EP0106411A2 - Munition de petit calibre et son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Munition de petit calibre et son procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0106411A2
EP0106411A2 EP83201455A EP83201455A EP0106411A2 EP 0106411 A2 EP0106411 A2 EP 0106411A2 EP 83201455 A EP83201455 A EP 83201455A EP 83201455 A EP83201455 A EP 83201455A EP 0106411 A2 EP0106411 A2 EP 0106411A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projectile
small
tip
range
section
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83201455A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0106411A3 (en
EP0106411B1 (fr
Inventor
Beat Kneubühl
Hans Schwendimann
Max Ruf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
Original Assignee
Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/434,911 external-priority patent/US4517897A/en
Priority claimed from CH450883A external-priority patent/CH666345A5/de
Application filed by Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft filed Critical Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
Priority to AT83201455T priority Critical patent/ATE27999T1/de
Publication of EP0106411A2 publication Critical patent/EP0106411A2/fr
Publication of EP0106411A3 publication Critical patent/EP0106411A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0106411B1 publication Critical patent/EP0106411B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F42B12/78—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing of jackets for smallarm bullets ; Jacketed bullets or projectiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/02—Making machine elements balls, rolls, or rollers, e.g. for bearings
    • B21K1/025—Making machine elements balls, rolls, or rollers, e.g. for bearings of bullets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K21/00—Making hollow articles not covered by a single preceding sub-group
    • B21K21/04—Shaping thin-walled hollow articles, e.g. cartridges
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B30/00—Projectiles or missiles, not otherwise provided for, characterised by the ammunition class or type, e.g. by the launching apparatus or weapon used
    • F42B30/02—Bullets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
    • F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
    • F42B5/025—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile characterised by the dimension of the case or the missile

