EP0090691A1 - Strahldüse deren Strahl flache und feste Schleifteilchen aufweist - Google Patents

Strahldüse deren Strahl flache und feste Schleifteilchen aufweist Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0090691A1
EP0090691A1 EP83400484A EP83400484A EP0090691A1 EP 0090691 A1 EP0090691 A1 EP 0090691A1 EP 83400484 A EP83400484 A EP 83400484A EP 83400484 A EP83400484 A EP 83400484A EP 0090691 A1 EP0090691 A1 EP 0090691A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
jet
abrasive particles
water
flat
nozzle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83400484A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0090691B1 (de
Inventor
Jean Spitz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA filed Critical Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Publication of EP0090691A1 publication Critical patent/EP0090691A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0090691B1 publication Critical patent/EP0090691B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24CABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C7/00Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts
    • B24C7/0084Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts the abrasive material being fed in a mixture of liquid and gas
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24CABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • B24C5/02Blast guns, e.g. for generating high velocity abrasive fluid jets for cutting materials
    • B24C5/04Nozzles therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24CABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C7/00Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts
    • B24C7/0046Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts the abrasive material being fed in a gaseous carrier

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a sandblasting nozzle with a flat jet and containing abrasive solid particles.
  • It relates in particular to a blasting nozzle with water under high or very high pressure used for cleaning surfaces that are heavily fouled or covered with oxides, paint, various deposits. It also relates to a method of implementing a sandblasting nozzle for radioactive decontamination.
  • a sandblasting device of this type includes an inlet device which generates a jet inside a vacuum chamber.
  • a pipe which brings a mixture of air and abrasive also opens into this room. The vacuum allows the suction of the abrasive which is then incorporated into the water of the jet.
  • the water is injected along the axis of the sandblasting device and the abrasive supply line opens laterally into the vacuum chamber.
  • This embodiment allows a reduced size, a simple implementation and a high concentration of the water jet.
  • the pipe for supplying the abrasive particles is disposed in the axis of the device and one or more ejection nozzles are arranged laterally with respect to this pipe.
  • Three, four or six nozzles with cylindrical nozzles are arranged annularly and converge towards a point located towards the outlet of the sandblaster.
  • This arrangement has the advantage of exposing the walls of the outlet nozzle little to the action of abrasive particles, because the mixed jet is not homogeneous. In fact, the particles are concentrated essentially in the center of the jet. In addition, the impact of the jet on the part to be cleaned is distributed over a larger surface.
  • the previously known sandblasting devices have a circular trace on the part to be cleaned when its surface is presented perpendicular to the jet, semi-elliptical when this surface is presented at a lower angle of incidence. at 90 °: in the latter case the ejected abrasives have a degressive action inversely proportional to the distance from the sandblaster to the object being treated: erosion will be greater at the top of the half-ellipse.
  • the present invention relates to a sandblasting nozzle which provides a flat jet and containing abrasive particles, which allows the cleaning of larger surfaces without requiring the setting in parallel with several circular jet sandblasting devices.
  • the nozzle from the in - vention for the decontamination of radioactive parts by means of a jet formed from a mixture of water and abrasive particles characterized in that it comprises an input device known type, capable of generating a single jet of flat water, with an opening angle a in the plane of the jet, inside a vacuum chamber, an outlet member having, in planes perpendicular to the jet flat, two diverging side walls substantially of opening ⁇ and, on either side of the flat jet, two converging walls forming an angle ⁇ , said outlet member forming an integral part of the vacuum chamber, and the combination of angles a and ⁇ and of the section of the outlet orifice being defined so that there occurs in the chamber a sufficient depression entraining the abrasive particles and orienting them so that the bombardment of the walls and of the outlet member is nonexistent when the regularity of the grains of abra sifs is constant.
  • the subject of the invention is a method of using a sandblasting nozzle for radioactive decontamination, characterized in that abrasive particles soluble in water are used.
  • these abrasive particles are made of boron trioxide.
  • the inventor has shown that it was possible provided that suitable process parameters and adaptable structures were adopted, making it possible to obtain high flow rates and to avoid the risks of blockage of the pipes.
  • Figures 1 and 2 There is shown in Figures 1 and 2 a first embodiment of a sandblasting nozzle 2 produced according to the invention.
  • Figure 1 is a sectional view of this sandblasting nozzle
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of the outlet member which is an integral part of the sandblasting nozzle.
  • the nozzle 2 comprises a body 4 of cylindrical shape. Inside the body 4 there is a circular chamber 6 which has a cylindrical part drique prolonged by a conical part which widens. The angle of the conical part 8 is approximately equal to the ejection angle of the flat jet nozzle 18. At one end of the body 4 is made an internal thread in which the inlet block 10 is screwed high pressure water. The block 10 is immobilized with respect to the body 4 by a lock nut 12 "An internal thread 14 allows the connection of the connector of the high pressure water supply pipe (not shown). This pipe brings the water into the internal channel 16 which itself opens onto an ejection nozzle 18 screwed into the block 10. The nozzle 18 has an outlet orifice 20.
  • the section of this orifice is determined so as to produce a flat jet. Ejection of this kind is known.
