EP0146063A2 - Emballages en forme de coquilles pour tablettes divisibles - Google Patents
Emballages en forme de coquilles pour tablettes divisibles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0146063A2 EP0146063A2 EP84114625A EP84114625A EP0146063A2 EP 0146063 A2 EP0146063 A2 EP 0146063A2 EP 84114625 A EP84114625 A EP 84114625A EP 84114625 A EP84114625 A EP 84114625A EP 0146063 A2 EP0146063 A2 EP 0146063A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lid
- recess
- blister
- cover
- closed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/28—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in composite wrappers, i.e. wrappers formed by associating or interconnecting two or more sheets or blanks
- B65D75/30—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding
- B65D75/32—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents
- B65D75/325—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents one sheet being recessed, and the other being a flat not- rigid sheet, e.g. puncturable or peelable foil
- B65D75/327—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents one sheet being recessed, and the other being a flat not- rigid sheet, e.g. puncturable or peelable foil and forming several compartments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/28—Articles or materials wholly enclosed in composite wrappers, i.e. wrappers formed by associating or interconnecting two or more sheets or blanks
- B65D75/30—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding
- B65D75/32—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents
- B65D75/36—Articles or materials enclosed between two opposed sheets or blanks having their margins united, e.g. by pressure-sensitive adhesive, crimping, heat-sealing, or welding one or both sheets or blanks being recessed to accommodate contents one sheet or blank being recessed and the other formed of relatively stiff flat sheet material, e.g. blister packages, the recess or recesses being preformed
Definitions
- So-called blister packs have become established for solid pharmaceutical preparations, in which the tablets or capsules lie individually in depressions in a film, the depressions are covered with a further film and the tablets or capsules can be removed individually by pushing through the sealing film.
- Divisible tablets have also been well received. in which the dosage of the drug can be specifically reduced by a notch or the like. If such divisible tablets are placed in blister packs, the problem arises of where the tablet residues should be kept safely if only a partial dose is taken. Placing the rest of the tablet in the recess of the packaging film is unsatisfactory, since the medication is not protected against falling out or contamination. Sealing with an adhesive strip is possible, but quite cumbersome, since the push-through film must first be spread over the depression again to prevent contact with the adhesive as far as possible. This procedure is not practical for elderly or disabled patients.
- the invention relates to a blister pack for dividable tablets, which is characterized in that an open recess can be closed with a lid. Preferred embodiments of this invention are explained in more detail below
- the cover is tapered conically or wedge-shaped, so that it adheres securely due to friction and / or deformation of the recess to be closed.
- one or both of the surfaces that come into contact during closing can be roughened or attached with knobs or wavy lines or the like improve the closing.
- the cover and recess are connected according to the tongue and groove principle, with a double bead being arranged around the recess, for example, which results in the groove into which a simple bead on the cover engages as a spring.
- These connecting elements, tongue and groove can be applied as separate elements to the blister strips and cover and can be glued or welded to them.
- they are particularly advantageously worked out of the strip and lid material itself, for example by embossing or particularly advantageously by deep drawing.
- the connecting elements between the lid and the recess are advantageously designed around the entire recess, since this ensures an airtight and watertight seal.
- the locking elements connecting the tongue and groove can - like the parts of a push-button - be configured on the outside in a bead-like manner and have a corresponding recess (groove) on the inside.
- the lid is firmly connected to the blister strip. This prevents the lid from being lost.
- the connection between the blister strips and the cover can be made by one or more bands or strips, whereby the blister strips, cover and connecting element expediently consist of one piece, for example segments between the blister strips and cover are punched out, so that a more or less wide strip (or several strips) remains as a connecting element.
- the cover is connected to the blister strip in an articulated manner, for example by a fold, so that when it rotates about this joint or in the fold, the cover comes over the depression to be closed and is pressed lightly can be fixed.
- a tab on the lid which facilitates opening.
- This tab can also be used to fix the cover, for example by pulling it through a loop or attaching it to the strip according to the tongue and groove or push button principle.
- the well to be closed can be filled with a tablet; however, a separate depression can also be provided as a residual tablet storage.