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a small-caliber ammunition consisting of a rotationally symmetrical projectile, a cartridge case with a powder charge and a primer arranged centrally with respect to its longitudinal axis, the cartridge case being fastened in a section between the flattened tip of the projectile and its rear end.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing a rotationally symmetrical shell projectile for small-caliber ammunition.
  • Small-caliber ammunition is understood to mean ammunition with a caliber of less than 12.7 mm, in particular with a caliber in the range from 4 to 6.35 mm.
  • a reddish-symmetrical mantle bullet is from the publication of the US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, No. AD-A025 131 (Michael Pino, "The Effe c t of Varying certain Parameters on the Performance of the SCAMP produced 5.56 mm Projectile", DARCOM Intern Training Center, May 1976).
  • the famous floor has an ogival shaped profile part, a cylindrical middle part and a frustoconical rear end part.
  • the profile part described is parabolic, conical or spherical in shape. It is expressly stated that a change in the profile part requires a change in the design of the weapon.
  • Effects are shown which are caused by changes in the shape of the tip and / or the rear end in relation to the ballistic behavior of the projectile.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a projectile of the type mentioned at the outset which has a better chance of being hit and an increased ballistic final energy.
  • Another object is to provide a method for producing such a jacket bullet, which is economically suitable for large-scale production despite increased penetration. It must also not disassemble at the finish line and must meet the requirements of the CICR (Comite International de la Croix Rouge).
  • the above-mentioned object is achieved in that the projectile is provided with an aerodynamically optimized profile, which is determined by a continuous function r (x) with a finite value for its differential quotient dr, and that an imaginary tip of the projectile by a distance - s is from the origin of a right-angled coordinate system, the positive X-axis of which represents an axis of symmetry and the Y-axis of which is a direction of the radius r of the projectile, the actual tip of the projectile being arranged at the origin of the coordinate system.
  • the invention is based on the surprising finding that, contrary to what is expected by experts, an aerodynamic design of small-caliber ammunition influences the probability of a hit very favorably despite the small size, the relatively short range and the relatively short flight time, which are typical for such projectiles.
  • the starting point for this optimization is a mathematical formula from Haack for the shape of a bullet with minimal air resistance ', which can be applied to large-caliber bullets with muzzle velocity in the supersonic range (Oerlikon Taschenbuch, horrmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Broomle AG, Zurich, Switzerland, May 1981, Section 5.2. 3., pages 168 to 171). From this equation, a parameter equation for the calculation of a shape optimized in relation to the air resistance was derived for the profile part of small-caliber ammunition.
  • the object is achieved with regard to the manufacture of the shell bullet by deep-drawing in a first pull a cylindrical bowl which is rounded on the bottom, the area near the bottom of which at least partially has a greater wall thickness than its cylindrical part, and that in the move first the tip and then that The rear part of the projectile is shaped.
  • a projectile is produced which has an increased probability of a hit and a higher ballistic E ndenergy. It has been shown that such a projectile also has higher flight speeds and in general has improved flight characteristics, in particular shows a lower sensitivity to crosswinds. The air resistance of the projectile is minimized; the final ballistic energy is not affected.
  • Bullets of this type can be easily produced in large numbers and exchanged for a previous ammunition without the need to change the design of the weapon.
  • the amount of the distance of the imaginary tip of the projectile from the origin of the rectangular coordinate system is in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 r.
  • Such a design of the front end of the mantle storey is expedient because it creates defined turbulence which rules out instabilities due to a purely laminar flow.
  • the section for attachment to the cartridge case is displaced from the location corresponding to an upper limit value of x 1 by a distance in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 r to the range of x 2 .
  • a small piece of the cylindrical part protrudes from the cartridge case when it is connected to the shell bullet, which provides favorable guiding properties.
  • the projectile expediently has a rear end with two essentially frustoconical sections, the imaginary cone tips of which lie on the axis of symmetry of the projectile; the end inner portion has a taper angle in the range of 5 to 10 degrees and a length in the range of 0.5 to 2 r, and the end portion has a cone angle in the range of 60 degrees and ends in a distance from the axis of symmetry of the projectile.
  • the rear end also has a favorable influence on the stability and the flight behavior of the projectile.
  • the bullet according to claim 6 is a jacket bullet, the jacket of which consists of a plated alloy steel, in which a heavy metal core is introduced.
  • a jacket bullet the jacket of which consists of a plated alloy steel, in which a heavy metal core is introduced.
