry coating. This means that even after compaction during calendering, no metal particles can protrude from the electrode surface and penetrate the separator. Metallic particles are located deep within the electrode and only in the substrate foil.

In the cathode, unlike the anode, aluminum nano- or microparticles (less than 3 µm) are mixed with conductive graphite, as well as with active cathode material and PTFE, to form a coating of approximately 30 µm. 1% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can also be used. The substrate film according to the invention is produced using a dry coating process, without the use of aluminum foil. Instead of aluminum, stainless steel micropowders or nanopowders can also be used.

The cathode active material layer is formed on the substrate film using wet or dry coating techniques. Here, a slurry containing only cathode active material with a PVDF binder and carbon black or CNT is prepared with NMP or an aqueous solvent and then coated onto the substrate film, which then dries to form a cathode electrode. This electrode is then compressed and cut to length during calendering to complete the electrodes.

In the substrate film formed by dry coating, a metal foil blank can be glued to one side of the electrode, which serves as a conductor tab. The active material layer is then applied to the substrate film. The conductor tab, which can have a thickness of approximately 20 µm, protrudes laterally from the electrode/separator arrangement. The conductor tab is located between the active material layer and the substrate. foil. After the two coatings are applied, the electrode is cut to length. Each individual electrode sheet has its own conductor tab that extends laterally beyond the active material layers. The conductor tab can be made of aluminum for the cathode or nickel-plated copper for the anode.

The thickness of the arrester tab is smaller than the thickness of the final compressed active material layer. This allows the arrester tab to always remain free of contact with the separator. It is possible to attach one arrester tab to the top side of the substrate foil and one to the bottom side of the substrate foil.

The substrate foil can consist solely of graphite (with a PTFE binder and carbon black) and can be used in the dry coating process to produce an anode. The cathode substrate foil is similarly manufactured without nano- or micro-aluminum particles (or stainless steel particles). It consists of graphite mixed with active cathode material (and PTFE binder and CNT or carbon black) and is produced in the dry coating process.

In another embodiment, the substrate film is manufactured using a similar technology as outlined above. The substrate film can be manufactured with or without metallic nanoparticles or metal particles. In this embodiment, the active material layer is not initially coated onto the substrate film, but rather onto the separator. In this case, a 20 µm polypropylene or polyethylene separator is first selected as the basis for the active material layer using a dry process. The substrate film is subsequently manufactured separately using dry coating. The conductor tab is then bonded on.

The active material layer is significantly thicker than the substrate film, which has a maximum thickness of approximately 20 to 30 µm. The active material layer, in contrast, has a thickness of approximately 60 to 70 µm. An adhesive (i.e., binder) is located between the active material layer and the substrate film; this adhesive bonds the two layers together by applying slight mechanical force or heat. This way, the two layers, although different in composition, become homogeneous and act as a single electrode coating.

The dry blend can consist of 97% graphite, 1% PTFE, and 2% conductive carbon. This is thoroughly mixed in a mixer unit. Copper powder can be added up to 2% by weight. If copper powder is omitted, a conductive carbon additive of up to 3% can be added if desired. During shear dispersion, PTFE fibrillates, causing interparticle bonding.

The anode substrate foil is manufactured as follows: A dry mixture can be used as a starting material and pressed between calender rolls to produce a thin film of approximately 20 to 50 µm. This film then serves as the substrate foil for the wet coating. The foil has a total thickness of 40 µm and contains either copper powder or no copper powder. Copper powder is recommended because metal particles embedded in the graphite matrix can impart greater conductivity and strength to the anode substrate foil.

The cathode substrate film is manufactured as follows: Dry particles are used for the cathode in a similar way to the anode substrate film. Here, the dry powder consists of NMC particles or other cathode-active materials with a maximum content of 92 wt%. PTFE (approx. 2 wt%) is used as a binder and carbon black (approx. 3 wt%) as a conductive additive. CNTs may also be used here, with a maximum content of 2 wt%. Here, the aluminum powder content is approximately 2 to 3 wt%. Aluminum powder can be added at up to 5 wt%. It is also possible to produce a dry film without aluminum powder. In this case, a higher proportion of conductive carbon, approximately 5 wt%, can be used instead of the fine aluminum powder.