- a strip with 11 wells would only be filled with 10 tablets, whereby a well at the end of the blister strip expediently remains free, to which the lid then adjoins.
- this depression - or advantageously only its closure that is preferably the tongue or groove - can also be designed such that the joint or fold facing long side is more or less pointed. Accordingly, the "tip" of the lid points towards the tab.
- This configuration has the advantage that when the tab is tightened, the closed memory or its closure is easier to open - initially at the "tip", which makes jerky opening easier to avoid.
- the blister packs according to the invention are particularly preferred for tablets which can be divided several times, in particular for oblong tablets which can be divided several times.
- the depressions in the blister strip are designed such that these oblong tablets are on edge.
- Figure 1 shows a top view of the end piece of a blister strip (1), the terminal recess (2) of which has not been closed from the beginning, while the remaining recesses (3) were originally all sealed with the cover film (4), but the cover film of the last one (4) is subtracted.
- An annular double bead (5) is arranged around the recess (2); The bead (6) engages in the groove formed in this way when the cover (7) is rotated around the fold (8).
- the tab (9) makes it easier to open the closed tablet store.
- (10) represents a multiply divisible tablet with notches (11).
- (12) is a perforation line which facilitates the strip-wise removal of the cover film (4) if a depression originally filled with a tablet is to serve as residual storage. It is thus avoided that residues of the cover film make it difficult to close the cover.
- the perforation line (12) can also pass through both foils, ie base foil and cover foil (4) (not shown in the figures), and then enables the packaged tablets or capsules to be “separated”.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross section through the blister pack according to FIG. 1.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Control And Other Processes For Unpacking Of Materials (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT84114625T ATE40333T1 (de) | 1983-12-08 | 1984-12-01 | Blisterpackungen fuer teilbare tabletten. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3344393 | 1983-12-08 | ||
| DE19833344393 DE3344393A1 (de) | 1983-12-08 | 1983-12-08 | Blisterpackungen fuer teilbare tabletten |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0146063A2 true EP0146063A2 (fr) | 1985-06-26 |
| EP0146063A3 EP0146063A3 (en) | 1986-10-22 |
| EP0146063B1 EP0146063B1 (fr) | 1989-01-25 |
Family
ID=6216363
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP84114625A Expired EP0146063B1 (fr) | 1983-12-08 | 1984-12-01 | Emballages en forme de coquilles pour tablettes divisibles |
Country Status (19)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0146063B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JPS60158058A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR850004238A (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE40333T1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU575099B2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1246501A (fr) |
| DE (2) | DE3344393A1 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK161588C (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES293458Y (fr) |
| FI (1) | FI80655C (fr) |
| GR (1) | GR81201B (fr) |
| HU (1) | HU189951B (fr) |
| IE (1) | IE56216B1 (fr) |
| IL (1) | IL73758A (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX162000A (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO162505C (fr) |
| NZ (1) | NZ210453A (fr) |
| PT (1) | PT79624B (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA849538B (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997020754A1 (fr) * | 1995-12-07 | 1997-06-12 | Smithkline Beecham Plc | Conditionnement sous blister renforce |
| FR2786469A1 (fr) | 1998-12-01 | 2000-06-02 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | Emballage du type "blister", plus particulierement destine au conditionnement de produits secables tels que des comprimes |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3481478D1 (de) * | 1983-12-09 | 1990-04-12 | Sandoz Ag | Verpackung. |
| GB8821287D0 (en) * | 1988-09-12 | 1988-10-12 | Ici Plc | Device |
