Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
  • C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/75—Amino oxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0008—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties aqueous liquid non soap compositions
  • C11D17/0017—Multi-phase liquid compositions
  • C11D17/0021—Aqueous microemulsions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/43—Solvents

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for adjusting the pH of carboxylic acid-containing oil-in-water microemulsions towards the alkaline range using a variety of nitrogen-functional ingredients such as amines, quaternary ammonium salts and amine oxides. Liquid laundry detergent compositions, liquid hard surface cleaners, and the like, are thereby provided.
• Various organic solvents for example terpenes and terpene-like compounds, are rather well-known for use in hard surface cleaners for their grease removal ability.
• Such cleaners often contain 10 %, or more, of a solvent such as d-limonene, together with a surfactant, especially nonionic surfactants which are also well-known for their grease removal performance.
• a surfactant especially nonionic surfactants which are also well-known for their grease removal performance.
• Such compositions have also been suggested for cleaning carpets.
• EPQ application 81200540.3 discloses hard surface cleaners comprising a mixture of benzyl alcohol, terpenes, surfactants and other detersive ingredients.
• Terpineols e.g. from pine oil
• pine oil terpineol such as alpha terpineol and fatty acid soap or free acid neutralized in situ to alkaline pH.
• Citrus juices which contain relatively low amounts of terpenes. have been suggested for use in hand soaps and dishwashing liquids.
• U.S. Patent 3.650.968; Mémoire descriptif 873.051 (relating to Brevet Anglais 53472/77. 22 December 1977).
• the present invention provides fully-formulated heavy duty liquid detergent compositions comprising as much as 20%. and higher, by weight of essentially water-insoluble solvent, in the form of homogeneous, fatty acid-built liquids that are quite suitable for use in both the fabric pre-treatment and through-the-wash laundry modes, as hard-surface cleaners, and the like.
• compositions to be formulated as stable microemulsions at pH's above their "as is” formulation pH of about 6.5
• the present invention encompasses means for adjusting the pH of an oil-in-water microemulsion typically comprising a mixture of water (10% to 70%), grease-removal solvent or solvent mixture (5% to 20%). fatty acid or fatty acid/soap mixture (5% to 35%) and detersive surfactant (1% to 40%), together with optional detersive ingredients (generally 0.1% to 15%), by admixing therewith a nitrogen-functional material such as an amine, a quaternary ammonium salt, or an amine oxide, whereby the "as is" pH of said microemulsion is adjusted from its original pH of around 6.5 towards a neutral or alkaline pH, whereby the cleaning performance, especially enzyme cleaning action, of said microemulsion is improved.
• a nitrogen-functional material such as an amine, a quaternary ammonium salt, or an amine oxide
• the invention also encompasses compositions prepared in the foregoing manner, as well as methods of cleaning fabrics and hard surfaces using said compositions.
• Solvent - The solvents employed herein can be any of the well-known "degreasing" solvents commonly known for use. in, for example, the commercial laundry and dry-cleaning industry, in the hard-surface cleaner industry and the metalworking industry. Typically, such solvents comprise hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon moieties of the alkyl or cyclo-alkyl type, and have a boiling point well above room temperature.
• compositions of the present type will be guided in the selection of solvent partly by the need to provide good grease-cutting properties, and partly by aesthetic considerations.
• kerosene hydrocarbons function quite well in the present compositions, but can be malodorous. Kerosene can be used in commercial laundries.
• solvents include, for example, the terpenes and terpenoid solvents obtainable from citrus fruits, especially orange terpenes and d-limonene.
• Benzyl alcohol is another relatively pleasant smelling solvent for use herein. Mixtures of orange terpene and benzyl alcohol are especially suitable for removing certain types :,f stains, e.g. marker ink, shoe polish, and dirty motor oil.
• one preferred class of solvents used herein are the liquid paraffins, especially the "iso" C 10 paraffins and the mono- and bicyclic mono-terpenes. i.e., those of the hydrocarbon class, which include, for example, the terpinenes, limonenes and pinenes. and mixture thereof. Highly preferred materials of this latter type are d-limonene and the mixture of terpene hydrocarbons obtained from the essence of oranges (e.g. cold-pressed orange terpenes and orange terpene oil phase ex fruit juice). Also useful are. for example, terpenes such as dipentene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and the mixture of terpene hydrocarbons expressed from lemons and grape-fruit.
• Another preferred class of solvents are the C 6 -C 9 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons, especially the C 6 -C 9 alkyl benzenes, in particular, octyl benzene.
