EP0115720B1 - Elektronenkanone für Linearbeschleuniger und Beschleunigungsstruktur mit derartiger Kanone - Google Patents

Elektronenkanone für Linearbeschleuniger und Beschleunigungsstruktur mit derartiger Kanone Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0115720B1
EP0115720B1 EP83402408A EP83402408A EP0115720B1 EP 0115720 B1 EP0115720 B1 EP 0115720B1 EP 83402408 A EP83402408 A EP 83402408A EP 83402408 A EP83402408 A EP 83402408A EP 0115720 B1 EP0115720 B1 EP 0115720B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cavity
gun
cathode
electromagnetic wave
grid
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Expired
Application number
EP83402408A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0115720A1 (de
Inventor
Hubert Leboutet
Jeanne Aucouturier
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CGR MEV SA
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CGR MEV SA
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Application filed by CGR MEV SA filed Critical CGR MEV SA
Publication of EP0115720A1 publication Critical patent/EP0115720A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/14—Vacuum chambers
    • H05H7/18—Cavities; Resonators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H9/00—Linear accelerators

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electron gun for a linear accelerator, allowing modulation of the electronic current as soon as this current is formed; it also relates to an accelerating structure provided with such an electron gun.
  • Electron cannons of the triode type are used to generate electrons injected into an accelerating structure of a Jinerary accelerator; an electromagnetic wave of frequency appropriate to the accelerating structure, makes it possible to accelerate these electrons and to produce a beam whose characteristics vary according to its application.
  • These industrial irradiation machines allow for example the sterilization of various products, and can generally produce electron beams having energies between 1 and 10 MeV.
  • pre-grouping cavities located on the path of the electrons; these pre-grouping cavities being commonly arranged between the electron gun and the accelerating structure into which these packets are injected.
  • the electronic current supplied by the gun is established continuously, during a given and repetitive operating time; the electrons constituting this current are grouped by these cavities, in packets having a duration and a period determined by the operating characteristics of these pre-grouping cavities.
  • Such grouping in packets of electrons can make it possible to improve the efficiency of a linear accelerator, insofar as it avoids consuming the energy conveyed by the electromagnetic wave, for electrons situated outside the domain of acceptance. in the accelerator phase; but the implementation of these pre-grouping cavities is delicate and complex.
  • an improvement in the overall efficiency of a machine using an accelerating structure is obtained by means of a modulation of the electronic current, produced from the generation of the latter by the electron gun; this modulation making it possible, for example, to obtain packets of electrons injected into the accelerating structure, without requiring pre-grouping cavities for this purpose.
  • Electron guns for linear accelerator are frequently constituted by a thermoemissive cathode and an anode, between which a grid controls the electronic current according to a potential difference established between the grid and the cathode; this potential difference can be continuous to determine an operating time, as it was previously explained, or include within this operating time variations at high frequencies or brief transients. In the latter case, it constitutes a signal, generally produced by a complex injection modulator, transported by a transmission line having appropriate characteristics; but the establishment of this signal between the grid and the cathode, in accordance with the signal produced by the injection modulator, presents difficulties due in particular to stray capacitances.
  • a French patent application published under No. 2,389,992 describes a short pulse electron gun for a linear accelerator.
  • the structure of this gun is such that it makes it possible to extend the transmission line, driving a control signal, up to a very short distance from the cathode which generates the electrons.
  • the problem which then arises is to close the transmission line on its ca impedance. characteristic, in the vicinity of the cathode.
  • the present invention relates to an electron gun for a linear accelerator, capable of producing a modulated electronic current; its arrangement avoids the use of a complex injection modulator, and facilitates the establishment of an alternative potential difference between the grid and the cathode. It also relates to an accelerating structure of a linear electron accelerator, provided with a barrel according to the invention, making it possible to improve the overall efficiency of a machine using such an accelerating structure.
