EP0184460A2 - Schachtabteufverfahren - Google Patents

Schachtabteufverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0184460A2
EP0184460A2 EP85308878A EP85308878A EP0184460A2 EP 0184460 A2 EP0184460 A2 EP 0184460A2 EP 85308878 A EP85308878 A EP 85308878A EP 85308878 A EP85308878 A EP 85308878A EP 0184460 A2 EP0184460 A2 EP 0184460A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
chamber
lift
reamer
large diameter
blast
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP85308878A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0184460A3 (de
Inventor
Garrett Michael Sainsbury
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU51033/85A external-priority patent/AU574545B2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0184460A2 publication Critical patent/EP0184460A2/de
Publication of EP0184460A3 publication Critical patent/EP0184460A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D1/00—Sinking shafts
    • E21D1/03—Sinking shafts mechanically, e.g. by loading shovels or loading buckets, scraping devices, conveying screws
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/26—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers
    • E21B10/32—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools
    • E21B10/322—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools cutter shifted by fluid pressure

Definitions

  • THIS INVENTION relates to the sinking of shafts in the earths crust.
  • Such shafts may be for the purpose of underground mining operations or any other purposes.
  • such shafts may be vertical or inclined and of varying cross-sections and cross-sectional areas. It is known to provide production shafts in mining operations which can have a cross-sectional area of approximately 35 square metres and depth of 900 metres or greater.
  • Boring involves the drilling of holes for accommodating explosives in the bottom of the shafts according to a set pattern.
  • a typical pattern there are 52 38 mm diameter holes in a pattern comprising 6 central pyramid cut holes on a 1.83 metre diameter circle, 10 cut hole easers around a 3.05 metre to 3.5 metre circle, 15 (sometimes 18) crop easer holes on a 4.57 to 5.03 metre circle and 21 cropper holes on a 6.4 metre circle.
  • the holes are usually drilled to a vertical depth of between 1.37 and 1.52 metres.
  • Firing consist of detonating the individual explosive charges in the above-mentioned pattern of holes in a predetermined sequence in order that a second free face is created initially near the centre of the face of the shaft and subsequently over the whole cross-sectional area of the shaft on firing the subsequent charges in the pattern. It can be expected that a break of 1.22 metres depth will represent 125 tonnes of rock material in a shaft of the form described above using the above hole pattern.
  • Bogging consists of extracting the broken rock material from the shaft using a bucket and hoist which raises the material to the surface.
  • the support step involves lining the shaft to prevent rock falls.
  • the furnishing step comprises partitioning the shaft with horizontal frames at regular intervals to divide the shaft into compartments to accommodate man cages and counterweights, ore and waste skips, ladder ways and service conduits.
  • the above method of sinking shafts suffers from the principal disadvantage of being very costly. For example recently at the Golden Grove Mining property in Western Australia a 4.6 metre diameter concrete lined shaft was sunk to a depth of 370 metres the total cost of $4 million Australian Dollars.
  • a typical sinking drill which can be used in such an operation applies approximately 6 to 7 kW power to the cutting edges.
  • open cut mining machines are used which can typically apply power of the order of 90 kW to the cutting edges.
  • the power of the machines available in shaft sinking limits the diameter of the hole which can be drilled (typically to 38 mm) which in turn limits the amount of explosive ' which can be loaded into the hole resulting in a large number of holes being required to accommodate the amount of explosive necessary to break the rock. It follows that if the holes were of a larger diameter fewer holes would need to be drilled and less expensive lower bulk strength explosives can be used.
  • each phase of the cycle is the depth of the round that can be fired.
  • the controlling factor is the depth of the round that can be fired.
  • horizontal headings and headings which are inclined upwardly it is possible to achieve advances from 4.75 to 1.2 times the heading diameter per round since the explosive charges are assisted by gravity.
  • the explosives are operating against the force of gravity and it seems that approximately 2.5 metres is the maximum depth of round that can be fired even with shafts of large cross-sectional area.
  • the advance per round is limited to about half this depth because of the desire to complete a full bogging, boring and firing cycle in one shift with firing taking place at the end of the shift to give blast fumes time to clear from the shaft before the next shift starts work.
  • the machine comprises a large rotating circular cutting head faced with a plurality of conical cutting elements which are faced with tungsten carbide. Each element rotates freely on the head and are arranged over the face of the head to fully cover the entire shaft cross-section.
  • the body of the machine is wedged in the shaft by hydraulic means and other hydraulic rams force the cutting head against the working face as the head is caused to rotate. In some cases the cuttings from the machine are extracted by a suction unit.
  • the invention resides in a method of sinking shafts comprising excavating a series of lifts throughout the length of the shaft wherein each lift is excavated by drilling a pattern of blast holes for the full depth of the lift including boring a large diameter hole, creating a chamber at the lower end of the large diameter hole, blasting the walls of the chamber to deposit rock material into the chamber, extracting at least a portion of the rock material created by the blast and repeating the blasting and extraction step throughout the length of the lift wherein on the full volume of the lift being blasted the remaining broken material is extracted.