• Short-chain alkyl benzenes e.g. toluene
• longer-chain alkyl benzenes have undesirable soil redeposition problems. especially when used to launder fabrics.
• Still another preferred class of solvents are the olefins having a boiling point of at least about 100°C.
• the alpha-olefins have now been found to possess excellent cleaning properties and low, rather pleasant odors.
• the compounds 1-decene and 1-dodecene are especially preferred olefin solvents for laundry detergent use.
• the relatively non-polar solvents such as paraffin, olefin. terpene or alkyl benzene solvents mentioned above, are used in combination with a more polar solvent such as, for example, benzyl alcohol, n-hexanol.
• phthalic acid esters such as dimethyl-, diethyl-(preferred). dipropyl- or dibutyl-pththalate. or the "Carbitol" solvents such as Butyl Carbitol (trade mark for 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol) to provide broad-spectrum cleaning of a variety of polar and non-polar soils.
• Such mixtures will have a ratio of non-polar:polar solvent in the range of 10:1 to 1:10. preferably 5:1 to 1:5. and most preferably have a bit more non-polar than polar solvent, generally a ratio of 5:1 to 5:4. especially for fabric laundering.
• the solvents herein can be used in combination with relatively high (15%-25%, and higher depending on solvent) levels of fatty acid/soap, which provide an important detergency builder function.
• compositions of this invention will typically contain organic surface-active agents ("surfactants") to provide the usual cleaning benefits associated with the use of such materials,
• Detersive surfactants useful herein include well-known synthetic anionic, nonionic, amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants. Typical of these are the alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl- and alkylether sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkoxylated (especially ethoxylated) alcohols and alkyl phenols, amine oxides, ⁇ -sulfonates of fatty acids and of fatty acid esters, and the like, which are well-known from the detergency art.
• such detersive surfactants contain an alkyl group in the C 9 -C 18 range; the anionic detersive surfactants can be used in the form of their sodium, potassium or triethanolammonium salts but it is to be understood that the presence of magnesium cations in the compositions usually means that at least some portion of the anionic surfactant will be in the magnesium salt form; the nonionics generally contain from about 5 to about 17 ethylene oxide groups.
• U.S. Patents 4 111 855 and 3 995 669 contain detailed listings of such typical detersive surfactants.
• the surfactant component can comprise as little as 1% of the compositions herein, but preferably the compositions will contain 1% to 40%, preferably 10% to 4 0%, of surfactant. Mixtures of the ethoxylated nonionics with anionics such as the alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates and paraffin sulfonates are preferred for through-the-wash cleansing of a broad spectrum of soils and stains from fabrics. Such surfactants and mixes typically have HLB's of 20 and above.
• Polyamines - Polyamine materials are optional ingredients in the present compositions by virtue of their ability to co-act with the solvent to remove the solid material that is present in many greasy stains (e.g., carbon black in motor oil stain; clay and color bodies in cosmetic stain).
• greasy stains e.g., carbon black in motor oil stain; clay and color bodies in cosmetic stain.
• polyamines as used herein represents generically the alkoxylated polyamines, both in their amine form and in their quaternarized form.
• Such materials can conveniently be represented as molecules of the empirical structures with repeating units: and wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group, usually of 2-6 carbon atoms; R may be a C 1 -C 20 hydrocarbon; the alkoxy groups are polyethoxy, polypropoxy, and the like, with polyethoxy having a degree of polymerization of 2-30, most preferably 10 to 20; x is an integer of at least 2, preferably from 2-20, most preferably 3-5; and X ⁇ is an anion such as halide or methylsulfate, resulting from the quaternization reaction.
• the anion X ⁇ is of no particular consequence to performance of the polyamine in the present context, and is mentioned only for completeness in the above formula.
• polyamines for use herein are the so-called ethoxylated polyethylene imines, i.e., the polymerized reaction product of ethylene oxide with ethylene- imine, having the general formula: wherein x is an integer of 3 to 5 and y is an integer of 10 tc 2C.
• Polyamines typically will comprise at least about 0.2 % of the preferred compositions herein, generally 0.5%-5%.
• compositions herein can contain other ingredients which aid in their cleaning performance.
• through-the-wash detergent compositions contain a detergent builder and/or metal ion sequestrant.
• detergent builders include the nitrilotriacetates, polycarboxylates, citrates, water-soluble phosphates such as tri-polyphosphate and sodium ortho- and pyro-phosphates, silicates, and mixtures thereof.