  • an electron gun for linear accelerator comprising a transmitting cathode, a grid capable of controlling the intensity of the electron beam emitted by the cathode, an anode pierced with a hole centered around an axis along which are emitted electrons and a transmission line conducting the beam intensity control signal, is characterized in that it comprises a resonant cavity closed on the space between the grid and the cathode, and containing a coupling member electromagnetic linked to the transmission line, which organ makes it possible to inject an electromagnetic wave of frequency F into the resonant cavity, in order to bring the latter into resonance and to excite the grid-cathode space so as to produce between the grid and the cathode a difference in alternating potential of frequency F by which the beam current is modulated.
  • the electromagnetic wave used to modulate the electronic current generated by such an electron gun can be taken and injected into the resonant cavity of the gun either: from a generator specific to this function; either from a generator intended to supply an electromagnetic wave injected into an accelerating structure, or by taking the latter electromagnetic wave in an accelerating cavity of this structure, and in particular in an accelerating cavity closest to the gun.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electron gun 1 according to the invention.
  • This gun 1 has an anode 2; in the nonlimiting example described, this is fixed by screws 4 to an element 50 of an accelerating structure 3, partially shown.
  • a hole 5 intended for the passage of the electrons is centered on an axis 6 according to which the electrons, emitted by a cathode 8, are attracted by the anode 2.
  • the cathode 8 comprises a filament 9 and the electrons attracted by the anode 2 pass through the plane of a grid 10 intended to control the passage of the electrons; the grid 10 is held by a metal support tube 11, centered around the emission axis 6.
  • This support tube 11 constitutes an extension of a cavity 13 of the coaxial type, itself centered around the axis of show 6; the support tube 11 is fixed to a first transverse wall 12 of this cavity 13, for example by welding.
  • the cavity 13 thus communicates with an additional space 18 delimited by the grid 10, the support tube 11, the internal metal tube 14, with which this cavity 13 constitutes a resonant cavity 13,18 coaxial.
  • the resonant cavity 13, 18, arranged along a longitudinal axis coincident with the emission axis 6, is thus limited at one end 7 by the grid 10; the cathode 8 being at a distance d from the grid which constitutes a cathode-grid space 8, 10 on which, in operation, the resonant cavity 13,18 is closed.
  • the cathode 8 is secured in a conventional manner to a plate 21, which comprises a first and a second pad P l , P 2 , to which the ends F l , F 2 of the filament 9 are respectively connected; the cathode 8 being for example also connected to the second pad P 2 .
  • the plate 21 of circular shape is embedded in the inner metal tube 14 and, it is supported by a central insulating pin 25; the latter is fixed to the internal transverse metal wall 26 of the cavity 13, in a conventional manner, by means (not shown) allowing, thanks to the sealing means 22, to maintain the vacuum.
  • a first electrical connection 28 connects the first pad P I , to a sealed crossing 30, and a second electrical connection 29 located axially inside the central pin 25, connects the second pad P 2 to a second sealed crossing 31.
  • These bushings watertight constitute connection means allowing the supply of the filament 9 and the electrical access to the cathode 8; in order to allow electrical insulation between the cathode 8 and the grid 10, the internal metal tube 14 comprises an insulating ring 60.
  • the electrical supply both at high voltage and at low voltage of the electron gun 1, being carried out so conventional, the circuits intended for this operation as well as possible means for cooling the barrel 1 are not shown.
  • a second insulating tube 33 placed in the extension of the first tube 20, making it possible to ensure a vacuum tightness thanks to the sealing means 22: this being achieved in order to avoid establishing a vacuum in the whole of the resonant cavity 13, 18, which thus comprises a first part B subjected to the vacuum and a second part C at atmospheric pressure for example.
  • This arrangement facilitates the installation of an adjustment piston 42 and an electromagnetic coupling means 50, which will be explained more fully in the following description.
  • the cavity 13 is formed by a first and a second metal tube 33, 36 coaxial with the emission axis 6, and constituting respectively an outer wall and an inner wall of the cavity 13; the outer wall 35 being secured to the first transverse wall 12, and the inner wall 36 being secured to the second inner transverse wall 26.
  • a rear end 37 of the cavity 13 has a bottom plate 38 serving in particular to hold the outer walls and interior 35, 36.