  • sufficient rock material is extracted between each blasting step to provide sufficient space for the rock material created by the subsequent blast.
  • said large diameter hole is enlarged throughout its length to provide said chamber.
  • said large diameter hole is enlarged in diameter at its lower end to provide said chamber.
  • said large diameter hole is enlarged at its lower end to provide said chamber and at spaced intervals along its length to provide spaces to accommodate explosive charges.
  • said blast holes are charged with explosive charges in the region of the walls of the chamber which have been exposed by the previous blast.
  • the embodiment is directed to the sinking of a shaft in a series of lifts.
  • all of the required blast holes 1 to 23 (see Fig. 1) which are required are drilled to the full length of the lift according to a somewhat conventional pattern.
  • a central large diameter hole A is driven for the full length of the lift.
  • the large diameter hole is then reamed out to define an enlarged chamber B at the lower end of the hole at least, using a reamer of the form shown at Figs. 5 to 7 described below.
  • the hole A may reamed out for its whole length using the reamer of Figs. 5 to 7 or a conventional hole opener as is commonly used in oil well drilling.
  • Suitable diameters for the central large diameter hole may be of the order of 254 to 311 mms and the blast holes may have diameters in the region of 121 mms.
  • the blast hole pattern is controlled by well known criteria which include:-
  • the lower end of all of the drill holes 1 to 23 surrounding the chamber B are charged with explosive.
  • the explosives are fired sequentially whereby the broken rock material produced by each firing fills the chamber B. Between each firing at least a portion of the broken rock material so produced is removed by vacuum bogging to provide sufficient space for the rock material produced by the subsequent firing.
  • the chamber B formed by the blasting has the desired lateral dimensions of the shaft.
  • each hole is charged with explosives to form the initial chamber depends upon the expected height of subsequent rounds, the proportion of oversized
  • the rounds fired after the initial chamber round can be fired either as big hole burn cuts or as modified pyramid cuts.
  • the holes are first plugged at the bottom (i.e. where they emerge from the free face) by a suitable means.
  • a suitable means comprise using short lengths of closed pipe made of a suitable malleable metal and containing a small charge of lower power explosives. These would be lowered to the bottom of the hole where the charge would be detonated wedging the pipe against the walls of the hole.
  • the holes are then loaded with explosives to the required height above the free face and sealed with a plug of a suitable impervious compound.
  • the holes are then filled with water which acts as an efficient stemming to confine the explosives.
  • the explosives should be distributed along the full length of the appropriate section of the hole rather than tamped into the top half as is sometimes the practice. In some rock conditions this can result in failure through the collar of the rock failing to break.
  • the holes are not completely filled with explosives, rather the charges are broken up into segments by the use of wooden spacer blocks.
  • the holes are fired in the sequence indicated in Fig. 6 using suitable time delay electric detonators.
  • the disadvantage of the above system is that the central large diameter hole A must be reamed out to full size throughout its entire length. This is not necessary if a modified pyramid cut is used for further rounds after the initial chamber has been formed.
  • the line 40 therein is taken as an imaginary conical surface the base diameter of which corresponds to the minimum diameter of the shaft and the apex of which is located at the centre of the shaft.
  • a chamber 50 is reamed in the central large diameter hole at the apex of the cone 40 using the hole reamer described below. Similar chambers are located at regular intervals up the length of the central large diameter hole A. The interval corresponding to the height of the rounds.
  • the bottom of the central hole is blocked by suitable means and filled with a quick setting cement grout 52.
  • the chamber is filled with explosives 53 and sealed with a plug of suitable impervious compound 54.
  • the hole is then filled with water 55 which acts as stemming to confine the charge.
  • Surrounding holes are similarly plugged at the bottom and filled with a quick setting grout 56 to a point half way between the face the surface of the cone. They are filled with explosives 57 to slightly above the surface of the cone.
  • An impervious plug is placed on top of the explosives and more grout 58 is placed extending from the impervious plug to a point half way to a horizontal plane extending through the apex of the cone.
  • More explosives 59 are then placed extending to above the horizonal plane and impervious plugs 60 are placed above the explosives 59.
  • the drill holes are then filled with water as described above.
  • the peripheral holes 14 to 23 inclusive are partially filled with grout 61 topped with explosives 62 to the same height as the other holes, plugged and filled with water stemming.
  • the charge in the reamed chamber and the charges in the bottom part of the surrounding holes are detonated simultaneously using instantaneous electric detonators.
  • the charges in the top part of the hole surrounding the central hole and the peripheral holes are detonated in the sequence indicated in Fig. 6 using suitable time delay electric detonators.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a suitable vacuum of bogging installation for extracting rock material from the first and subsequent lifts.
  • the installation comprises a pair of extractor fans 20 and 21 which exhaust a cylindrical hopper 22 through a duct 23.
  • the inlet hopper 22 is connected to an inlet duct 24 which terminates at a vertical leg which telescopically receives a delivery duct 25.
  • the delivery duct 25 passes through the central large diameter hole A and terminates at the chamber B.
  • a seal 26 is provided between the ducts 24 and 25.