  • Such projectiles can be efficiently produced by train-pressure forming. Even with large quantities, the required precision in the design can be achieved.
  • the jacket has at both ends a groove-shaped section for its attachment to the cartridge case.
  • a cylindrical bowl rounded at the bottom is first deep-drawn in a first pass.
  • This bowl has at least partially a greater wall thickness in its area near the bottom than its cylindrical part.
  • a particular advantage can be seen in the fact that the ammunition produced according to the invention does not require any change (replacement of the barrels etc.) to rifles of the same caliber that are already in use, the ammunition of which has not met the CICR requirements to date.
  • the solution according to claim 9 allows a particularly efficient production on a conventional frame press.
  • the method according to claim 11 represents an optimization of the deformation work per process step and allows the production of bullets of high and reproducible quality despite the high number of cycles of the press.
  • Fig. 1 shows in longitudinal section a small-caliber ammunition a 5.56 mm caliber, which is a common type of small-caliber ammunition.
  • This ammunition consists of a conventional cartridge case 1 made of brass, which contains a powder charge 2 of the usual composition (e.g. from a smokeless powder for small-caliber weapons) as well as from a jacket bullet, the jacket 3 of which consists of the material usually used for this (e.g. from plated alloy steel) copper-rich non-ferrous metal and the like).
  • the core 15 contained therein consists of a material usually used for this purpose, such as lead or a lead alloy; the core 15 can also consist of steel or sintered material.
  • the projectile has a front part 4, the shape of which is aerodynamically optimized so that the air resistance is reduced to a minimum, as will be described in detail below. Furthermore, the projectile consists of a substantially cylindrical middle part 5 and a generally frustoconical rear end 6.
  • the middle part 5 is provided with a groove-shaped section 7 for fastening the casing 3 to the cartridge case 1. Instead of the groove, however, the cylindrical middle part 5 can also be knurled for fastening the cartridge case 1.
  • the cylindrical middle part 5 extends outwards from the section 7 by 0.254 mm, corresponding to approximately 0.1 r, where r represents the radius of the cylindrical middle part 5.
  • the outward protruding extension can be measured in the range between 0.1 and 0.5 r.
  • the remaining portion of the cylindrical middle part 5 and the rear end 6 are enclosed in the cartridge case 1.
  • a primer 11 is arranged in the closed end 10 of the cartridge case 1 and is centered with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cartridge case 1.
  • the projectile described is shown in detail in FIG. 2 and on an enlarged scale in longitudinal section.
  • the front part 4 has a truncated front end 12 made of solid material.
  • the cylindrical middle part 5 with the Ab Section 7 and the rear end 6, formed from a frustoconical section 13 and a further frustoconical section 14, contain a projectile core 15.
  • the profile of the projectile is determined by the parameter equation given below, which was derived from the Haack equation known per se and relates to a form of minimal air resistance for large-caliber projectiles, the air resistance being expressed by the coefficient of drag c W.
  • the actual tip of the mantle storey is, according to FIG. 2, in the origin of a right-angled coordinate system in which the height of the mantle storey runs along the positive X axis, while the radius of the storey extends in the Y direction.
  • the profile of the shell floor is represented by a continuous function r (x), the continuous differential quotient takes on a finite value.
  • This function is a sum function: This sum function comprises a range r 1 (x 1 ) which is connected to a continuously decreasing differential quotient and a range r 2 (x 2 ) in which the differential quotient is constant and equal to zero.
  • the sum function extends up to an imaginary tip of the mantle storey, which is shifted by a distance -s from the origin of the coordinate system.
  • s is the displacement of the actual front end 12 relative to the imaginary tip
  • a is a parameter that is within the range of arc cos ⁇ a ⁇ ⁇ can take any value.
  • r is the radius of the cylindrical middle part 5 of the jacket storey
  • r 1 is the radius of the jacket storey in the area x 1 and arc cos ⁇ a 5 ⁇ .
  • the second term in the above sum function refers to the range x 2 > h and is by the equation certainly.
  • s has a value of 0.65 mm or 0.232 units of the radius r of the mantle storey; However, s can have any value in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 r.
  • the front end 12 generates a defined turbulence during the flight of the jacket bullet, so that instabilities due to an otherwise essentially laminar flow are avoided.
  • the cylindrical middle part 5, which corresponds to the area x 2 in the formula given above, has a groove-shaped section 7 for connection to the cartridge case according to FIG. 1. Section 7 can be replaced by a knurled section. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the cylindrical middle part 5 extends beyond the section 7 by a section 5a, the axial length of which is 0.254 mm or approximately 0.1 r.
  • Section 5a can take any value in the range between 0.1 and 0.5 r.
  • the middle part 5 is followed by the rear end 6, which consists of two essentially frustoconical sections 13 and 14.
  • the inner section 13 has a cone angle of 8 °, but can have any value in the range from 5 ° to 10 °. Its length is 1.82 mm, corresponding to 0.65 r.
  • the outer section 14 has a cone angle of 60 °, but can also have other values in this range.
