EP0187904A2 - Procédé de traitement thermique d'aciers perlitiques pour rails - Google Patents

Procédé de traitement thermique d'aciers perlitiques pour rails Download PDF

Info

Publication number: EP0187904A2
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: bis; stage; pearlite; rail; rail head
Prior art date: 1984-12-21
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

EP85113653A

Other languages

German (de)

English (en)

Other versions

EP0187904A3 (en

EP0187904B1 (fr

Inventor

Wilhelm Dr.-Ing. Heller

Jürgen Dr.-Ing. Flügge

Gerhard Ratz

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Voestalpine Turnout Technology Germany GmbH

Original Assignee

Vereinigte Weichenbau GmbH

Krupp Stahl AG

Butzbacher Weichenbau GmbH

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1984-12-21

Filing date

1985-10-26

Publication date

1986-07-23

1985-10-26 Application filed by Vereinigte Weichenbau GmbH, Krupp Stahl AG, Butzbacher Weichenbau GmbH filed Critical Vereinigte Weichenbau GmbH

1985-10-26 Priority to AT85113653T priority Critical patent/ATE56226T1/de

1986-07-23 Publication of EP0187904A2 publication Critical patent/EP0187904A2/fr

1989-07-19 Publication of EP0187904A3 publication Critical patent/EP0187904A3/de

1990-09-05 Application granted granted Critical

1990-09-05 Publication of EP0187904B1 publication Critical patent/EP0187904B1/fr

2005-10-26 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 4
229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 4
238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 4
239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims 2
239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims 2
238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims 1
241001156002 Anthonomus pomorum Species 0.000 abstract 1
238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 abstract 1
238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 3
241000446313 Lamella Species 0.000 description 2
229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanidylidynevanadium(1+) Chemical class [V+]#[C-] ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
206010011416 Croup infectious Diseases 0.000 description 1
239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
-1 vanadium nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1

Images

Classifications

- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/04—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rails
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium

Definitions

the invention relates to a method for the heat treatment of pearlitic rail steels according to the preamble of the main claim.
the usual austenitisia in these procedures is temperature of 850 to 900C.
the heating takes place in an oven, inductively or by burner.
the accelerated cooling is achieved by quenching in oil or blowing with water vapor, a water spray or compressed air.
the hardness values achieved with these processes are between 320 and 380 HV on the running surface.
the hardness towards the middle of the rail head drops gradually or with a steep transition to 280 to 300 HV.
Such heat-treated rails are used in routes with high traffic volumes, tight curve radii and / or with axle loads over 200 kN as well as in switches.
the strength and wear properties of the above are sufficient for particularly extreme loads. heat-treated splints.
An increase in strength while maintaining the desired fine pearlitic structure, which is favorable for the wear properties, by adding strength-increasing alloy elements such as chromium, manganese, nickel and molybdenum is not possible, since in the heat treatment described, when these alloy elements are added instead of a transformation in the lower pearlite stage, the transformation partly. takes place in the bainite and martensite stage, thus creating structures that have an unfavorable effect on the wear properties and break resistance.
High-strength pearlitic rail steels are known from the literature reference DE-Z Technische Mitteilungen Krupp, Werkberichte, Vol. 37 (1979), H. 3, pages 79 - 87 and 89 - 94, which have a fine-grained structure with a small lamella spacing and a small thickness Cementite and ferrite lamellae after adding max. 1.4% chromium and max. 2% nickel, based on a steel with approx. 0.75% carbon and approx. 1% manganese tensile strengths up to 1350 N / mm 2 in the naturally hard - air-cooled - state.
an increase in this strength through heat treatment for example accelerated cooling into the region of the lower pearlite stage, leads to the undesirable fractions of bainite and martensite in the structure mentioned above.
vanadium of the order of 0.05 to 0.20% in conjunction with the envisaged nitrogen content of 0.010 to 0.025% ensures that after the heat treatment in the ferrite lamellae of the finely streaked perlite finely dispersed precipitates of vanadium nitrides or Vanadium carbonitrides are present. These finely dispersed precipitations result in an increase in strength (precipitation hardening), which overlaps the phase boundary hardening by setting a small lamella spacing.
the hardness of the rails heat-treated according to the invention is thereby increased compared to a vanadium-free steel.
the decisive factor for the success according to the invention in the process steps is, in particular, the combination of the austenitizing temperature of 950 to 1050 ° C., which is higher than in the prior art, in conjunction with the renewed heating of the rail head to 600 to 650 ° C. after completion of the pearlite transformation.
the reheating of the rail head leads to a complete separation of the finest vanadium carbonitride particles from the supersaturated solution, in which vanadium, nitrogen and carbon are after austenitizing to 950 to 1050 ° C.
the elimination of the vanadium carbonitride particles can only take place incompletely; therefore the desired increase in strength will only partially occur.
the rail head is then quickly cooled to a temperature below 100 ° C using water or other suitable quenching media.
the reheating of the rail head to 600 to 650 ° C thus causes a complete hardening by excretion of the finest vanadium carbides or vanadium carbonitrides.
the previous cooling of the rail head to approx. 400 ° C ensures that the conversion in the pearlite stage is complete and that the subsequent curing can proceed with a high germ density.
niobium of the order of 0.02 to 0.10% provided according to the invention hardly brings about any additional precipitation hardening. It is designed to prevent grain growth in combination with the intended aluminum additives from 0.010 to 0.070% during austenitizing heating.
liquid media such as water or steam, can be added to the compressed air, in particular in the first cooling stage.
Thermoforming heat can be treated at final roll temperatures of 950 to 1000 ° C.
heating of the cooled rail to the austenitizing temperature is eliminated, which saves energy costs.
the rail head is first brought onto fine-lamellar pearlitic structure by blowing with compressed air, whereupon after the pelite conversion has ended at 400 ° C, the rail head is again heated to 600 to 650 ° C and then the entire rail (head, bridge and foot) by means of water or other suitable quenching media is rapidly cooled to a temperature below 100 ° C.
1 shows the temperatures to be set when the method according to the invention is carried out in ° C during certain process steps A to G as a function of the time in minutes for a rail steel with a chemical composition of 0.75% C, 0.46% Si, 1 , 05% Mn, 0.10% V, 0.04% Nb, 0.020% Al, 0.015% N, balance iron and usual impurities.
the hardness HV in the rail head as a function of the distance in mm from the rail running surface, in the form of a scattering band for rails heat-treated according to the invention with the following directional analysis:
the lower area of the scatter band applies to
the upper area of the scatter band applies to