  • the lower end of the delivery duct 25 supports the flexible tube 27 which is located in the chamber B and picks up rock material in the chamber B for it to be carried to the hopper 22.
  • the delivery duct can be raised or lowered by means of a winch 28 which is connected to a collar clamp 29 on the exterior of the delivery duct 25.
  • a further support collar 30 is countered to the exterior of the delivery duct 25 to support the delivery duct 25 on the opening of the large diameter hole A when the position of the collar clamp 29 is being varied on the delivery duct.
  • the hopper 22 has a discharge chute 31 at its lower face to facilitate the discharge of the contents of the hopper into a truck or like means.
  • a gate 33 is used to close and seal the chute 31 during bogging procedures. In operation the delivery duct 25 is lowered into the central large diameter hole A until the end of the flexible tube contacts the broken rock material in the chamber B.
  • the end of the flexible tube 27 is maintained in contact with the broken rock material until the required volume of material has been removed to provide sufficient room for the next blast.
  • Large slabs of rock may be broken or forced out of the way by means of a heavy cable rig type cutting tool introduced into the duct 25 after being disconnected from the inlet duct 24.
  • suitable means may be provided on the flexible duct to facilitate control of its position in the chamber B from the surface.
  • a camera may be lowered into the chamber B to monitor progress of the bogging operation.
  • the level of water in the chamber B should be kept low by the use of a suitable bore hole pump. If the water flow into the chamber is excessive then water can replace air as the air transport medium. This would involve sealing all drill holes and the central large diameter hole and pumping water down several of the holes. The water would return to the surface through the delivery duct 25 to be drained from the rock material and to be returned to the drill holes. Alternatively if a heavy water flow is anticipated the water bearing aquifiers and/or fissures can be sealed before drilling the lift by injecting cement grout under pressure through the bore holes according to established procedures.
  • Fig. 3 shows a sequence of blasting a lift and clearing the chamber.
  • the position before firing the first pyramid cut is shown at Fig. 3A and position after firing the first pyramid cut is shown at Fig. 3B.
  • breaking (32.7 X 2.9) 94.8 cubic metres which expands to (94.8 X 1.35) 128 cubic metres.
  • the position after vacuum bogging is shown in Fig. 3C.
  • the free space is 94.8 cubic metres which must be increased to 128 cubic metres by vacuum bogging 33.2 cubic metres which represents (33.21 128) 26% of the rock broken by the second round.
  • This procedure is followed for the remainder of the lift, that is, after each 2.9 metre high round is fired 26% of broken material is removed.
  • the last round of the lift is fired as a big hole burn cut, the residual broken rock which fills the lift from top to bottom is removed on a continuous basis by any suitable means such as a cactus grab.
  • a reamer may be used as discussed.
  • the reamer may take the form of that shown at Figs. 5, 6 and 7.
  • the reamer comprises substantially a cylindrical body 5 which is threaded at one end for engagement with the lower end of a drill string 14.
  • the other end of the body 5 is formed with four axially extending prong 6 which are received in a slotted tube 7.
  • the interior of the tube 7 supports a pair of diametrically opposed guides 8.
  • the body 5 pivotally supports a pair of wings 1 which are received in the slots of the tube 7 and pivotally mounted to the body to pivot about a chord axis of the body 5 and are pivotable between a position at which their exterior cutting surface 3 is substantially co-linear with the exterior surface of the slotted tube 7 and body 5 and an outer position as shown at Fig. 6 at which the exterior cutting surface 3 is inclined outwardly from the body 5.
  • the exterior surface 3 of the wings support tungsten carbide or diamond or like abrasive elements.
  • the interior face of the wings 1 are formed such that they are complimentary with each other and when wings are at their innermost position in the tube as shown at Fig. 5 the inner edges of the wings matingly engage each other.
  • the inner edges of the wings 1 are associated with a wedge member 9 which is slidably supported within the slotted tube 7 on the guides 8 between the wings whereby with axial movement of the wedge 9 away from the cylindrical body 5 the wedge engages the innermost edge of the wings 1 to force the wings to their outermost position.
  • the movement of the wedge 9 is effected through a push rod 10 driven from a hydraulic cylinder 12 whereby the push rod 10 is fixed at its end to the piston 11 of the hydraulic cylinder 12 and fluid is introduced into the hydraulic cylinder through the hydraulic line 13 which is supported in the drill string 14.
  • the piston 11 is biassed to its retracted position within the hydraulic cylinder 12 by a spring 15.
  • Drilling fluid is supplied to the exterior cutting surface of the wings 1 through passages 2 in the cylindrical body 5 whereby the passages extend from the interior of the drill string to the exterior cutting surface 3.
  • the reamer is attached to the end of the drill string in its closed position and lowered to the point in the hole where reaming is to commence.
  • the rotary drive on the drill is engaged giving the reamer a suitable rotation speed and the reamer hydraulic cylinder 12 is then pressurised so that the wedge 9 starts to force the wings 1 apart bringing the cutting surfaces 3 into contact with the walls of the hole at a suitable pressure. This is continued until the wings are fully extended as shown at Fig. 7.
  • the pullback mechanism on the drill is then activated so that the combination of suitable revolution speed and suitable pressure on the cutting surface reams out the hole over the required length.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
EP85308878A 1984-12-05 1985-12-05 Schachtabteufverfahren Withdrawn EP0184460A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPG842084 1984-12-05
AU8420/84 1984-12-05
AU51033/85A AU574545B2 (en) 1984-12-05 1985-12-04 Improved shaft sinking method