The electrode has a metal foil strip as a conductor tab, for example, 20 mm x 20 mm with a thickness of approximately 30 µm. The conductor tab can be attached to the substrate foil. To do this, the conductor tab is coated with PVDF binder and then pressed onto the substrate foil under heat to ensure strong adhesion. It is also possible to use another conductive acrylic-based adhesive that can be attached to the substrate foil using mechanical force. It is important that the adhesive is electrically conductive.

The collector tab can be attached either to the top side of the substrate foil or to both sides of the substrate foil. This means that either only one collector tab can be provided on the top side or two current collectors can be provided on the top and bottom sides of the substrate foil. The anode collector tab can be made of nickel-plated copper, while the cathode collector tab can be made of nickel-plated aluminum.

In wet coating, a slurry without metal powder is applied to the substrate film. The layer thickness is approximately 70 to 80 µm; drying then occurs. After the drying process, a wet coating and drying process can be applied to the opposite side. Depending on the coating system, both sides of the substrate film can also be coated simultaneously.

After the wet coating, calendering and cutting take place. During calendering, both the substrate film and the active material layer are compacted. The compaction is so strong that the metal particles are embedded in the coating and do not protrude outward. This prevents the embedded metal particles from coming into contact with the separator, preventing them from penetrating the separator.

The cathode substrate foil can contain aluminum powder, while the cathode conductor tab can be a nickel-plated aluminum foil. PTFE is used as a binder for the substrate foil. PVDF is used as a binder for the active material layer.

The invention differs from the prior art in the following features: No metal film is used as the substrate foil. Instead, the substrate foil consists of a thin dry film with graphite, PTFE as a binder, conductive carbon, and copper powder. Copper powder is used for the anode dry film. The particle size is preferably in the nanorange, but can be a maximum of 5 µm. The dry film (used as the substrate foil) also contains graphite and therefore also contributes to lithium intercalation, just like the active material layer. The anode active material layer does not contain copper particles and can contain either a PVDF binder in NMP solvent or a CMC/SBE slurry for a water-based binder.

The cathode is manufactured in a similar way. Instead of using metallic aluminum foil as the substrate for the coating, the substrate consists of aluminum particles (maximum 5 µm) embedded in graphite, CNT, or carbon black, and PTFE as a binder. PTFE is used because it can fibrillate under high shear stress and form a dry film that can be used for subsequent wet coating.

A metal strip serves as a collector tab between the active material layer and the substrate foil. The current collector can be located either on one side of the substrate foil or on both sides. The substrate foil can contain cathode active material such as NMC, LFP, or other metal oxides. In this case, the substrate foil can also contribute to the redox reaction and the intercalation of lithium ions.

When the active material layer is applied using the wet coating method, PVDF can be used as a binder for the cathode with NMP solvent. CMC/SBR with a water-based solvent can be used for the anode. PVDF can also be used as a binder with NMP solvent for the wet coating of the anode active material layer. However, it is also possible to apply the active material layer using a dry coating method.

The calendering and cutting process is carried out as usual. It is important that no metallic particles penetrate outside the dry coating.

For example, in the production of the electrode/separator arrangement, the separator can first be used as a substrate for the active material layer (second coating). The anode is dry-coated on one side of the separator, and the cathode on the other. The substrate film is produced as described above. A PVDF coating is applied between the layers. This serves as a binder. A conductive adhesive can also be used. It is important that the coating is also lithium-ion conductive. Therefore, the coating consists of a mixture of conductive binder or adhesive with lithium nitride or lithium phosphate particles to ensure lithium-ion conduction. Conductive carbon in the adhesive ensures electron transport. Here, both coatings are produced using a dry process, as the separator cannot withstand the drying temperature after wet coating.

It is also possible to apply a substrate film to the separator, then attach the collector tabs, and then apply an active material layer. The resulting composite can be calendered to achieve good cohesion between the layers. In this case, no adhesive is required between the two layers. With this option, monocells (hereinafter referred to as stacked composites) are manufactured with a coating on the separator. Each monocell is placed with the cathode facing the cathode and the anode facing the anode. This stacks the electrodes.