  • the cavity 13 also includes a metal ring 42 contained between the external and internal walls 35, 36, this ring being able to be moved parallel to the emission axis 6, by the action of a screw 43 secured to the plate. background 38; this metal ring constitutes the adjustment means 42 already mentioned, making it possible to modify the dimensions of the resonant cavity 13, 18, and to adjust in operation the frequency of re sound of the latter.
  • the rear end 37 of the resonant cavity 13, 18 is thus closed by a short circuit; it should be noted that this piston 42 being in the part C not subjected to vacuum, it does not pose any problem with regard to sealing.
  • the outer wall 35 has a passage 45 to which a transmission line 46 is applied; in the nonlimiting example described, this transmission line is a coaxial line, one end of which plunges into the cavity 13, and provided with an electromagnetic coupling means 50.
  • this coupling means 50 is located in part C not subjected to the vacuum of the resonant cavity 13, 18, which can facilitate the problems of connection of transmission line 46.
  • Magnetic and electric fields (not shown) at frequency F then develop in a conventional manner in the resonant cavity 13, 18, and excite the grid-cathode space 10.8; this determines a difference in alternating potential of frequency F between the gate 10 and the cathode 8.
  • the electronic current delivered by the cannon 1 can thus be modulated more or less deeply, depending on the goal sought; the modulation depth or the type of modulation being obtained in particular, as a function of the level of polarization between the grid 10 and the cathode 8, of the level of the electromagnetic wave injected into the resonant cavity 13, 18, and also as a function of the distance d between the grid 10 and the cathode 8.
  • the cavity 13 possibly having a different shape, as well as the coupling member 50; the latter can also be constituted by a coupling loop (not shown) rather than by a capacitive coupling as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the coupling member 50 can also be constituted by a coupling loop (not shown) rather than by a capacitive coupling as shown in FIG. 1.
  • a person skilled in the art can imagine a different structure for supporting the cathode 8, the wafer 21, and feed the filament 9.
  • an electromagnetic wave of frequency F suitable for an accelerating structure into which it is injected makes it possible to accelerate electrons; having passed through this structure, the electrons constitute a beam of accelerated electrons of given energy.
  • An accelerating structure generally consists of a succession of n accelerating cavities; in order to use the example of an irradiator with industrial application cited in the preamble, these accelerating cavities can be as described in a patent application by the applicant, published under No. 2,477,827.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows by way of nonlimiting example, an accelerating structure 3, comprising such accelerating cavities CI, C 2 , C 3 ; a single accelerating cavity CI can also suffice in certain cases. Electrons supplied by the barrel 1 according to the invention are injected into the accelerating structure 3 in a conventional manner, by means of a sliding and focusing element 50.
  • the electrons are accelerated in the accelerating structure 3 in a medium direction A, merged with the axis 6 of emission of the electrons generated by the gun 1, thanks to an electromagnetic wave OE of frequency F provided by a generator 51.
  • This wave is injected into the accelerating structure 3, in the accelerating cavity C 2 for example, by means of conventional coupling means, not shown, as well as coupling means between the resonant cavities CI, C 2 , C 3 .
  • the electromagnetic wave OE at frequency F is also injected into the barrel 1, by means of a transformer device 52 and an adjustable phase shifter device 53.
  • This makes it possible to inject into the barrel 1, the electromagnetic wave OE of frequency F generated by the generator 51, with an adjustable phase relative to that of the wave injected into the cavity C 2 ; this arrangement making it possible to modulate the electronic current delivered by the barrel 1 at the same frequency F, as that injected into the accelerating structure 3 for the acceleration of the electrons.
  • electrons injected into the first accelerating cavity CI acquire therein, if the phase of the electromagnetic wave OE is favorable to them, a speed close to that of the light.
  • the time during which the energy conveyed by this wave is given up to the electrons is at most equal to a half-period of this wave.
  • a length L to be traversed by these in each cavity C 1 , C 2 , C 3 is less than half a wavelength; a sliding space 61 located between each cavity allowing the electrons to recover a correct phase of the wave, when they enter a next cavity.
  • Such an arrangement is applicable to any linear accelerating structure of electrons. It reduces the energy consumed in the electromagnetic wave, while improving the energy homogeneity of an accelerated electron beam thus obtained.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)