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0184460A2 true EP0184460A2 (de) 1986-06-11
EP0184460A3 EP0184460A3 (de) 1987-04-29

Family

ID=25629142

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85308878A Withdrawn EP0184460A3 (de) 1984-12-05 1985-12-05 Schachtabteufverfahren

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EP (1) EP0184460A3 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0725886A4 (de) * 1994-08-19 1999-02-10 James S Collins Vorrichtung und verfahren zum bohren eines konischen loches in festen medien mittels eines schneckenbohrers
AU768956B2 (en) * 1999-10-21 2004-01-08 Australian Contract Mining Pty Ltd Shaft sinking method
CN108868597A (zh) * 2018-08-06 2018-11-23 淮矿西部煤矿投资管理有限公司 无炸药破岩方法、无炸药破岩掘砌方法与无炸药破岩设备
CN115012944A (zh) * 2022-07-01 2022-09-06 中铁工程装备集团有限公司 竖井施工装置及施工方法

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1611282A (en) * 1925-06-02 1926-12-21 Carl R Samuelson Expanding and contracting rotary reamer
DE596715C (de) * 1931-06-19 1934-05-15 Deilmann Bergbau Und Tiefbau G Verfahren zum Aufbrechen von Schaechten
US2170452A (en) * 1937-10-11 1939-08-22 Grant John Expansible reamer
US3757877A (en) * 1971-12-30 1973-09-11 Grant Oil Tool Co Large diameter hole opener for earth boring
DE2238598A1 (de) * 1972-08-05 1974-02-14 Beton & Monierbau Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von bohrlochaufweitungen sowie vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung eines solchen verfahrens
US4169510A (en) * 1977-08-16 1979-10-02 Phillips Petroleum Company Drilling and belling apparatus
US4431065A (en) * 1982-02-26 1984-02-14 Smith International, Inc. Underreamer

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0725886A4 (de) * 1994-08-19 1999-02-10 James S Collins Vorrichtung und verfahren zum bohren eines konischen loches in festen medien mittels eines schneckenbohrers
AU768956B2 (en) * 1999-10-21 2004-01-08 Australian Contract Mining Pty Ltd Shaft sinking method
CN108868597A (zh) * 2018-08-06 2018-11-23 淮矿西部煤矿投资管理有限公司 无炸药破岩方法、无炸药破岩掘砌方法与无炸药破岩设备
CN115012944A (zh) * 2022-07-01 2022-09-06 中铁工程装备集团有限公司 竖井施工装置及施工方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0184460A3 (de) 1987-04-29

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