  • This section ends at a distance from the axis of symmetry.
  • the above-mentioned cone angles each end in an imaginary cone tip, which lies outside of the mantle storey on an imaginary extension of the axis of symmetry.
  • the special shape of the rear end 6 supports the effect of the profile described above on the flight behavior of the projectile by favorably influencing the stability and the air resistance behavior.
  • the above-described jacket shell includes a core 15 made of lead or a lead alloy, which can also consist of another conventional material such as steel or sintered material.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the shell bullet consists in a variation of the rear end 6 in the inner, frustoconical section 13, the cone angle of which is only 7 ° and the length is 3.6 mm or 1.3 r.
  • the bowl 16 is prefabricated in large quantities and is intended for intermediate storage in the sense of a semi-finished product.
  • the bowl 16 is fed to a step press with ten workstations, which is operated in a frame stand by a mono slide driven by a crankshaft and two connecting rods, with a cycle rate of 120 cycles / min. is operated.
  • the individual work stations are linked together by a linear feed device.
  • the feeding of the bowls 16 takes place with the aid of a vibrator known per se with spiral guideways.
  • a squeeze collar is formed at the end with the superfluous material.
  • the angle of the inner cone is reduced again; the wall thickness of the cylindrical part of the floor already has its calibratable dimension.
  • the tip of the projectile is preformed in a finely polished and smooth die, as shown in FIG. 6.
  • the tip of the projectile is finally shaped in a fourth work station, also in a finely polished and smooth die, cf. Fig. 7.
  • the projectile is cut to its preliminary length in the region of the squeeze collar, corresponding to FIG. 8.
  • a hard lead (98% Pb + 2% Sb), pre-fabricated according to the shape of FIG. 9, is pressed into the interior of the floor; the sectional view is produced in Fig. 10.
  • the hard lead is symbolized by dots.
  • the projectile located in a die is conically shaped in its rear part, as shown in FIG. 11.
  • the rear edge is flanged over the heavy metal core in a next method step.
  • the floor is calibrated in a matrix.
  • a gag groove 20 for the cartridge case is rolled in the area of the cylindrical part of the projectile, as the section in FIG. 14 shows.
  • the small-caliber ammunition and the jacketed bullet described above are distinguished by the fact that, contrary to expectations, in some important properties they have very considerable improvements compared to the previously known small-caliber ammunition or jacketed bullet of this type, in which the front part ogival, i.e. is parabolic, conical or spherical.
  • the high probability of being hit by this projectile is the most significant due to its optimal casing geometry. This is achieved without the use of special rifle barrels, which give the projectile a higher spin.
  • Trials have shown that many properties of the projectile are significantly improved; scattering in the horizontal and vertical axes of the current distribution is 30% and 60% cheaper for shooting distances from 30 to 300 m.
  • This bullet also has a breakthrough performance against lightly armored targets, which can be compared to steel and hard core bullets, without having their significantly higher manufacturing costs.
  • the resistance to deformation as well as the increased penetration and penetration can be explained with the massive bullet tip, see Fig. 11 to 14.
  • a projectile produced according to the invention has high strength in the target and only disassembles under extreme conditions.
  • the table below gives measurement data for some important properties of known, conventional ammunition with a Caliber of 5.56 mm and the corresponding values for the ammunition according to the invention of the same caliber again. The relative differences compared to the values obtained with the known ammunition are also given in percent. It can be seen from the table that the shell projectile, which is aerodynamically optimized in terms of air resistance according to the invention, has a relatively less steep trajectory and a somewhat shorter flight time. It has a considerably higher final ballistic energy, especially with long shooting distances. The deflection due to cross winds is reduced by the high amount of 25% for all shot ranges examined, although the projectile according to the invention has a higher weight and a lower muzzle velocity compared to the known projectile.
  • the data reproduced in the table were determined in a customary manner by using the known light barrier method for determining the drag coefficient and by conventional calculations from the drag coefficient obtained.
  • the small-caliber ammunition described above and the mantle bullet therefor have the particular advantage that they can be used with most of the major weapon designs currently in use.
  • the new shell bullet profile does not require any changes in the rifle design for use.
  • the use of the aerodynamically optimized profile according to the invention is not limited to jacket storeys. Bullets made of a full material appear to be suitable in special applications due to their high initial speed, especially for hand and handguns.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
EP19830201455 1982-10-18 1983-10-11 Munition de petit calibre et son procédé de fabrication Expired EP0106411B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83201455T ATE27999T1 (de) 1982-10-18 1983-10-11 Kleinkalibermunition und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung.