The advantages of the invention are summarized below: No metallic substrate such as copper or aluminum is required for the coating A minium foil is required. A high cell energy density is possible because the weight of the metal foil is reduced. The electrode layers are bonded together in such a way that the lithium ions can easily migrate between the layers. There is no metal film to impede the movement of the lithium ions. Furthermore, there is no problem with aluminum corrosion, such as pitting under alkaline conditions or under salts such as LiFSi. The problem of copper dendrites at lower voltages is also solved because the copper content is reduced. Since both coatings have a similar chemical makeup, there are no problems with adhesion and detachment of the coating from the substrate. PTFE, used as a binder in the first coating to create a dry film, can provide good cohesion due to its fibrillation properties. The binder used in the second coating can provide good cohesion with the middle layer, so cohesion is not an issue. In short, the coating is much more strongly bonded than the current coating with a metallic substrate. It is also possible to produce dry film substrates without metal powder. Here, the proportion of conductive carbon is reduced to a greater extent to achieve higher conductivity. During electrode production, only cutting to length is required. This means that so-called notching is unnecessary. The metallic conductor tab is not cut out of the substrate as in the conventional process; instead, the conductor tab is attached to the substrate foil by adhesive bonding. This has the advantage that a larger current-carrying conductor tab cross-section can be achieved. If a larger current-carrying conductor tab cross-section were required in the conventional process, this would mean that the substrate foil would have to be provided with a correspondingly greater thickness. Furthermore, there is no metallic burr formation during the cutting operations. There is also a lower risk of short circuits because there are fewer metal particles in the cell. Dry coating is also a less energy-intensive process, so production costs can be reduced.

Embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the attached figures.

• 1 bis 8 jeweils unterschiedliche Ansichten, anhand derer Ausführungsbeispiele der erfindungsgemäßen Elektrode veranschaulicht sind.

They show:

• 1 to 8 each show different views illustrating embodiments of the electrode according to the invention.

In the 1 A battery cell with a cell housing 1 indicated by dashed lines is shown roughly schematically to the extent necessary for understanding the invention. Located in the cell housing 1 is an electrode/separator arrangement 3 with a total of two anodes A and two cathodes K, as well as separators S arranged between them. Each of the electrodes A, K has a three-layer structure with a central substrate film 5 coated on both sides with an active material layer 7. The substrate film 5 is each extended laterally outward beyond the active material layers 7 by a conductor lug 9. The anode-side conductor lugs 9 are in electrical connection with an anode-side cell conductor 11. Similarly, the cathode-side conductor lugs 9 are in electrical connection with the cathode-side cell conductor 13.

A core of the invention is that the substrate foil 5 is not made of a metal foil, but rather of a PTFE compound with non-metallic, electrically conductive fillers. Such fillers are, for example, graphite powder 17 ( 2 ) as well as electrically conductive additives 19, such as soot particles or carbon nanotubes. A metal powder can also be added to the PTFE compound as a conductive additive. For example, a copper powder can be added to the anode substrate foil 5, while an aluminum powder can be added to the cathode substrate foil 5.

As from the 1 As further stated, the conductor lugs 9 are not a uniform component of the respective substrate foil 5. Rather, the conductor lugs 9 are each made from a metal foil blank. The conductor lugs 9 are bonded to the substrate foils 5 in an adhesive process described later.

• - Graphitpulver 17, insbesondere bis zu 97 Gew%
• - PTFE-Binder 15, insbesondere bis zu 1 Gew%
• - gegebenenfalls elektrisch leitfähige Additive 19, wie etwa Rußpartikel bis zu 2 Gew%, und/oder Kupferpulver.

The anode substrate foil 5 can, for example, have the following composition:

• - Graphite powder 17, in particular up to 97 wt%
• - PTFE binder 15, in particular up to 1 wt%
• - optionally electrically conductive additives 19, such as soot particles up to 2% by weight, and/or copper powder.

• - Graphitpulver 17, insbesondere bis zu 97 Gew%,
• - PTFE-Binder 15, insbesondere bis zu 1 Gew%
• - NMC-Partikel oder weiteres Kathodenaktivmaterial, und
• - Aluminiumpulver.

Alternatively, the cathode substrate foil 5 may have the following composition:

• - Graphite powder 17, in particular up to 97 wt%,
• - PTFE binder 15, in particular up to 1 wt%
• - NMC particles or other cathode active material, and
• - Aluminum powder.