  • SOCOFREN markets ejection nozzles which can be used to carry out the invention.
  • the ejection nozzle 18 is screwed onto the inlet block 10.
  • a lock nut 22 makes it possible to block it in rotation relative to the body 10.
  • An O-ring 24 seals between the body 10 and the ejection nozzle 18.
  • the outlet member 26 At the other end of the body 4 is the outlet member 26. It is screwed onto an external thread of the body 4. It has for this purpose a knurled portion 26a. A lock nut 28 ensures its locking in rotation relative to the body 4.
  • the outlet member 26 which has two diverging side walls, substantially opening a, located in planes perpendicular to the flat jet and two converging walls 26c forming an angle P.
  • the interior 9 of the outlet member 26 integral part of the vacuum chamber.
  • the sanding device 2 also includes a pipe 29 for supplying the abrasive particles.
  • the pipe 29 is terminated by an inlet connector 30 screwed onto the body 4.
  • the connector 30 opens out inside the suction chamber 6. It is arranged, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the body 4.
  • the combination of the angles a and ⁇ and of the section of the outlet orifice 26 are defined so that there is a sufficient vacuum in the chamber which entrains the abrasive particles and directs them so that the bombardment of the walls and the outlet member is nonexistent when the regularity of the abrasive grains is constant.
  • the abrasive particles are introduced via line 29 carrying a gas-abrasive particle mixture, the gas possibly being air.
  • the ejection nozzle 18 and the outlet member 26 must be positioned angularly with respect to each other, so that the flat jet is aligned with the orifice of the member 26. This angular positioning can be easily carried out by means of the locknuts 22 and 28 which make it possible to block the ejection nozzle 18 and the outlet member 26 respectively in any position.
  • the pressurized water is brought through the nozzle 20 of the ejection nozzle 18 inside the vacuum chamber 6.
  • This vacuum allows the suction, inside the chamber 6, of the mixture of air and abrasive particles brought in through line 28.
  • the abrasive particles get mixed gent to the water jet and the mixed jet, that is to say the air-solid particles-water mixture, passes through the outlet nozzle 26.
  • the ejection nozzle 18 of known embodiment gives a flat jet.
  • the thinner plane of the outlet member 26 approximately coincides with the median plane of the high pressure flat water jet.
  • the interior of the outlet member 26 is an integral part of the vacuum chamber 6.
  • an additional part comprising a cavity forming an elbow allows the fitting of a connection inlet for the mixture.
  • This part is fixed, for example by screws, to the body 4.
  • This added part has a long resistance to wear by abrasion in the elbow, due to the thickness of its walls.
  • FIG. 3 shows a second improved embodiment of the sanding device of the invention.
  • This sanding nozzle 102 differs from the sanding nozzle 2 shown in FIG. 1 in that the supply line for the air-abrasive particle mixture is disposed in the axis of the body 104, while the ejection nozzle 118 , which is unique, is arranged laterally to this pipe.
  • the parts which have the same function as that of the nozzle 2 in FIG. 1 have been designated by the same reference numbers increased by 100. Their description will therefore not be repeated in detail.
  • the angle formed by the median plane of the flat water jet delivered by the nozzle 120 and the axis of the supply line for the air-solids mixture must be as small as possible.
  • the arrival of water under high pressure is done by the cylindrical body 104.
  • This supply pipe is fixed in this body 104 to the thread 114.
  • a conduit 116 brings the water under high pressure to the ejection nozzle 118 screwed into the body 104.
  • a lock nut 122 allows the rotational positioning of the ejection nozzle 118. It is thus possible to position this nozzle so that the longitudinal axis of the nozzle 120 is aligned with the orifice of the outlet member 126.
  • the angular position of the nozzle 122 can be adjusted by means of a lock nut 112.
  • the vacuum chamber essentially consists of the interior 109 of the member 126.
  • the wall 126b of the outlet member 126 is substantially parallel to the median plane of the flat jet coming from the ejection nozzle 118.
  • the wall 126b ' is substantially parallel, in turn, to the axis of the air-abrasive particles mixture from insert 132.
  • the embodiment of Figure 3 has a double advantage.
  • the arrival of the air-abrasive particles mixture takes place axially without pressure loss by taking advantage of the initial speed of the mixture.
  • the angle between the axis of the supply line of the air-abrasive particles mixture and the axis of the water jet is small (less than 15 °). This eliminates the risk of clogging.
  • the axial arrival of the air-solids mixture makes it possible to use a forced supply of compressed air which increases the possibilities of transporting the abrasive particles as well as the speed of ejection of the final air-water-solid particles mixture.
  • the sanding nozzle of the invention described with reference to the figures has been designed so as to minimize the risk of clogging. These are particularly important when the solid abrasive used is a soluble abrasive such as boron trioxide B 2 O 3 , which is particularly advantageous in radioactive decontamination.
  • the abrasive particles are in solid form during the sanding operation, which allows them to fulfill their role of abrasive. They then dissolve in water. This makes it possible to separate, by filtering, on the one hand, the metallic particles originating from the removal of the contaminated layer and, on the other hand, the water containing abrasive particles that have been dissolved. Solid particles, metallic or otherwise, are treated, then conditioned and stored. The effluents are treated before their rejection by possible recycling.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
EP83400484A 1982-03-15 1983-03-09 Strahldüse deren Strahl flache und feste Schleifteilchen aufweist Expired EP0090691B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8204336A FR2523019B1 (fr) 1982-03-15 1982-03-15 Buse de sablage a jet plat et contenant des particules solides abrasives, et procede de mise en oeuvre d'une buse de sablage pour la decontamination radioactive
FR8204336 1982-03-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0090691A1 true EP0090691A1 (de) 1983-10-05
EP0090691B1 EP0090691B1 (de) 1987-11-04