Claims (11)

1. Elektronenkanone für einen Linearbeschleuniger mit einer emittierenden Kathode (8), einem Gitter (10) zur Steuerung der Intensität des von der Kathode emittierten Elektronenstrahls, einer Anode (2), die ein zu der Achse (6) entlang der die Elektronen emittiert werden, zentriertes Loch (5) aufweist, und mit einer Übertragungsleitung (46), die das Steuersignal für die Strahlintensität überträgt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen Resonanzhohlraum (13, 18) aufweist, der um den Gitter-Kathodenzwischenraum geschlossen ist und ein an die Übertragungsleitung (46) angeschlossenes elektromagnetisches Koppelorgan (50) enthält, wobei dieses Organ eine elektromagnetische Welle einer Frequenz F in den Resonanzhohlraum (13, 18) einspeisen kann, um den Hohlraum in Resonanz zu versetzen und den Raum zwischen dem Gitter (10) und Kathode (8) zu erregen, so dass zwischen Gitter (10) und Kathode (8) eine mit der Frequenz F wechselnde Potentialdifferenz erzeugt wird, mit der der Strahlstrom moduliert wird.
2. Elektronenkanone nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlraum (13, 18) koaxial ist und eine Längsachse besitzt, die mit der Emissionsachse (6) koinzidiert.
3. Elektronenkanone nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Resonanzhohlraum (13, 18) von einem Hohlraum (13) gebildet wird, der mit einem zusätzlichen durch das Gitter (10), ein Tragerohr (11) für dieses Gitter und ein inneres Rohr (14) begrenzten zusätzlichen Raum (18) in Verbindung steht.
4. Elektronenkanone nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlraum (13) ein Regelmittel (42) aufweist, mit dem die Resonanzfrequenz des Resonanzhohlraums (13,18) eingestellt werden kann.
5. Elektronenkanone nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Resonanzhohlraum (13, 18) ein isolierendes Rohr (33) aufweist, das es ermöglicht, eine Vakuumdichtheit sicherzustellen und in dem Hohlraum (13, 18) einen ersten unter Vakuum stehenden Teil (B) von einem zweiten unter Atmosphärendruck stehenden Teil (C) zu trennen.
6. Elektronenkanone nach den Ansprüchen 4 und 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Regelmittel (42) im zweiten auf Atmosphärendruck liegenden Teil (C) angeordnet ist.
7. Beschleunigungsstruktur für einen Linearbeschleuniger mit mindestens einem Beschleunigungshohlraum (C1), der einem eine elektromagnetische Welle (O.E) der Frenquenz F erzeugenden Generator (51) zugeordnet ist, wobei diese Welle in die Beschleunigungsstruktur (3) eingespeist wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine Elektronenkanone (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6 aufweist, wobei die elektromagnetische Welle (O.E) in die Kanone (1) so eingespeist wird, dass der von der Kanone abgegebene Elektronenstrom mit der Frequenz F moduliert wird.
8. Beschleunigungsstruktur nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektromagnetische Welle (O.E), die zur Modulation des Elektronenstroms der Kanone (1) bestimmt ist, dem Generator (51) entnommen wird.
9. Beschleunigungsstruktur nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektromagnetische Welle (O.E), die zur Modulation des Elektronenstroms der Kanone (1) bestimmt ist, in der Beschleunigungsstruktur (3) entnommen wird.
10. Beschleunigungsstruktur nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie Elektronenpakete (60) beschleunigt, die von der Kanone (1) mit der Frequenz F abgegeben werden, wobei die Breite (1) der Pakete höchstens einer Halbperiode (P/2) der elektromagnetischen Welle O.E entspricht.
EP83402408A 1982-12-21 1983-12-13 Elektronenkanone für Linearbeschleuniger und Beschleunigungsstruktur mit derartiger Kanone Expired EP0115720B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8221399A FR2538206B1 (fr) 1982-12-21 1982-12-21 Canon a electrons pour accelerateur lineaire et structure acceleratrice comportant un tel canon
FR8221399 1982-12-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0115720A1 EP0115720A1 (de) 1984-08-15
EP0115720B1 true EP0115720B1 (de) 1987-03-11