The following are based on the 2 to 5a Process steps for producing the electrode A, K according to the invention are described. According to the 2 The PTFE binder 15, graphite powder 17, and other electrically conductive additives or fillers 19 are mixed in a mixer unit 21 to form granules. This is followed by a primary forming process, in which the granules are fed to an extruder 23. Under pressure and/or heat, the extruder 23 processes the granules into a continuous substrate film web 25, which is wound onto a substrate film roll 27. The primary forming step is followed by an adhesive process ( 3 ), in which the conductor lugs 9 are glued as metal foil blanks onto the substrate foil endless web 25. Subsequently, a coating process ( 4 ), in which the active material layers 7 are coated in a wet coating as a so-called slurry onto the substrate film endless web 25, specifically to form a composite endless web 29. In the 4 In the process state shown, the endless substrate film web unwound from the substrate film roll 27 is already coated on its underside with an active material layer 7 (in a previous coating process not shown). Accordingly, in the 4 only the coating of the still uncoated upper side of the substrate film continuous web 25 is shown, which takes place via an application tool 31. The composite continuous web 29, coated on both sides, passes through a drying station 33, in which the wet-coated active material layers 7 are dried. The dried composite continuous web 29 is then guided past a thickness measurement 35. This is signal-related to a downstream (not shown) calendering process in order to compact the composite continuous web to a predefined dimension. After the calendering process, a cutting process is carried out, in which the electrodes A, K are cut as electrode sheets with cutting blades 37 (indicated in the 4 ) to the one in the 5a The electrode shown in the figure can be cut to length. 5b An alternative embodiment is shown in which the electrode A, K has two conductor lugs 9. The two conductor lugs 9 are glued to opposite flat sides of the substrate foil 5.

In the 6 an electrode/separator arrangement 3 according to a further embodiment is indicated. According to the 6 The electrode/separator arrangement 3 comprises a total of three stacked composites 39. One of these stacked composites 39 is in the 7 shown in isolation. Accordingly, in the stacked composite 39, a separator S is coated on both sides in a coating process with an anode active material layer 7a and a cathode active material layer 7b. 7 The stacked assembly 39 shown has an anode substrate foil 5a and a cathode substrate foil 5b at each stack end. The substrate foils 5a, 5b are extended laterally beyond the active material layers 7 by means of conductor tabs 9.

In a method for manufacturing the stacked composite 39, the coating process is first carried out, in which the anode active material layer 7a and the cathode active material layer 7b are coated in a dry process onto both sides of the separator S. This is followed by an adhesive bonding process. In preparation for the adhesive bonding process, the outer sides of the active material layers 7a, 7b are coated with a PVDF binder 41, as described in the 8 is indicated. This allows the respective substrate foils 5a, 5b to be bonded to the associated anode and cathode active material layers 7a, 7b. As in the first exemplary embodiment, the substrate foils 5a, 5b are formed from a PTFE compound with non-metallic, electrically conductive fillers, such as graphite powder 17 and electrically conductive carbon black particles. Furthermore, the substrate foil 7a, 7b can contain a metal powder (i.e., aluminum powder or copper powder) as an electrically conductive additive.

According to the 6 The stacked assemblies 39 are stacked one above the other such that the anode active material layers 7a face each other with two anode substrate foils 5a interposed. Similarly, the cathode active material layers 7b of adjacent stacked assemblies 39 face each other with two cathode substrate foils 7b interposed.

List of reference symbols

1

Cell housing

3

Electrode/separator arrangement

5, 5a, 5b

Substrate film

7, 7a, 7b

Active material layer

9

arrester lug

11, 13

Cell arrester

15

PTFE binder

17

Graphite powder

19

electrically conductive additives

21

Mixer unit

23

Extruder

25

Continuous substrate film web

27

Substrate film roll

29

Composite endless track

31

Application tool

33

Drying station

35

Thickness measurement

37

Cutting blade

39

Stacked composite

41

PVDF binder

A

anode

K

cathode

S

separator

QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• WO 2023/122748 A1 [0007]

Claims (10)