• Metal ion sequestrants include all of the above, plus materials like ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the amino-polyphos- phonates and phosphates (DEQUEST) and a wide variety of other poly-functional organic acids and salts too numerous to mention in detail here. See U.S. Patent 3.579.454 for typical examples of the use of such materials in various cleaning compositions. In general, the builder/sequestrant will comprise about 0.5% to 15% of the composition. Citrate is one of the most preferred builders since it is readily soluble in the aqueous phase of heavy-duty liquid detergent compositions. Such ingredients are also useful in hard-surface cleaners.
• a source of magnesium ions can be used in the compositions, to assist grease removal.
• magnesium hydroxide water-soluble salts such as magnesium chloride, acetate, sulfate, and the like, can be used.
• the laundry compositions herein also preferably contain enzymes to enhance their through-the-wash cleaning performance on a variety of soils and stains.
• Amylase and protease enzymes suitable for use in detergents are well-known in the art and in commercially available liquid and granular detergents.
• Commercial detersive enzymes preferably a mixture of amylase and protease
• Ingredients such as propane diol and/or formate and calcium can be added to help stabilize the enzymes in well-known fashion, according to the desires of the formulator.
• compositions herein can contain, in addition to ingredients already mentioned, various other optional ingredients typically used in commercial products to provide aesthetic or additional product performance benefits.
• Typical ingredients include pH regulants, perfumes, dyes, optical brighteners, soil suspending agents, hydrotropes and gel-control agents, freeze-thaw stabilizers, bactericides, preservatives, suds control agents and the like.
• Such ingredients typically comprise 0.1 % - 10 % of the formulations.
• Water or water-alcohol (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol, etc.) mixtures are used as the carrier vehicle, and alkylated polysaccharides can be used to increase the stability and performance characteristics of the compositions.
• the heavy duty liquid detergents disclosed hereinafter are formulated with a variety of detersive ingredients to provide -excellent cleaning of a wide variety soils and stains, with particularly noteworthy benefits with regard to cosmetic and dirty motor oil stains.
• the following formulations are in the form of oil-in-water emulsions (wherein the solvent is considered the "oil" phase) and'are substantially clear, homogeneous, stable microemulsions.
• the oil-in-water microemulsions herein are comparable in grease-cutting performance to water-in-oil emulsions, which have much higher concentrations of solvent.
• the compositions also exhibit excellent whiteness maintenance on cotton fabrics, apparently because the solvent reduces fatty acid soap build-up on fabric surfaces and the pH of the composition enhances enzyme cleaning performance.
• Fatty Acids and Soaps - Fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, as well as their water-soluble salts (i.e., "soaps") are employed in the present compositions to provide clear, homogeneous formulations containing the solvent and water.
• fatty acids or soaps
• soaps such as palm oil acids, coconut oil acids, and the like, in the C 12 -C 18 carbon chain length, can be used.
• the concentration of fatty acid (or soap) is from 5 % to 50 %, preferably 5 % to 35 %, most preferably 10 % to 30 %, and the weight ratio of fatty acid (or soap):solvent is generally in the range of 4:1 to 1:4, preferably 3:1 to 1:2.
• the potassium salt and sodium forms are preferred, but any convenient water-soluble salt may be used.
• these fatty acid/soap materials provide an important detergency builder function in the present compositions.
• these fatty acid/soap materials provide an important detergency builder function in the present compositions.
• Water -based The liquid compositions herein may properly be characterized as "water-based", in contrast with organic solvent-based cleaners known in the art.
• water can interfere with the ability of solvents to remove greasy stains from fabrics.
• a fabric stained with motor oil and dampened with water prior to treatment with a terpene solvent is not very well de-greased, if at all.
• the present compositions wherein the solvents are microemulsified in water are excellent greasy stain removers when used directly on dry or damp fabrics.
• water-based heavy duty liquid detergents offer ease-of-formulation advantages with respect to ingredients such as most detergency builders, sanitizers, chelants, soil-suspending agents, pH-control agents, and the like, which are usually water-soluble.
• compositions herein exhibit the advantages of water-based formulation flexibility, together with the superior grease removal qualities of solvent-based compositions.
• compositions generally comprise from 10 % to 70 %, preferably 20 % to 50 % water.
• the weight ratio of water:solvent is generally 10:1 to 1:1, preferably 5:1 to 2:1.
• pH/Stabilizer - As is well-known in the detergency arts, it is preferred for detergent compositions to be used in the near-neutral to alkaline pH range, i.e., pH 6.5, and above. This is for a variety of reasons. For example, many soils are partly peptized or emulsified by alkalinity, itself. And, many commercially available detersive enzymes (e.g., the "alkaline proteases”) function optimally in alkaline laundering liquors.