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US (1) US4617494A (de)
EP (1) EP0115720B1 (de)
CA (1) CA1214874A (de)
DE (1) DE3370235D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2538206B1 (de)

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US4641103A (en) * 1984-07-19 1987-02-03 John M. J. Madey Microwave electron gun
US4715038A (en) * 1985-05-20 1987-12-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Optically pulsed electron accelerator
US5108962A (en) * 1988-05-26 1992-04-28 The Dow Chemical Company Composition and method for producing boron carbide/titanium diboride composite ceramic powders using a boron carbide substrate
US5101169A (en) * 1989-09-29 1992-03-31 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Synchrotron radiation apparatus
US5233269A (en) * 1990-04-13 1993-08-03 Varian Associates, Inc. Vacuum tube with an electron beam that is current and velocity-modulated
FR2694447B1 (fr) * 1990-06-15 1995-01-27 Thomson Csf Canon à électrons pour fournir des électrons groupés en impulsions courtes.
US5401973A (en) * 1992-12-04 1995-03-28 Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Industrial material processing electron linear accelerator
US6118847A (en) * 1998-01-15 2000-09-12 Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. System and method for gated radiotherapy based on physiological inputs
US20120229024A1 (en) * 2011-03-10 2012-09-13 Elekta Ab (Publ) Electron source for linear accelerators
CN119729989B (zh) * 2024-12-19 2025-10-10 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室) 一种2.5mv硅整流堆高压平台的加速器离子源供电传输系统

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US2278210A (en) * 1940-07-05 1942-03-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2792520A (en) * 1952-12-24 1957-05-14 Gen Electric Ultra-high frequency discharge device
US2857480A (en) * 1953-03-27 1958-10-21 Gen Electric Space charge grid electron beam amplifier with dual outputs
GB815063A (en) * 1955-02-17 1959-06-17 Vickers Electrical Co Ltd Improvements relating to linear electron accelerators
US3061791A (en) * 1956-11-23 1962-10-30 Gen Precision Inc Microwave detector
FR2088883A5 (de) * 1970-04-28 1972-01-07 Thomson Csf
FR2389992A1 (en) * 1977-05-05 1978-12-01 Cgr Mev CRT electron gun construction - has concentric, circular, annular and cylindrical plates defining vacuum envelope and active element electrodes
FR2477827A1 (fr) * 1980-03-04 1981-09-11 Cgr Mev Dispositif accelerateur de particules chargees fonctionnant en ondes metriques
US4527091A (en) * 1983-06-09 1985-07-02 Varian Associates, Inc. Density modulated electron beam tube with enhanced gain

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2538206B1 (fr) 1985-06-07
DE3370235D1 (en) 1987-04-16
US4617494A (en) 1986-10-14
FR2538206A1 (fr) 1984-06-22
CA1214874A (en) 1986-12-02
EP0115720A1 (de) 1984-08-15

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