Family

ID=9272005

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83400484A Expired EP0090691B1 (de) 1982-03-15 1983-03-09 Strahldüse deren Strahl flache und feste Schleifteilchen aufweist

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4633623A (de)
EP (1) EP0090691B1 (de)
DE (1) DE3374282D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2523019B1 (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0582191A1 (de) * 1992-08-03 1994-02-09 Johann Szücs Vorrichtung und Verfahren für die Behandlung von empfindlichen Oberflächen, insbesondere von Skulpturen
TR28484A (tr) * 1993-10-27 1996-09-02 Johann Szucs Hassas yüzeylerin,özellikle heykellerin muamele edilmesine mahsus tertibat ve usul.
GB2348722A (en) * 1999-04-07 2000-10-11 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd A memory module system having memory modules connected via switches to a data bus line
KR101123429B1 (ko) * 2003-12-30 2012-06-29 바조팜 게엠베하 4-아미노-7,8-다이하이드로프테리다인, 이를 함유한 약학조성물 및 산화 질소 수준의 증가에 의해 야기되는 질병의치료를 위한 이의 용도
EP3104097A1 (de) * 2015-06-09 2016-12-14 Services Genevois de Chauffage Wartungsinstrument für einen brennwertkessel

Families Citing this family (45)

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US4648215A (en) * 1982-10-22 1987-03-10 Flow Industries, Inc. Method and apparatus for forming a high velocity liquid abrasive jet
CA1231235A (en) * 1982-10-22 1988-01-12 Mohammed Hashish Method and apparatus for forming a high velocity liquid abrasive jet
GB2191127A (en) * 1986-06-02 1987-12-09 Laing & Sons Ltd James Grit-blasting nozzle
IT1205703B (it) * 1987-01-16 1989-03-31 Weatherford Italiana Spa Sistema di sabbiatura
US4827680A (en) * 1987-12-30 1989-05-09 Tuboscope Inc. Abrasive cleaning device and method
JPH0727073B2 (ja) * 1990-03-20 1995-03-29 森川産業株式会社 放射能に汚染された物体の除染方法及び除染装置、並びに同除染に用いられた材料の除染方法及び除染装置
US5136969A (en) * 1991-01-25 1992-08-11 Cups, Inc. Modularized machine for reconditioning pipelines
USH1379H (en) * 1991-06-25 1994-12-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Supersonic fan nozzle for abrasive blasting media
FR2694654B1 (fr) * 1992-08-06 1994-11-04 Framatome Sa Procédé et dispositif d'usinage de la surface interne d'une pièce tubulaire et notamment d'un adaptateur fixé sur le couvercle de la cuve d'un réacteur nucléaire à eau sous pression.
US5265383A (en) * 1992-11-20 1993-11-30 Church & Dwight Co., Inc. Fan nozzle
US5283990A (en) * 1992-11-20 1994-02-08 Church & Dwight Co., Inc. Blast nozzle with inlet flow straightener
DE4428752A1 (de) * 1994-08-13 1996-02-15 Balduf Oberflaechentechnik Gmb Strahldüse
US5795626A (en) * 1995-04-28 1998-08-18 Innovative Technology Inc. Coating or ablation applicator with a debris recovery attachment
US5634982A (en) * 1996-02-16 1997-06-03 Corpex Technologies, Inc. Process for decontaminating surfaces of nuclear and fissile materials
US5957760A (en) * 1996-03-14 1999-09-28 Kreativ, Inc Supersonic converging-diverging nozzle for use on biological organisms
JP3086784B2 (ja) 1996-08-19 2000-09-11 株式会社不二製作所 ブラスト加工方法及び装置
AUPP860999A0 (en) * 1999-02-10 1999-03-04 Southern Rubber Pty Ltd Ultra high pressure liquid jet nozzle
US6293857B1 (en) * 1999-04-06 2001-09-25 Robert Pauli Blast nozzle
US6447366B1 (en) 2000-07-31 2002-09-10 The Board Of Regents, Florida International University Integrated decontamination and characterization system and method
US6626738B1 (en) 2002-05-28 2003-09-30 Shank Manufacturing Performance fan nozzle