• formulation stability could theoretically be achieved by proper selection of surfactants (discussed hereinafter) with low HLB's.
• nonionic surfactants such as C 14-15 alcohols with low ethoxylate numbers (1-3) could be used.
• low HLB surfactants do not function well as detersive surfactants, and the object herein is not only to provide stable microemulsions, but also good pre-treat and through-the-wash detergency.
• water-soluble, high ionic strength ingredients such as for example, formate, sulfate, citrate, and the like
• water-soluble, low ionic strength materials such as ethanol has no stabilizing effect.
• ionic strength ingredients Conjointly adding the ionic strength ingredients and the solvent-soluble ingredients further enchances stability.
• the formulator can select ingredients with a view towards not only increasing microemulsion stability, but also providing optimal cleaning benefits.
• citrate as an ionic strength agent which also has detergency builder properties
• formate as an ionic strength agent which also stabilizes detergent enzymes
• n-hexanol or benzyl alcohol or diethyl phthalate as a low HLB ingredient which also serves a useful co-solvent cleaning function.
• the amount of ionic strength or low e.g. (2-5) HLB solvent-soluble ingredients, or both, used in the compositions will depend somewhat on the pH desired, the concentration of fatty acid, the level of grease-cutting solvent, the composition of the detersive surfactant system, and the like. Microemulsion stability can be monitored rather simply since the true microemulsions are clear, but turn hazy and non-homogeneous,with eventual phase separation at the point of instability. Moreover, true oil-in-water microemulsions turn hazy when diluted with water, whereas water-in-oil emulsions tend to gel, and micellar oil-plus-water systems remain clear.
• any of the well-known base materials can be used, for example, triethanolamine, alkali metal hydroxide and the like. Potassium hydroxide is preferred over sodium hydroxide, inasmuch as the ease of formulation of stable systems is increased substantially by the potassium cation.
• Nitrogen-functional Stabilizers/pH Regulants It has now been discovered that various alkyl and cyclo-alkyl amines, quaternary ammonium compounds and amine oxides constitute a highly preferred class of pH regulants and stabilizers in the oil-in-water microemulsion detergent compositions of the present type. Apparently, such materials may somehow associate with the fatty acid or anionic surfactants to form a complex which stabilizes the microemulsified oil (solvent). While the nitrogen functional compounds do not boost the pH very much towards the alkaline range (only several tenths of a pH unit, measured on the product formulated "as is”) the resulting boost in detergency performance is substantial.
• Dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride is a highly preferred quaternary used herein as a pH-regulant, but there can also be mentioned the following quaternaries in increasing order of preference of use : coconut trimethyl ammonium chloride (6.66) ; di-coconut dimethyl ammonium chloride (6.84) ; coconut benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (6.84) ; and dihexyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (6.89).
• the numbers in parentheses denote the pH achievable by adding the respective quaternaries to a liquid oil-in-water microemulsion containing fatty acid and formulated at an "as is" pH of 6.5.
• the pH figure is 6.94.
• Suitable alkyl and cyclo-alkyl amines useful herein include : coconutalkyl diethanol amine (6.65) ; coconutalkyl dimethyl amine (6.75) ; trioctyl amine (7.0) ; and cyclohexyl amine (7.5).
• Suitable amine oxides herein include coconutalkyl dimethylamine oxide (6.7) and dioctyl methylamine oxide (est. > 7).
• the highly preferred, fully-formulated compositons herein are in liquid form, which can be prepared by simply blending the essential and optional ingredients in the aqueous carrier.
• Microemulsion stability can be estimated visually by watching for phase separation, or can be monitored more quantitatively by standard turbidometric techniques.
• the compositions can be used to pre-treat soiled fabrics by rubbing a few milliliters of the composition directly onto and into the soiled area, followed by laundering, in standard fashion.
• the compositions are typically used at a concentration of at least 500 ppm, preferably 0.1 % to 1.5 % in an aqueous laundry bath at pH 6.5 and above to launder fabrics.
• the laundering can be carried out over the range from 5° C to the boil, with excellent results.
• compositions are usually diluted with water.
• Example I is a stable, oil-in-water microemulsion suitable for use as a laundry detergent.
• Example I The composition of Example I is modified by replacing the n-octyl benzene by the same amount (9.1 % total formulation) of 1-decene.
• Product pH "as is” : 6.6.
• the pH is adjusted to 6.94 with dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.