Electrode for an electrode/separator arrangement (3) in a battery cell, in particular a lithium-ion battery cell, with a substrate film (5) which is coated on one or both sides with an active material layer (7), characterized in that the substrate film (5) is formed from conductive graphite (17) and a binder (15), in particular PTFE, and/or that the substrate film (5) is formed from a PTFE compound with non-metallic, electrically conductive fillers, such as graphite powder (17) and/or electrically conductive soot particles. Electrode after Claim 1 , characterized in that the starting material for producing the substrate film (5) is a granulate or a dry powder mixture of graphite powder (17) and binder (15), and that the starting material can be processed into the substrate film (5) by primary shaping, in particular calendering or extrusion. Electrode after Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the substrate film (5) has the following composition: - graphite powder, in particular up to 97% by weight, - binder, in particular up to 1% by weight - optionally electrically conductive soot particles up to 2% by weight, and - optionally further electrically conductive additives, such as metal powder. Electrode after Claim 1 , 2 or 3 , characterized in that the active material layer (7), in particular in a coating process by wet or dry coating, can be applied to the substrate film (5), and/or that the substrate film (5) is extended laterally beyond the active material layer (7) with at least one conductor lug (9), and that in particular the conductor lug (9) is a metal foil blank which can be adhesively bonded to the substrate film (5) in an electrically conductive manner, in particular in an adhesive process which takes place between the primary forming process and the coating process. Electrode after Claim 4 , characterized in that the arrester foil (9) can be glued to the substrate foil (5) by means of a PVDF binder, and/or that the electrode (A, K) has two arrester lugs (9) which are glued to opposite flat sides of the substrate foil (5), and/or that in the finished electrode (A, K) the thickness of the arrester lug (9) is smaller than the thickness of the active material layer (7) in order to avoid contact with an adjacent separator (S) in the electrode/separator arrangement (3). Electrode according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the case of an electrode designed as an anode (A), the starting material for the production of the substrate film (5) is a dry powder mixture with the following composition: - graphite powder (17), in particular up to 97% by weight, - PTFE (15), in particular up to 1% by weight, - conductive soot particles, in particular up to 3% by weight, - optionally copper powder, in particular up to 2% by weight. Electrode according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the case of an electrode designed as a cathode (K), the starting material for the production of the substrate film (5) is a dry powder mixture with the following composition: - NMC particles or further cathode active material, in particular up to 92% by weight, - PTFE, in particular up to 2% by weight, - conductive soot particles, in particular up to 3% by weight - optionally carbon nanotubes, in particular up to 2% by weight - optionally aluminum powder, in particular up to 5% by weight. Method for producing an electrode (A, K) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising - a primary shaping process in which a dry powder mixture is shaped into a substrate foil continuous web (25), - a coating process in which the active material layer (7) is coated onto the substrate foil continuous web (25) in a wet or dry process, specifically to form a composite continuous web (29), - optionally a drying process in which the wet-coated active material layer (7) of the composite continuous web (29) is dried, - a calendering process in which the composite continuous web (29) is compressed, and - a cutting process in which the electrode (A, K) is cut to length as an electrode sheet from the composite continuous web (29), characterized in that an adhesive process takes place between the primary shaping process and the coating process, in which at least one conductor lug (9) is adhesively bonded to the substrate foil continuous web (25) as a metal foil blank. becomes. Battery cell with an electrode/separator arrangement (3), which in particular has at least one electrode (A, K) according to one of the preceding claims, with at least one stack assembly (39), in which a separator (S) is coated on both sides directly with an anode active material layer (7a) and with a Cathode active material layer (7b) is coated, and that the stack assembly (39) has a substrate film (5a, 5b) at its two stack ends, which is extended laterally beyond the active material layer (7a, 7b) with a conductor lug (9), and that in particular the two substrate films (5a, 5b) are glued to the respective active material layer (7a, 7b) in an adhesive process, and that in particular the electrode/separator arrangement (3) is constructed from a plurality of stack assemblies (39) stacked one above the other, and that in particular the anode active material layers (7a) of adjacent stack assemblies (39) face one another with the interposition of two substrate films (7a), and in the same way the cathode active material layers (7b) of adjacent stack assemblies (39) face one another with the interposition of two substrate films (7b). Battery cell after Claim 9 , characterized in that the respective substrate film (5a, 5b) is formed from conductive graphite (17) and a binder, in particular PTFE (15), and/or that the substrate film (5a, 5b) is formed from a PTFE compound with non-metallic, electrically conductive fillers, such as graphite powder (17) and/or electrically conductive soot particles.

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