US6969015B1 (en) * 2003-06-17 2005-11-29 Automatic Bar Controls Inc. Particulate sauce dispensing nozzle
JP4331985B2 (ja) * 2003-06-30 2009-09-16 株式会社不二製作所 被加工物の研磨方法及び前記方法に使用する噴流誘導手段並びに噴流規制手段
US8864876B2 (en) * 2005-02-14 2014-10-21 Neumann Systems Group, Inc. Indirect and direct method of sequestering contaminates
US8398059B2 (en) 2005-02-14 2013-03-19 Neumann Systems Group, Inc. Gas liquid contactor and method thereof
US8113491B2 (en) 2005-02-14 2012-02-14 Neumann Systems Group, Inc. Gas-liquid contactor apparatus and nozzle plate
US7866638B2 (en) * 2005-02-14 2011-01-11 Neumann Systems Group, Inc. Gas liquid contactor and effluent cleaning system and method
US7379487B2 (en) 2005-02-14 2008-05-27 Neumann Information Systems, Inc. Two phase reactor
DE102006015805A1 (de) 2006-04-03 2007-10-04 Alfred Kärcher Gmbh & Co. Kg Strahlmittelaustragsdüse
EP2219822B1 (de) * 2007-12-10 2013-06-12 KIPP, Jens-Werner Trockeneisstrahlungsvorrichtung
US20100097881A1 (en) * 2008-10-16 2010-04-22 Automatic Bar Controls Apparatus and Method for Mixing and Distributing a Food Product
US8342367B2 (en) * 2008-10-16 2013-01-01 Automatic Bar Controls, Inc. Cassette and vat supply source for an on-demand mixing and distributing of a food product
US20100095887A1 (en) * 2008-10-16 2010-04-22 Automatic Bar Controls, Inc. Electronic Systems and Methods for Distributing a Food Product Over a Turntable
US7993049B2 (en) * 2008-10-16 2011-08-09 Automatic Bar Controls, Inc. Turntable for on-demand mixing and distributing of a food product
CN101497180B (zh) * 2008-12-17 2011-07-20 吴楹 喷砂单元及其喷砂机
GB0921681D0 (en) * 2009-12-11 2010-01-27 Miller Donald S Structural waterjet element
CA134859S (en) * 2010-04-01 2010-10-28 Kurt A Boehni Sand nozzle
JP5746901B2 (ja) * 2011-04-14 2015-07-08 株式会社不二製作所 研磨方法及びブラスト加工装置のノズル構造
FR2977183B1 (fr) * 2011-06-29 2014-09-19 Air Liquide Dispositif de projection de glace seche, notamment de glace carbonique
JP5782338B2 (ja) * 2011-09-01 2015-09-24 株式会社不二製作所 板材の端部処理方法及びブラスト加工装置
CN102430987B (zh) * 2011-10-28 2015-01-28 克拉玛依市金牛工程建设有限责任公司 后混合式自激振荡脉冲磨料喷嘴及其生产方法
JP5734891B2 (ja) * 2012-02-15 2015-06-17 西日本高速道路エンジニアリング中国株式会社 ブラスト装置
US9132529B2 (en) * 2012-12-07 2015-09-15 United Technologies Corporation Media blast nozzle with non-metallic threads
JP6239367B2 (ja) * 2013-12-13 2017-11-29 東芝機械株式会社 ワーク加工装置及びワーク切断方法
CN103862388B (zh) * 2014-03-20 2016-08-31 无锡威孚精密机械制造有限责任公司 缓冲喷枪总成
JP2019005725A (ja) * 2017-06-28 2019-01-17 マコー株式会社 スラリ噴射体並びにウエットブラスト処理方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE207656C (de) *
DE49667C (de) * J. E. MATHEWSON in Sheffield, Nr. 266 Upper Thorpe (York, England) Neuerung an Sandstrahlgebläsen
GB191001510A (en) * 1909-02-16 1911-01-20 Louis Gabillard Improvements in or relating to Sand Spraying or Blasting Apparatus.
FR505273A (fr) * 1919-10-21 1920-07-27 Charles Weller Procédé et appareil pour nettoyer divers genres d'objets, au moyen d'air comprimé, d'eau et de sable
US2039938A (en) * 1935-12-23 1936-05-05 Frederick W Schultz Sandblast nozzle
US2524097A (en) * 1949-06-04 1950-10-03 Ncr Co Spray nozzle
DE2218924A1 (de) * 1972-04-19 1973-10-31 Jauch & Messner Wasser-sandstrahlgeraet
DE2356561A1 (de) * 1973-11-13 1975-05-22 Agfa Gevaert Ag Sandstrahlanlage mit geschlossenem strahlraum
FR2369008A1 (fr) * 1976-10-26 1978-05-26 Myers Europ Gmbh Projecteur plat pour un melange d'un liquide sous pression et de particules solides