• Example I The composition of Example I is modified by replacing the n -octyl benzene by any of the following solvent mixtures (percentages of total formulation being specified in parentheses): 1-Decene (6.1 %) Diethylphthalate (3.0 %); 1-Dodecene (7.3 %)/ Benzyl alcohol (1.8 %) ; n-octyl benzene (6.2 %)/Diethylphthalate (2.9 %) ; octyl benzene (6.0 %)/Butyl Carbitol (3.1 %).
• Example III comprising solvent mixtures are adjusted to pH 7.0 with trioctyl amine and to pH 7.1 with dioctyl methylamine oxide, respectively, and stable, microemulsions are secured.
• the present invention provides effective means whereby microemulsions comprising fatty acid/soap at high levels can be adjusted to a preferred p H range of 6.65 to 7.3 using mono- and di- C 6 -C 18 tri- and dimethyl ammonium salts ; or C 4 -C 8 alkyl or cycloalkyl amines; or mono- and di- C6C18 alkyl dimethyl and monomethyl amine oxides.
• compositions herein are as follows.
• Example I The composition of Example I is modified by replacing the Ethoxylated Polyamine with any of the following alkoxylated polyamines A, B or C, having the general formula disclosed hereinbefore.
• the alkoxylated polyamines contribute to the clay soil removal performance of the compositions.
• the pH of the compositions of Example V are adjusted to 7.3 with addition of 5 parts (by weight of composition) of cyclohexyl amine.
• composition of example II is modified by replacing the 1-Decene by a mix of 6 % diethylphthalate/2 % liquid iso-paraffin/2 % orange terpene .
• the product is stable at pH 6.94 when dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride is present at a level of about 2.5 %.
• P-4" polymer Another preferred olefin solvent herein by virtue of its relatively low odor is the so-called "P-4" polymer, available from a number of petrochemical suppliers to the detergent industry as a raw material for branched alkyl benzene.
• P-4 is an isomer mix of the condensation product of 4 moles of propylene, i.e., C 12 branched olefins.
• P-4 is non-polar, and is preferably used in combination with a polar solvent such as benzyl alcohol, diethylphthate, Butyl Carbitol or the like.
• polar solvents include the "Cellosolves” e.g. alkoxyl alkanols such as 2-butoxyethanol ; C 6 -C 12 alkanols (including benzyl alcohol) such as dodecanol, phenethyl alcohol, diglycolether acetates, and the like.
• Cellosolves e.g. alkoxyl alkanols such as 2-butoxyethanol ; C 6 -C 12 alkanols (including benzyl alcohol) such as dodecanol, phenethyl alcohol, diglycolether acetates, and the like.
• compositions herein are used in an aqueous laundering liquor. preferably at a liquor pH of 6.5-8.0 (measured as 1% of composition in water) to launder fabrics. Excellent cleaning is attained by agitating fabrics in such liquors especially at this preferred in-use pH range.
• a highly preferred liquid laundry detergent by virtue of the low odor properties of its grease removal solvent system, its stability in microemulsion form, and its enzymatic cleaning activity (by virtue of its pH) is as follows.
• Example IX is used in an aqueous laundry bath at a concentration of 100ml/10 liters and provides an in-use pH of about 7.2 (varies with water hardness).
• the primary amines are preferred pH-adjusting agents herein.
• the C 4 -C 18 alkyl amines are used, since the lower molecular weight amines tend to be excessively malodorous.
• Other examples of amines useful herein include dibutyl- and di-isobutyl amine.
• amines having a boiling point above 100°C are preferred.
• Product "as is” pH is measured at ambient (23°C) temperature using a commercial pH meter. The electrode is immersed in the product and the meter is allowed to stabilize before reading.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Detergent Compositions (AREA)
• Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
• Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)
• Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

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Cited By (43)

Citations (5)

• 1984
  • 1984-04-07 GB GB848409054A patent/GB8409054D0/en active Pending
  • 1984-08-06 AT AT84305319T patent/ATE41172T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1984-08-06 DE DE8484305319T patent/DE3477019D1/de not_active Expired
  • 1984-08-06 EP EP84305319A patent/EP0160762B1/fr not_active Expired
  • 1984-08-09 CA CA000460634A patent/CA1230534A/fr not_active Expired
  • 1984-08-10 ES ES535069A patent/ES8605572A1/es not_active Expired
  • 1984-08-10 IE IE2067/84A patent/IE57629B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1984-08-10 GR GR80087A patent/GR80087B/el unknown
  • 1984-08-10 FI FI843160A patent/FI73732C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1984-08-11 EG EG50984A patent/EG16585A/xx active
  • 1984-08-11 JP JP59168722A patent/JPH0633425B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime

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