Landscapes

Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
Materials Engineering (AREA)
Metallurgy (AREA)
Organic Chemistry (AREA)
Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
Thermal Sciences (AREA)
Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Metal Rolling (AREA)

EP85113653A 1984-12-21 1985-10-26 Procédé de traitement thermique d'aciers perlitiques pour rails Expired - Lifetime EP0187904B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
AT85113653T ATE56226T1 (de)	1984-12-21	1985-10-26	Verfahren zur waermebehandlung perlitischer schienenstaehle.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
DE3446794A DE3446794C1 (de)	1984-12-21	1984-12-21	Verfahren zur Waermebehandlung perlitischer Schienenstaehle
DE3446794		1984-12-21

Publications (3)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP0187904A2 true EP0187904A2 (fr)	1986-07-23
EP0187904A3 EP0187904A3 (en)	1989-07-19
EP0187904B1 EP0187904B1 (fr)	1990-09-05

Family

ID=6253499

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP85113653A Expired - Lifetime EP0187904B1 (fr)	1984-12-21	1985-10-26	Procédé de traitement thermique d'aciers perlitiques pour rails

Country Status (6)

Country	Link
US (1)	US4714500A (fr)
EP (1)	EP0187904B1 (fr)
JP (1)	JPS61157636A (fr)
AT (1)	ATE56226T1 (fr)
CA (1)	CA1256004A (fr)
DE (2)	DE3446794C1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2003028912A3 (fr) *	2001-09-29	2003-09-12	Sms Meer Gmbh	Procede et dispositif de traitement thermique de rails
EP3184654A4 (fr) *	2014-08-20	2017-08-16	JFE Steel Corporation	Procédé de fabrication de rail de traitement thermique et appareil de fabrication
CN112011680A (zh) *	2020-07-28	2020-12-01	马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司	一种用于铁路车轮的间歇淬火方法
CN112410648A (zh) *	2020-10-13	2021-02-26	攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司	一种高致密珠光体组织钢轨及其制备方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
LU86510A1 (fr) *	1986-07-10	1988-02-02	Centre Rech Metallurgique	Procede et dispositif pour fabriquer un rail a haute resistance
US4886558A (en) *	1987-05-28	1989-12-12	Nkk Corporation	Method for heat-treating steel rail head
US4895605A (en) *	1988-08-19	1990-01-23	Algoma Steel Corporation	Method for the manufacture of hardened railroad rails
DE4200545A1 (de) *	1992-01-11	1993-07-15	Butzbacher Weichenbau Gmbh	Gleisteile sowie verfahren zur herstellung dieser
BR9406250A (pt) *	1993-12-20	1996-01-02	Nippon Steel Corp	Trilhos de aço perlítico com alta resistência ao desgaste e tenacidade e seus métodos de fabricaçao
AT402941B (de) *	1994-07-19	1997-09-25	Voest Alpine Schienen Gmbh	Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wärmebehandlung von profiliertem walzgut
IN191289B (fr)	1994-07-19	2003-11-01	Voest Alpine Schienen Gmbh
IT1274607B (it) *	1994-08-09	1997-07-18	Lovere Sidermeccanica Spa	Acciai per cerchioni di ruote e per ruote monoblocco destinate al settore ferroviario e simili
EP0754775B1 (fr) *	1994-11-15	2001-10-10	Nippon Steel Corporation	Rail en perlite a forte resistance a l'abrasion et procede de fabrication de ce rail
RU2139946C1 (ru) *	1996-04-15	1999-10-20	Ниппон Стил Корпорейшн	Обладающие превосходной износостойкостью и свариваемостью рельсы из низколегированной термообработанной перлитной стали, а также способ их производства
CN1044723C (zh) *	1996-09-27	1999-08-18	攀枝花钢铁（集团）公司钢铁研究院	含钒合金钢轨的热处理方法
JP3478174B2 (ja) *	1999-06-02	2003-12-15	Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社	耐摩耗性と延性に優れたパーライト鋼レール
EP1348770A1 (fr) *	2002-03-19	2003-10-01	E.C.O. Trading LLC	Installation et procedé de production de petites pièces en acier formées à chaud
JP5761116B2 (ja) *	2012-04-27	2015-08-12	新日鐵住金株式会社	車輪用鋼
US10400320B2 (en)	2015-05-15	2019-09-03	Nucor Corporation	Lead free steel and method of manufacturing
EP3383561B1 (fr) *	2015-12-04	2024-01-24	Arconic Technologies LLC	Procédés de refroidissement d'une tôle électroconductrice pendant un traitement thermique par induction à flux transverse
CN109518114A (zh) *	2018-08-08	2019-03-26	宝山钢铁股份有限公司	带铝硅合金镀层的热冲压部件的制造方法及热冲压部件
CN109207691A (zh) *	2018-10-30	2019-01-15	攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司	重载铁路用钢轨的生产方法