| DE29804383U1 (de) | 1998-03-12 | 1998-05-14 | Klocke Verpackungs-Service GmbH, 76356 Weingarten | Verpackung, insbesondere für Produkte in Tablettenform |
| WO2015114749A1 (fr) * | 2014-01-29 | 2015-08-06 | 株式会社モリモト医薬 | Cellule contenant un médicament oral, emballage en chapelets, et procédé de fabrication de cellules contenant un médicament oral |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1099499A (en) * | 1964-11-26 | 1968-01-17 | Aspro Nicholas Ltd | Improvements relating to the packaging of tablets |
| DE1486408A1 (de) * | 1965-08-30 | 1969-04-17 | Hoefliger & Karg | Aufreisspackung |
| CH559127A5 (fr) * | 1972-12-22 | 1975-02-28 | Artusi A B | |
| DE2714877A1 (de) * | 1977-04-02 | 1978-10-12 | Uhlmann Maschf Josef | Durchdrueckpackung fuer kleinteile, insbesondere tabletten oder dergleichen |
| DE2917108A1 (de) * | 1979-04-27 | 1980-11-06 | Helmut Zanker | Verpackung fuer arzneimittel |
| DE3201244A1 (de) * | 1982-01-16 | 1983-07-28 | pfm Plastik für die Medizin GmbH, 5000 Köln | "medikamentenspender" |
| DE3481478D1 (de) * | 1983-12-09 | 1990-04-12 | Sandoz Ag | Verpackung. |
-
1983
- 1983-12-08 DE DE19833344393 patent/DE3344393A1/de not_active Ceased
-
1984
- 1984-12-01 DE DE8484114625T patent/DE3476373D1/de not_active Expired
- 1984-12-01 AT AT84114625T patent/ATE40333T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-12-01 EP EP84114625A patent/EP0146063B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1984-12-03 HU HU844463A patent/HU189951B/hu unknown
- 1984-12-05 FI FI844798A patent/FI80655C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-12-06 PT PT79624A patent/PT79624B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-12-06 GR GR81201A patent/GR81201B/el unknown
- 1984-12-06 ES ES1984293458U patent/ES293458Y/es not_active Expired
- 1984-12-06 NZ NZ210453A patent/NZ210453A/xx unknown
- 1984-12-07 IE IE3144/84A patent/IE56216B1/xx unknown
- 1984-12-07 DK DK588184A patent/DK161588C/da active
- 1984-12-07 MX MX203643A patent/MX162000A/es unknown
- 1984-12-07 ZA ZA849538A patent/ZA849538B/xx unknown
- 1984-12-07 IL IL73758A patent/IL73758A/xx unknown
- 1984-12-07 NO NO844912A patent/NO162505C/no unknown
- 1984-12-07 KR KR1019840007732A patent/KR850004238A/ko not_active Ceased
- 1984-12-07 CA CA000469636A patent/CA1246501A/fr not_active Expired
- 1984-12-07 AU AU36424/84A patent/AU575099B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-12-07 JP JP59257701A patent/JPS60158058A/ja active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997020754A1 (fr) * | 1995-12-07 | 1997-06-12 | Smithkline Beecham Plc | Conditionnement sous blister renforce |
| FR2786469A1 (fr) | 1998-12-01 | 2000-06-02 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | Emballage du type "blister", plus particulierement destine au conditionnement de produits secables tels que des comprimes |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES293458U (es) | 1986-08-01 |
| DK161588C (da) | 1992-01-06 |
| ZA849538B (en) | 1985-07-31 |
| CA1246501A (fr) | 1988-12-13 |
| FI80655B (fi) | 1990-03-30 |
| AU3642484A (en) | 1985-06-13 |
| NO162505B (no) | 1989-10-02 |
| IE56216B1 (en) | 1991-05-22 |
| PT79624B (de) | 1986-10-20 |
| FI844798L (fi) | 1985-06-09 |
| IL73758A0 (en) | 1985-03-31 |
| DE3344393A1 (de) | 1985-06-20 |
| IE843144L (en) | 1985-06-08 |
| DE3476373D1 (en) | 1989-03-02 |
| PT79624A (de) | 1985-01-01 |
| DK588184A (da) | 1985-06-09 |
| NO162505C (no) | 1990-01-10 |
| EP0146063A3 (en) | 1986-10-22 |
| NO844912L (no) | 1985-06-10 |
| FI844798A0 (fi) | 1984-12-05 |
| MX162000A (es) | 1991-03-19 |
| FI80655C (fi) | 1990-07-10 |
| AU575099B2 (en) | 1988-07-21 |
| HU189951B (en) | 1986-08-28 |
| ES293458Y (es) | 1987-04-16 |
| EP0146063B1 (fr) | 1989-01-25 |
| GR81201B (en) | 1985-04-03 |
| IL73758A (en) | 1988-09-30 |
| ATE40333T1 (de) | 1989-02-15 |
| KR850004238A (ko) | 1985-07-11 |
| HUT37096A (en) | 1985-11-28 |
| JPS60158058A (ja) | 1985-08-19 |
| DK161588B (da) | 1991-07-22 |
| NZ210453A (en) | 1988-07-28 |
| DK588184D0 (da) | 1984-12-07 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP0031547B1 (fr) | Conteneur d'emballage en particulier pour médicaments | |
| DE60313439T2 (de) | Blisterpackungsvorrichtung | |
| EP0718208A1 (fr) | Emballage de type blister | |