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US4449332A (en) * 1979-07-31 1984-05-22 Griffiths Norman J Dispenser for a jet of liquid bearing particulate abrasive material

Patent Citations (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE207656C (de) *
DE49667C (de) * J. E. MATHEWSON in Sheffield, Nr. 266 Upper Thorpe (York, England) Neuerung an Sandstrahlgebläsen
GB191001510A (en) * 1909-02-16 1911-01-20 Louis Gabillard Improvements in or relating to Sand Spraying or Blasting Apparatus.
FR505273A (fr) * 1919-10-21 1920-07-27 Charles Weller Procédé et appareil pour nettoyer divers genres d'objets, au moyen d'air comprimé, d'eau et de sable
US2039938A (en) * 1935-12-23 1936-05-05 Frederick W Schultz Sandblast nozzle
US2524097A (en) * 1949-06-04 1950-10-03 Ncr Co Spray nozzle
DE2218924A1 (de) * 1972-04-19 1973-10-31 Jauch & Messner Wasser-sandstrahlgeraet
DE2356561A1 (de) * 1973-11-13 1975-05-22 Agfa Gevaert Ag Sandstrahlanlage mit geschlossenem strahlraum
FR2369008A1 (fr) * 1976-10-26 1978-05-26 Myers Europ Gmbh Projecteur plat pour un melange d'un liquide sous pression et de particules solides

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0582191A1 (de) * 1992-08-03 1994-02-09 Johann Szücs Vorrichtung und Verfahren für die Behandlung von empfindlichen Oberflächen, insbesondere von Skulpturen
TR28484A (tr) * 1993-10-27 1996-09-02 Johann Szucs Hassas yüzeylerin,özellikle heykellerin muamele edilmesine mahsus tertibat ve usul.
GB2348722A (en) * 1999-04-07 2000-10-11 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd A memory module system having memory modules connected via switches to a data bus line
GB2348722B (en) * 1999-04-07 2003-12-10 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd A memory module system
KR101123429B1 (ko) * 2003-12-30 2012-06-29 바조팜 게엠베하 4-아미노-7,8-다이하이드로프테리다인, 이를 함유한 약학조성물 및 산화 질소 수준의 증가에 의해 야기되는 질병의치료를 위한 이의 용도
EP3104097A1 (de) * 2015-06-09 2016-12-14 Services Genevois de Chauffage Wartungsinstrument für einen brennwertkessel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2523019A1 (fr) 1983-09-16
US4633623A (en) 1987-01-06
DE3374282D1 (en) 1987-12-10
FR2523019B1 (fr) 1985-11-08
EP0090691B1 (de) 1987-11-04

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