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Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
DE1255689B (de) *	1962-10-12	1967-12-07	United States Steel Corp	Verfahren zur Waermebehandlung von Schienenkopfflaechen
GB1342582A (en) *	1970-03-20	1974-01-03	British Steel Corp	Rail steel
US3846183A (en) *	1973-05-02	1974-11-05	Bethlehem Steel Corp	Method of treating steel rail
DE2439338C2 (de) *	1974-08-16	1980-08-28	Fried. Krupp, Huettenwerke Ag, 4630 Bochum	Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Schienen aus der Walzhitze
DE2541978C3 (de) *	1975-09-20	1978-08-24	Butzbacher Weichenbau Gmbh, 6308 Butzbach	Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Weichenteilen im Durchlaufverfahren
JPS54148124A (en) *	1978-05-12	1979-11-20	Nippon Steel Corp	Manufacture of high strength rall of excellent weldability

1984
- 1984-12-21 DE DE3446794A patent/DE3446794C1/de not_active Expired
1985
- 1985-10-26 DE DE8585113653T patent/DE3579578D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-10-26 AT AT85113653T patent/ATE56226T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-10-26 EP EP85113653A patent/EP0187904B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-12-02 US US06/803,744 patent/US4714500A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-12-05 JP JP60272621A patent/JPS61157636A/ja active Pending
- 1985-12-10 CA CA000497233A patent/CA1256004A/fr not_active Expired

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2003028912A3 (fr) *	2001-09-29	2003-09-12	Sms Meer Gmbh	Procede et dispositif de traitement thermique de rails
US7416622B2 (en)	2001-09-29	2008-08-26	Sms Meer Gmbh	Method and system for thermal treatment of rails
EP3184654A4 (fr) *	2014-08-20	2017-08-16	JFE Steel Corporation	Procédé de fabrication de rail de traitement thermique et appareil de fabrication
US20170233843A1 (en) *	2014-08-20	2017-08-17	Jfe Steel Corporation	Head hardened rail manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus
AU2015304699B2 (en) *	2014-08-20	2018-09-13	Jfe Steel Corporation	Head Hardened Rail Manufacturing Method and Manufacturing Apparatus
US10472693B2 (en) *	2014-08-20	2019-11-12	Jfe Steel Corporation	Head hardened rail manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus
CN112011680A (zh) *	2020-07-28	2020-12-01	马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司	一种用于铁路车轮的间歇淬火方法
CN112011680B (zh) *	2020-07-28	2022-04-26	马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司	一种用于铁路车轮的间歇淬火方法
CN112410648A (zh) *	2020-10-13	2021-02-26	攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司	一种高致密珠光体组织钢轨及其制备方法
CN112410648B (zh) *	2020-10-13	2021-12-28	攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司	一种高致密珠光体组织钢轨及其制备方法

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
EP0187904A3 (en)	1989-07-19
DE3579578D1 (de)	1990-10-11
CA1256004A (fr)	1989-06-20
US4714500A (en)	1987-12-22
ATE56226T1 (de)	1990-09-15
JPS61157636A (ja)	1986-07-17
DE3446794C1 (de)	1986-01-02
EP0187904B1 (fr)	1990-09-05

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