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US434911 1982-10-18
US06/434,911 US4517897A (en) 1982-10-18 1982-10-18 Small arms projectile
CH450883A CH666345A5 (de) 1983-08-18 1983-08-18 Verfahren zur herstellung eines rotationssymmetrischen mantelgeschosses und danach hergestelltes kleinkalibergeschoss.
CH4508/83 1983-08-18

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0106411A2 true EP0106411A2 (fr) 1984-04-25
EP0106411A3 EP0106411A3 (en) 1984-09-05
EP0106411B1 EP0106411B1 (fr) 1987-06-24

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ID=25695652

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EP19830201455 Expired EP0106411B1 (fr) 1982-10-18 1983-10-11 Munition de petit calibre et son procédé de fabrication

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0106411B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3372231D1 (fr)
SG (1) SG76888G (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2123658C1 (ru) * 1997-12-25 1998-12-20 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт точного машиностроения Пистолетный патрон
WO1999010703A1 (fr) 1997-08-26 1999-03-04 Sm Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung Ag Projectile chemise a noyau dur
RU2139487C1 (ru) * 1998-05-29 1999-10-10 ОАО "Климовский штамповочный завод" Охотничий патрон с неэкспансивной или экспансивной пулей для нарезного оружия
RU2147366C1 (ru) * 1997-07-23 2000-04-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Барнаульский станкостроительный завод" Патрон для спортивного и охотничьего оружия
EP0997700A1 (fr) 1998-10-30 2000-05-03 SM Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung AG Balle chemisée ne nuisant pas à l'environment et son procédé de fabrication
WO2005108908A1 (fr) 2004-05-11 2005-11-17 Ruag Ammotec Projectile exempt de plomb
CN1309498C (zh) * 2005-06-15 2007-04-11 福建工程学院 弹头壳的多工位连续成形冲压工艺
GB2525889A (en) * 2014-05-07 2015-11-11 Murtaza Abdulhussein Bullet adjustment
EP3751228A1 (fr) * 2019-06-14 2020-12-16 RUAG Ammotec GmbH Projectile, procédé de fabrication d'un projectile et munition

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US546413A (en) * 1895-09-17 brantingham
FR797218A (fr) * 1935-01-26 1936-04-23 Chanay & Maitrot Procédé de fabrication des obus en acier
US2301565A (en) * 1941-01-14 1942-11-10 Lenape Hydraulic Pressing & Fo Method of making nosepieces for explosive bodies
US2920374A (en) * 1953-10-28 1960-01-12 Lyon George Albert Method of making projectiles
BE599124A (fr) * 1960-01-21 1961-07-17 Heini Nussli Raccord parallèle pour tubes, notamment pour la construction d'échafaudages
DE1428692A1 (de) * 1964-11-28 1969-04-30 Karlsruhe Augsburg Iweka Infanteriegewehrgeschoss
US3485173A (en) * 1968-02-06 1969-12-23 Us Army Variable centroid projectile
DE1728237B1 (de) * 1968-09-14 1971-11-25 Karlsruhe Augsburg Iweka Treibmittel und mit diesem Treibmittel aufgebaute Treibladung,insbesondere fuer Patronen
DE2525230A1 (de) * 1975-06-06 1976-12-23 Dynamit Nobel Ag Verfahren zum herstellen von mantelgeschossen

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2147366C1 (ru) * 1997-07-23 2000-04-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Барнаульский станкостроительный завод" Патрон для спортивного и охотничьего оружия
WO1999010703A1 (fr) 1997-08-26 1999-03-04 Sm Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung Ag Projectile chemise a noyau dur
RU2123658C1 (ru) * 1997-12-25 1998-12-20 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт точного машиностроения Пистолетный патрон
RU2139487C1 (ru) * 1998-05-29 1999-10-10 ОАО "Климовский штамповочный завод" Охотничий патрон с неэкспансивной или экспансивной пулей для нарезного оружия
EP0997700A1 (fr) 1998-10-30 2000-05-03 SM Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung AG Balle chemisée ne nuisant pas à l'environment et son procédé de fabrication
WO2000026605A1 (fr) * 1998-10-30 2000-05-11 Sm Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung Ag Production d'une balle chemisee pauvre en substances nocives
WO2005108908A1 (fr) 2004-05-11 2005-11-17 Ruag Ammotec Projectile exempt de plomb
CN1309498C (zh) * 2005-06-15 2007-04-11 福建工程学院 弹头壳的多工位连续成形冲压工艺
GB2525889A (en) * 2014-05-07 2015-11-11 Murtaza Abdulhussein Bullet adjustment
EP3751228A1 (fr) * 2019-06-14 2020-12-16 RUAG Ammotec GmbH Projectile, procédé de fabrication d'un projectile et munition
US11156441B2 (en) 2019-06-14 2021-10-26 Ruag Ammotec Gmbh Projectile, method of manufacturing a projectile and ammunition

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0106411A3 (en) 1984-09-05
DE3372231D1 (en) 1987-07-30
EP0106411B1 (fr) 1987-06-24
SG76888G (en) 1991-01-04

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