| EP0115562B1 (fr) | Méthode de mélange de composants liquides et pulvérulents, utilisant une capsule de mélange et une cartouche, notamment utilisée en dentisterie | |
| AT517896B1 (de) | Medikationssystem mit einem Medikamenten-Tray und Verfahren zum Erstellen eines auslieferungsfertigen Medikationssystems | |
| DE4400084C2 (de) | Vorrichtung zum Verabreichen von Medikamenten in fester in einem Luftstrom fein verteilter Form | |
| DE9313193U1 (de) | Verpackung für stückige Güter | |
| EP0146063B1 (fr) | Emballages en forme de coquilles pour tablettes divisibles | |
| DE3208777A1 (de) | Faltschachtel mit beipack | |
| DE102007017856A1 (de) | Etikett zur Anbringung an eine Blisterpackung | |
| DE8706916U1 (de) | Verpackung mit sterilem Verpackungsgut | |
| DE2659627C3 (de) | Vorrichtung zur Trennung chemischer Substanzen unter Erzeugung von Sterillösungen | |
| DE3023751A1 (de) | Trinkhilfsvorrichtung fuer getraenkedosen | |
| DE2930417A1 (de) | Verpackung fuer arzneimittel | |
| DE102007023399A1 (de) | Kapsel zur Aufnahme eines Mediums sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung einer derartigen Kapsel | |
| DE2718234A1 (de) | Verpackungsbehaelter | |
| DE8813531U1 (de) | Verpackungsschachtel für Arzneimittel | |
| DE1486408A1 (de) | Aufreisspackung | |
| EP2896580A1 (fr) | Emballage-coque | |
| DE1803683C (de) | Verpackungseinsatz zur Aufnahme einer Uhrenunruh mit Spirale und Spiralklötzchen | |
| DE19909475A1 (de) | Aufbewahrungsbehälter für eine CD oder dergleichen | |
| DE1791261C3 (de) | Einwegflasche aus Kunststoff | |
| DE1213956C2 (de) | Arzneimittelverpackung | |
| DE202017106497U1 (de) | Kombinationsbehältnis zur Verpackung einer Flüssigkeit und einer festen Substanz | |
| DE69218345T2 (de) | Verpackung mit einem Startband, welches über einem Beutel befestigt ist |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
| PUAL | Search report despatched |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19870224 |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19880418 |
|
| GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 40333 Country of ref document: AT Date of ref document: 19890215 Kind code of ref document: T |
|
| ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed | ||
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 3476373 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19890302 |
|
| ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
| GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) | ||
| PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
| 26N | No opposition filed | ||
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 19911115 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 19911118 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Payment date: 19911120 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Payment date: 19911121 Year of fee payment: 8 Ref country code: GB Payment date: 19911121 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Payment date: 19911126 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 19911211 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| ITTA | It: last paid annual fee | ||
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 19911231 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 19920213 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| EPTA | Lu: last paid annual fee | ||
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 19921201 Ref country code: GB Effective date: 19921201 Ref country code: AT Effective date: 19921201 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Effective date: 19921202 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Effective date: 19921231 Ref country code: CH Effective date: 19921231 Ref country code: BE Effective date: 19921231 |
|
| BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: HOECHST A.G. Effective date: 19921231 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Effective date: 19930701 |
|
| GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19921201 |
|
| NLV4 | Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee | ||
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Effective date: 19930831 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Effective date: 19930901 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
| EUG | Se: european patent has lapsed |
Ref document number: 84114625.1 Effective date: 19930709 |